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Table of Contents

About the Authors v

Preface xlv

Chapter 1 – Australia 1Katrina Groshinski and Caitlin DaviesPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 1

1.1 Australian competition law regime 11.2 Scope of application – entities 21.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 31.4 Regulatory authorities 41.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct

prohibitions 5Part 2: Overview of fundamental concepts 5

2.1 Introduction 52.2 ‘Market’ 162.3 ‘Competitors/in competition’ 172.4 ‘Substantial’ (lessening of competition) 182.5 ‘Purpose’ 192.6 ‘Likely effect’ 202.7 ‘Contract, arrangement or understanding’ 21

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 223.1 Overview 223.2 Prohibitions: cartel conduct 233.3 Prohibition: exclusionary provisions 253.4 Elements of the prohibitions 253.5 Remedies and sanctions 273.6 Leniency/immunity programs 283.7 Extraterritorial application 303.8 Application to state/government entities 303.9 Treatment of related bodies corporate 303.10 Treatment of joint ventures 313.11 Other exceptions 323.12 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 34

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3.13 Enforcement action 343.14 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 363.15 Prohibition: price signalling 36

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 404.1 Overview 404.2 Prohibitions 414.3 Elements of the prohibitions 424.4 Remedies and sanctions 444.5 Leniency/immunity programs 454.6 Extraterritorial application 454.7 Application to state/government entities 454.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 454.9 Treatment of joint ventures 454.10 Other exceptions 454.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 474.12 Enforcement action 484.13 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 49

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 505.1 Overview 505.2 Elements of the prohibition 505.3 Remedies and sanctions 525.4 Leniency/immunity programs 535.5 Extraterritorial application 535.6 Application to state/government entities 535.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 535.8 Treatment of joint ventures 535.9 Other exceptions 545.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 565.11 Prohibition: secondary boycotts 565.12 Enforcement action 575.13 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 57

Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 586.1 Overview 586.2 Elements of the prohibition 596.3 Specific prohibition: predatory pricing 626.4 Remedies and sanctions 626.5 Collective dominance 636.6 Price discrimination 636.7 Misuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 636.8 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 63

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Competition Law in Asia Pacific

6.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 646.10 Other exceptions 646.11 Enforcement action 646.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 66

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 667.1 Overview 667.2 Prohibitions 667.3 Elements of the prohibition 677.4 Remedies and sanctions 687.5 Leniency/immunity programs 687.6 Extraterritorial application 687.7 Application to state/government entities 697.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 697.9 Treatment of joint ventures 697.10 Other exceptions 697.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 707.12 Enforcement action 707.13 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 71

Part 8: Mergers 728.1 Overview 728.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 728.3 Competition assessment 728.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 758.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 768.6 Remedies 788.7 Appeals 788.8 Use of expert economists 798.9 Enforcement action 79Procedures for assessing proposed mergers 808.10 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 83

Part 9: Enforcement 849.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 849.2 Remedies 879.3 Relevant courts/tribunals 899.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 90

Chapter 2 – China 93Andrew FosterPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 93

1.1 Chinese competition law regime 931.2 Scope of application – entities 94

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1.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 941.4 Regulatory authorities 951.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 962.2 ‘Monopolistic conduct’ 972.3 ‘Monopoly agreements’ 972.4 ‘Dominant market position’ 1042.5 ‘Undertaking’ 1052.6 ‘Relevant market’ 1052.7 ‘Competing undertakings’ 1072.8 ‘Eliminating or restricting competition’ 107

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 1083.1 Overview 1083.2 Prohibition: monopoly agreements 1083.3 Elements of the prohibition 1093.4 Remedies and sanctions 1103.5 Prohibition: bid rigging 1113.6 Leniency/immunity programs 1123.7 Extraterritorial application 1163.8 Application to state/government entities 1163.9 Treatment of related bodies corporate 1183.10 Treatment of joint ventures 1193.11 Other exceptions 1193.12 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 1203.13 Enforcement action 120

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 1234.1 Overview 1234.2 Prohibitions 1244.3 Remedies and sanctions 1254.4 Leniency/immunity programs 1264.5 Extraterritorial application 1274.6 Application to state/government entities 1274.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 1274.8 Treatment of joint ventures 1284.9 Other exceptions 1284.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 1284.11 Enforcement action 129

