table of contents - liveroof, · pdf fileseptember 2007 page1of63 wind design insureds of fm...

September 2007 of 63

WIND DESIGNINSUREDS OF FM GLOBAL SHOULD CONTACT THEIR LOCAL FM GLOBAL OFFICE BEFORE BEGINNING

ANY ROOFING WORK.

Table of ContentsPage

1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 31.1 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 32.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Determining Design Wind Speed ............................................................................................ 42.2 Roof Design Loads ........................................................................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Basic Wind Speed ................................................................................................................. 52.2.2 Surface Roughness Exposure .............................................................................................. 62.2.3 Roof Uplift Design Pressure .................................................................................................. 62.2.4 Topographic Factor (KZT) ..................................................................................................... 112.2.5 Wind Tunnel Testing to Determine Wind Design Pressures ............................................... 112.2.6 Roof Overhangs ................................................................................................................... 112.2.7 Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Roof System ....................................................... 13

2.3 Wall, Door, and Window Design ..................................................................................................... 132.3.1 Outward Wall Pressure for Enclosed Building ..................................................................... 132.3.2 Inward Wall Pressure for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings ................................. 142.3.3 Outward Wall Pressure for Partially Enclosed Buildings ..................................................... 14

2.4 Other Wind Related Items ............................................................................................................. 263.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 26

3.1 Background .................................................................................................................................... 263.1.1 Wind Pressures ................................................................................................................... 263.1.2 Wind Damage ...................................................................................................................... 273.1.3 Tornadoes ............................................................................................................................ 273.1.4 Examples of Design Pressure Determinations (in psf) For Proposed Construction .......... 273.1.6 FM Approved Exterior Wall Wind Load Ratings .................................................................. 293.1.7 FM Approved Exterior Wall Hail and Fire Ratings ............................................................... 30

3.2 Loss History ................................................................................................................................... 304.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 30

4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 304.2 Other ................................................................................................................................................ 31

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 31APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 35APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 36

List of FiguresFig. 1. Building 2 is more than 3 ft (0.9 m) higher than Building 1. ........................................................... 11Fig. 2. Height of buildings 1 and 2 are within 3 ft (0.9 m) of each other. .................................................. 12Flow Chart A. Enclosed building vs. partially enclosed building ................................................................. 34Fig. 3. Basic wind speeds - Western United States (8/2001) .................................................................... 37Fig. 3. (Part 2) Basic wind speeds - Central and Eastern United States (8/2001) .................................... 38Fig. 3. (Part 3) Basic wind speeds - Western Gulf of Mexico Coastline of United States (8/2001) .......... 39Fig. 3. (Part 4) Basic wind speeds - Eastern Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic Coastline of

United States (8/2001) ....................................................................................................... 40

FM GlobalProperty Loss Prevention Data Sheets 1-28

©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.

Fig. 3. (Part 5) Basic wind speeds - Mid-Atlantic and Northern Atlantic Coastline ofUnited States (8/2001) ....................................................................................................... 41

Fig. 4. Basic wind speeds - Alaska (8/2001) .............................................................................................. 42Fig. 5. Basic wind speeds – Western Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) .............................. 43Fig. 5. (Part 2) Basic wind speeds - Eastern Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ................... 44Fig. 6. Basic wind speeds - Australia, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ........................................... 45Fig. 7. Basic wind speeds - New Zealand, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) .................................... 46Fig. 8. Basic wind speeds - Western China, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ................................. 47Fig. 8. (Part 2) Basic wind speeds - Eastern China, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ..................... 48Fig. 8. (Part 3) Basic wind speed for selected cities - China ..................................................................... 49Fig. 9. Basic wind speeds - Taiwan, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) .............................................. 50Fig. 10. Basic Wind Speeds – Brazil, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s) (8/2001) ................................... 51Fig. 11. Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Cities - Canada, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s) (8/2001) .. 52Fig. 12. Average number of tornadoes per year per 10,000 square miles (25,900 square kilometers)

in the United States, 1953-1980 (7/2001) ..................................................................................... 63

List of TablesTable 1. Building Wind Design Levels ........................................................................................................... 4Table 2. Wind speeds for enhanced and optimum designs based on storm category. ................................. 5Table 3. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°

(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building ................................... 7Table 4. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°

(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building ................................... 8Table 5. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°

slope (For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building ......................... 9Table 6. Roof Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Roof Zones 1, 2, and 3 ........................................ 10Table 7. Roof Overhang Factors (Apply on overhang areas only and for h ≤ 60 ft [18 m]) ....................... 12Table 8. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner areas for Enclosed Building2

(Zones 1, 2, and 3) ....................................................................................................................... 13Table 9. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4 .... 15Table 10. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4 .. 16Table 11. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4 .. 17Table 12. Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed Buildings .......... 18Table 13. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10°, Enclosed Building (see Note 2) ..... 19Table 14. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, (see Note 2) ... 20Table 15. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚ Enclosed Building, (see Note 2) ..... 21Table 16. Wall Design Inward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed and Partially

Enclosed Buildings ........................................................................................................................ 22Table 17. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure B,

Θ ≤ 45˚(3) ..................................................................................................................................... 23Table 18. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure C,

Θ ≤ 45˚(3) ....................................................................................................................................... 24Table 19. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure D,

Θ ≤ 45˚(3) ..................................................................................................................................... 25Table 20. Wall Design Outward External Pressure Multipliers for Partially Enclosed Buildings,

Wall Zone 5 .................................................................................................................................. 25Table 21. Height of Ground-Level Debris Exposure .................................................................................... 33

1-28 Wind Design FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

1.0 SCOPE

This data sheet is intended to provide general guidance to building designers regarding wind considerationsfor buildings. This includes recommended wind pressures for common building shapes for the following:

1. Building components and cladding and their immediate supports (wall siding, roof assemblies, etc.)

2. Opening protection (doors, windows, etc.)

For main force-resisting systems and other structures such as chimneys, tanks, signs and open frameworks,refer to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard ASCE 7-05, Minimum Design Loads forBuildings and Other Structures.

Wind load requirements are not included for tornado-resistant design. Neither are they provided for mainwind-force resisting systems of buildings except for the basic wind speeds. Included is the appropriateFM Approvals minimum roof system wind uplift rating. Both enclosed buildings and partially enclosed buildingsare considered, although partially enclosed buildings are not recommended for new construction. Openbuildings are not covered by this data sheet. However, a conservative approach for these roof pressures canbe achieved by following the guidelines in this data sheet for enclosed buildings. Multi-gable and mono-sloperoofs are not covered in this data sheet.

Guidance in determining proper construction to resist the recommended loads in this document is includedin the FM Approvals RoofNav program and the following FM Global Data Sheets:

Data Sheet 1-0, Safeguards During Construction, Alteration and Demolition

Data Sheet 1-8, Antenna Towers and Signs

Data Sheet 1-9, Roof Anchorage

Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components

Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof Systems

Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing

Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Testing

1.1 Changes

September 2007. Minor corrections were made to Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6.

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Introduction

Select a building design level in Table 1 that reflects the importance of the building. Consider the value ofthe building and its contents and the value of preventing an interruprion to activities inside the building.Consider using an Optimum or Enhanced design for buildings in hurricane, tropical cyclone or thyphoon-proneregions. These designs can greatly reduce damage allowing earlier resumption of operations, often as soonas employees return and utilities are restored.

Wind Design 1-28FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets


Table 1. Building Wind Design Levels

Design Level Design Criteria Expected Hurricane DamageMinimum Acceptable

DesignDesign the entire building1 and importantstructures for the basic wind speeds andother related guidance per this document.

Negligible damage from winds that do notexceed the basic wind speed. Extensivedamage and delay before building isfunctional from winds that considerablyexceed the basic wind speed.

Enhanced Design Enhance the components that are morevulnerable to wind damage2 to resist designpressures that are higher than the basicwind design. See Table 2. Ensure othercomponents meet local code.

Negligible damage from winds that do notexceed the basic wind speed. Moderate tosevere damage to components that areunimproved, or supported by unimprovedcomponents, and moderate to severe delaybefore building is functional from winds thatdo not exceed the actual design windspeed.

Optimum Design Design the entire building1 and importantstructures for wind pressures that arehigher than the basic wind pressures. SeeTable 2.

Negligible damage from winds that do notexceed the basic wind speed. Minimaldamage and delay before building isfunctional from winds that do not exceedthe actual design wind speed.

1 This includes above-deck roof components, perimeter flashing, roof deck span and securement, wall cladding and opening protectives,roof mounted equipment, all framing and foundations. Refer to D.S 1-29 for additional information on roof design.2This includes above-deck roof components, perimeter flashing, roof deck span and securement, wall claddings, opening protectives.

Need for Enhanced or Optimum Designs

Wind maps in this document provide the minimum acceptable wind design criteria. Those for the United Statesare from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 ″Minimum Design Loads for Buildings andStructures″ and are used by most building codes in the US. These minimum wind speeds as elsewhere inthe world, provide a basic level of protection to all buildings and have protected most buildings from collapseand major structural damage.

However, the wind speeds of many hurricanes have exceeded these minimum design wind speeds leadingto severely damaged buildings that are not useable for many months after hurricane winds and wind-drivenrain enter the building, usually from failures of the building envelope - roof flashings and coverings, roof decks,wall claddings, doors and windows.

For example, a large part of the US coastline in the Gulf of Mexico has a basic design wind speed for aCategory 2 hurricane or less while 47 Category 3, 4 & 5 hurricanes made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico since1899. A similar situation exists between basic wind speeds and wind speeds of land falling typhoons andcyclones in other regions.

2.1.1 Determining Design Wind Speed

Select a design wind speed from the figures in Appendix C, which are the minimum wind speedsrecommended for all locations, or choose a higher wind speed from Table 2 if an Optimum or Enhancedwind design is used.



Table 2. Wind speeds for enhanced and optimum designs based on storm category.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Category Basic 3 – sec gust wind speed*Average or Recommended Design

Speed mph (m/s)Cat 1 82-108 mph (37-48 m/s) 108 (48)Cat 2 108-130 mph (48-58 m/s) 120 (54)Cat 3 130-156 mph (58-70 m/s) 145 (65)Cat 4 156-191 mph (70-85 m/s) 175(78)Cat 5 > 191 mph (> 85 m/s) ≥200 (90)

*These wind speeds are 3 second gust over land at 33 ft (10m) above open ground in exposure category C.

2.1.2 Since the effective wind area for building framing and some other building components considerablyexceeds 10 ft2 (0.93 m2), pressures may be reduced from that shown in the tables in this document or theRoofNav Ratings Calculator in accordance with ASCE 7 to reflect the larger area. This reduction does notapply to roof assemblies.

2.2 Roof Design Loads

The following provides an overview of the methodology to determine roof design pressure and minimumFM Approved wind classification ratings (note: the RoofNav Ratings Calculator will calculate the roof ratingdirectly):

• Determine basic wind speed (Section 2.2.1 and Figures 1-10)

• Determine Surface Roughness Exposure (Section 2.2.2 and Appendix A)

• Determine building roof height and slope (building or plans)

• Establish basic outward pressure for roof Zone 1 (Section 2.2.3 and Tables 3, 4, or 5) and then applyappropriate pressure multipliers for the roof slope, zone, and enclosed or partially enclosed buildings(Table 6). (See Appendix A and Flow Chart A for definition of enclosed and partially enclosed buildings.)For significant roof overhangs, see Section 2.2.6 and Table 7.

• If the building is adjacent to an escarpment or ridge, modify the design with topographic factor (Section2.2.4), using ASCE 7 or an equivalent local standard.

• Determine minimum FM Approval rating requirements for field, perimeter, and corners. As an alternativefor perimeters and corners, apply relevant Data Sheet. (See Section 2.2.7 and Table 8 and 8A)

The guidelines in this data sheet are derived from the basis provided in ASCE Standard 7. The followingexceptions to ASCE 7 have been adopted:

a) Use an importance factor of 1.15 for components, cladding and secondary structural framing.

b) Use surface roughness exposure C for hurricane-prone coastal areas only where basic wind speed≥ 120 mph (55 m/s). For shoreline areas immediately adjacent to the coast in hurricane-prone regions (seeAppendix A) where the basic wind speed is less than 120 mph (55 m/s), use Surface RoughnessExposure D.

c) Wind borne debris regions are defined in Appendix A.

d) Roof design pressures are based on a maximum 10 ft2 (0.9 m2) effective area, regardless of the actualeffective area of components and cladding.

2.2.1 Basic Wind Speed

Determine the basic wind speed from Figures 1 through 10, interpolating from wind speed maps, whenpossible. See wind maps and other sources referenced in Appendix C.

Basic wind speeds are based on 3-second gusts, 33 ft above ground in a Surface Roughness ExposureC. Basic wind speed for Puerto Rico is 145 mph (65 m/s), for Hawaii it is 135 mph (60 m/s), and forGuam it is 170 mph (76 m/s).

Note: The wind speeds presented in the maps are derived from limited statistics and computer modeling.They are not necessarily the worst case that can happen at a facility. For example, if the code tells us to designfor a wind speed of 90 mph (145 kph), and three storms with winds exceeding that speed have passed within



100 miles (60 km) in the past 20 years, your facility should probably be designed to withstand a higher windspeed. A quest for accuracy should not get in the way of good sense. The added cost is usually minimal.

Increase the basic wind speed by 10% (4.5 m/s) or more, as appropriate, in areas exposed to extreme localwinds. In the United States and Canada this would include such effects as the Santa Ana, Chinook, ColumbiaRiver Gorge, and Wasatch Mountain winds. Applicable areas include the Special Wind Regions shown onsome of the wind speed maps. Make appropriate increases for other areas exposed by high local winds ifjustified by local records.

2.2.2 Surface Roughness Exposure

Determine the Surface Rroughness Exposure as noted in Appendix A, Glossary of Terms. The SurfaceRoughness Exposure is a function of the terrain surrounding the building it is being applied to. The SurfaceRoughness Exposure is not affected by the height of the building in question relative to the heights of theobjects in that surrounding terrain.

For a site located in a transition zone between two Surface Roughness Exposures, use the more severeSurface Roughness Exposure (e.g., for B/C utilize C). Use the most critical applicable Surface RoughnessExposure even if it exists in only one direction.

Design components and cladding of buildings and other structures using the surface exposure category thatresults in the highest wind load for any wind direction at the site.

Any apparent shielding afforded by individual or localized buildings and other structures or terrain featuresis not to be recognized as having any impact on Surface Roughness Exposure.

2.2.3 Roof Uplift Design Pressure

Use Tables 3 through 5 to determine the field of roof area (Zone 1) design pressure for enclosed buildingswith roof slopes up to and including 7 degrees (10 degrees for tall buildings). When entering these tables,consider the pertinent variables such as Surface Roughness Exposure, mean roof height, and basic windspeed. For other combinations of enclosed/partially enclosed buildings and/or different roof slopes, and forZones 2 and 3, apply the appropriate factors in Table 6 to the pressures in Tables 3 through 5 to obtain thevarious roof area design pressure. For components and cladding, base design pressures on those givenin this data sheet. For secondary supporting members (joists, purlins, etc.,) refer to ASCE Standard 7 andapply the appropriate effective area and an importance factor of 1.15.



Table 3. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building

p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 1 to 10 ft2;

Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 90 ft and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 90 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18MeanRoof

Heighth (ft)

Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)

≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 160 170 185

Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure B (psf)

0-15 15 17 21 25 30 35 41 43 47 53 60 7130 15 17 21 25 30 35 41 43 47 53 60 7160 18 20 25 31 36 43 49 53 57 65 73 8689 20 23 28 34 41 48 55 60 64 72 82 9790 27 31 38 46 55 64 74 80 86 97 110 130100 28 32 39 47 56 66 77 82 88 100 113 134200 34 39 48 58 69 80 93 100 107 122 138 163300 39 43 53 65 77 91 105 112 121 137 155 183400 42 47 58 70 84 98 114 122 131 149 168 199500 45 50 62 75 89 105 121 130 139 158 179 212

p = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 0.1 to 0.9 m2;

Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 27 m and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 27 m; (GCpi) = 0.18MeanRoof

Heighth (m)

Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)

≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure B (kPa)

0-5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.610 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.718 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.320 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.527 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.9

27.4 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.8 6.530 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.6 5.2 6.0 6.760 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.3 8.290 1.8 2.0 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.6 5.4 6.3 7.2 8.2 9.2120 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.0 5.9 6.8 7.8 8.9 10.0150 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.5 5.3 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.4 10.7

Notes:

1. Interpolation is appropriate.

2. Pressure (p), is total net pressure (external and internal).



Table 4. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building



Heighth (ft)


≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 160 170 185

Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure C (psf)

0-15 18 20 25 31 36 42 49 53 56 64 73 8630 21 23 29 35 42 49 57 61 65 74 84 9960 24 27 34 41 48 57 66 71 76 86 97 11589 26 30 37 44 53 62 72 77 82 94 106 12590 35 40 49 59 70 83 96 103 110 125 141 168100 36 41 50 61 72 85 98 105 113 128 145 171200 42 47 58 70 83 98 113 122 130 148 167 198300 46 51 63 76 91 107 124 133 142 161 182 216400 48 54 67 81 96 113 131 141 151 172 194 229500 51 57 70 85 101 119 138 148 158 180 203 240



Heighth (m)


≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure C (kPa)

0-5 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.9 4.410 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.118 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.5 5.1 5.820 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.927 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.3

27.4 1.7 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.7 6.6 7.5 8.430 1.7 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.3 5.1 5.9 6.7 7.6 8.660 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.0 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 10.090 2.2 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.4 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.9120 2.3 2.6 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.6150 2.4 2.7 3.4 4.2 5.1 6.0 7.1 8.2 9.4 10.7 12.1

Notes:


2. Pressure (p) is total net pressure (external and internal).



Table 5. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7° slope(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building



Heighth (ft)


≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 160 170 185

Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure D (psf)

0-15 22 25 31 37 44 51 60 64 68 78 88 10430 25 28 34 42 49 58 67 72 77 88 99 11760 28 31 39 47 56 65 76 81 87 99 112 13389 30 34 42 50 60 70 81 87 93 106 120 14290 40 45 56 67 80 94 109 117 125 142 161 190100 41 46 57 69 82 96 111 119 127 145 164 194200 46 52 64 77 92 108 125 134 144 164 185 219300 50 56 69 83 99 117 134 144 154 176 198 235400 52 58 72 87 104 122 141 152 162 185 208 247500 54 61 75 91 108 127 147 158 169 192 217 257



Heighth (m)


≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure D (kPa)

0-5 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.410 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.3 6.018 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.9 6.720 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.85 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.827 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.4 7.2

27.4 1.9 2.1 2.7 3.3 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.630 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.9 5.7 6.6 7.6 8.7 9.860 2.2 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.9 9.8 11.090 2.4 2.6 3.3 4.1 5.0 5.9 6.9 8.0 9.2 10.5 11.8120 2.5 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.4 9.7 11.0 12.4150 2.6 2.9 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.4 7.6 8.8 10.1 11.5 12.9

Notes:


2. Pressure (p) is total uplift pressure (external and internal).



Table 6. Roof Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Roof Zones 1, 2, and 3

Roof Design Negative Pressure Multipliers Zones 1, 2, 3 for Flat and Gabled RoofsApply multipliers to pressure values in Tables 3, 4, and 5, as appropriate.

