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Integrated Pest Management ProgramIPM

Version Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) PagesGolf Superintendent 1 of 43

This document is valid only at the time of printing. Any copies made are considered uncontrolled.

Table of Contents

Page 3 IPM BasicsPage 4 Site AssessmentPage 6 ObjectivesPage 7 Site CategoriesPage 8 Monitoring and Treatment

Pest Profiles and IPM Plan Page 9 CloverPage 10 AlgaePage 12 DandelionPage 14 Fairy RingPage 16 Grey Snow MoldPage 18 Horse Tail0 Localized Dry SpotPage 21 MossPage 22 Pink Snow MoldPage 24 Broad Leaf PlantainPage 26 Poa annua Page 28 Pythium BlightPage 30 Pythium Root RotPage 32 Red ThreadPage 34 Pearlwort

Page 35 Summary

Appendixes

Page 36 Daily ReportPage 37 Weekly Inspection FormPage 38 Fertilizer/ Amendments/ Pesticide Record FormPage 39 Pest Profile and IPM Plan TemplatePage 40 Notice of Pesticide UsePage 41 References

Hole maps are available in file IPM ver 2.0



Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Basics

IPM is an approach that uses a combination of techniques in an organized program to suppress pests effectively, economically and in an environmentally sound manner. IPM is a pest manager’s best tool for:

Planning and managing ecosystems to prevent organism from becoming pests;

Identifying potential pest problems; Monitoring populations of pests and beneficial organisms, pest

damage and environmental conditions; Using injury threshold in making a treatment decision; Reducing pest populations to an acceptable levels using strategies that

may include a combination of biological, physical, cultural, mechanical, behavioral and chemical controls;

Evaluating the effectiveness of treatments

In the short-term, developing an IPM program may cost more for labour, equipment modification and site design, however the long-term benefits will include:

1. Long-term solutions to pest problems.2. Protect the environment and human health by reducing pesticide

usage.3. Reduce cost and liabilities associated with pesticide use.4. Prevent pesticide resistance from developing.5. Enable pest managers to control pesticide resistance.6. Give good results where pesticides cannot be used.

An IPM program for turf needs to have site categories according to their esthetic value, site usage and maintenance levels. For this program the categories are the following:

Class A – Greens, tees and approaches. Class B – Fairways and rough. Class C – Hazards, ponds and undeveloped areas.

The term “pest” includes weeds, diseases and insects.The term “pesticide” includes herbicide, fungicide and insecticides.

Site Assessment



A site assessment allows us to distinguish the characteristics of our site and how it will interact with the surrounding environment.

Opened

Local Environment

Elevation

Climate

Soil

Turf Species Front nine greens are Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris, cultivar

Providence, and have been over seeded with Pen G-1 and Century cultivars.

Back nine greens were seeded with Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris cultivars Pen G-1 and Century

All fairways, tees and rough are a combination of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra).

Out of play and reclaimed areas were seeded Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum)

Water Source is spring and summer, surface run-off and stored in retention

ponds The quality is good, slightly high in salts and calcium but pH is 7



LandscapesThis department maintains many landscape areas within Sun Peaks. Pest management plan is as follows:

Landscape beds containing ornamentals, will only be treated for parasitic insects with domestic insecticidal soaps. Weeds and diseased plants will be removed by hand.

Turf areas will fall under the same categories as Class C (Fairways/Rough) due to their similarities and customers’ expectations.

Hard Surfaces, i.e. paving stones, asphalt and areas where weed seeds can germinate will be treated annually with glyphosate at the height of the growing season to help control these species and protect the hard surfaces from disturbance.

IPM ObjectivesVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages

Golf Superintendent 5 of 43This document is valid only at the time of printing. Any copies made are considered uncontrolled.

For a successful IPM program we must understand the objectives of the program. IPM is not meant to eliminate pesticides but use them as part of sound growing practices.

The objectives of our IPM program are:

1. To prevent pests though proper fertility, irrigation and drainage, regular cultural/mechanical maintenance, and the use of amendments for turf health.

2. To protect the environment.3. To reduce, not eliminate pesticide use and reduce the opportunity for

pesticide resistance to develop.4. To identify and record each pest on the site and ways to control it,

using a combination of cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical controls.