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 132

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Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 1326.1 Overview 1326.2 Elements of the prohibition 1346.3 Remedies and sanctions 1416.4 Collective dominance 1426.5 Price discrimination 1426.6 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 1426.7 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 1436.8 Other exceptions 1456.9 Enforcement action 145

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct (e.g. resale price maintenance) 147

Part 8: Mergers 1478.1 Overview 1478.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 1488.3 Competition assessment 1488.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 1498.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 1518.6 Remedies 1538.7 Appeals 1548.8 Use of expert economists 1548.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 1548.10 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 1558.11 Enforcement action 157

Part 9: Enforcement 1629.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 1629.2 Remedies 1649.3 Relevant court/tribunals 1649.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 164

Chapter 3 – Hong Kong 167Geraldine Johns-Putra and Miranda NoblePart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 167

1.1 Hong Kong’s competition law regime 1671.2 Scope of application – entities 1701.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 1731.4 Regulatory authorities 1741.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct

prohibitions 1761.6 Guidelines from the Commission 176

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Part 2: Overview of fundamental concepts 1862.1 Introduction 1862.2 ‘Market’ 1862.3 ‘Competition’ 1872.4 ‘Competitors’ 187

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 1873.1 Overview 1873.2 Prohibition: the First Conduct Rule 1883.3 Elements of the prohibition 1883.4 Decisions by associations of undertakings 1923.5 Implications of the First Conduct Rule on existing

practices in Hong Kong 1933.6 Serious anti-competitive conduct vs other anti-

competitive conduct 1933.7 Risk areas 1953.8 Remedies and sanctions 1963.9 Leniency/immunity programs 1963.10 Extraterritorial application 1963.11 Application to state/government entities 1963.12 Treatment of related bodies corporate 1963.13 Treatment of joint ventures 1973.14 Other exceptions 1973.15 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 2023.16 Enforcement action 202

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 2034.1 Overview 2034.2 Prohibitions 2034.3 Elements of the prohibitions 2044.4 Remedies and sanctions 2044.5 Leniency/immunity programs 2044.6 Extraterritorial application 2044.7 Application to state/government entities 2044.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 2044.9 Treatment of joint ventures 2044.10 Other exceptions 2044.11 Enforcement action 206

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 206Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 206

6.1 Overview 2066.2 Elements of the prohibition 2076.3 Remedies and sanctions 211

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6.4 Collective dominance 2116.5 Price discrimination 2116.6 Misuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 2116.7 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 2116.8 Sector/industry specific regulation/exceptions 2116.9 Other exemptions 2116.10 Enforcement action 213

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 214Part 8: Mergers 214

8.1 Overview 2148.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 2158.3 Competition assessment 2168.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 2178.5 Clearance/approval procedures stages and timetables 2178.6 Remedies 2178.7 Appeals 2188.8 Use of expert economists 2188.9 Other exceptions 2188.10 Enforcement action 218

Part 9: Enforcement 2199.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 2199.2 Remedies 2229.3 Relevant court/tribunals 2309.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 231

Chapter 4 – India 235Cyril Shroff and Nisha Kaur Uberoi

Part 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 2351.1 Indian competition law regime 2351.2 Scope of application – entities 2361.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 2371.4 Regulatory authorities 2381.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 2392.2 ‘Market’ 2392.3 ‘Appreciable adverse effect on competition’ 248

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Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 2493.1 Overview 2493.2 Prohibition: cartel conduct 2493.3 Remedies and sanctions 2513.4 Leniency/immunity programs 2523.5 Extraterritorial application 2533.6 Application to state/government entities 2533.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 2533.8 Treatment of joint ventures 2543.9 Other exceptions 2553.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 2553.11 Enforcement action 2553.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 256

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 2564.1 Overview 2564.2 Prohibitions 2574.3 Leniency/immunity programs 2584.4 Extraterritorial application 2584.5 Application to state/government entities 2584.6 Treatment of related bodies corporate 2584.7 Treatment of joint ventures 2594.8 Other exceptions 2594.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 2594.10 Enforcement action 2594.11 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 261