Mean Roof Height, h Roof Slope Enclosed Building Partially Enclosed Building6

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3h ≤ 60 ft (18 m); and when

h/w ≤ 1 for 60 < h < 90 ft (18< h < 27.4 m)

Θ ≤ 7° 1.0 1.68 2.53 1.31 1.99 2.857° < Θ ≤ 27° 0.92 1.59 2.36 1.23 1.91 2.6727° < Θ ≤ 45° 1.0 1.17 1.17 1.31 1.48 1.48

when h/w > 1 for 60 ft < h <90 ft (18 < h < 27.4 m)

See Note 6 below

Θ ≤ 10° 1.34 2.10 2.86 1.65 2.42 3.1810° < Θ ≤ 27° 0.92 1.59 2.36 1.23 1.91 2.6727° < Θ ≤ 45° 1.0 1.17 1.17 1.31 1.48 1.48

h ≥ 90 ft (27.4 m)See Note 6 below

Θ ≤ 10° 1.0 1.57 2.14 1.23 1.80 2.3710° < Θ ≤ 27° 0.68 1.19 1.76 0.92 1.42 1.9927° < Θ ≤ 45° 0.75 0.87 0.87 0.98 1.11 1.11

Zone Notes: 1. Zone 1 except Zone 2 if Θ > 7°.2. Zone 2 except Zone 3 if Θ ≤ 7° and h > 60 ft (18 m).3. Zone 2 except Zone 3 if Θ > 7° and h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).4. If a parapet height ≥ 3 ft (1 m) is provided around the perimeter of the roof with Θ ≤ 7°, treat Zone 3 as Zone 2.5. 7° = 11⁄2 in./12 in. (125 mm/m); 10° = 2 in./12 in. (167 mm/m); 27° = 6 in./12 in. (500 mm/m); 45° = 12 in./12 in. (1 m/m).6. Partially enclosed building multipliers for roofs are based only on openings affecting the top story.

7. Value of ‘‘a’’:a) For h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is the smaller of 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension or 0.4 times h, and never less

than 4% of the least horizontal dimension, or 3 ft (0.9 m). Zone 3 is a square with dimensions ‘‘a’’.b) For h > 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension, but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m). Zone 3 is an ell

with dimensions ‘‘2a’’.8. Value of ‘‘h’’:

a) For slopes ≤ 7°, h = eave heightb) For slopes > 7°, h = mean roof height

9. Value of ‘‘w’’ is based on the lesser plan dimension.



2.2.4 Topographic Factor (KZT)

Topographic effects can increase wind speed locally due to significant hills, ridges, and escarpments ofspecified dimensions and proximity to the building or proposed building in question. Guidelines for determiningdesign pressures under these conditions are provided in ASCE Standard 7, and use KZT values greater than1. The topographic factor greater than 1 is generally the exception (for extreme cases) rather than the rule.However, when applicable, the design pressure adjustments can be significant. Due to the additionalcomplexity when using a KZT greater than 1, and the fact that this is for the minority of cases, the procedurefor this is excluded from this data sheet. Refer to ASCE Standard 7 for further information on the topographicfactor.

2.2.5 Wind Tunnel Testing to Determine Wind Design Pressures

Wind tunnel testing for determination of design wind loads is sometimes done for various reasons (irregularbuilding shapes, channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions, etc.). Wind loadsdetermined from tunnel testing are acceptable to use, provided that ASCE 7, Section 6.6 ‘‘Method 3 – WindTunnel Procedure’’ is followed, and that recommended wind speeds from this document are modeled andan Importance Factor of 1.15 is applied to resulting pressures.

Where multi-level roofs meet at a common wall, the edge of the upper roof is treated as roof perimeter andcorner areas (Zones 2 and 3) if the difference in height is ≥ 3 ft (0.9 m). The lower roof strip where it meetsa higher wall is treated as a field area, except for the square areas at each end, which are treated asperimeters. (See Figures 1 and 2.)

2.2.6 Roof Overhangs

For roof areas extending beyond exterior walls (overhangs), adjust design pressures in accordance withTable 7.

For the specific conditions in Table 7, apply the factors in Table 7 to the design pressures previouslydetermined for that particular roof area.

Fig. 1. Building 2 is more than 3 ft (0.9 m) higher than Building 1.



Table 7. Roof Overhang Factors (Apply on overhang areas only and for h ≤ 60 ft [18 m])

SlopeEnclosed Building Partially Enclosed Building

Field Perimeter Corner Field Perimeter CornerΘ ≤ 7° 1.4 DNA DNA 1.1 DNA DNA

7°< Θ ≤ 27° DNA DNA 1.6 DNA DNA 1.427°< Θ ≤ 45° DNA 1.5 1.5 DNA DNA 1.1

Fig. 2. Height of buildings 1 and 2 are within 3 ft (0.9 m) of each other.



2.2.7 Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Roof System

Based on the field of roof area design pressure previously obtained, use Table 8 to determine the minimumFM Approved wind classification rating needed for the entire roof assembly (deck and above-deck system).

Table 8. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner areas for Enclosed Building2 (Zones 1, 2, and 3)

Roof Field Area DesignPressure, p, (psf)2

Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Deck/Above-Deck/Entire1 AssemblyRoof Field Area Roof Perimeter Area Roof Corner Area

15 < p ≤ 20 60 75 10520 < p ≤ 25 60 90 12025 < p ≤ 30 60 105 150

30 < p ≤ 37.5 75 120 18037.5 < p ≤ 45 90 150 22545 < p ≤ 52.5 105 180 27052.5 < p ≤ 60 120 195 30060 < p ≤ 67.5 135 225 33067.5 < p ≤ 75 150 255 36075 < p ≤ 82.5 165 270 40582.5 < p ≤ 90 180 300 43590 < p ≤ 97.5 195 315 48097.5 < p ≤ 105 210 345 510105 < p ≤ 112.5 225 360 540112.5 < p ≤ 120 240 390 585120 < p ≤ 127.5 255 420 615127.5 < p ≤ 135 270 435 660

1 If a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) high parapet is provided, which is adequately designed for horizontal wind load, treat the corner as a perimeterarea.2 For roofs with higher field area design pressures, or to interpolate needed perimeter and corner ratings when the field requirements arebetween levels, multiply the needed field area design pressure from Table 3, 4 or 5 (of D.S. 1-28) by a safety factor of 2.0 and the respectivepressure coefficient for perimeter and corner areas (see Table 6), and round up to the next highest 15 psf rating interval.3 Ratings above apply to enclosed buildings, with roof slopes ≤ 7˚ and roof heights ≤ 60 ft (18 m). For other situations, see the respectivetables in this document.

2.3 Wall, Door, and Window Design

Design wall panels, doors, windows and their securement to guidelines in this section. Where the effectivewind area of a door or window considerably exceeds 10 ft2 (1 m2), or 20 ft2 (2 m2), for walls over 60 ft or 18m high, pressures may be reduced in accordance with ASCE 7 to reflect the larger area only.

Use impact-resistant glazing or glazing protection, and impact-resistant dock doors rated for small or largemissile exposure (as applicable) when located within a windborne debris region (see Appendix A). Ensure theyare satisfactorily tested per Florida Building Code Testing Application Standards (TAS) 201, 202, and 203,or ASTM Standards E1886 and E1996. Some manufacturers of window films are FM Approved (see theApproval Guide Building Materials Volume, Windstorm Resistant Fenestration) for small missile resistance forapplication on the interior surface of existing windows. Regardless of what design level from Table 1 ischosen, use the basic wind speed map and Appendix A to determine the need for fenestrationprotection.

Determine basic wind speed and Surface Roughness Exposure in accordance with Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2of this data sheet. When significant hills, ridges, or escarpments are present, refer to Section 2.2.4. For windtunnel testing, refer to Section 2.2.5.

The following provides an overview of the methodology to determine inward and outward wall designpressures.

2.3.1 Outward Wall Pressure for Enclosed Building

• Determine outward pressure for wall Zone 4 and Θ ≤ 10˚ using Tables 9, 10, or 11.

• Determine outward pressure for wall Zones 4 and 5 various Θ by applying multipliers in Table 12.



2.3.2 Inward Wall Pressure for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings

• Determine inward pressure for wall Zones 4 and 5 and Θ ≤ 10˚ using Tables 13, 14, or 15. Add internaland external pressure to obtain total inward pressure.

• Determine inward pressure for various Θ for wall Zones 4 and 5 by applying multipliers in Table 16 tothe internal and external pressure values in Tables 13, 14 and 15, add the resultant values to obtaintotal inward pressure.

2.3.3 Outward Wall Pressure for Partially Enclosed Buildings

• Determine outward pressure for wall Zone 4 for various Θ, using Tables 17, 18, 19. Add internal andexternal pressure to obtain total pressure.

• Determine outward pressure for wall Zone 5 by:

a) Using internal pressure directly from Tables 17, 18 and 19.

b) Using external pressure from Tables 17, 18, and 19 and then applying wall Zone 5 multipliers fromTable 20.

c) Adding pressures from (a) and (b) above.

2.3.4 Use FM Approved exterior wall panels tested per Approval Standard 4881 for natural hazards exposure,where available. Select panels with appropriate ratings in accordance with guidelines in sections 3.1.6 and3.1.7, using a minimum safety factor of 2.0.

2.3.5 Use ASTM E 1300 (or other comparable code or standard outside the United States) to ensure glassand glazing are resistant to the recommended wind design pressures per this document.

2.3.6 Protect window openings exposed to potential small missiles (such as roof gravel) where the basicwind speed is equal to or greater than 100 mph (45 m/s) as follows:

• Replace ordinary glazing with small missile-resistant glazing (such as those listed by Dade County, Florida,USA)

• cover it with FM Approved film

• protect them with hurricane shutters (such as those listed by Dade County)

• protect with plywood of suitable thickness for the opening size and exposure.

Install hardware for shutters and cut plywood to size prior to hurricane season. Keep materials on site andinspect prior to hurricane season to ensure all parts are available and in good condition. Refer to Appendix A,Glossary Of Terms, for a description of areas exposed to small missiles under ‘‘Wind Borne Debris RegionsFor Small Missiles’’.

2.3.7 Protect window openings exposed to large missiles within 30 to 60 ft (9.1 to 18.3 m), depending onthe local exposure, above grade or within 15 ft (4.6 m) above inadequately secured concrete or clay roof tilesor other elevated exposures. (Refer to Appendix A, Glossary Of Terms, ‘‘Wind Borne Debris Regions ForLarge Missiles’’ and Table 21, ‘‘Height of Ground Level Debris Exposure.’’)

2.3.8 Install sliding door latch mechanisms to release in an upward direction. Latches that release in adownward direction are prone to self-release from severe door vibrations during high wind pressure cyclicloading.



Table 9. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4

p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 for h ≤ 60 ft and 1 to 20 ft2 for h > 60 ft; Kz

varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = – 0.9 for h > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18

MeanRoof

HeightAbove

Ground,h (ft)


≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 160 170 185

Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in Pounds Per ft2 (psf)

0-15 15 17 21 25 30 35 41 43 47 53 60 7130 15 17 21 25 30 35 41 43 47 53 60 7160 18 20 25 31 36 43 49 53 57 65 73 8690 19 21 26 31 37 44 51 54 58 66 75 89100 19 22 27 32 38 45 52 56 60 68 77 91200 24 26 33 39 47 55 64 68 73 83 94 111300 26 30 37 44 53 62 72 77 82 94 106 125400 29 32 40 48 57 67 78 83 89 102 115 136500 31 34 42 51 61 71 83 89 95 108 122 145

p = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 for h ≤ 18 m and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 for h > 18 m; Kz

varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 18 m and (GCp ) = – 0.9 for h > 18 m; (GCpi ) = 0.18

MeanRoof

HeightAbove

Ground,h (m)


≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in kilopascals (kPa)

0 - 5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.610 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.718 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.320 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.527 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.530 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.660 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.690 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.3120 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.1 6.8150 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.3 4.9 5.7 6.5 7.3

Notes:




Table 10. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4



MeanRoof

HeightAbove

Ground,h (ft)


≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 160 170 185

Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in pounds per ft2 (psf)

0-15 18 20 25 30 36 42 49 53 56 64 73 8630 21 23 29 35 42 49 57 61 65 74 84 9960 24 27 34 41 48 57 66 71 76 86 97 11590 24 27 34 41 48 57 66 71 76 86 97 115100 25 28 34 41 49 58 67 72 77 88 99 117200 29 32 40 48 57 67 78 83 89 101 114 135300 31 35 43 52 62 73 84 91 97 110 125 148400 33 37 46 55 66 77 90 96 103 117 132 157500 35 39 48 58 69 81 94 101 108 123 139 164

P = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 for h ≤ 18 m and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 for h > 18 m; Kz


MeanRoof

HeightAbove

Ground,h (m)


≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85


0 – 5 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.9 4.410 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.118 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.5 5.1 5.820 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.927 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.930 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.960 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.1 6.890 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.4 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.4120 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.6 5.4 6.2 7.0 7.9150 1.7 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.3 8.3

Notes:




Table 11. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4



MeanRoof

HeightAbove

Ground,h (ft)


≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 145 150 160 170 185

Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in pounds per ft2 (psf)

0-15 22 25 30 37 44 51 60 64 68 78 88 10430 25 28 34 42 49 58 67 72 77 88 99 11760 28 31 39 47 56 65 76 81 87 99 112 13390 28 31 39 47 56 65 76 81 87 99 112 133100 28 31 39 47 56 65 76 81 87 99 112 133200 32 35 44 53 63 74 86 92 98 112 126 150300 34 38 47 57 68 79 92 99 105 120 135 160400 36 40 49 60 71 83 97 104 111 126 142 169500 37 41 51 62 74 87 100 108 115 131 148 175

P = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 for h ≤ 18 m and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 for h > 18 m; Kz


MeanRoof

HeightAbove

Ground,h (m)


≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85


0 – 5 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.7 5.410 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.3 6.018 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.9 6.720 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.827 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.830 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.3 6.0 6.860 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.7 7.590 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.7 5.5 6.3 7.2 8.1120 1.7 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.6 4.2 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.5 8.5150 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.4 5.2 6.0 6.9 7.8 8.8

Notes:1. Interpolation is appropriate.



Table 12. Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed Buildings

Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers, Zones 4 and 5, Flat and Gabled Roofs, Θ ≤ 45°Apply multipliers to pressure values in Tables 9, 10, and 11, as appropriate.

Mean RoofHeight above ground, h (ft)

Roof Angle Enclosed BuildingZone 4 Zone 5

h ≤ 60 ft (18 m) Θ ≤ 10° 1.0 1.22h > 60 ft (18 m) Θ ≤ 10° 1.0 1.83h ≤ 60 ft (18 m) 10°< Θ ≤ 45° 1.08 1.34h > 60 ft (18 m) 10°< Θ ≤ 45° 0.91 1.83

Notes:

1. Value of ‘‘a’’:

a) For h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is the smaller of 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension or 0.4 times h, but never less than 4% of theleast horizontal dimension, or 3 ft (0.9 m).

b) For h > 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension, but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m).

2. Value of ‘‘h’’:

a) For slopes ≤ 10˚, h = eave height.b) For slopes > 10˚, h = mean roof height.