5. To recognize pests in the early stages so spot treatments can be used before an outbreak occurs.

6. To use and understand monitoring methods and adhering to our injury threshold levels.

7. To reduce liability and protect bystanders.8. Follow all laws that apply to us in the IPM act and follow all labels on

products we use.

These eight objectives must be achieved in order for a successful program to work. With proper training, monitoring, and effective diagnosis we will meet all of our objectives.

Site CategoriesVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


In order to have an effective IPM program we must categorize each area on the course based on their aesthetic value, amount of usage and maintenance levels. These categories will allow us to set injury thresholds and monitoring frequency.

Class 1: Greens: these are our most valuable surface and must be considered pest free. Injury threshold 1 – 5% and monitored daily and recorded weeklyTees: maximum room is needed to distribute wear evenly. Injury threshold 1 – 5%, monitored daily and recorded weekly.Approaches: changing demands in golf require higher standards for these areas. Injury threshold 5 - 10% and monitored and recorded weekly.

Class 2: Fairways: more area will allow for higher threshold, 10 – 20%. The lower height of cut is the limiting factor. Rough: higher height of cut and large area will increase the threshold significantly, 15 – 35%. Landscaped Areas: This includes all landscaped areas currently maintained by SPR LLP. Threshold will be 10 – 25% depending on use and aesthetic value.Monitored and recorded weekly.

Class 3: Bunkers/Hazards: most control methods will be mechanical but a level should be imposed in case of a weed outbreak. 5 – 15 %.Ponds: most control methods will be mechanical but a level should be imposed in case of a weed outbreak. 30 – 50% Undeveloped/Natural Areas: action only to be taken if pest threatens to infect the playing areasMonitored and recorded weekly.

Ponds, creeks, streams and natural-native areas are subjected to a no-treatment zone as descried in the product’s Label. These zones are identified on the site maps.

Monitoring and Treatment Version Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


In order for IPM to work effectively we must monitor and treat areas that are infected, treated areas then need monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness.

Monitoring pest problems shall be based on an estimated percentage of an area in one or more classes.

Areas to be monitored by staff daily while commencing maintenance in specified area and reported to supervisors who then will record on Daily Report sheet.

Weekly Golf Course Checklist will also identify and record any/all pests reported and will be visually monitored until problem is resolved.

Treatment will be based initially on cultural methods (where possible) and the allowable threshold for each class.

Treatments will be recorded in the Fertilizer/Amendment/Pesticide Record Form

Treatment will also be monitored for effectiveness.

Pest Profiles and IPM Plan



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)White CloverTrifolium repens

Plant Characteristics This perennial, broad-leaf weed and will tend to grow in patches, and will out-compete turf. Environmental ConditionsClover prefers the same conditions as turf however it can handle compacted soil better than most grass species. Some seed mixes contain clover as companion plant as seen in the mix used for erosion control on the ski hill. Clover also has creeping root system and can spread fast. It will be unlikely to see Clover on the greens because it can’t handle the low height of cut.

MonitoringThis weed can be found in most areas.

Class 1 – in this area we use a grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Clover is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations. Example, if 3 m² of Clover is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken.

Class 2 – because of the sizes of these sites a transect method will be used. A ten meter string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed.Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken.

Class 3 – for bunkers only, use the grid method as in class 1, however regular maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions persist.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Blue Green AlgaeSingle-celled, tread-like microscopic plants



SymptomsAppear as an olive green colour growing on exposed soil or turf. When conditions are wet it appears slimy and when dry it appears to have crust. Algae interfere with gas exchange and photosynthesis and turf appears chlorotic (yellowish brown).

Environmental ConditionsWill usually occur any time of year, on compacted soil, wet soils, poor air movement, high nitrogen levels, and thin or weak turf.

Host SpeciesAll species are susceptible.

MonitoringLook for the slimy green spots when wet or dry-crusty spots during dry periods. During grow in of the back-nine this disorder was seen on greens 13 to 16 and 15 and 16 fairway, it also has been present on the 8th and 9th greens.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsImprove drainage, air movement, avoid light watering, vertical mowing, reseed, maintain pH and fertility. Two applications of wettable sulpher at 1.25lb / 1000 ft² one month apart in the spring. For Agrostis sp. use .5lb / 1000 ft² with applications in spring and fall.