6.1 Overview 2616.2 Elements of the prohibition 2626.3 Remedies and sanctions 2646.4 Collective dominance 2656.5 Price discrimination 2656.6 Misuse of market power and natural monopoly

infrastructure/facilities 2656.7 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 2666.8 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 2676.9 Other exceptions 2676.10 Enforcement action 2676.11 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 270

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 271

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Part 8: Mergers 2718.1 Overview 2718.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 2718.3 Competition assessment 2738.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 2748.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 2798.6 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 2838.7 Other exceptions 2838.8 Remedies 2858.9 Appeals 2868.10 Use of expert economists 2868.11 Enforcement action 2878.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 289


Chapter 5 – Indonesia 299Mochamad Fachri and Farid NasutionPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 299

1.1 Indonesian competition law regime 2991.2 Scope of application – entities 3001.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 3011.4 Regulatory authorities 3021.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 3032.2 ‘Relevant market’ and ‘market share’ 3032.3 ‘Monopolistic practices’ 3132.4 ‘Unfair business competition’ 3142.5 ‘Dominant position’ 314

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 3153.1 Overview 3153.2 Prohibitions 3153.3 Remedies and sanctions 3173.4 Leniency/ immunity programs 3183.5 Extraterritorial application 3183.6 Application to state/government entities 318

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3.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3183.8 Treatment of joint ventures 3183.9 Other exceptions 3193.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3193.11 Enforcement action 320

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 3214.1 Overview 3214.2 Prohibitions 3224.3 Remedies and sanctions 3234.4 Leniency/immunity programs 3244.5 Extraterritorial application 3244.6 Application to state/government entities 3244.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3244.8 Treatment of joint ventures 3244.9 Other exceptions 3244.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3244.11 Enforcement action 325

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 3255.1 Overview 3255.2 Prohibitions 3255.3 Remedies and sanctions 3265.4 Leniency/immunity programs 3265.5 Extraterritorial application 3265.6 Application to state/government entities 3265.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3265.8 Treatment of joint ventures 3265.9 Other exceptions 3275.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3275.11 Enforcement action 327

Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 3276.1 Overview 3276.2 Elements of the prohibition 3286.3 Remedies and sanctions 3306.4 Collective dominance 3316.5 Price discrimination 3316.6 Dominance and access to natural monopoly

infrastructure/facilities 3316.7 Dominance and intellectual property rights 3316.8 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exception 3326.9 Other exceptions 3326.10 Enforcement action 332

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Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 3337.1 Overview 3337.2 Prohibitions 3347.3 Remedies and sanctions 3347.4 Leniency/immunity programs 3347.5 Extraterritorial application 3347.6 Application to state/government entities 3347.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3357.8 Treatment of joint ventures 3357.9 Other exceptions 3357.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3357.11 Enforcement action 335

Part 8: Mergers 3368.1 Overview 3368.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 3368.3 Competition assessment 3368.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 3388.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetable 3418.6 Remedies 3428.7 Appeals 3438.8 Use of expert economists 3438.9 Enforcement action 3438.10 Key recent development and proposals for reform 344

Part 9: Enforcement 3459.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 3459.2 Sanctions and remedies 3479.3 Relevant courts/tribunals 3489.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 348

Chapter 6 – Japan 351Yusuke Nakano and Taku MatsumotoPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 351

1.1 Japanese competition law regime 3511.2 Scope of application – entities 3521.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 3531.4 Regulatory authorities 3541.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct

prohibitions 355Part 2: Overview of Fundamental Concepts 355

2.1 Introduction 3552.2 ‘Market’ 355

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2.3 ‘Competitors’/ in ‘competition’ 3622.4 ‘Substantial restraint of competition’ and ‘tendency to

impede fair competition’ 362Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 363

3.1 Overview 3633.2 Prohibitions 3633.3 Elements of the prohibition 3643.4 Remedies and sanctions 3663.5 Leniency/immunity programs 3733.6 Extraterritorial application 3753.7 Application to state/government entities 3753.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3753.9 Treatment of joint ventures 3763.10 Other exceptions 3763.11 Sector/ industry-specific regulation/ exceptions 3773.12 Enforcement action 3773.13 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 378