3. ‘‘w’’ = lesser plan dimension



Table 13. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10°, Enclosed Building (see Note 2)

p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf) qz(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18

External (z)Internal (h)

Height AboveGround2, (ft)

Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)≤ 85 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 185

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

0-15 11 2 13 3 16 3 19 4 23 5 27 5 31 6 35 7 40 8 46 9 54 1130 11 2 13 3 16 3 19 4 23 5 27 5 31 6 36 7 40 8 46 9 54 1160 14 3 16 3 19 4 23 5 28 6 33 7 38 8 43 9 49 10 56 11 66 1390 16 3 17 3 22 4 26 5 31 6 36 7 42 8 49 10 55 11 62 12 74 15

100 16 3 18 4 22 4 27 5 32 6 38 8 44 9 50 10 57 11 64 13 76 15200 20 4 22 4 27 5 33 7 39 8 46 9 53 11 61 12 69 14 78 16 93 19300 22 4 25 5 30 6 37 7 44 9 51 10 60 12 69 14 78 16 88 18 104 21400 24 5 27 5 33 7 40 8 48 10 56 11 65 13 74 15 85 17 96 19 113 23500 25 5 29 6 35 7 43 9 51 10 60 12 69 14 79 16 90 18 102 20 121 24

p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)m qz(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18

External (z)Internal (h)

Height AboveGround2, (m)

Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)≤ 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lq z

(GC

p)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

0 - 5 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.2 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.3 2.1 0.4 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.510 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.2 0.4 2.5 0.5 2.8 0.618 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.2 0.5 2.6 0.5 2.9 0.6 3.3 0.720 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.7 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.4 0.727 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.2 0.4 2.5 0.5 2.9 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.7 0.730 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.2 0.5 2.6 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.4 0.7 3.8 0.860 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.7 0.6 3.2 0.6 3.6 0.7 4.1 0.8 4.7 0.990 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.5 0.3 1.8 0.4 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.5 3.1 0.6 3.6 0.7 4.1 0.8 4.7 0.9 5.3 1.1

120 1.1 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.9 0.8 4.4 0.9 5.1 1.0 5.7 1.1150 1.2 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.1 0.4 2.5 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.6 0.7 4.1 0.8 4.7 1.0 5.4 1.1 6.2 1.2

Notes: 1. Interpolation is appropriate.2. External z = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). External z @ specific wall height. Internal h = mean roof height.

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Table 14. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, (see Note 2)

p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)qz(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.

Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = – 0.18External (z)Internal (h)



Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

0-15 14 3 16 3 19 4 23 5 28 6 32 6 38 8 43 9 49 10 55 11 66 1330 16 3 18 4 22 4 27 5 32 6 37 7 43 9 50 10 57 11 64 13 76 1560 18 4 21 4 26 5 31 6 37 7 43 9 50 10 58 12 66 13 74 15 88 1890 20 4 23 5 28 6 34 7 40 8 47 9 55 11 63 13 71 14 81 16 95 19

100 21 4 23 5 29 6 34 7 41 8 48 10 56 11 64 13 73 15 82 16 98 20200 24 5 27 5 33 7 40 8 47 9 56 11 65 13 74 15 84 17 95 19 113 23300 26 5 29 6 36 7 43 9 52 10 61 12 70 14 81 16 92 18 104 21 123 25400 28 6 31 6 38 8 46 9 55 11 64 13 75 15 86 17 98 20 110 22 131 26500 29 6 32 6 40 8 48 10 58 12 68 14 78 16 90 18 102 20 116 23 137 27

p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)qz(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.

Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18External (z)Internal (h)



Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

0 – 5 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.6 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.4 0.710 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.6 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.5 0.7 3.9 0.818 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.4 0.7 3.9 0.8 4.4 0.920 1.0 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.6 0.5 3.1 0.6 3.5 0.7 4.0 0.8 4.5 0.927 1.0 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.7 0.8 4.3 0.9 4.8 1.030 1.0 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.1 0.4 2.5 0.5 2.9 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.8 0.8 4.4 0.9 4.9 1.060 1.1 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.9 0.8 4.4 0.9 5.0 1.0 5.7 1.190 1.2 0.3 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.4 2.1 0.4 2.6 0.5 3.1 0.6 3.6 0.7 4.2 0.8 4.8 1.0 5.5 1.1 6.2 1.2

120 1.3 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.8 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.9 0.8 4.5 0.9 5.1 1.0 5.8 1.2 6.6 1.3150 1.4 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.4 0.5 2.9 0.6 3.4 0.7 4.0 0.8 4.7 0.9 5.4 1.1 6.1 1.2 6.9 1.4

Notes: 1. Interpolation is appropriate. 2. External z = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). External z @ specific wall height. Internal h = mean roof height.

1-28W

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Table 15. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚ Enclosed Building, (see Note 2)

p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)qz(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.

Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18External (z)Internal (h)



Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

0-15 17 3 19 4 23 5 28 6 33 7 39 8 45 9 52 10 59 12 67 13 79 1630 19 4 21 4 26 5 32 6 38 8 44 9 51 10 59 12 67 13 76 15 90 1860 21 4 24 5 30 6 36 7 43 9 50 10 58 12 66 13 76 15 85 17 101 2090 23 5 26 5 32 6 38 8 46 9 54 11 62 12 71 14 81 16 92 18 108 22

100 23 5 26 5 32 6 39 8 46 9 55 11 63 13 73 15 83 17 93 19 110 22200 26 5 29 6 36 7 44 9 52 10 62 12 71 14 82 16 93 19 105 21 125 25300 28 6 32 6 39 8 47 9 56 11 66 13 77 15 88 18 100 20 113 23 134 27400 30 6 33 7 41 8 50 10 59 12 69 14 80 16 92 18 105 21 119 24 141 28500 31 6 35 7 43 9 52 10 61 12 72 14 84 17 96 19 109 22 123 25 146 29

p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)qz(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.

Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18External (z)Internal (h)



Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqz(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q h(G

Cp

i)

0 – 5 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.2 0.6 3.6 0.7 4.1 0.810 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.7 0.5 3.1 0.6 3.6 0.7 4.1 0.8 4.6 1.018 1.0 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.8 0.4 2.1 0.4 2.5 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.5 0.7 4.0 0.8 4.5 0.9 5.1 1.020 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.5 0.3 1.8 0.4 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.5 0.7 4.0 0.8 4.6 0.9 5.2 1.027 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.2 1.5 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.7 0.5 3.2 0.6 3.7 0.7 4.3 0.9 4.8 1.0 5.5 1.130 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.3 1.6 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.3 0.7 3.8 0.8 4.3 0.9 4.9 1.0 5.6 1.160 1.3 0.3 1.4 0.3 1.8 0.4 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.5 3.1 0.6 3.7 0.7 4.3 0.9 4.9 1.0 5.6 1.1 6.3 1.390 1.4 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.9 0.4 2.3 0.5 2.8 0.6 3.4 0.7 3.9 0.8 4.6 0.9 5.3 1.1 6.0 1.2 6.7 1.4

120 1.4 0.3 1.6 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.5 0.5 3.0 0.6 3.5 0.7 4.1 0.8 4.8 1.0 5.5 1.1 6.3 1.3 7.1 1.4150 1.5 0.3 1.6 0.3 2.1 0.4 2.6 0.5 3.1 0.6 3.7 0.7 4.3 0.9 5.0 1.0 5.7 1.2 6.5 1.3 7.4 1.5

Notes: 1. Interpolation is appropriate. 2. External z = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). External z @ specific wall height. Internal h = mean roof height

Win

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age21

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pany.Allrights

reserved.

Table 16. Wall Design Inward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings

Wall Design Inward Pressure Multipliers, Zones 4 and 5, for flat and gable roof, Θ ≤ 45°Apply multipliers to external and internal values in Tables 13, 14, and 15

Height AboveGround, z

Roof Slope Enclosed Building Partially Enclosed BuildingZones 4 and 5 Zones 4 and 5

External Internal External Internalz ≤ 60 ft (18 m) Θ ≤ 10° 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.1z ≤ 60 ft (18 m) 10° < Θ ≤ 45° 1.1 1.0 1.1 3.1z > 60 ft (18 m) 0° < Θ ≤ 45° 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.1

Notes:

1. Notation: The width of the roof perimeter and corner areas (a) is defined as:

• the smaller of 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension, or

• 0.4 times the eave height (mean roof height for slopes > 10˚), except for h > 60 ft (18 m), but

• never less than 4% of the least horizontal dimension or 3 ft (1 m), except for h > 60 ft (18 m).

2. Value of ‘‘h’’:

a) For slopes ≤ 10˚, h = eave height.b) For slopes > 10˚, h = mean roof height.

3. ‘‘w’’ = lesser plan dimension

4. 10° = 2 in./12in. (167 mm/m); 30° = 7 in./12 in. (585 mm/m); 45° = 12 in./12 in.(1m/m)



Table 17. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 45˚(3)

p = qh(GCp)- qz(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)qh(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.

Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.55External (h)Internal (z)



Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

0-15 13 7 14 8 18 10 21 12 25 14 30 16 34 19 39 22 45 25 51 28 60 3330 13 7 14 8 18 10 21 12 25 14 30 16 34 19 39 22 45 25 51 28 60 3360 15 8 17 10 21 12 26 14 31 17 36 20 42 23 48 26 55 30 62 34 73 4090 16 10 17 11 22 13 26 16 31 19 36 22 42 26 49 30 55 34 62 38 74 45

100 16 10 18 11 22 14 27 16 32 20 38 23 44 27 50 31 57 35 64 39 76 47200 20 12 22 13 27 17 33 20 39 24 46 28 53 32 61 37 69 42 78 48 93 57300 22 13 25 15 30 19 37 23 44 27 51 31 60 36 69 42 78 48 88 54 104 64400 24 15 27 16 33 20 40 24 48 29 56 34 65 40 74 45 85 52 96 58 113 69500 25 16 29 17 35 22 43 26 51 31 60 36 69 42 79 48 90 55 102 62 121 74

p = qh(GCp)-qz(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)qh(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.

Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m) ; Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 18 m; (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 18 m and (GCpi) = 0.55External (h)Internal (z)



Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

0-5 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.8 1.0 2.1 1.1 2.4 1.3 2.7 1.5 3.0 1.710 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.9 1.8 1.0 2.1 1.2 2.4 1.3 2.8 1.5 3.1 1.718 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.8 1.0 2.2 1.2 2.5 1.4 2.9 1.6 3.3 1.8 3.7 2.020 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.4 0.9 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.3 1.4 2.7 1.6 3.0 1.8 3.4 2.127 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.1 2.2 1.3 2.5 1.5 2.9 1.8 3.3 2.0 3.7 2.330 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.2 2.2 1.4 2.6 1.6 3.0 1.8 3.4 2.1 3.8 2.360 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.3 1.4 2.7 1.7 3.2 1.9 3.6 2.2 4.1 2.5 4.7 2.990 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.3 2.6 1.6 3.1 1.9 3.6 2.2 4.1 2.5 4.6 2.8 5.2 3.2

120 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.4 1.5 2.8 1.7 3.3 2.0 3.9 2.4 4.4 2.7 5.0 3.1 5.7 3.5150 1.2 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.0 2.1 1.3 2.5 1.6 3.0 1.8 3.6 2.2 4.1 2.5 4.7 2.9 5.4 3.3 6.1 3.7

Notes: 1. Interpolation is appropriate. 2. Internal (z) = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). Internal (z) @ wall opening height, where h > 60 ft (18 m). External (h) = mean roof height3. For Θ > 10° and roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), increase external pressure values by 10%.

Win

dD

esign

1-28F

MG

lob

alP

rop

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Preven

tion

Data

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age23

©2007

Factory

MutualInsurance

Com

pany.Allrights

reserved.

Table 18. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 45˚(3)

p = qh(GCp)- qz(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)qh(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.

Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.55External (h)Internal (z)



Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

0-15 15 8 17 9 21 12 26 14 31 17 36 20 42 23 48 26 54 30 61 34 73 4030 18 10 20 11 25 14 30 16 35 19 42 23 48 26 55 30 63 35 71 39 84 4660 21 11 23 13 28 16 34 19 41 23 48 26 56 31 64 35 73 40 82 45 97 5490 20 12 23 14 28 17 34 21 40 25 47 29 55 33 63 38 71 44 81 49 95 58

100 21 13 23 14 29 17 34 21 41 25 48 29 56 34 64 39 73 45 82 50 98 60200 24 15 27 16 33 20 40 24 47 29 56 34 65 40 74 45 84 52 95 58 113 69300 26 16 29 18 36 22 43 27 52 32 61 37 70 43 81 49 92 56 104 63 123 75400 28 17 31 19 38 23 46 28 55 34 64 39 75 46 86 52 98 60 110 67 131 80500 29 18 32 20 40 24 48 30 58 35 68 41 78 48 90 55 102 63 116 71 137 84

p = qh(GCp)-qz(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)qh(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.

Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 18 m; (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 18 m; (GCpi) = 0.55External (h)Internal (z)



Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

Ext

erna

lqh(G

Cp)

Inte

rnal

q z(G

Cp

i)

0-5 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.9 1.9 1.0 2.2 1.2 2.5 1.4 2.9 1.6 3.3 1.8 3.7 2.110 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.8 1.0 2.2 1.2 2.5 1.4 2.9 1.6 3.4 1.9 3.8 2.1 4.3 2.418 1.0 0.5 1.1 0.6 1.4 0.8 1.7 0.9 2.1 1.1 2.4 1.3 2.9 1.6 3.3 1.8 3.8 2.1 4.3 2.4 4.9 2.720 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.2 2.2 1.4 2.6 1.6 3.1 1.9 3.5 2.1 4.0 2.4 4.5 2.827 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.4 1.5 2.8 1.7 3.3 2.0 3.7 2.3 4.3 2.6 4.8 2.930 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.4 0.8 1.7 1.0 2.1 1.3 2.4 1.5 2.9 1.8 3.3 2.0 3.8 2.3 4.4 2.7 4.9 3.060 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.4 1.5 2.8 1.7 3.3 2.0 3.9 2.4 4.4 2.7 5.0 3.1 5.7 3.590 1.2 0.8 1.4 0.8 1.7 1.1 2.1 1.3 2.6 1.6 3.1 1.9 3.6 2.2 4.2 2.6 4.8 2.9 5.5 3.4 6.2 3.8

120 1.3 0.8 1.5 0.9 1.8 1.1 2.3 1.4 2.8 1.7 3.3 2.0 3.8 2.4 4.5 2.7 5.1 3.1 5.8 3.6 6.6 4.0150 1.4 0.8 1.5 0.9 1.9 1.2 2.4 1.5 2.9 1.8 3.4 2.1 4.0 2.5 4.7 2.9 5.4 3.3 6.1 3.7 6.9 4.2

Notes: 1. Interpolation is appropriate. 2. Internal (z) = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). Internal (z) @ wall opening height, where h > 60 ft (18 m). External (h) = mean roof height3. For Θ > 10° and roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), increase external pressure values by 10%.

1-28W

ind

Desig

nP

age24

FM

Glo

bal

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Table 19. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 45˚(3)

p = qh(GCp)- qz(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf) qh(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz

Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 60 ft

and (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.55External (h)Internal (z)



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0-15 19 10 21 11 26 14 31 17 37 20 44 24 51 28 58 32 66 36 74 41 88 4930 21 12 24 13 29 16 35 19 42 23 49 27 57 31 65 36 74 41 84 46 100 5560 24 13 27 15 33 18 40 22 47 26 55 30 64 35 74 41 84 46 95 52 112 6290 23 14 26 16 32 19 38 23 46 28 54 33 62 38 71 44 81 50 92 56 108 66

100 23 14 26 16 32 20 39 24 46 28 55 33 63 39 73 44 83 50 93 57 110 67200 26 16 29 18 36 22 44 27 52 32 62 38 71 44 82 50 93 57 105 64 125 76300 28 17 32 19 39 24 47 29 56 34 66 40 77 47 88 54 100 61 113 69 134 82400 30 18 33 20 41 25 50 30 59 36 69 42 80 49 92 56 105 64 119 73 141 86500 31 19 35 21 43 26 52 32 61 38 72 44 84 51 96 59 109 67 123 75 146 89

p = qh(GCp)-qz(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa) qh(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz

Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z

≤ 18 m; (GCp) = - 0.9 for z > 18 m and (GCpi) = 0.55External (h)Internal (z)



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0-5 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.9 1.9 1.0 2.3 1.2 2.6 1.5 3.1 1.7 3.5 1.9 4.0 2.2 4.5 2.510 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.6 1.4 0.8 1.8 1.0 2.1 1.2 2.5 1.4 3.0 1.6 3.5 1.9 4.0 2.2 4.5 2.5 5.1 2.818 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.6 0.9 2.0 1.1 2.4 1.3 2.8 1.6 3.3 1.8 3.8 2.1 4.4 2.4 5.0 2.8 5.7 3.120 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.3 2.6 1.6 3.0 1.9 3.5 2.2 4.0 2.5 4.6 2.8 5.2 3.227 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.7 1.5 0.9 1.9 1.2 2.3 1.4 2.7 1.7 3.2 2.0 3.7 2.3 4.3 2.6 4.8 3.0 5.5 3.330 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.2 2.3 1.4 2.8 1.7 3.3 2.0 3.8 2.3 4.3 2.6 4.9 3.0 5.6 3.460 1.3 0.8 1.4 0.9 1.8 1.1 2.2 1.3 2.6 1.6 3.1 1.9 3.7 2.2 4.3 2.6 4.9 3.0 5.6 3.4 6.3 3.890 1.3 0.8 1.5 0.9 1.9 1.2 2.3 1.4 2.8 1.7 3.4 2.1 3.9 2.4 4.6 2.8 5.2 3.2 6.0 3.6 6.7 4.1

120 1.4 0.9 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.5 1.5 3.0 1.8 3.5 2.2 4.1 2.5 4.8 2.9 5.5 3.4 6.3 3.8 7.1 4.3150 1.5 0.9 1.6 1.0 2.1 1.3 2.5 1.6 3.1 1.9 3.7 2.2 4.3 2.6 5.0 3.1 5.7 3.5 6.5 4.0 7.4 4.5

Notes: 1. Interpolation is appropriate. 2. Internal (z) = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). Internal (z) @ wall opening height, where h >60 ft (18 m). External (h) = mean roof height3. For Θ > 10° and roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), increase external Zone 4 pressure values by 10%.