Biological ControlsNone at this time.

Chemical ControlsThere are no algicides registered for algae control, however the use of chlorothalonil has shown some control when it has been used to treat other diseases. Also, 1 part household bleach to 50 – 100 parts water used a spot treatments of small areas, apply in run-off.DeMoss has shown some reaction on algae.

IPM PlanFor all site classes except class 3, proper fertility and pH, and improved aeration and drainage will be the main focus for prevention. When disorder is noticed, heavy vertical mowing and reseeding will be done. Applications of sulpher will be conducted on greens



in the spring and fall and the use of diluted bleach will be used for spot treatments on fairways and tees. Regular cultivation and aeration in class 3 sites should control any algae that may develop in these areas. We will not attempt to use chlorothalonil, unless severe outbreak occurs and only in conjunction with other disease control.

Since the compleation of the grow in of the back nine most of the algae on exposed soil has been replaced with turf. Scarification, overseeding, soil testing and proper fertility and watering has allowed the turf to out compete algae.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)DandelionTaraxacum officinale



Plant Characteristics A tap-rooted perennial that is spread by seed and can flower any time during the season, but have noticed twice per year on this site. First in late June and early July and again in late August. Creates a slippery playing surface and changes the aesthetic quality and value of our turf.

Environmental ConditionsThis perennial grows best in moist, full-sun areas but can grow in most conditions once established. Dandelion will grow in all site classes; however it will not survive on greens because of the low height of cut.

MonitoringClass 1 – in this area we use a Grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Dandelion is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations. Example, if 3 m² of Dandelion is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken.

Class 2 – because of the sizes of these sites a Transect method will be used. A ten meter string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed.Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken.

Class 3 – for bunkers only, use the Grid method as in class 1, however regular maintenance will keep this weed in control. Spot treatments may be used if conditions persist.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsAlthough fertility, water and air movement is important to turf health, it also assists Dandelion growth. Most cultural and mechanical controls on turf have proved to be futile because of its prolific nature.

Biological ControlsThe use of corn glutten meal has shown to act like a selective-organic herbicide, as the product and information becomes more available we may consider this as a control.

Chemical Controls2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop are three of many selective herbicides registered in Canada, and likely the only ones we will use.



IPM PlanMaintain healthy turf with proper soil fertility, deep irrigation, regular aeration and topdressing will help to encourage turf growth. We will sod or seed any damaged areas and use spot treatments with a back pack sprayer to avoid spreading. If a serious infestation occurs a selective herbicide will be used at the labels recommended rates. Clover, Dandelion and Broad-Leaf Plantain can be controlled together.Steep slope on 6th fairway proves to be a challenge, early spring conditions in this particular area gives this pest a chance to establish before we can maintain it, also very labour intensive to treat this area.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Fairy RingMarasmius, sp.

SymptomsThree types:



Type 1 – Dead patches or rings in turf in conjunction with one or two green stimulation zones and mushrooms.Type 2 – Stimulation zones and mushrooms in rings.Type 3 – Mushrooms growing in a circle but no effects to turf.Rings can be 7 to 120 cm wide and type 1 can be the most serious to turf.

Environmental ConditionsUsually occur in spring and summer, dead zones begin to appear in warm periods or drought conditions. The entire plant can die from hydrophobic conditions caused by mycelium that prevents water from infiltrating the soil. Turf growing in low fertility, poor light and sandy soils is more prone to infestation. A thick thatch layer may contribute by giving Fairy Ring the decaying food source it needs.

Host SpeciesAll species are susceptible.

MonitoringSmall, dead and dry patches with or without mushrooms are usually the first indicator. Patches will continue to grow and the area in front will appear lush. Mycelium may be present in the thatch and in the soils at depths from 30 to 60 cm. Samples from suspect areas should be collected from inside and outside of the circle and placed in a plastic bag at room temperature for three to four days, mycelium should then be present in the thatch layer.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsMasking; Aeration, topdressing and wetting agents may allow water to penetrate to relieve symptoms

Eradicating; Remove sod, till or remove soil up to 20 cm, water thoroughly then reseed or sod and continue with deep irrigation. If mycelium is noticed below 30 cm remove sod and soil then reseed or sod.