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 3784.1 Overview 3784.2 Prohibitions 3784.3 Elements of the prohibitions 3814.4 Remedies and sanctions 3824.5 Leniency/immunity programs 3824.6 Extraterritorial application 3824.7 Application to state/government entities 3824.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3834.9 Treatment of joint ventures 3834.10 Other exceptions 3844.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3844.12 Enforcement action 384

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 3855.1 Overview 3855.2 Prohibition: concerted refusal to trade 3855.3 Remedies and sanctions 3855.4 Leniency/immunity programs 3855.5 Extraterritorial application 3855.6 Application to state/government entities 3865.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3865.8 Treatment of joint ventures 3865.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3865.10 Enforcement action 386

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Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 3866.1 Overview 3866.2 Prohibition: unfair trade practices – abuse of superior

bargaining position 3876.3 Prohibition: private monopolisation 3896.4 Remedies and sanctions 3906.5 Collective dominance 3916.6 Price discrimination 3916.7 Private monopolization and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 3916.8 Unfair trade practices and intellectual property rights 3926.9 Other relevant legislation 3926.10 Industry-specific or other exceptions 3936.11 Enforcement action 393

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 3947.1 Overview 3947.2 Prohibition: unfair trade practices – resale price restriction 3947.3 Remedies and sanctions 3947.4 Leniency/immunity programs 3947.5 Extraterritorial application 3947.6 Application to state/government entities 3947.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 3947.8 Treatment of joint ventures 3957.9 Other exceptions 3957.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 3957.11 Enforcement action 395

Part 8: Mergers 3958.1 Overview 3958.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 3968.3 Competition assessment 3968.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 3978.5 Remedies 3988.6 Appeals 3998.7 Use of expert economic evidence 3998.8 Enforcement action 3998.9 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 400

Part 9: Enforcement 4009.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 4009.2 Remedies and sanctions 4019.3 Relevant courts/tribunals 4019.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 402

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Chapter 7 – Malaysia 405Lim Koon Huan and Jason Teoh Choon Hui Part 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 405

1.1 Malaysian competition law regime 4051.2 Scope of application – entities 4051.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 4061.4 Regulatory authority 4061.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 4082.2 ‘Market’ 4082.3 Product market 4092.4 Geographic market 4122.5 Other considerations 412

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 4133.1 Overview 4133.2 Prohibition 4133.3 Elements of the prohibition 4163.4 Remedies and sanctions 4183.5 Leniency/immunity programs 4183.6 Extraterritorial application 4193.7 Application to state/government entities 4193.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 4193.9 Treatment of joint ventures 4193.10 Other exceptions 4193.11 Sector/industry specific regulation/exceptions 4233.12 Enforcement action 423

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 4244.1 Overview 4244.2 Prohibition: vertical agreements 4244.3 Elements of the prohibition 4264.4 Remedies and sanctions 4264.5 Leniency/immunity programs 4264.6 Extraterritorial application 4264.7 Application to state/government entities 4264.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 4264.9 Treatment of joint ventures 4264.10 Other exceptions 4264.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 4274.12 Enforcement action 427

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6.1 Overview 4276.2 Elements of the prohibition 4276.3 Remedies and sanctions 4326.4 Collective dominance 4326.5 Price discrimination 4326.6 Misuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 4326.7 Misuse of market power and intellectual property

rights 4326.8 Sector/industry specific regulation/exceptions 4336.9 Other exceptions 4336.10 Enforcement action 433


Part 8: Mergers 434Part 9: Enforcement 434

9.1 Regulator’s enforcement power and tools 4349.2 Remedies 4399.3 Relevant courts/tribunals 4419.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 442

Chapter 8 – New Zealand 443Dr Ross Patterson Part 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 443

1.1 New Zealand competition law regime 4431.2 Scope of application – entities 4431.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 4441.4 Regulatory authorities 4461.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 4472.2 Market definition 4472.3 Competition 4562.4 ‘Substantial’ (lessening of competition) 4582.5 ‘Purpose’ 4582.6 ‘Likely effect’ 4602.7 ‘Contract, arrangement or understanding’ 461