Table 20. Wall Design Outward External Pressure Multipliers for Partially Enclosed Buildings, Wall Zone 5

Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers, Zone 5, gable roofs, Θ ≤ 45°Apply Multipliers to External Pressure Values in Tables 17, 18, and 19

Height Above Ground, z Roof Angle, ΘWall Zone 5

External Pressure Multiplierz ≤ 60 ft (18 m) Θ ≤ 10° 1.26z ≤ 60 ft (18 m) 10° < Θ ≤ 45° 1.27z > 60 ft (18 m) 0° ≤ Θ ≤ 45° 2.0

Note: Do not increase Zone 5 external pressure by 10% for Θ ≥ 10° and h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). This has been accounted for in Table 20 multipliers(i.e., disregard footnote No.3 in Tables 17, 18, and 19 when applying Table 20).

Wind Design 1-28FM Global Operating Standards


2.4 Other Wind Related Items

2.4.1 Design and anchor new roof-mounted equipment to withstand wind speeds according to this data sheetacting on all exposed surfaces. For additional guidance, refer to ASCE 7.

2.4.2 Where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 100 mph (45 m/s), ensure the roof design doesnot use gravel surfacing of any type, which can become a source of wind-borne debris.

Use FM Approved roof coatings, where needed, to provide additional resistance to exterior fire exposure,hail, and UV (ultraviolet ray) degradation.

Exception: Pea gravel may be used in these regions where it is required, such as adjacent to firesubdivisions, provided that all gravel remaining at the end of the installation is fully embeded and there isno loose gravel nested on top. This can be accomplished as follows:

a) Apply aggregate into a flood coat of hot bitumen, and allow to cool and harden.

b) Push away loose aggregate, apply a second flood coat and push the loose gravel back into the secondflood coat, and allow it to cool and harden.

c) Remove any remaining loose gravel from the site.

2.4.3 Provide emergency generators and fuel supplies adequate to fully power all important equipment vitalto production or required for refrigeration of valuable perishable items in hurricane-, tropical cyclone-, ortyphoon-prone areas. Ensure this can provide service for the extent of the power loss, which historically canbe between 5 and 14 days following hurricanes. Provide protection and fire separation for equipment andfuel supplies in accordance with DS 7-88, Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks.

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Background

3.1.1 Wind Pressures

Damage to the structural frame of a building seldom occurs during a windstorm. Yet, a very small breachin the building envelope can destroy a large area of the interior. For this reason, keeping the building envelopesealed is one of the most effective ways of preventing windstorm damage to a facility.

This document provides separate calculation methods for wind loads on roofs and walls. Roof design loadscannot be considered in isolation from the walls. Failure of walls or opening protectives from pressure orwindborne debris (where applicable) leads to internal pressurization effects and can result in direct waterdamage to building contents as well as an increase in roof design loads. Consequently, the design of partiallyenclosed buildings is NOT recommended.

It is extremely important to recognize that wind blowing over a roof exerts varying uplift forces on differentareas of the roof. For simplicity, the roof can be divided into three areas: (1) corners, (2) perimeter and (3) thefield-of-roof (area inside corners and perimeter). The roof perimeter and corners are exposed to higher upliftforces than the field of the roof. The maximum uplift force occurs at the corners when the wind blows at anangle of about 45° to the roof (roughly along the diagonal). The maximum uplift force along the windward roofperimeter occurs when the wind blows at 90° to the perimeter. Actual pressure coefficients for the cornersand perimeter vary depending on the building height, parapet height, roof slope, etc.

To compensate for these increased pressures, special roof deck and above-deck component fastening isrecommended in the corner and perimeter areas (See D.S. 1-29).

The following is an explanation of the need for Enhanced or Optimum Designs:

Wind maps in this document provide the minimum acceptable wind design criteria. Those for the United Statesare from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings andStructures” and are used by most building codes in the US. These minimum wind speeds as elsewhere inthe world, provide a basic level of protection to all buildings and have protected most buildings from collapseand major structural damage.

However, the wind speeds of many hurricanes have exceeded these minimum design wind speeds. Thishas and can lead to severely damaged buildings that are not useable for many months after hurricane winds



and wind-driven rain enter the building, usually from failures of the building envelope – roof flashings andcoverings, roof decks, wall claddings, doors and windows.

For example, a large part of the US coastline in the Gulf of Mexico has a basic design wind speed for aCategory 2 hurricane or less while 47 Category 3, 4 & 5 hurricanes made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico since1899. A similar situation exists between basic wind speeds and wind speeds of land falling typhoons andcyclones in other regions.

Therefore it is reasonable to protect coastal properties in this area from a Category 4 hurricane. See section2.1.1 for specific guidelines.

Table 1 offers various design levels for wind designs that meet or exceed the basic wind speed. The intentis to provide an increase in building performance for various incremental construction cost increases andthe table takes into consideration the likelihood of various failure modes occurring based on past experience.

3.1.2 Wind Damage

Wind can damage roofs in a number of ways. Types of damage include: (a) perimeter flashing componentsremoved or loosened; (b) roof covering and/or insulation removed; (c) roof covering and/or insulation liftedand dropped back into place; (d) structural roof deck panels dislodged or lifted; (e) roof covering damaged byimpact from wind blown objects; (f) dislodged roof protrusions, such as vents, skylights and pipes; and (g)roof deck delamination within itself such as can occur with improperly installed or designed lightweightinsulating concrete.

Uplift damage to the roof deck usually results in significant additional damage to above-deck components.This damage can spread a considerable distance beyond the damaged deck even if the above-deckcomponents are properly secured. After a small area of deck becomes dislodged, wind can act on the looseedges of the roof cover and insulation. The wind can then peel the cover from the deck.

Other damage that can result are windows, doors, wall cladding blown in or out, and windows broken fromwind-borne debris.

When wall openings exist or are created during the windstorm, higher internal building pressures can resultin higher total loading to walls and roofs. Rain infiltration into the building also occurs. Any or all of thesekinds of damage can occur in one windstorm.

3.1.3 Tornadoes

Within the last decade, there has been a growing trend to design certain structures so they will withstandwinds of tornadic velocity. For example, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is responsible for thesafekeeping of fissionable and radioactive materials in the United States. In certain areas of the country,containment vessels, reactors, or any containers that hold these materials are currently designed so theywill not fail, even if hit directly.

The frequency of tornadoes is highest in Oklahoma. Other areas of the United States, however, alsoexperience a high frequency. Tornadoes have occurred in practically all states (Fig. 12). Property conservationconsiderations may require investigation into the feasibility of tornado-resistant design for high value riskssuch as high-rise buildings and large industrial plants. The structure would not necessarily require design for200 to 300-mph (89 to 134 m/s) winds, which would be a direct tornado hit. Design for 150-mph (67 m/s)wind would probably ensure the safety of the building unless there was a direct hit. The wind speed mapsdo not reflect winds by tornadoes. Fig. 10 does provide some insight into the frequency of tornado occurrencesin the U.S. to aid in designs where the tornado threat is considered in the wind design load.

3.1.4 Examples of Design Pressure Determinations (in psf) For Proposed Construction

Example No. 1

h = 60 ft, z = 60 ft, V = 100 mph, Exposure C, roof slope 5 degrees, enclosed building

Wall Outward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 10 and 12) (pressure uniform for full wall height)

Wall Zone 4 = (34)(1) = 34 psf for basic design (51 psf for 500-year design)



Wall Zone 5 = (34)(1.22) = 41 psf for basic design (62 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Inward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height on wall)

Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (26 external)(1) + (5 internal)(1) = 31 psf for basic design (at top of wall where z = h),(47 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (19 external)(1) + (5 internal)(1) = 24 psf for basic design (at bottom of wall where z =1), (36 psf for 500-year design)

(Wall Zones 4 & 5 will vary between 24 and 31 psf for basic design (36 and 47 psf for 500-year design),depending on the z value selected)

Selection of FM Approved Wall Panels for Example No. 1:

If the walls are to be designed for a 500-year wind and FM Approved panels rated for Zone H, +95 psf, 133psf are proposed, are the panels adequate for the wind pressure?

The highest inward design pressure is 47 psf and the highest outward design pressure is 62 psf for the500-year design. Applying a 2.0 safety factor results in a minimum needed rating of +94 psf (≤ +95 psf) and-124 psf (≤ -133 psf), therefore the proposed panels are acceptable for wind pressure.

Roof Upward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 4 and 6)

Roof Zone 1 = (34)(1) = 34 psf for basic design, (51 psf for 500-year design)

Roof Zone 2 = (34)(1.68) = 57 psf for basic design, (86 psf for 500-year design)


Example No. 2

Same as example no. 1, except openings at 60 ft (partially enclosed); determine pressure on story at 60 ft

Wall Outward Pressure/Partially Enclosed Building (Tables 18 and 20) (internal pressure varies with openingheight)

Wall Zone 4 = 28 external + 16 internal = 44 psf for basic design, (66 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Zone 5 = (28 external)(1.26) + 16 internal = 51 psf for basic design, (77 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Inward Pressure/Partially Enclosed Building (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with heighton wall)

Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (26 external)(1) + (5 internal)(3.1) = 42 psf for basic design, (63 psf for 500-year design)

Roof Upward Pressure/Partially Enclosed Building (Tables 4 and 6)




Example No. 3

h = 200 ft, z = 100 ft, V = 100 mph, Exposure C, roof slope 5 degrees, enclosed building

Wall Outward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 10 and 12) (pressure uniform for full wall height)

Wall Zone 4 = (40)(1) = 40 psf for basic design, (60 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Zone 5 = (40)(1.83) = 73 psf for basic design, (110 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Inward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height on wall)

1-28 Wind Design FM Global Operating Standards


Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (29 external)(1) + (7 internal)(1) = 36 psf for basic design, (54 psf for 500-year design)

Roof Upward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 4 and 6)

Roof Zone 1 = (58)(1) = 58 psf for basic design, (87 psf for 500-year design)



Example No. 4

Same as example no. 3, except openings at 100 ft (partially enclosed); determine pressure on story at 100 ft

Wall Inward Pressure/Partially Enclosed (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height on wall)

Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (29 external)(1) + (7 internal)(3.1) = 51 psf for basic design, (77 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Outward Pressure/Partially Enclosed (Tables 18 & 20) (internal pressure varies with opening height)

Wall Zone 4 = 33 external + 17 internal = 50 psf for basic design, (75 psf for 500-year design)

Wall Zone 5 = (33 external)(2) + 17 internal = 83 psf for basic design, (125 psf for 500-year design)

Roof Upward Pressure

Same as Example No. 3 (roof pressure at 200 ft not affected by opening at 100 ft)

3.1.6 FM Approved Exterior Wall Wind Load Ratings

3.1.6.1 General FM Approval Categories. FM Approvals recognizes three (3) different wind zone categories.These FM Approvals categories are referred to as Zone HM, Zone H and Zone NH.

Use exterior wall assemblies rated for Zone HM for sites located in hurricane-prone regions and subjectto missile impact from windborne debris (see Appendix A). The ratings are determined from static andcyclic pressure tests and the missile impact test(s). Such assemblies may meet the requirements of eitherthe large missile (LM) or the small missile (SM) impact test (see section 3.1.6.3).

Use exterior wall assemblies rated for Zone H for sites located in hurricane-prone regions but not subjectto missile impacts from windborne debris. The ratings are determined from static and cyclic pressuretests.

Use exterior wall assemblies rated for Zone NH in non-hurricane-prone regions that are not subjectedto either hurricane force winds or missile impacts from windborne debris. The ratings are determined fromstatic pressure tests. Cyclic pressure tests are also conducted, but with considerably less cycles than for aZone H or HM rated system.

3.1.6.2 Wind Pressure Ratings. Use this document to determine the minimum wind load ratings neededbased on the building’s geometry and geographic location. All FM Approved Class 1 exterior wall assemblieshave a wind load rating. The rating is expressed as a pair of inward and outward acting pressures (Pinward

and Poutward) using a static pressure test and a cyclic pressure test. The FM Approved rating is the lowest pairof pressures (inward and outward) from the static pressure test or the cyclic pressure test that aresuccessfully held prior to failure. The ratings are given in increments of 5 lbs/ft2 (0.25 kPa) based on the inwardpressure.

The magnitude of the pressure on the leeward side is equal to or higher than the pressure on the windwardside. Because of this, the outward pressure used in the test program is of greater magnitude than the inwardpressure. The FM Approved outward pressure will be based on pressure coefficients of either (-1.4) or (-2.0)based on an applied pressure (+P) on the windward side. The positive sign is used to signify the fact thatPinward applies forces toward the wall. The negative sign is used to signify that Poutward draws forces awayfrom the wall (suction). Examples of possible wind load ratings are +50 lbs/ft2, -70 lbs/ft2 (+2.4 kPa, -3.3 kPa)or +40 lbs/ft2, -80 lbs/ft2 (+1.9 kPa, -3.8 kPa). A safety factor of 2.0 should be applied to the inward andoutward design pressures obtained from this document prior to selecting the rated panel. For



example, for a location where the design pressures per this document are +25 lbs/ft2, -35 lbs/ft2 (+1.3kPa, -1.7 kPa), use an FM Approved panel rated for at least +50 lbs/ft2, -70 lbs/ft2 (+2.4 kPa, -3.3 kPa).

3.1.6.3 Windborne Debris Rating. FM Approved exterior wall systems may be optionally qualified forwindborne debris (missile impact) resistance. Two categories of impact resistance are available; large missileor small missile. The FM Approvals designation for the large or small missile impact resistance rating iscategorized by the suffix LM (large missile impact resistance) or SM (small missile impact resistance).

Within each category of missile impact resistance, there are two (2) levels of FM Approval. The level ofFM Approval is based on the acceptance criteria used. The first level of FM Approval is based on theInternational Building Code (IBC). The second level of FM Approval is based on the acceptance criteria ofthe Florida Building Code (FBC). This distinction is being made as the acceptance criteria for the FBC is morestringent than the acceptance criteria for some other parts of the world. The main difference is that the IBCacceptance criteria allows for the development of small through openings that may be acceptable in somecases, whereas the FBC does not allow the missile to penetrate the building component being tested. Whenthe second level of FM Approval is obtained, the connotation (FL) is shown after the category of missileimpact resistance. For example, an exterior wall panel that meets the large missile impact resistance usingthe first level (IBC) of Approval criteria would be shown as Wind Zone HM – LM (see Section 3.1.6.2 forWind Zone Designations). An exterior wall panel that meets the small missile impact resistance using thesecond level (FBC) of FM Approvals criteria would be shown as Wind Zone HM – SM (FL).

Use FM Approved panels rated HM – SM or HM – SM (FL), where small missile exposure existsaccording to Appendix A. Use FM Approved panels rated HM – LM or HM – LM (FL), where small orlarge missile exposure exists according to Appendix A. Final determination between using a paneltested per IBC or FBC (FL rating) should be made by the building owner and authority having jurisdiction.

3.1.7 FM Approved Exterior Wall Hail and Fire Ratings

3.1.7.1 Hail Rating

All FM Approved Class 1 exterior wall assemblies have a hail resistance rating. This rating simulates theexpected impact of hail. The ratings available are Severe (SH) and Moderate (MH). Use wall assemblies withan SH rating for locations within the “severe” hail boundaries of the hail map in DS 1-29. At locations outsidethe U.S., use SH rated systems for locations with local weather records that indicate an average of threeor more hail storms per year. MH or SH rated systems can be used in all other areas.

3.1.7.2 Class 1 Fire Rating

In order to qualify as an FM Approved Class 1 Exterior Wall System per FM Approval Standard 4881, thewall panel must have been determined to exhibit limited combustibility in accordance with FM ApprovalsStandard 4880, Class 1 Insulated Wall or Wall and Roof/Ceiling Panels; Plastic Interior Finish Systems; PlasticExterior Building Panels; Wall/Ceiling Coatings Systems; and Interior or Exterior Finish Systems.

3.2 Loss History

Windstorms contribute significantly to the overall losses of FM Global customers; an average of US$160million per year and 11% of total losses in the past 25 years. Nearly all of this damage could have beenprevented.

A review of losses following Hurricane Georges in 1998 showed FM Global engineering to be very effectiveat identifying where roofing losses will occur, and how to build new construction or retrofit existing constructioneconomically, to avoid wind losses. FM Global engineers had identified the primary causes of 77% of thelarge losses. More important, FM Global engineering guidelines were very effective at reducing damage.Facilities that followed FM Global recommendations for roofing enhancements had significantly better lossexperience.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 FM Global

Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof ComponentsData Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof SystemsData Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof Systems



Data Sheet 1-32, Existing PVC Roof CoversData Sheet 1-33, Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof InstallationData Sheet 1-49, Perimeter FlashingData Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift TestsData Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads for New ConstructionFM Approvals RoofNavThe Approval Guide (Building Materials Volume), a publication of FM Approvals

4.2 Other

4.2.1 American Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE Standard 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.