Biological ControlsHumic acid derived from an organic source (compost tea) may remove mycelium and improve water infiltration.

Chemical ControlsThe only registered fungicide is formalin, a fumigant that must be sprayed on cultivated soil. Liquid fungicides have limited success because it is too difficult to get liquid deep in the soil.

IPM Plan



Class 1: On these sites we will attempt to mask symptoms through aeration and topdressing, control thatch and attempt to improve soil microbiology from organic sources.

Class 2: Generally no action will be taken on these sights except through normal cultural and mechanical maintenance. Class 3: This will not be a significant problem in these areas.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Grey Snow MoldTyphula incarnataT. ishikariensis var. canadensis

SymptomsMost apparent after snow melt has occurred, circular patches of straw-colour to grayish turf. Patches are from 5 cm to 1 m in diameter and will form a silvery



crust as mycelium ages. In its dormant stage it hibernates as sclerotia on the crown and the leaves. Found in all classes on this site.

Environmental ConditionsTyphula is most active under snow cover on unfrozen ground, and as the snow melts in spring. It prefers temperatures around freezing, excessive thatch, succulent grass and poor drainage. High fall application of nitrogen and compacted snow are also contributing factors.

Host SpeciesAll grass species are susceptible to grey snow mold.

MonitoringIn summer we can look for sclerotia, .2 to 5 mm, they are brown, orange, red or black in colour. Also as condition permit we can look for water-soaked yellow to brown spots. When Typhula is diagnosed treatment should be immediate due to it quick spreading capabilities and damage to the plant tissue.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsContinue to cut late into fall and remove clippings. Scheduled aeration and vertical mowing. Avoid heavy applications of nitrogen in the fall. Remove snow to promote faster drying and avoid snow compaction. Overseed with resistant cultivars, aerate and fertilize in the spring to promote new growth.

Biological ControlsFall 2009 biological control called Endophyte was tested on the first half on the 15th fairway. The 2nd half had a standard fairway application with a 20 foot control area separating the halves.

Chemical ControlsIt is beneficial to treat when temperatures fall below zero at night in areas that have a history of Typhula, focusing on the greens .The first treatments should be a systemic/ contact fungicide while turf is still growing. When snow cover is expected, treat before snow fall with a protectant. Because of our high elevation and long winters, it will be necessary to completely remove snow during warm periods in late winter/early spring and apply a granular fungicide. Registered fungicides include benomyl, chlorothalonil, oxycarboxin-thiram-carbathiin mixtures, propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, and quintozene. Grey and pink snow molds are present together and fungicide applications will be used to control both diseases.



IPM PlanClass 1: The best way to control disease is to have healthy plants with a good root structure. On these sites we will core aerate in the spring and fall, use vertical mowing to control thatch every three weeks (greens only). We will maintain a height of cut that is suitable for the condition and playability. We will maintain proper soil fertility with some extra focus on potassium levels to aid in the turfs own disease fighting capabilities. The use of soil and foliar amendments to also aid in there root development and disease resistance on our greens. We will irrigate these sites in the morning and avoid over and under watering.

On greens only we will use some preventive-contact fungicides when condition are favorable or disease is identifies, apply a protectant before snowfall and in February/March we will begin to remove snow from the greens to promote faster drying and apply a granular fungicide when snow is completely melted or when conditions permit.

Tees and approaches will receive two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall.

Class 2: Aeration at least once per year and new for this year, an active top dressing program to improve turf health. On fairways only we will do two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall. With the higher height of cut on rough the plant will have enough of it own carbohydrates that no fungicides will be used but we will continue to cut late into the fall to avoid turf from laying over.

Class 3: This disease is not a significant problem in this site. No treatment will be required.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)HorsetailEquisetum arvense

Plant Characteristics A perennial weed that reproduces with extensive root system and produces spores, rather than seeds. This weed dates back to the dinosaur era and can adapt to many different sites.



Environmental ConditionsHorsetail can grow in many habitats but prefers poorly drained, sandy or gravel, slightly acid soils that have highly available potassium levels.