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Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 4633.1 Overview 4633.2 Prohibition: cartel conduct 4633.3 Prohibition: exclusionary provisions 4643.4 Elements of the prohibitions 4653.5 Remedies and sanctions 4653.6 Leniency/immunity programs 4663.7 Extraterritorial application 4683.8 Application to state/government entities 4683.9 Treatment of related bodies corporate 4683.10 Treatment of joint ventures 4693.11 Other exceptions 4713.12 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 4713.13 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 476

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 4804.1 Overview 4804.2 Treatment of exclusive dealing 4804.3 Remedies and sanctions 4824.4 Leniency/immunity programs 4824.5 Extraterritorial application 4824.6 Application to state/government entities 4834.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 4834.8 Treatment of joint ventures 4834.9 Other exceptions 4834.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 4834.11 Enforcement action 4834.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 483

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 4845.1 Overview 4845.2 Elements of the prohibition 4845.3 Remedies and sanctions 4865.4 Leniency/immunity programs 4865.5 Extraterritorial application 4865.6 Application to state/government entities 4865.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 4875.8 Treatment of joint ventures 4875.9 Other exceptions 4875.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 4875.11 Enforcement action 487

Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 4886.1 Overview 488

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6.2 Elements of the prohibition 4886.3 Specific prohibition: predatory pricing 4916.4 Remedies and sanctions 4936.5 Collective dominance 4936.6 Price discrimination 4936.7 Misuse of market power and access to monopoly


Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 4977.1 Overview 4977.2 Prohibition 4977.3 Elements of the prohibition 4977.4 Remedies and sanctions 4987.5 Leniency/immunity programs 4987.6 Extraterritorial application 4987.7 Application to state/government entities 4987.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 4997.9 Treatment of joint ventures 4997.10 Other exceptions 4997.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 5007.12 Enforcement action 501

Part 8: Mergers 5018.1 Overview 5018.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 5028.3 Competition assessment 5028.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 5068.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 5078.6 Remedies 5108.7 Appeals 5128.8 Use of expert economists 5128.9 Enforcement action 5128.10 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 513


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Chapter 9 – Pakistan 523Bilal Shaukat and Shahbakht PirzadaPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 523

1.1 Pakistan competition law regime 5231.2 Scope of application – entities 5241.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 5241.4 Regulatory authorities 5241.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 5252.2 ‘Relevant market’ 5252.3 ‘Substantial’ (lessening of competition) 5362.4 ‘Object’ 5372.5 ‘Effect’ 5372.6 ‘Undertaking’ 5382.7 ‘Contract, arrangement or understanding’ 538

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 5383.1 Overview 5383.2 Prohibitions 5393.3 Remedies and sanctions 5403.4 Leniency/immunity programs 5403.5 Extraterritorial application 5423.6 Application to state/government entities 5423.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 5423.8 Treatment of joint ventures 5423.9 Other exceptions 5423.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 5443.11 Enforcement action 544

Part 4: Restraints in Vertical Agreements 5484.1 Overview 5484.2 Prohibitions 5494.3 Remedies and sanctions 5494.4 Leniency/immunity programs 5494.5 Extraterritorial application 5494.6 Application to state/government entities 5494.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 5494.8 Treatment of joint ventures 5504.9 Other exceptions 5504.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 5504.11 Enforcement action 550

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6.1 Overview 5516.2 Elements of the prohibition 5526.3 Specific prohibition: predatory pricing 5546.4 Remedies and sanctions 5546.5 Collective dominance 5546.6 Price discrimination 5556.7 Misuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 5556.8 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 5556.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 5566.10 Other exceptions 5566.11 Enforcement action 557


Part 8: Mergers 5598.1 Overview 5598.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 5608.3 Competition assessment 5608.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 5618.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 5638.6 Remedies 5648.7 Appeals 5648.8 Use of expert economists 5658.9 Enforcement action 5658.10 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 565


Chapter 10 – Singapore 573Daren ShiauPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 573

1.1 Singapore competition law regime 5731.2 The Competition Act 5741.2 Scope of application – entities 5761.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 577

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1.4 Regulatory authorities 5771.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 5802.2 ‘Relevant market’ 580