ASCE Manual No. 67, Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings and Structures.

4.2.2 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) International

ASTM E 330-02, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylightsand Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference

ASTM E 1233-00, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls andDoors by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential

ASTM E 1300-04, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings

ASTM E 1886-02, Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors andStorm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials

ASTM E 1996-03, Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors andStorm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes

4.2.3 Florida Building Code

Testing Application Standard (TAS) 201-94, Impact Test Procedures

Testing Application Standard (TAS) 202-94, Criteria for Testing Impact & Non-impact Resistant BuildingEnvelope Components Using Uniform Static Air Pressure

Testing Application Standard (TAS) 203-94, Criteria for Testing Products Subject to Cyclic Wind PressureLoading

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Some of the variable coefficients mentioned in some tables are not defined in this data sheet, as thisinformation is not necessary to utilize this data sheet. They are included here for those interested in knowinghow the table values were derived from ASCE Standard 7. More information on these variables is availablein ASCE Standard 7.

Basic wind speed, V: three-second gust speed of 33 ft (10 m) above the ground in Surface RoughnessExposure C, as provided in the wind speed information of this data sheet.

Building, enclosed (see Flow Chart A): A building that does not comply with the requirements for openor partially enclosed buildings.

Building, open: A building having each wall at least 80% open.

Building, partially enclosed (see Flow Chart A): A building in a non-hurricane-prone region that complieswith both of the following conditions:

1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areaof openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10%, and

2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 4 ft2 (0.37 m2) or1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the buildingenvelope does not exceed 20%.

Buildings in a hurricane-prone region that either meet criteria 1 and 2 above, or have wall cladding, or dooror window opening protectives inadequate for design wind pressures or missile exposure (if applicable), arealso considered partially enclosed.



Note: The above definition is from ASCE 7. From a practical standpoint, Flowchart A may generally be usedto determine whether the building is enclosed or partially enclosed.

Building width, W: The lesser plan dimension.

Effective wind area: The span length times the effective width. For roof cover, roof deck or wall panelfastening, the effective wind area should not exceed that supported by the fastener or clip (generally reflectedin the tables in this document).

Escarpment: A cliff or steep slope, usually separating two levels or gently sloping areas.

FM Approved: References to ″FM Approved″ in this data sheet mean the product or service has satisfiedthe criteria for Approval by FM Approvals. Refer to the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals, for acomplete listing of products and services that are FM Approved.

Girts: Wall-framing members that immediately support the wall panels.

Hill: A land surface characterized by strong relief in any horizontal direction.

Hurricane-prone regions: Areas vulnerable to hurricanes. Areas in the United States and its territoriesinclude:

1. The U.S. Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico Coast, including parts of Mexico and Central America, wherethe basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph, and

2. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Island, and American Samoa.

For locations outside the United States, any areas that are in a “tropical cyclone” region or “typhoon-prone”region. This includes but is not limited to parts of Australia, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Indonesia, India,Bangladesh, the Phillipines, japan, south Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, and Taiwan, where the basicwind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph.

Importance factor: In accordance with ASCE Standard 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures, a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property. Its valuevaries from 0.77 to 1.15. In applying this data sheet, the value of the importance factor is always taken as 1.15.

Inward wind pressure: A condition created on the windward side of a building. It is caused by wind forcesand places forces toward the wall. It is sometimes referred to as positive pressure.

Mean roof height (h): The average of the roof eave height and the height to the highest point on the roofsurface, except for roof angles of less than or equal to 10°, where the mean roof height is the roof eave height.

Openings: Apertures or holes in the building envelope that allow air to flow through the building envelopeand that are designed as ‘‘open’’ during design winds as defined by these provisions. Glass area and doorsthat are insufficiently designed to resist design wind pressures per this data sheet, and/or wind-borne debrisas defined in Appendix A of this data sheet, are considered openings. (Make the glazing in the wind-bornedebris regions impact-resistant glazing or protected with an impact resistant covering or assume such glazingthat receives positive external pressure to be openings). For roof design pressures, openings are onlyconsidered when located on the story immediately below the roof.

Outward wind pressure: A condition created on the leeward side of a building. It is caused by wind forcesand places forces away from the wall. It is sometimes referred to as negative pressure.

Primary roof framing: Structural framing that supports the secondary framing.

Pressure coefficient: A factor accounting for variations in inward and outward wind pressure on walls atdifferent locations and elevations of the same building.

Ridge: An elongated crest of a hill characterized by strong relief in two directions.

Secondary roof framing: Structural framing, such as joists or purlins, that immediately supports the roofdeck.

Surface Roughness Exposure B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerousclosely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger. Use of this exposure categoryshould be limited to those areas for which terrain representative of surface roughness B prevails in alldirections for a distance of at least 2600 ft (792 m) or 20 times the height of the building or other structure,whichever is greater. Limited openings in this surface roughness, such as parking lots, wide roads, roadintersections, playing fields, underdeveloped lots, and tree clearings can be tolerated in Surface RoughnessExposure B. (Exception: When such clearings are adjacent to the building and exceed 600 ft [183 m] in



total length measured from the building and exceed 164 ft [50 m] in width, use Surface Roughness ExposureC). For buildings whose mean height is less than or equal to 30 ft (9.1 m), the prevailing exposure B distancemay be reduced to 1500 ft (460 m).

Note: For a site located in a transition Zone between Surface Roughness Exposure categories, thecategory resulting in the largest wind forces shall be used.

Surface Roughness Exposure C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally lessthan 30 ft (9.1 m), such as flat, open country and grasslands, water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions wherethe basic wind speed is ≥ 120 mph (54 m/s), and in all cases where exposure B or D do not apply. This alsoincludes Surface Roughness Exposure B terrain that is interrupted by adjacent clearings (parking lots, wideroads, road intersections, playing fields, underdeveloped lots, tree clearings, etc.) of greater than 600 ft(183 m) in length measured from the building and exceeding 164 ft (50 m) in width.


Surface Roughness Exposure D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces including smooth mud flats,salt flats, and unbroken ice. For hurricane-prone shorelines on an ocean or sea having wind speeds ≥ 120mph (54 m/s), use Surface Roughness Exposure category C. Some U.S. shorelines in exposure D includeinland waterways, the Great Lakes, and coastal areas of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. Thisexposure applies to those buildings and other structures where this surface roughness prevails in the upwinddirection for a distance greater than 5000 ft (1524 m) or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater.


Tropical cyclone-prone region: An area prone to tropical storms in which winds rotate about a center oflow atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the northernhemisphere.

Typhoon-prone region: Areas including but not limited to the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan, SouthKorea, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam.

Wind-borne debris: Pieces of broken material and other objects that have become airborne projectiles dueto the high winds caused by hurricanes, tropical cyclones, and typhoons.

Wind-borne debris regions for large missiles: Geographical areas within hurricane-, cyclone- or typhoon-prone regions where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 110 mph, and for large missiles thefollowing elevations apply:

Table 21. Height of Ground-Level Debris Exposure

3-Second Gust Wind Speed, (V)mph (m/s)

Height Above Grade Exposed toLarge Missiles, ft (m)

110 (49) ≤ V < 120 (54) and greater than one mile from the coast, and all ofinland Florida

30 (9)

110 (49) ≤ V < 120 (54) and within one mile from the coast 60 (18)V ≥ 120 (54) 60 (18)

Large missile exposure also includes up to 15 ft (4.6 m) above inadequately secured concrete or clay rooftiles or other exposures on adjacent or nearby roofs.



Flow Chart A. Enclosed building vs. partially enclosed building



Wind-borne debris regions for small missiles (adjacent or nearby roof gravel): Geographical areaswithin hurricane-, cyclone- or typhoon-prone regions where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than100 mph (45 m/s). Small missile exposure to windows in these areas exists for any of the following:

a) Windows facing an adjacent roof top covered with gravel, up to 15 ft (4.6 m) above the roof elevation.

b) Windows on a wall positioned 90-degrees to an adjacent building with a gravel-covered roof top.

c) Windows on a wall facing a nearby building with gravel-covered roof top, where the space separationis less than (x).

xn = 0.32V ( h30

)0.22 √h

where x = separation distance, (ft) subscripts: n - needed; p - providedV = basic wind speed, (mph)h = height of gravel covered roof top, (ft)

If xp < xn, where subscript P-provided, the height of glass damage above grade that needs small missileresistance (hd) is:

hd = h − [ xp ]2

0.32 v ( h )0.22

30

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

September 2007. Minor corrections were made to Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6.

February 2007. The following changes were done for this revision:

• Guidelines were added regarding the use of higher design levels to facilitate part or all of the building designto meet winds that exceed the basic wind speed.

• Information was added regarding the new category of approved exterior wall panels (per FM ApprovalsStandard 4881) for natural hazards exposures, including respective ratings which are appropriate forvarious exposures.

• Example problems were edited to reflect optional design pressures that are higher than that for the basicwind speed. Guidance on door and window design, and building frame design was clarified.

• Some additions and revisions were made to the Appendix A, in part, to be consistent with changes to ASCE7-05. This includes the deletion of Surface Roughness Exposure A, changes to the definitions of SurfaceRoughness Exposure B, C, and D, and a change in the cutoff for low-slope and moderate slope roofsfrom 10° to 7° and from 30° to 27° respectively, for some situations.

• Flow Chart A was modified.

• Table 8 was revised to be consistent with changes in DS 1-29.

September 2005. Clarification was made to Flow Chart A, Enclosed building vs. partially enclosed buildings.

January 2002. This revision includes a complete reformatting of wind design guidance. Wind loadingrequirements from the previous Data Sheet 1-7 and 1-28 have been combined into this single wind load datasheet. Load resistance issues are provided in the other data sheets listed above. Also, roof deck securementissues are now in Data Sheet 1-29.

This revision of the document includes a ‘‘3-sec gust averaged time’’ unit of wind speed, rather than the former‘‘fastest-mile’’ unit of wind speed. Also, design pressures are now derived directly from the American Societyof Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard 7-98, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Thisencompasses some of the latest available technology for determining wind design pressures.

Inward and outward wall design pressures can be determined, as well as roof outward design pressures.These are a combination of internal and external pressures. Outward wall design pressures are uniform forthe full wall height. Inward wall design pressures vary with height of the wall.

The term ‘‘partially enclosed’’ was previously addressed by the term ‘‘large openings’’. The adjustments topressure are somewhat different than the previous adjustments.



September 2000. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format.

August 1998. Major revisions were made.

APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

Basic Wind Speed Maps



Kilometers

0 100 200 300

Miles

0 200 400

Coastal Oregonin Special Wind RegionMinimum basic windspeed is 90(40)

Coastal Washingtonin Special Wind RegionMinimum basic windspeed is 100(45)

©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved

45°

40°

35°

30°

25°

120°

45°

50°

35°

30°

40°

115° 110° 105°

120° 115° 110° 105°125°130°

Fig. 3. Basic Wind Speeds - Western United States. (8/2001)

Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s) at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category. 2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate. 3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped contour of the coastal area. 4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10% except where minimum wind speed values are noted in Washington and Oregon

Special Wind Region

90(40)

85(38)

85(38)

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Wind Design 1-28

Kilometers

0 100 200 300

Miles

0 200 400


100° 95° 90° 85° 80° 75° 70°

100° 85°90°95° 80°

50°

45°

35°

40°

45°

45°

40°

25°

25°

30°

30°

35°

Saffir-Simpson 3-sec gust speedsCategory 1Category 2Category 3Category 4Category 5

88-115 mph (39-51 m/s)115-133 mph (51-60 m/s)133-158 mph (60-70 m/s)158-187 mph (70-84 m/s)

> 187 mph (> 84 m/s)

74-99 mph (33-44 m/s)100-117 mph (45-52 m/s)118-139 mph (53-62 m/s)140-169 mph (63-76 m/s)

> 170 mph (76 m/s)

fastest-mile speeds

Fig. 3. (part 2). Basic Wind Speeds - Central & Eastern United States. (8/2001)

Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s) at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category. 2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate. 3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped contour of the coastal area. 4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.

Special Wind Region

90(40)

100(45)

110(49)

120(54)

130(58)

130(58)140(63)

150(67)

150(67)

140(63)

150(67)

140(63)

130(58)

120(54)

110(49)100(45)

90(40)

140(63)

90(40)

140(63)

140(63)

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data SheetsWind Design

1-28

50 0

Miles

10050

50 0

Kilometers

100 200


90°95°100°

35°

30°

25°25°

30°

35°

105° 100° 95° 90°

Fig. 3. (part 3). Basic Wind Speeds - Western Gulf of Mexico Coastline of United States. (8/2001)


Special Wind Region

90(40)

100(45)

110(49)120(54)

130(58)140(63)

90(40)

140(63) 140(63)150(67)

150(67)

140(63)130(58)120(54)

110(49)

100(45)

90(40)


1-28

50 0

Miles

10050

50 0

Kilometers

100 200


90° 85° 80°

30°

25°

35°

90° 85° 80° 75°

30°

35°

Fig. 3. (part 4). Basic Wind Speeds - Eastern Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic Coastline of United States. (8/2001)


Special Wind Region

130(58)

140(63)

140(63)

130(58)140(63)

150(67)

150(67)140(63)

140(63)150(67)

140(63)

90(40)

100(45)110(49)

120(54)130(58)

90(40)

90(40)100(45)

110(49)

120(54)


1-28

50 0

Miles

10050

50 0

Kilometers

100 200


35°

40°

45°

65°70°75°80°

70°75°80°

40°

45°

Fig. 3. (part 5). Basic Wind Speeds - Mid-Atlantic and Northern Atlantic Coastline of United States. (8/2001)


Special Wind Region

90(40)

110(49)120(54)100(45)

90(40)

120(54)

110(49)

100(45)

90(40)

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Wind Design 1-28

Kilometers

0 200 400

Miles

0 200 400 600


120°125°130°135°140°145°150°155°160°165°170°175°

55°

60°

65°

70°

55°

60°

65°

70°

135°140°145°150°155°160°165° 130°

115°

Fig. 4. Basic Wind Speeds - Alaska. (8/2001)

Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s) at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category. 2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate. 3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped contour of the coastal area. 4. Mountainous terrain, gorges and ocean promontories, shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.

(130(58)

130(58) 120(54)

110(49)100(45)

130(58)

90(40)

130(58)

90(40)

90(40)100(45)110(49)

120(54)


1-28

Fig. 5. Basic Wind Speeds - Western Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour. (8/2001)

50 0

Miles

10050

50 0

Kilometers

100 200

M

95

85

95

95

90

95

100

95 85

90

110

125

125

125

125

125135

135

150

125

150

150135

135

150

125

135

85

95

95

100

100

100

90

90

90

90

9590

90

85

85

95

95

9

85

110

110

110

110110

110

100

95

100

100

100

110

110

110

85

85

85

85

PacificOcean

Gulf of California

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets


1-28

Wind Design

105°110°115°

20°

25°

30°

Notes: Consult local records in mountainous areas

To convert these basic wind speeds in mph to m/s multiply by 0.447


Fig. 5. (part 2) Basic Wind Speeds - Eastern Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour. (8/2001)

50 0

Miles

10050

50 0

Kilometers

100 200

MexicoCity

9595

105

90

85

100

125135

125

125

100

95

85

110

8595

85

85

85

85

105

95

85

95

100

100

100

100

100

110 120

110

120

95

95

90

90

85

95

9595

90

85

8585

85

95

95

95

95

110

105

100

110

95

100

100

0

100

110

110

85

90

90

90

Gulf ofMexico


Wind Design1-28

Notes: Consult local records in mountainous areas

To convert these basic wind speeds in mph to m/s multiply by 0.447

90°95°100°

15°

20°

25°

30°

Kilometers

0 200 400

Miles

0 200 400 600

Fig. 6. Basic Wind Speeds - Australia, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)

62 mi(100 km)

31 mi(50 km)

Arafura Sea

Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean

Victoria

Tasmania

WesternAustralia

NorthernTerritory

Gulf ofCarpentaria

CoralSea

South Australia

Severe TropicalCyclones

TROPIC OFCAPRICORN TROPIC OF

CAPRICORN

REGION B

Normal

Intermediate

REGION D

REGION CTropical Cyclones

IntermediateREGION B

REGION A

REGION CTropical Cyclones

Insets fromsmoothed coastline

REGION BIntermediate

REGION ANormal

©2006 Factory M

utual Insurance Com

pany. All rights reserved

FM G

lobal Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Wind D

esignP

age 45

1-28

REGION B Intermediate

Note: 1. For sites located within hills, ridges or escarpments increase wind speed by applying the topographic multiplier, M , in the Australian Standard, AS 1170.2-1989,Sec 3.2.8. 2. Using the M multiplier is acceptable as the topographic factor, K .

