table of contents content standards lesson title objectives guiding questions materials activities...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Table of Contents
• Content Standards
• Lesson Title
• Objectives
• Guiding Questions
• Materials
• Activities
• References
•Handouts Title Page
Forces and Loads
Loads
Static Loads
Dynamic Loads
Live Loads
Dead Loads
Tension
Compression
Tension and Compression (Images)
Shear
Shear (Image)
Torsion
Torsion (Images)
![Page 2: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Standards
Standards for Technology EducationConstruction SystemsWVEIS 2424
Standard 7: Forces and Loads (2424.S.7)Students will identify and examine the forces and loads acting upon structural elements.
Forces and Loads ObjectivesStudents will:
2424.7.1Differentiate between the forces that act on structures (tension, compression, shear, and torsion), and determine which forces are present in various structural elements. 2424.7.2Differentiate between static, continuous dynamic, and impact dynamic loads, and give examples of each.
![Page 3: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Forces and Loads
George Washington Bridge, NYC
Lesson Title
![Page 4: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Objectives
After performing several small activities and studying with the handouts the students will be able to distinguish between different forces that are present in various structural elements and will have basic knowledge of different loads that act on structures.
![Page 5: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Guiding Questions
• Which forces have you already heard of?
• Where do loads on structures come from?
• Why is it important that Engineers understand the basic principles of physics?
• Can you think of a simple, every day example where we can find tension and compression?
• Do you know of any structures that have collapsed?
![Page 6: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Materials
• Rubber band for each student• Marshmallow for each student
• Handouts – (alternatively the applicable slides can be presented
in form of a PowerPoint presentation)
![Page 7: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Activities
• Tension: – Students are to link their hands together and pull.
They will feel tension.
– Let students stretch a rubber band. They see tension in action. The rubber stretches, and the band gets longer. It's in tension.
• Compression:– Have students put their hands together and push
hard. They will feel tension
– Give each student a marshmallow to put on the table in front of them. As they push it down with their hand, the marshmallow gets shorter because it is in compression.
![Page 8: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
References
– http://www.adl.gatech.edu/classes/dci/structur/dci08.html
– http://www.answers.com/topic/shear-stress?cat=technology
– http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~GEL1/W03_verosub/G1Hwebsite/buildinggroup/Andrews/challenges.html
– http://www.enm.bris.ac.uk/research/nonlinear/tacoma/tacoma.html
![Page 9: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Forces and LoadsForces and Loads
George Washington Bridge, NYC
![Page 10: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Forces and Loads
• Forces that act on structures are called loads• Loads on structures come from three main
sources:– Structure weight– Occupants or users– Natural elements
![Page 11: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Loads
• Two main categories:
– Static Loads• The effect of the load on a structure
– Dynamic Loads• The permanence of the load
![Page 12: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Static Loads
– Static loads change slowly or are motionless
– Static loads can include:
• The weight of the structure• The weight of its occupants• Any furniture or machinery
![Page 13: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dynamic Loads
• Change rapidly or move unpredictably
• Dynamic loads can include:– Wind– Waves– Earthquakes– Traffic over a bridge
![Page 14: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Live Loads
• Anything not permanently attached to the structure
• Can be moved or changed over time
• Live loads from natural elements:– Snow, Winds, earthquakes, water
• Live occupant loads:– People, Furniture, Machines
![Page 15: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dead Loads
• Weight of the structure itself
• Includes all structural elements and components, such as
– Roof– Walls– Floors– Foundation
![Page 16: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TENSION- The Pulling Force
• Stretches materials apart
• Look for materials in tension in:– Rope and suspension bridges– Telephone wires– Tents– Steel cables supporting a full elevator
![Page 17: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
COMPRESSION - The Pushing Force
• Compression pushes materials
• Look for materials in compression in:– Pyramids– Telephone poles– Arch bridges
![Page 18: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tension and Compression
![Page 19: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SHEAR – The Sliding Force
• Shear causes parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions
![Page 20: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A road destroyed by shear
![Page 21: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TORSION – The Twisting Force
• Torsion is the force that twists a material
![Page 22: Table of Contents Content Standards Lesson Title Objectives Guiding Questions Materials Activities References Handouts Title Page Forces and Loads Loads](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/56649cb95503460f94980867/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tacoma, Washington, 1940
Torsion movement, twisting motion