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 5883.1 Overview 5883.2 Prohibitions 5883.3 Remedies and sanctions 5913.4 Leniency/immunity programs 5933.5 Extraterritorial application 5953.6 Application to state/government entities 5953.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 5963.8 Treatment of joint ventures 5963.9 Other exceptions 5963.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 6003.11 Enforcement action 601

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 604Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 604Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 604

6.1 Overview 6046.2 Elements of the prohibition 6056.3 Specific prohibitions 6066.4 Remedies and sanctions 6096.5 Collective dominance 6106.6 Price discrimination 6106.7 Misuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 6106.8 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 6106.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 6106.10 Other exceptions 6116.11 Enforcement action 611

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 6127.1 Overview 6127.2 Prohibitions 6127.3 Remedies and sanctions 6147.4 Leniency/immunity programs 6147.5 Extraterritorial application 6147.6 Application to state/government entities 614

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7.7 Treatment of related bodies corporate 6147.8 Treatment of joint ventures 6147.9 Other exceptions 6157.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 6157.11 Enforcement action 6157.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 615

Part 8: Mergers 6158.1 Overview 6158.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 6158.3 Competition assessment 6158.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 6178.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 6218.6 Remedies 6248.7 Appeals 6268.8 Use of expert economists 6268.9 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 6268.10 Enforcement action 627

Part 9: Enforcement 6279.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 6279.2 Remedies 6319.3 Relevant courts and tribunals 6329.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 632

Chapter 11 – South Korea 635Cecil Saehoon Chung and Kyoung Yeon KimPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 635

1.1 Korean competition law regime 6351.2 Scope of application – entities 6361.3 Regulatory authorities 6361.4 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 ‘Market’ 6372.2 ‘Competitor’/‘enterprise in competition’ 6462.3 ‘Substantial’ (lessening of competition) 6462.4 ‘Purpose’ 6462.5 ‘Likely effect’ 6462.6 ‘Effect’ 6472.7 ‘Contract, arrangement or understanding’ 647

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 6473.1 Overview 647

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3.2 Prohibition: collusion 6473.3 Elements of the prohibition 6493.4 Remedies and sanctions 6513.5 Leading cases 6523.6 Leniency/immunity programs 6533.7 Extraterritorial application 6563.8 Application to state/government entities 6583.9 Treatment of related bodies corporate 6583.10 Treatment of joint ventures 6593.11 Other exceptions 6593.12 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 6603.13 Recent enforcement action and significant penalties 6603.14 Price signalling 6603.15 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 661

Part 4: Restraints in vertical agreements 6624.1 Overview 662

Part 5: Other anti-competitive agreements 6625.1 Overview 6625.2 Elements of the prohibition 6635.3 Remedies/sanctions 6635.4 Extraterritorial application 6645.5 Application to state/government entities 6645.6 Treatment of related bodies corporate 6645.7 Treatment of joint ventures 6645.8 Other exceptions 6645.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 6645.10 Enforcement 6645.11 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 665

Part 6: Abuse of dominance/market power 6666.1 Overview 6666.2 Elements of the prohibition 6676.3 Remedies/sanctions 6676.4 Specific prohibition: predatory pricing 6686.5 Abuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 6686.6 Abuse of dominance and intellectual property rights 6696.7 Exceptions and defences 6706.8 Recent enforcement action and significant penalties 671

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 6727.1 Overview 6727.2 Prohibition 673

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7.3 Remedies and sanctions 6737.4 Leading cases 6737.5 Leniency/immunity programs 6747.6 Extraterritorial application 6747.7 Application to state/government entities 6747.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 6747.9 Treatment of joint ventures 6747.10 Other exceptions 6747.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 6757.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 6757.13 Recent enforcement action and significant penalties 675

Part 8: Mergers 6768.1 Overview of prohibition and substantive test 6768.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 6768.3 Competition assessment 6778.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 6828.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 6858.6 Remedies 6868.7 Appeals 687

Part 9: Enforcement 6879.1 KFTC’s enforcement powers and tools 6879.2 Remedies 6889.3 Appeals 6889.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 689

Chapter 12 – Thailand 691Professor Ian McEwin and Dr. Sakda ThanitculPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 691