REGION C Tropical Cyclones

REGION D 144 mph (64 m/s)

124 mph (55 m/s)

110 mph (49 m/s)

Severe TropicalCyclones

92 mph (41 m/s)

3-sec gust Wind Speeds

t

REGION A Normal

Regions

t

AUSTRALIABASIC WIND SPEEDS

zt

35°

40°

25°

30°

15°

10°

20°

35°

30°

25°

20°

15°

10°

135°130°125°120°115°110° 140° 145° 150° 155° 160°

Wind Design

Fig. 7. Basic Wind Speeds - New Zealand, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)

50 0

Miles

10050

50 0

Kilometers

100 200

Blenheim

Kaitaia

Hamilton

Ohakune

Huntly

Haast

Westport

New Plymouth

Wanganui

Auckland

Stratford

NORTHISLAND

MountCook

WestlandNational

Park

TASMAN SEAHawke

Bay

HammerSprings

MilfordSound

Bay ofIslands

PACIFIC OCEAN

SOUTHISLAND

Bay ofPlenty

CookStrait Palmerston

North

Gisborne

WhakataneRotorua

Alexandra

Dunedin

Oban

Whangarei

Invercargill

Cromwell

Te Anau

Thames

TaurangaMorrinsville

Upper Hutt

Wellington

Masterton

Collingwood Nelson

Kaikoura

WaipukurauWaipawa

Culverden

HastingsNapier

ChristchurchMethven

Waiouru

Ashburton

Hokitika

Twizel Timaru

Oamaru

Wanaka

Taupo

VII

VI VIV

IIIII

I



1-28

50°

45°

40°

35°

50°

45°

40°

35°

Outer Zone

Shadow Zone

North-west wind

South-east wind

Shadow Zone

Outer Zone

NEW ZEALANDBASIC WIND SPEEDS

101 mph (45 m/s)

3-sec gustWind Speeds

VIVII

94 mph (42 m/s)98 mph (44 m/s)

98 mph (44 m/s)88 mph (39 m/s)

88 mph (39 m/s)85 mph (38 m/s)

IIIIIIV

t

Regions

V

t

I

zt

Notes: 1. For sites located within hills, ridges, escarpments, lee zones, or above an elevation of 1640ft (500m) increase wind speeds by applying topographic multiplier, M , in the New Zealand Standard NZS 4203-1992, Part 5.4.6. 2. Using the M multiplier is acceptable as the topographic factor, K .

LEE ZONES

180°

180°

175°170°

165°

175°170°165°

W. CHINA

Kilometers

0 100 200 300

Miles

0 200 400


52

65

2

1

21

2090(40)

90(40)

90(40)90

(40)

110(49)

102(45)

110(49)

110(49)

110(49)

110(49)

110(49) 102

(45)

102(45)

102(45)

102(45)

85(38)

85(38)

85(38)

85(38)


Fig. 8. Basic Wind Speeds for Western China, 3-sec. gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)

Note: For numbered city names and basic wind speeds, see Fig. 7. (part 3).

1-28Wind Design

70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 100°95° 105°

40°

35°

30°

25°

20°

45°

105°85° 90° 100°95°

Fig. 8. (part 2) Basic Wind Speeds for Eastern China, 3-sec. gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)

Kilometers

0 100 200 300

Miles

0 200 400


49

4746

4845

4442 43

4140

3534

3336

37

39

38

312928

52

3230

71

77

7470

78

6568

6967

66

63

626160

57 6459

555853

56

54 50

7675

73

72

3

4

5

6

7

89

10

14

11

23

2726

2524

16

2221

20

191817

15

13

12

90(40)

90(40) 90

(40)

90(40)

00)

90(40)

110(49)

108(48)

102(45)

102(45)

108(48)

118(53)

85(38)

127(57)

110(49)

025)

102(45)

102(45)

102(45)

108(48)

108(48)118(53)

127(57)

85(38)

85(38)

85(38)

85(38)

85(38)85

(38)

90(40)

90(40)

90(40)

90(40)

90(40)


Wind Design1-28

90(40)

E. CHINA

Note: For numbered city names and basic wind speeds, see Fig. 7. (part 3).

25°

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

135°130°125°120°115°110°105°100°

Ch

ina

Cit

ies-

Nu

mer

ical

Ord

er

City

No.

City

Nam

e

Bas

icW

ind

Spe

ed3-

sec.

gust

mph

(m/s

)

1U

rmuq

i11

0(4

9)

2Lh

asa

85(3

8)

3M

ohe

85(3

8)

4Q

iqih

aer

95(4

3)

5H

arbi

n95

(43)

6W

ulan

haot

e10

6(4

7)

7C

hang

chun

106

(47)

8F

ushu

n95

(43)

9S

heny

ang

102

(45)

10A

nsha

n95

(43)

11B

eijin

g85

(38)

12Ti

anjin

90(4

0)

13Q

ingh

uang

dao

90(4

0)

14D

alia

n11

8(5

3)

15N

ingc

huan

110

(49)

16Ta

iyua

n85

(38)

17S

hijia

zhua

ng85

(38)

18Y

anta

i11

3(5

1)

19W

eiha

i11

8(5

3)

20X

inin

g85

(38)

21La

nzho

u85

(38)

22Y

an’a

n85

(38)

23H

anda

n85

(38)

24W

eifa

ng90

(40)

25Q

ingd

ao11

3(5

1)

26B

aoji

85(3

8)

27X

ian

85(3

8)

28Z

henz

hou

90(4

0)

29K

aife

ng95

(43)

30Li

anyu

ngan

g90

(40)

31X

uzho

u85

(38)

32S

heya

ng85

(38)

33Y

angz

hou

85(3

8)

34D

ongt

ai85

(38)

35Z

henj

iang

85(3

8)

36N

anjin

g85

(38)

37M

a’an

shan

85(3

8)

38H

efei

85(3

8)

39W

uhu

90(4

0)

City

No.

City

Nam

e

Bas

icW

ind

Spe

ed3-

sec.

gust

mph

(m/s

)

40C

hang

zhou

85(3

8)

41N

anto

ng90

(40)

42S

uzho

u90

(40)

43S

hang

hai

113

(51)

44Ji

nsha

nwei

118

(53)

45W

uxin

g90

(40)

46H

angz

hou

90(4

0)

47S

haox

ing

90(4

0)

48C

hens

hi16

0(7

1)

49D

ingh

ai12

7(5

7)

50N

ingb

o10

8(4

8)

51—

—

52C

heng

du85

(38)

53C

hong

qing

85(3

8)

54W

uhan

85(3

8)

55Ji

ndez

hen

85(3

8)

56Ji

nhua

85(3

8)

57C

hang

sha

85(3

8)

58N

anch

ang

90(4

0)

59Y

uhua

n15

2(6

8)

60Z

huzh

ou85

(38)

61N

anpi

ng85

(38)

62F

uzho

u11

8(5

3)

63F

udin

g12

2(5

5)

64W

enzh

ou11

3(5

1)

65K

unm

ing

85(3

8)

66G

uiya

ng85

(38)

67G

uilin

85(3

8)

68X

iam

en13

2(5

9)

69Q

uanz

hou

118

(53)

70N

anni

ng85

(38)

71Z

hanj

iang

132

(59)

72M

aom

ing

118

(53)

73Z

huha

i12

7(5

7)

74G

uang

zhou

102

(46)

75S

henz

hen

127

(57)

76H

ong

Kon

g12

7(5

7)

77S

hanw

ei12

7(5

7)

78S

hant

ou13

2(5

9)

Ch

ina

Cit

ies-

Alp

hab

etic

alO

rder

City

No.

City

Nam

e

Bas

icW

ind

Spe

ed3-

sec.

gust

mph

(m/s

)

051

——

010

Ans

han

95(4

3)

026

Bao

ji85

(38)

011

Bei

jing

85(3

8)

007

Cha

ngch

un10

6(4

7)

057

Cha

ngsh

a85

(38)

040

Cha

ngzh

ou85

(38)

052

Che

ngdu

85(3

8)

048

Che

nshi

160

(71)

053

Cho

ngqi

ng85

(38)

014

Dal

ian

118

(53)

049

Din

ghai

127

(57)

034

Don

gtai

85(3

8)

063

Fud

ing

122

(55)

008

Fus

hun

95(4

3)

062

Fuz

hou

118

(53)

074

Gua

ngzh

ou10

2(4

6)

067

Gui

lin85

(38)

066

Gui

yang

85(3

8)

023

Han

dan

85(3

8)

046

Han

gzho

u90

(40)

005

Har

bin

95(4

3)

038

Hef

ei85

(38)

076

Hon

gK

ong

127

(57)

055

Jind

ezhe

n85

(38)

056

Jinh

ua85

(38)

044

Jins

hanw

ei11

8(5

3)

029

Kai

feng

95(4

3)

065

Kun

min

g85

(38)

021

Lanz

hou

85(3

8)

002

Lhas

a85

(38)

030

Lian

yung

ang

90(4

0)

037

Ma’

ansh

an85

(38)

072

Mao

min

g11

8(5

3)

003

Moh

e85

(38)

058

Nan

chan

g90

(40)

036

Nan

jing

85(3

8)

070

Nan

ning

85(3

8)

061

Nan

ping

85(3

8)

City

No.

City

Nam

e

Bas

icW

ind

Spe

ed3-

sec.

gust

mph

(m/s

)

041

Nan

tong

90(4

0)

050

Nin

gbo

108

(48)

015

Nin

gchu

an11

0(4

9)

025

Qin

gdao

113

(51)

013

Qin

ghua

ngda

o90

(40)

004

Qiq

ihae

r95

(43)

069

Qua

nzho

u11

8(5

3)

043

Sha

ngha

i11

3(5

1)

078

Sha

ntou

132

(59)

077

Sha

nwei

127

(57)

047

Sha

oxin

g90

(40)

009

She

nyan

g10

2(4

5)

075

She

nzhe

n12

7(5

7)

032

She

yang

85(3

8)

017

Shi

jiazh

uang

85(3

8)

042

Suz

hou

90(4

0)

016

Taiy

uan

85(3

8)

012

Tian

jin90

(40)

001

Urm

uqi

110

(49)

024

Wei

fang

90(4

0)

019

Wei

hai

118

(53)

064

Wen

zhou

113

(51)

054

Wuh

an85

(38)

039

Wuh

u90

(40)

006

Wul

anha

ote

106

(47)

045

Wux

ing

90(4

0)

027

Xia

n85

(38)

068

Xia

men

132

(59)

020

Xin

ing

85(3

8)

031

Xuz

hou

85(3

8)

022

Yan

’an

85(3

8)

033

Yan

gzho

u85

(38)

018

Yan

tai

113

(51)

059

Yuh

uan

152

(68)

071

Zha

njia

ng13

2(5

9)

035

Zhe

njia

ng85

(38)

028

Zhe

nzho

u90

(40)

073

Zhu

hai

127

(57)

060

Zhu

zhou

85(3

8)

Fig. 8. (Part 3) Basic wind speed for selected cities - China



40Kilometers

0 10 20 30

Miles

0 20 40 60

Fig. 9. Basic Wind Speeds - Taiwan, 3 sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)

Yangmingshan

ChilungTaipei

Sanchung

Taoyuan

Chungli Panchiao

Kaohsiung

Fengshan

Pingtung

Taitung

Tainan

Chiai

Changhua

Taichung

Hualien

Hsinchu



Wind Design1-28

120° 121° 122°

22°

23°

24°

25°

120° 121° 122°

22°

23°

24°

25°

140(62)

140(62)

140(62)

140(62)

105(47)

105(47)

122(55)

122(55)

122(55)

122(55)

140(62)

157(70)

PenghuIslands

LanIsland

ItbayatIsland

105(47)

85(38)

157(70)

157(40)

157(70)

157(70)

55 50 45 35406065707535

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

5

Kilometers

0 200 400 600

0 200 400

Miles

115(51)

115(51)

100(45)

100(45)

90(40)

100(45)90(40)

85(38)

PortoAlegre

BeloHorizonte

SaoPaulo

Rio deJaneiro

BrasiliaSalvador

FortalezaManaus

MINIMUM WIND SPEED 85 mph (38 m/s)

BRAZIL

Fig. 10. Basic Wind Speeds - Brazil, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)


@2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved

Wind Design1-28

Fig. 11. Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Cities - Canada, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s) (8/2001)Name Province Latitude Longitude Wind Speed 3 Sec mph

100 Mile House British Columbia 51.6475 -121.29 83

Abbotsford British Columbia 49.0492 -122.331 103

Abbottsford British Columbia 49.0492 -122.331 103

Acton Vale Quebec 45.6483 -72.5659 74

Agassiz British Columbia 49.2375 -121.77 115

Ailsa Craig Ontario 43.1604 -81.6796 98

Aishihik Yukon Territory 61.5942 -137.513 82

Ajax Ontario 43.85087 -79.0203 100

Aklavik Northwest Territories 68.2201 -140.367 100

Alberni British Columbia 49.26557 -124.814 105

Alert Northwest Territories 82.4243 -62.5671 115

Alexandria Ontario 45.3084 -74.6277 84

Alliston Ontario 44.1453 -79.8577 74

Alma Quebec 48.5497 -71.6602 74

Alma New Brunswick 45.6074 -64.9386 98

Almonte Ontario 45.2303 -76.1887 84

Amherst Nova Scotia 45.8327 -64.2043 100

Amos Quebec 48.5747 -78.1253 74

Amprior Ontario 45.4409 -76.3612 81

Amqui Quebec 48.4594 -67.4377 78

Anse Comeau Quebec 49.2171 -68.1608 103

Antigonish Nova Scotia 45.6231 -61.9897 98

Antigonishe Nova Scotia 45.6231 -61.9897 98

Arctic Bay Northwest Territories 73.0387 -85.1881 98

Argentia Newfoundland 47.2836 -54.0105 115

Armstrong Ontario 50.3057 -89.0605 69

Arnprior Ontario 45.4409 -76.3612 81

Ashcroft British Columbia 50.7256 -121.276 82

Assiniboia Saskatchewan 49.6243 -105.963 100

Athabasca Alberta 54.7133 -113.284 84

Athabaska Alberta 54.7133 -113.284 84

Atikokan Ontario 48.7572 -91.6158 69

Aurora Ontario 44.00648 -79.4504 86

Aylmer Quebec 45.3899 -75.8304 84

Bagotville Quebec 48.3459 -70.8927 81

Baie-Comeau Quebec 49.2171 -68.1608 103

Baker Lake Northwest Territories 64.3235 -96.0323 98

Bancroft Ontario 45.0524 -77.8509 74

Banff Alberta 51.1772 -115.552 93

Barrhead Alberta 54.1218 -114.397 86

Barrie Ontario 44.3847 -79.6752 74

Barriefield Ontario 44.2395 -76.4514 91

Bathurst New Brunswick 47.612 -65.6466 91

Battrum Saskatchewan 50.54834 -108.335 107

Beaconsfield Quebec 45.42424 -73.8662 84

Beauport Quebec 46.85944 -71.1932 96

Beauséjour Manitoba 50.0606 -96.5254 84

Beaverlodge Alberta 55.2069 -119.429 79

Beaverton Ontario 44.4295 -79.1536 78

Bedford Quebec 45.12055 -72.9865 84

Belleville Ontario 44.1605 -77.3766 86

Belmont Ontario 42.8814 -81.0875 93

Beloeil Quebec 45.56699 -73.2024 81

Big Trout Lake Ontario 53.81876 -89.8351 86

Biggar Saskatchewan 52.0539 -107.976 107

Boissevain Manitoba 49.2287 -100.057 100

Bonavista Newfoundland 48.6541 -53.1205 110

Borden Ontario 44.2901 -79.9127 74

Bracebridge Ontario 45.0353 -79.3036 78

Bradford Ontario 44.12022 -79.5619 78

Brampton Ontario 43.6889 -79.7583 86

Brandon Manitoba 49.8404 -99.958 93

Brantford Ontario 43.1457 -80.2624 84

Bridgewater Nova Scotia 44.3732 -64.5176 100

Brighton Ontario 44.0351 -77.7281 98

Broadview Saskatchewan 50.3796 -102.576 86

Brockville Ontario 44.6011 -75.69 86



Name Province Latitude Longitude Wind Speed 3 Sec mph

Brome Quebec 45.19407 -72.5717 81

Brooks Alberta 50.5676 -111.894 96

Brossard Quebec 45.45715 -73.4922 84

Buchans Newfoundland 48.8232 -56.8743 103

Buckingham Quebec 45.5863 -75.4059 84

Burks Falls Ontario 45.61988 -79.4087 78

Burlington Ontario 43.3255 -79.7917 91

Burnaby British Columbia 49.234 -122.953 92

Burns Lake British Columbia 54.2327 -125.765 83

Cache Creek British Columbia 50.8148 -121.322 82

Calgary Alberta 51.0246 -114.102 94

Cambridge Ontario 43.3559 -80.3035 78

Cambridge Bay Northwest Territories 69.1122 -105.071 98

Campbell River British Columbia 50.0307 -125.255 105

Campbellford Ontario 44.3007 -77.7909 84

Campbells Bay Quebec 45.7324 -76.5875 74

Campbellton New Brunswick 47.9988 -66.6763 96

Campbell-town New Brunswick 47.9988 -66.6763 96

Campsie Alberta 54.13735 -114.651 86

Camrose Alberta 53.0198 -112.831 84

Cannington Ontario 44.35018 -79.0386 78

Canso Nova Scotia 45.3341 -61.0029 105

Cape Race Newfoundland 46.665 -53.093 136

Cardston Alberta 49.1909 -113.301 134

Carleton Place Ontario 45.1432 -76.1412 84

Carmi British Columbia 49.4973 -119.12 79

Castlegar British Columbia 49.3147 -117.666 76

Cavan Ontario 44.19967 -78.4687 86

Cayoosh Flat British Columbia 50.6931 -121.929 86

Centralia Ontario 43.2839 -81.4721 96

Chambly Quebec 45.44906 -73.2918 84

Channel-port Aux Basqeus Newfoundland 47.5851 -59.1657 110

Chapleau Ontario 47.8504 -83.4079 69

Charlottetown Prince Edward Island 46.239 -63.1333 103

Chatham Ontario 42.4024 -82.185 86

Chatham New Brunswick 47.0302 -65.4668 84

Chesley Ontario 44.30272 -81.0966 91

Chesterfield Northwest Territories 63.3437 -90.7414 100

Chesterfield Inlet Northwest Territories 63.3437 -90.7414 100

Chetwynd British Columbia 55.694 -121.619 84

Chicoutimi Quebec 48.4294 -71.0424 78

Chilliwack British Columbia 49.1432 -121.961 110

Churchill Manitoba 58.7609 -94.0678 106

Claresholm Alberta 50.0268 -113.579 124

Clinton Ontario 43.6197 -81.5394 96

Cloverdale British Columbia 49.10833 -122.725 91

Clyde Northwest Territories 70.457 -68.6299 124

Clyde River Northwest Territories 70.457 -68.6299 124

Coaticook Quebec 45.1338 -71.8053 81

Coboconk Ontario 44.65881 -78.7974 78

Cobourg Ontario 43.96 -78.1574 103

Cochrane Ontario 49.0639 -81.0466 78

Colbourne Ontario 44.0051 -77.8877 100

Cold Lake Alberta 54.4575 -110.189 84

Coleman Alberta 49.6397 -114.497 115

Collingwood Ontario 44.4957 -80.2116 81

Colvilletown British Columbia 49.1253 -123.924 105

Comax British Columbia 49.682 -124.942 105

Comeau Bay Quebec 49.2171 -68.1608 103

Comox British Columbia 49.682 -124.942 105

Comuck British Columbia 49.682 -124.942 105

Contrecoeur Quebec 45.85716 -73.2391 87

Coppermine Northwest Territories 67.8717 -115.639 90

Coral Harbour Northwest Territories 64.13374 -83.1669 132

Corner Brook Newfoundland 48.9587 -57.9856 115

Cornwall Ontario 45.0283 -74.7381 84

Coronation Alberta 52.0902 -111.441 78

Coronation Northwest Territories 67.8717 -115.639 90




Corunna Ontario 42.8886 -82.4533 91

Courtenay British Columbia 49.6803 -124.999 105

Cowansville Quebec 45.2067 -72.7464 84

Cowley Alberta 49.5733 -114.063 132

Cranbrook British Columbia 49.5101 -115.768 74

Crescent Valley British Columbia 49.45 -117.55 74

Crofton British Columbia 48.8632 -123.647 105

Dafoe Saskatchewan 51.749 -104.521 81

Dartmouth Nova Scotia 44.6851 -63.5353 100

Dauphin Manitoba 51.141 -100.049 84

Dawson Yukon Territory 64.0428 -139.417 73

Dawson City Yukon Territory 64.0428 -139.417 73

Dawson Creek British Columbia 55.7542 -120.234 84

Debert Nova Scotia 45.43808 -63.4599 98

Deep River Ontario 46.09717 -77.4939 78

Deseronto Ontario 44.1926 -77.0469 86

Destruction Bay Yukon Territory 61.2561 -138.803 103

Deux-Montagnes Quebec 45.54176 -73.8932 81

Digby Nova Scotia 44.6214 -65.7618 98

Dog Creek British Columbia 51.584 -122.239 84

Dolbeau Quebec 48.8794 -72.2323 78

Dorchester Ontario 42.98522 -81.0491 91

Dorion Ontario 48.78333 -88.5333 83

Dorval Quebec 45.43896 -73.7332 84

Dresden Ontario 42.58434 -82.1799 86

Drumheller Alberta 51.4617 -112.703 86

Drummondville Quebec 45.8821 -72.4953 74

Drummondville East Quebec 45.8821 -72.4953 74

Dryden Ontario 49.7817 -92.8476 69

Duncan British Columbia 48.7648 -123.685 105

Dundurn Saskatchewan 51.8036 -106.499 96

Dunnville Ontario 42.9076 -79.6185 86

Durham Ontario 44.1667 -80.8118 86

Dutton Ontario 42.66379 -81.5027 91

Earlton Ontario 47.7088 -79.8187 87

Earlton Junction Ontario 47.7088 -79.8187 87

East Souris Prince Edward Island 46.3542 -62.2507 98

Edmonton Alberta 53.5556 -113.508 87

Edmundston New Brunswick 47.381 -68.3294 86

Edson Alberta 53.5835 -116.435 98

Elko British Columbia 49.3007 -115.11 84

Elmvale Ontario 44.58357 -79.8663 78

Embarras Alberta 58.2086 -111.375 84

Embro Ontario 43.15365 -80.9 91

Englehart Ontario 47.8235 -79.8711 84

Eskimo Point Northwest Territories 61.1877 -94.0963 106

Espanola Ontario 46.2534 -81.7602 84

Estevan Saskatchewan 49.1399 -102.999 99

Etobicoke Ontario 43.65437 -79.5408 96

Eureka Northwest Territories 79.9842 -85.8287 107

Exeter Ontario 43.347 -81.4733 96

Fairview Alberta 56.0717 -118.376 78

Farnham Quebec 45.2853 -72.9793 84

Fenelon Falls Ontario 44.5341 -78.726 78

Fergus Ontario 43.707 -80.3696 78

Fernie British Columbia 49.51 -115.065 91

Flin Flon Manitoba 54.76849 -101.877 87

Fonthill Ontario 43.04543 -79.2855 86

Forest Ontario 43.0966 -81.996 96

Fort Erie Ontario 42.9091 -78.9257 91

Fort Frances Ontario 48.6145 -93.4165 73

Fort Good Hope Northwest Territories 66.255 -128.621 105

Fort Macleod Alberta 49.7164 -113.405 126

Fort McLeod British Columbia 54.9934 -123.031 74

Fort McMurray Alberta 56.7251 -111.366 78

Fort Nelson British Columbia 58.8003 -122.702 70

Fort Providence Northwest Territories 61.3547 -117.66 78

Fort Rae Northwest Territories 62.8337 -116.036 91




Fort Resolution Northwest Territories 61.1736 -113.663 83

Fort Saint John British Columbia 56.2481 -120.854 83

Fort Saskatchewan Alberta 53.7065 -113.216 86

Fort Simpson Northwest Territories 61.8621 -121.361 84

Fort Smith Northwest Territories 60.0125 -111.893 84

Fort Vermilion Alberta 58.3898 -115.997 70

Fort Vermillion Alberta 58.3898 -115.997 70

Fort William Ontario 48.441 -89.2476 83

Fort-coulonge Quebec 45.8425 -76.7342 74

Fredericton New Brunswick 45.9493 -66.6543 84

Gagetown New Brunswick 45.7786 -66.1487 96

Gananoque Ontario 44.3311 -76.1673 91

Gander Newfoundland 48.9508 -54.6277 103

Gaspé Quebec 48.8286 -64.5025 117

Gatineau Quebec 45.4942 -75.6607 84

Geraldton Ontario 49.7212 -86.9506 69

Gimli Manitoba 50.633 -96.9852 84

Glacier British Columbia 51.2658 -117.516 74

Glencoe Ontario 42.7232 -81.7143 86

Goderich Ontario 43.7457 -81.7053 98

Golden British Columbia 51.2917 -116.959 78

Good Hope Northwest Territories 66.255 -128.621 105

Gore Bay Ontario 45.9115 -82.4634 83

Gracefield Quebec 46.0942 -76.0587 74

Graham Ontario 49.2395 -90.5866 69

Granby Quebec 45.4025 -72.7221 78

Grand Bank Newfoundland 47.0932 -55.7612 115

Grand Falls New Brunswick 47.0502 -67.7341 84

Grand Falls Newfoundland 48.929 -55.6505 103

Grand Forks British Columbia 49.0342 -118.44 83

Grande Prairie Alberta 55.1697 -118.796 92

Gravenhurst Ontario 44.9171 -79.3674 78

Greenwood British Columbia 49.0904 -118.671 86

Greenwood Nova Scotia 44.9764 -64.9509 96

Grimsby Ontario 43.1823 -79.557 91

Guelph Ontario 43.5505 -80.2519 76

Guthrie Ontario 44.4728 -79.55 74

Habay Alberta 58.8088 -118.707 70

Haileybury Ontario 47.4419 -79.6295 86

Haldimand-norfolk Ontario 43.2263 -80.142 86

Haliburton Ontario 45.045 -78.5085 78

Halifax Nova Scotia 44.6539 -63.6075 100

Halleybury Ontario 47.4419 -79.6295 86

Halton Ontario 43.5809 -79.8591 81

Hamilton Ontario 43.257 -79.8423 91

Haney British Columbia 49.2198 -122.503 91

Hanover Ontario 44.1465 -81.0194 91

Happy Valley Newfoundland 53.2974 -60.28 81

Hardisty Alberta 52.6734 -111.299 78

Harrington Harbour Quebec 50.4975 -59.4709 127

Harve-st-pierre Quebec 50.2434 -63.6032 117

Hastings Ontario 44.30694 -77.9558 84

Hawkesbury Ontario 45.6047 -74.6114 84

Hay River Northwest Territories 60.8535 -115.749 78

Hearst Ontario 49.6895 -83.6786 69

Hemmingford Quebec 45.0504 -73.5868 84

High River Alberta 50.5816 -113.869 107

Hinton Alberta 53.3919 -117.596 91

Holman Northwest Territories 70.7359 -117.746 122

Honey Harbour Ontario 44.87107 -79.8171 81

Hope British Columbia 49.3799 -121.438 103

Hornepayne Ontario 49.21302 -84.7711 69

Hudson Bay Saskatchewan 52.8573 -102.382 81

Hudson Bay Junction Saskatchewan 52.8573 -102.382 81

Hull Quebec 45.4362 -75.7255 84

Humboldt Saskatchewan 52.2014 -105.119 83

Huntsville Ontario 45.3197 -79.2096 78

Iberville Quebec 45.3107 -73.2377 84




Ingersoll Ontario 43.0423 -80.8802 91

Inuvik Northwest Territories 68.3655 -133.706 103

Iqaluit Northwest Territories 63.71104 -68.3275 103

Iroquois Falls Ontario 48.7746 -80.6845 84

Isachsen Northwest Territories 78.7723 -103.572 126

Island Falls Saskatchewan 55.5041 -102.329 87

Island Lake Manitoba 53.8666 -94.6407 87

Ivujivik Quebec 62.4138 -77.9287 125

Jarvis Ontario 42.88448 -80.1141 86

Jasper Alberta 52.8785 -118.085 91

Jellicoe Ontario 49.6848 -87.5479 69

Joliette Quebec 46.0266 -73.4425 79

Jonquiere Quebec 48.4239 -71.2445 78

Kamloops British Columbia 50.7113 -120.386 84

Kamsack Saskatchewan 51.5586 -101.897 84

Kangerjuaq Northwest Territories 64.3235 -96.0323 98

Kapuskasing Ontario 49.4278 -82.429 73

Kaslo British Columbia 49.9097 -116.911 73

Keg River Alberta 57.7551 -117.6 70

Kelowna British Columbia 49.8675 -119.449 91

Kemptville Ontario 45.0205 -75.6332 84

Kenogami Quebec 48.4282 -71.2307 78

Kenora Ontario 49.7681 -94.4894 73

Kentville Nova Scotia 45.0749 -64.5018 96

Killaloe Station Ontario 45.5519 -77.4229 78

Kimberley British Columbia 49.6827 -115.983 74

Kimberly British Columbia 49.6827 -115.983 74

Kincardine Ontario 44.1758 -81.6301 98

Kindersley Saskatchewan 51.4675 -109.154 105

Kingston Ontario 44.23 -76.4975 91

Kinmount Ontario 44.7846 -78.6475 78

Kirkland Lake Ontario 48.1596 -80.0281 84

Kitchener Ontario 43.457 -80.4934 81

Knob Lake Quebec 54.8007 -66.8108 86

Kogluktok Northwest Territories 67.8717 -115.639 90

Komoux British Columbia 49.682 -124.942 105

Kuujjuag Quebec 58.1081 -68.4172 112

Kuujjuarapik Quebec 55.28335 -77.7499 121

La Malbaie Quebec 47.6569 -70.1608 98

La Tuque Quebec 47.4432 -72.7774 78

Labrador City Newfoundland 52.9396 -66.9201 84

Lac du Bonnet Manitoba 50.255 -96.0745 81

Lac La Biche Alberta 54.7675 -111.96 84

Lachute Quebec 45.654 -74.3425 84

Lac-Mégantic Quebec 45.5717 -70.8625 78

Lacombe Alberta 52.46415 -113.734 84

Ladner British Columbia 49.09013 -123.082 93

Lakefield Ontario 44.4163 -78.2657 81

Langley British Columbia 49.1009 -122.65 91

Lansdowne House Ontario 52.2097 -87.9021 74

Laval Quebec 45.5714 -73.6838 84

Le Pas Manitoba 53.8164 -101.253 87

Leamington Ontario 42.0504 -82.5992 91

Lennoxville Quebec 45.3691 -71.8559 74

Lery Quebec 45.34483 -73.8062 84

Lethbridge Alberta 49.6908 -112.82 121

Levis Quebec 46.80289 -71.1761 96

Lillooet British Columbia 50.6931 -121.929 86

Lindsay Ontario 44.3518 -78.7316 81

Lions Head Ontario 44.98475 -81.2532 91

Listowel Ontario 43.7331 -80.9452 91

Liverpool Nova Scotia 44.0392 -64.7185 103

Lloydminster Saskatchewan 53.28414 -110.003 84

Lockeport Nova Scotia 43.6989 -65.1253 103

London Ontario 42.9883 -81.2356 96

Loretteville Quebec 46.8549 -71.3644 96

Louisbourg Nova Scotia 45.925 -59.9684 107

Louisburg Nova Scotia 45.925 -59.9684 107




Louisville Quebec 46.2586 -72.9482 87

Lucan Ontario 43.18781 -81.4028 98

Lunenburg Nova Scotia 44.377 -64.3202 103

Lynn Lake Manitoba 56.8558 -101.039 87

Lytton British Columbia 50.2338 -121.577 86

Mackenzie British Columbia 55.3298 -123.086 74

Macleod Alberta 49.7164 -113.405 126

Magog Quebec 45.2608 -72.1407 78

Maitland Ontario 44.63513 -75.6133 86

Malartic Quebec 48.1414 -78.1264 74

Maniwac Quebec 46.3785 -75.9753 73

Maniwaki Quebec 46.3785 -75.9753 73

Manning Alberta 56.9148 -117.609 70

Maple Creek Saskatchewan 49.896 -109.479 105

Markdale Ontario 44.3285 -80.6633 84

Markham Ontario 43.85619 -79.3368 96

Martin Ontario 49.2496 -91.1476 69