1.1 Thai competition law regime 6911.2 Scope of application – entities 6911.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 6921.4 Regulatory authorities 6921.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct

provisions 6931.6 Regulations and notifications 693

Part 2: Overview of fundamental concepts 6982.1 Introduction 6982.2 ‘Market’ 6982.3 ‘Business operator’ 6982.4 ‘Market domination’ 698

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Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 6993.1 Overview 6993.2 Prohibitions 6993.3 Elements of the prohibition 7003.4 Remedies and sanctions 7003.5 Leniency/immunity programs 7003.6 Extraterritorial application 7003.7 Application to state/government entities 7003.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 7013.9 Treatment of joint ventures 7013.10 Other exceptions 7013.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 7013.12 Enforcement action 701


6.1 Overview 7026.2 Prohibition 7026.3 Elements of the prohibition 7036.4 Remedies and sanctions 7036.5 Collective dominance 7036.6 Price discrimination 7046.7 Misuse of market power and access to natural

monopoly infrastructure/facilities 7046.8 Misuse of market power and intellectual property rights 7046.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 7046.10 Enforcement action 704

Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 7057.1 Overview 7057.2 Prohibitions 7057.3 Elements of the prohibition 7057.4 Remedies and sanctions 7067.5 Extraterritorial application 7067.6 Application to state/government entities 7067.7 Enforcement action 7067.8 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 707

Part 8: Mergers 7088.1 Overview 7088.2 Application to offshore acquisitions 7088.3 Competition assessment 708

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8.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 7088.5 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 7098.6 Remedies 7098.7 Appeals 7098.8 Use of expert economists 7098.9 Enforcement action 710


Chapter 13 – Vietnam 715Dr. LUU Huong LyPart 1: Overview – legislation and regulatory authorities 715

1.1 Vietnamese competition law regime 7151.2 Scope of application – entities 7161.3 Scope of application – extraterritoriality 7171.4 Regulatory authorities 7181.5 Key reference table of anti-competitive conduct


2.1 Introduction 7192.2 ‘Market’ 719

Part 3: Cartels (agreements between competitors) 7273.1 Overview 7273.2 Remedies and sanctions 7313.3 Leniency/immunity programs 7313.4 Extraterritorial application 7343.5 Application to state/government entities 7343.6 Treatment of related bodies corporate 7343.7 Treatment of joint ventures 7353.8 Other exceptions 7353.9 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 7353.10 Enforcement action 7353.11 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 736


6.1 Overview 737

Table of Contents

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6.2 Elements of the prohibition 7376.3 Specific prohibition: predatory pricing 7396.4 Remedies and sanctions 7396.5 Collective dominance 7396.6 Price discrimination 7406.7 Misuse of market power and access natural monopoly


Part 7: Other prohibitions on unilateral conduct 7457.1 Overview 7457.2 Prohibitions 7457.3 Elements of the prohibitions 7467.4 Remedies and sanctions 7487.5 Leniency/immunity programs 7497.6 Extraterritorial application 7497.7 Application to state/government entities 7497.8 Treatment of related bodies corporate 7497.9 Treatment of joint ventures 7497.10 Other exceptions 7497.11 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 7497.12 Enforcement action 7507.13 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 750

Part 8: Mergers 7508.1 Overview 7508.2 Concept of ‘economic concentration’ 7508.3 Application to offshore acquisitions 7518.4 Filing requirements and thresholds 7528.5 Exceptions 7538.6 Clearance/approval procedures, stages and timetables 7558.7 Remedies 7568.8 Appeals 7578.9 Use of expert economists 7578.10 Sector/industry-specific regulation/exceptions 7588.11 Enforcement action 7598.12 Key recent developments and proposals for reform 759

Part 9: Enforcement 7609.1 Regulator’s enforcement powers and tools 760

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9.2 Remedies 7619.3 Relevant courts/tribunals 7639.4 Litigation – matters of procedure 764

Chapter 14 – Cambodia and Laos 767R. Ian McEwinPart 1: Cambodia 767

1.1 Cambodia’s legal system 7671.2 Cambodia’s competition law regime 767

Part 2: Lao People’s Democratic Republic 7692.1 Lao PDR’s legal system 7692.2 Lao PDR’s competition law regime 769

Index 771

table of contents - media. · pdf file4.5 leniency/immunity programs 45 ... 5.6 application to...

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