Masset British Columbia 54.02278 -132.099 105

Masson Quebec 45.5498 -75.4178 84

Matane Quebec 48.8431 -67.5271 103

Matheson Ontario 48.5367 -80.4691 84

Matheson Station Ontario 48.5367 -80.4691 84

Mattawa Ontario 46.31748 -78.7023 74

McBride British Columbia 53.2998 -120.163 78

McLeod Lake British Columbia 54.9934 -123.031 74

McMurray Alberta 56.7251 -111.366 78

Meadow Lake Saskatchewan 54.1351 -108.427 93

Medicine Hat Alberta 50.0312 -110.682 97

Megantic Quebec 45.5717 -70.8625 78

Melfort Saskatchewan 52.8537 -104.606 78

Melville Saskatchewan 50.9299 -102.795 84

Merrit British Columbia 50.1073 -120.782 86

Merritt British Columbia 50.1073 -120.782 86

Midland Ontario 44.7446 -79.8771 81

Milton Ontario 43.5127 -79.8787 86

Milton West Ontario 43.5127 -79.8787 86

Milverton Ontario 43.5658 -80.9221 86

Minden Ontario 44.9279 -78.7254 78

Mississauga Ontario 43.58873 -79.6444 93

Mitchell Ontario 43.4673 -81.1955 93

Moncton New Brunswick 46.098 -64.7889 105

Mont Jolie Quebec 48.587 -68.1931 103

Mont-Joli Quebec 48.587 -68.1931 103

Mont-Laurier Quebec 46.5508 -75.496 73

Montmagny Quebec 46.9791 -70.5598 98

Montreal Quebec 45.5316 -73.6102 84

Montrose British Columbia 49.0866 -117.574 76

Moose Harbor Ontario 51.2729 -80.6725 78

Moose Jaw Saskatchewan 50.39 -105.54 91

Moosonee Ontario 51.2729 -80.6725 78

Morden Manitoba 49.1885 -98.1051 96

Morrisburg Ontario 44.9007 -75.1841 84

Mould Bay Northwest Territories 76.2483 -119.35 107

Mount Forest Ontario 43.984 -80.7306 84

Murray Bay Quebec 47.6569 -70.1608 98

Nakina Ontario 50.1637 -86.7131 69

Nakusp British Columbia 50.2381 -117.794 76

Nanaimo British Columbia 49.1253 -123.924 105

Nanymo British Columbia 49.1253 -123.924 105

Napanee Ontario 44.2728 -77.1146 86

Napanee Ontario 44.2461 -76.952 86

Neepawa Manitoba 50.2338 -99.4588 87

Nelson British Columbia 49.4821 -117.296 74

New Glasgow Nova Scotia 45.5926 -62.6589 98

New Liskeard Ontario 47.5131 -79.6774 86

New Westminister British Columbia 49.1802 -122.89 91

Newcastle Ontario 43.9114 -78.6781 103

Newmarket Ontario 44.0943 -79.4396 81




Niagara Falls Ontario 43.0974 -79.0935 86

Nichikun Quebec 53.1969 -70.883 81

Nicolet Quebec 46.2342 -72.6069 86

Nipawin Saskatchewan 53.3449 -104.02 81

Nitchequon Quebec 53.1969 -70.883 81

Noranda Quebec 48.2407 -79.029 78

Norman Wells Northwest Territories 65.2784 -126.814 105

North Battleford Saskatchewan 52.7735 -108.282 109

North Bay Ontario 46.3093 -79.4533 77

North Burnaby British Columbia 49.234 -122.953 92

North Sydney Nova Scotia 46.148 -60.1893 103

North Vancouver British Columbia 49.3356 -123.137 92

North York Ontario 43.78347 -79.4078 96

Norwood Ontario 44.3823 -77.9799 84

Nottingham Island Northwest Territories 63.11667 -77.9333 132

Oakville Ontario 43.4437 -79.662 93

Ocean Falls British Columbia 52.35402 -127.694 103

Orangeville Ontario 43.9181 -80.0946 78

Orillia Ontario 44.6016 -79.4179 78

Oromocto New Brunswick 45.8435 -66.4628 93

Oshawa Ontario 43.8992 -78.8526 100

Osoyoos British Columbia 49.0343 -119.466 91

Ottawa Ontario 45.4129 -75.6701 84

Outremont Quebec 45.51452 -73.6111 84

Owen Sound Ontario 44.5646 -80.9339 91

Pagwa River Ontario 50.0093 -85.2128 69

Paris Ontario 43.1963 -80.3792 84

Parkhill Ontario 43.1623 -81.6842 98

Parry Sound Ontario 45.3433 -80.0265 81

Peace River Alberta 56.23386 -117.29 74

Pembroke Ontario 45.8161 -77.106 78

Penetanguishene Ontario 44.7628 -79.9288 81

Penticton British Columbia 49.4902 -119.613 100

Perce Quebec 48.5216 -64.234 122

Perth Ontario 44.9082 -76.2508 84

Petawawa Ontario 45.9061 -77.2736 78

Peterborough Ontario 44.2958 -78.3296 84

Petewahweh Ontario 45.9061 -77.2736 78

Petewawa Ontario 45.9061 -77.2736 78

Petrolia Ontario 42.8812 -82.1478 91

Pickering Ontario 43.8568 -79.0122 100

Picton Ontario 44.0011 -77.1376 93

Pictou Nova Scotia 45.6778 -62.7106 98

Pierrefonds Quebec 45.49402 -73.8494 84

Pincher Alberta 49.4844 -113.947 130

Pincher Creek Alberta 49.4844 -113.947 130

Pincourt Quebec 45.35721 -73.9822 84

Pine Falls Manitoba 50.5615 -96.2294 82

Plattsville Ontario 43.30325 -80.6216 84

Plessisville Quebec 46.224 -71.7843 78

Point Alexander Ontario 46.13333 -77.5667 78

Port Alberni British Columbia 49.2949 -124.854 105

Port Arthur Ontario 48.441 -89.2476 83

Port Burwell Ontario 42.64852 -80.8063 91

Port Colborne Ontario 42.8895 -79.2517 91

Port Credit Ontario 43.55334 -79.582 93

Port Dover Ontario 42.78677 -80.203 91

Port Elgin Ontario 44.4346 -81.392 98

Port Hardy British Columbia 50.7264 -127.497 105

Port Hawkesbury Nova Scotia 45.6198 -61.3633 115

Port Hope Ontario 43.9499 -78.2935 103

Port McNeill British Columbia 50.5847 -127.096 105

Port Perry Ontario 44.1017 -78.9467 86

Port Radium Northwest Territories 66.0892 -118.014 96

Port Stanley Ontario 42.66468 -81.2147 91

Portage La Prairie Manitoba 49.9693 -98.3052 91

Port-Cartier Quebec 50.0279 -66.8558 110

Powell River British Columbia 49.8389 -124.521 103




Prescott Ontario 44.7165 -75.5219 86

Prince Albert Saskatchewan 53.1926 -105.742 81

Prince George British Columbia 53.9139 -122.768 81

Prince Rupert British Columbia 54.3152 -130.308 98

Princeton British Columbia 49.4563 -120.505 78

Princeton Ontario 43.17005 -80.5267 84

Providence Northwest Territories 61.3547 -117.66 78

Qualicum Beach British Columbia 49.3511 -124.448 105

QuAppelle Saskatchewan 50.54255 -103.878 86

Quebec Quebec 46.8021 -71.2449 96

Quesnel British Columbia 52.9816 -122.493 74

Rae Northwest Territories 62.8337 -116.036 91

Ragged Island Nova Scotia 43.6989 -65.1253 103

Raith Ontario 48.8248 -89.9362 69

Ranfurly Alberta 53.4063 -111.677 74

Rankin Inlet Northwest Territories 62.8177 -92.1133 103

Rayside-Balfour Ontario 46.60648 -81.1921 86

Red Deer Alberta 52.2632 -113.8 84

Red Lake Road Ontario 49.9663 -93.3802 70

Regina Saskatchewan 50.4478 -104.616 86

Renfrew Ontario 45.4752 -76.6967 78

Resolute Northwest Territories 74.6864 -94.9094 110

Resolution Northwest Territories 61.1736 -113.663 83

Resolution Island Northwest Territories 61.3151 -64.8355 145

Revelstoke British Columbia 50.9949 -118.191 74

Richmond Quebec 45.6619 -72.1414 74

Richmond British Columbia 49.1579 -123.137 92

Richmond Ontario 45.1963 -75.829 96

Rimouski Quebec 48.4277 -68.5165 103

River Clyde Northwest Territories 70.457 -68.6299 124

Rivers Manitoba 50.0265 -100.235 91

Rivigere-du-Loup Quebec 47.8311 -69.5352 100

Riviere-du-Loup-en-Bas Quebec 47.8311 -69.5352 100

Roberval Quebec 48.5178 -72.2337 78

Rock Island Quebec 45.00766 -72.0985 84

Rockland Ontario 45.5499 -75.2861 84

Rocky Mountain House Alberta 52.3738 -114.914 87

Rosemere Quebec 45.63899 -73.785 84

Rosetown Saskatchewan 51.5495 -107.99 105

Rouyn Quebec 48.2065 -79.0427 78

Rugged Island Nova Scotia 43.6989 -65.1253 103

Sackville New Brunswick 45.923 -64.3571 100

Saint John New Brunswick 45.2823 -66.0715 96

Saint-Joseph-d’Alma Quebec 48.5497 -71.6602 74

Salaberry-de-Valleyfield Quebec 45.2633 -74.1329 84

Salmon Arm British Columbia 50.6994 -119.283 82

Sandilands Manitoba 49.32444 -96.2964 84

Sandspit British Columbia 53.2331 -131.825 110

Sarnia Ontario 42.9721 -82.3881 91

Saskatoon Saskatchewan 52.1432 -106.653 92

Sault Ste Marie Ontario 46.522 -84.3372 84

Scarborough Ontario 43.793 -79.2747 96

Schefferville Quebec 54.8007 -66.8108 86

Schreiber Ontario 48.81331 -87.2665 83

Scott Saskatchewan 52.3635 -108.818 105

Seaforth Ontario 43.5562 -81.3842 96

Selkirk Manitoba 50.1389 -96.8875 86

Senneterre Quebec 48.3887 -77.2401 74

Sert-iles Quebec 50.2081 -66.3731 110

Shafferville Quebec 54.8007 -66.8108 86

Shawenegan Quebec 46.5511 -72.7485 78

Shawinigan Quebec 46.5511 -72.7485 78

Shawinigan Falls Quebec 46.5511 -72.7485 78

Shawville Quebec 45.60381 -76.4916 78

Shelter Bay Quebec 50.0279 -66.8558 110

Sherbrook Quebec 45.4044 -71.9 74

Sherbrooke Quebec 45.4044 -71.9 74

Shewanegan Quebec 46.5511 -72.7485 78




Shippegan New Brunswick 47.7411 -64.715 110

Shippigan New Brunswick 47.7411 -64.715 110

Sidney British Columbia 48.6561 -123.4 103

Sillery Quebec 46.77958 -71.2506 96

Simcoe Ontario 42.8361 -80.3011 86

Simpson Northwest Territories 61.8621 -121.361 84

Sioux Lookout Ontario 50.0968 -91.9319 69

Slave Lake Alberta 55.2792 -114.768 81

Smith River British Columbia 59.8787 -126.442 70

Smithers British Columbia 54.7805 -127.175 84

Smiths Falls Ontario 44.9048 -76.0241 84

Smithville Ontario 43.09469 -79.5486 86

Smooth Rock Falls Ontario 49.27366 -81.6239 74

Snag Yukon Territory 62.4 -140.367 73

Sorel Quebec 46.0446 -73.1052 87

Souris Prince Edward Island 46.3542 -62.2507 98

South River Ontario 45.8425 -79.3766 74

Southampton Ontario 44.4919 -81.3648 96

Split Lake Manitoba 56.0234 -95.8121 93

Springhill Nova Scotia 45.6539 -64.0595 98

Spurell Harbour Northwest Territories 63.3437 -90.7414 100

Spurrell Harbour Northwest Territories 63.3437 -90.7414 100

Squamish British Columbia 49.7009 -123.158 98

St Anthony Newfoundland 51.3562 -55.5645 121

St Catharines Ontario 43.1756 -79.2228 91

St John’s Newfoundland 47.5652 -52.7343 118

St Marys Ontario 43.25975 -81.1406 93

St Stephen New Brunswick 45.19229 -67.2772 103

St Thomas Ontario 42.7731 -81.1808 91

Ste.-foy Quebec 46.767 -71.2892 96

Ste-Agathe-des-Monts Quebec 46.04802 -74.2841 78

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Quebec 45.40393 -73.9523 84

Steinbach Manitoba 49.5181 -96.697 84

Stephenville Newfoundland 48.5497 -58.5872 117

Stettler Alberta 52.3233 -112.695 78

Stewart British Columbia 55.927 -130.01 86

Stewiacke Nova Scotia 45.1377 -63.3491 98

St-Felicien Quebec 48.65777 -72.451 78

St-Georges-de-Cacouna Quebec 47.91694 -69.5006 100

St-Hubert Quebec 45.49671 -73.4097 84

St-Hyacinthe Quebec 45.62645 -72.9472 78

Stirling Ontario 44.29614 -77.5475 83

St-jerome Quebec 48.4234 -71.8756 81

St-Jovite Quebec 46.11804 -74.6006 76

St-Lambert Quebec 48.95169 -79.4583 84

St-Laurent Quebec 45.50732 -73.6824 84

St-Nicolas Quebec 46.67828 -71.3474 93

Stony Saskatchewan 52.8537 -104.606 78

Stony Plain Alberta 53.5276 -114.01 87

Strasbourg Saskatchewan 51.0689 -104.943 86

Stratford Ontario 43.3668 -80.9806 91

Strathroy Ontario 42.9577 -81.6169 93

Sturgeon Falls Ontario 46.3576 -79.9159 78

Sudbury Ontario 46.485 -80.9848 87

Suffield Alberta 50.2144 -111.176 100

Summerside Prince Edward Island 46.3962 -63.7545 110

Sundridge Ontario 45.7792 -79.3779 74

Surrey British Columbia 49.10582 -122.828 91

Sutton Quebec 45.1075 -72.6163 84

Swan River Manitoba 52.0972 -101.271 82

Swift Current Saskatchewan 50.285 -107.793 104

Sydney British Columbia 48.6561 -123.4 103

Sydney Nova Scotia 46.148 -60.1893 98

Taber Alberta 49.7755 -112.128 115

Tadoussac Quebec 48.1493 -69.7181 99

Ta-Tuque Quebec 47.4432 -72.7774 78

Tavistock Ontario 43.32096 -80.8362 91

Taylor British Columbia 56.2191 -120.688 84




Temagami Ontario 47.06667 -79.7833 81

Temiscaming Quebec 46.7222 -79.0996 74

Terrace British Columbia 54.5167 -128.608 79

Teslin Yukon Territory 60.1727 -132.719 69

Thamesford Ontario 43.059 -80.9962 91

The Pas Manitoba 53.8164 -101.253 87

Thedford Ontario 43.1631 -81.8571 98

Thetford Quebec 46.0939 -71.3034 81

Thetford Mines Quebec 46.0939 -71.3034 81

Thompson Manitoba 55.7426 -97.858 93

Three Rivers Quebec 46.3376 -72.6075 87

Thunder Bay Ontario 48.441 -89.2476 83

Thurso Quebec 45.6167 -75.3674 84

Tignish Prince Edward Island 46.9608 -64.0224 117

Tillsonburg Ontario 42.8613 -80.7229 86

Tilsonburg Ontario 42.8613 -80.7229 86

Timmins Ontario 48.4836 -81.3437 81

Tofino British Columbia 49.1469 -125.905 110

Toronto Ontario 43.6871 -79.3893 96

Trafalgar Nova Scotia 45.2898 -62.6652 96

Trail British Columbia 49.0974 -117.693 78

Trenton Ontario 44.0941 -77.5831 91

Trois-Rivieres Quebec 46.3376 -72.6075 87

Trout Creek Ontario 45.9851 -79.3549 74

Tukik Northwest Territories 73.0387 -85.1881 98

Turner Alberta 50.6763 -114.273 107

Turner Valley Alberta 50.6763 -114.273 107

Twin Falls Newfoundland 53.5008 -64.5285 84

Uranium City Saskatchewan 59.5665 -108.619 87

Uxbridge Ontario 44.10642 -79.1228 84

Val-dor Quebec 48.1044 -77.7885 74

Valleyfield Quebec 45.2633 -74.1329 84

Valleyview Alberta 55.0701 -117.28 91

Vancouver British Columbia 49.2575 -123.133 92

Varennes Quebec 45.6826 -73.4409 84

Vegreville Alberta 53.4936 -112.049 78

Vercheres Quebec 45.7715 -73.3575 87

Verdun Quebec 45.45899 -73.5722 84

Vermilion Alberta 53.3541 -110.847 73

Vernon British Columbia 50.2604 -119.265 86

Victoria British Columbia 48.4467 -123.349 105

Victoriaville Quebec 46.0582 -71.9645 78

Ville-Marie Quebec 47.3318 -79.431 84

Virden Manitoba 49.8434 -100.933 91

Vittoria Ontario 42.76202 -80.3231 91

Wabana Newfoundland 47.6442 -52.9544 115

Wabush Newfoundland 52.9023 -66.8705 84

Wagner Alberta 55.35 -114.983 81

Wainwright Alberta 52.834 -110.858 78

Walkerton Ontario 44.1237 -81.1451 93

Wallaceburg Ontario 42.5903 -82.384 86

Waterloo Ontario 43.5941 -80.5546 81

Waterloo Quebec 45.3509 -72.5203 78

Watford Ontario 42.94998 -81.88 91

Watson Lake Yukon Territory 60.0689 -128.703 78

Wawa Ontario 47.9933 -84.7737 83

Welland Ontario 42.9962 -79.2545 86

West Lorne Ontario 42.60378 -81.6067 91

West Vancouver British Columbia 49.36667 -123.167 92

Wetaskiwin Alberta 52.9672 -113.371 84

Weyburn Saskatchewan 49.6664 -103.859 93

Whitby Ontario 43.881 -78.9336 100

White River Ontario 48.593 -85.3067 69

Whitecourt Alberta 54.1449 -115.688 86

Whitehorse Yukon Territory 60.7257 -135.044 81

Whycocomagh Nova Scotia 45.9802 -61.131 96

Wiarton Ontario 44.737 -81.1403 91

Williams Lake British Columbia 52.1342 -122.139 82




Wimborne Alberta 51.866 -113.587 84

Windsor Nova Scotia 44.9939 -64.1428 99

Windsor Ontario 42.3068 -82.9827 91

Windsor Quebec 45.5689 -72.0055 74

Wingham Ontario 43.8849 -81.3044 93

Winnipeg Manitoba 49.9212 -97.1244 90

Woodbridge Ontario 43.79665 -79.5883 96

Woodstock New Brunswick 46.1486 -67.5786 81

Woodstock Ontario 43.1292 -80.7566 86

Wyoming Ontario 42.9553 -82.1185 91

Yellowknife Northwest Territories 62.4738 -114.366 91

Yorkton Saskatchewan 51.2092 -102.465 84

Youbou British Columbia 48.87289 -124.199 103



Kilometers

0 200 400

Miles

0 200 400 600

Fig. 12. Average number of tornadoes per year per 10,000 square miles (25,900 square kilometers) in the United States, 1953-1980. (7/2001)

6 AM Friday (September 23) to 3 AM Monday (September 26)

Date Created: September 26, 2005

0.5 9.0

7.0

7.0

5.0

3.01.0

3.0

5.0

0.5

3.0

5.0

7.0

3.0

5.0 3.0

7.0

5.0

1.0

3.0

1.0

5.0

7.0

5.0

3.0

9.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

3.0

3.0

9.0

3.0

1.0 0.5

0.5

0.51.0 1.00.5

FM G

lobal Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

©2006 Factory M

utual Insurance Com

pany. All rights reserved

1-28P

age 63

Wind D

esign

Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

70°75°80°85°90°95° 50°

40°

45°

35°

30°

25°

105° 100°110°115°120°125°

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