MonitoringClass 1 - continuous mowing at low heights should keep this weed in control, however in some of the new areas recently constructed has had horsetail. We will use the grid method for monitoring this pest.

Class 2 - because of the sizes of these sites a Transact method will be used. A ten meter sting is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed.Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken.


Cultural/Mechanical ControlsEffective cultural and mechanical practices will allow the turf to out compete Horsetail over many years, but soil tillage and hand removal alone will produce little success. Monitor pH levels and adjust soil fertility.

Biological ControlsNo biological controls are registered in Canada at this time.

Chemical ControlsAmitrole is specifically registered for Horsetail and was used to eradicate it on some sites during grow-in on the back nine with success. Chlorsulfuron and dichlobenil have shown to assist in control but are not specifically registered for this weed. These herbicides are highly toxic and will only be used when all cultural and mechanical methods have failed.

IPM PlanThe main objective will be to grow healthy turf to out compete Horsetail, scheduled mechanical procedures and improved fertility and drainage will contribute to this success. Where problems show no improvements, on class 2 areas only, a backpack sprayer containing amitrole mixed at label specifications, will be used.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Localized Dry Spot (LDS)(Superficial Fairy Ring) Basidiomycete fungi

SymptomsIrregular shaped, dry patches on turf, soil are powder dry. In cases of Superficial Fairy Ring, white mycelium may be noticed in thatch or in soil.

Environmental ConditionsVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


Poor irrigation coverage, excessive thatch, heat stress, waxy organic substance in soil (fulvic acid) or mycelium coating sand particles and compacted soil. Can occur any time but mostly in mid summer.

Host SpeciesAll grass species are susceptible.

MonitoringLook for irregular, brown patches on turf, usually during periods of heat stress. Check soil for moisture content. When hand watering look for water that beads of the surface, this is an indication of hydrophobic soil, (soil that will not allow water to penetrate).

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsAppropriate aeration schedule and spot aeration treatments are beneficial, avoid excessive thatch and syringe watering will ease the symptoms of this disorder.

Biological ControlsImprove soil microbiology through the use of organic fertilizers and amendments.

Chemical ControlsSome fungicides have shown improvements for Superficial Fairy Ring, but not needed.

IPM PlanThis disorder is easy to control, aeration and wetting agents usually avoid or mend the problem but if conditions persist, the use of organic mulches or compost tea will create humic acid and in turn will remove the fulvic acid. Large, healthy root systems will allow the turf to survive through heat stress periods. Action will only take place on class 1 and 2 areas.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Moss

SymptomsMoss is a primitive plant, usually small and green when associated with turf.

Environmental ConditionsMoss grows on sites with low fertility, poor drainage and can be associated with acidic soils. Shade, compaction, and over watering can also be associated with this condition. Moss will grow in areas of turf



where soil is exposed and will not allow turf to grow in infected areas until moss is removed.

Host SpeciesAll species are susceptible and can occur in all site classes.

MonitoringLook for areas of thin turf in wet conditions with shade. This disorder has been prevalent on the middle slope of the eighth green

Cultural/Mechanical Controls Improve air movement, check pH, deep vertical mowing, apply high iron fertilizer, ferrous ammonium sulphate, when moss dies, rake and reseed.


Chemical ControlsThe use of Quicksilver herbicide has proven effective and is a registered for moss control on golf course turf.

IPM PlanClass 1: Improve aeration, air movement and check pH and fertility. Excessive vertical mowing of infected areas with applications of ferrous ammonium sulphate and/or Quicksilver, reseed and control traffic patterns.Class 2: Improve aeration, air movement, drainage and check/adjust pH and fertility.Class 3: No action in these areas.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Pink Snow Mold (Fusarium)Microdochium nivaleSymptomsTwo phases, the first is during cool wet weather, Fusarium. The second is under snow cover, Pink Snow Mold. During optimal conditions the first sign of infection is a small-circular spot, usually copper colour. Patches can be up to 20 cm and coalescing. Found in all classes on this site.

Environmental ConditionsVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


Can occur anytime of year but usually begins in fall with frost, dew and cool temperatures, Infection can occur between 0 - 31°c. Slow-growing grass in humid conditions, unfrozen grass under snow cover, excessive thatch, succulent grass and poor drainage are all contributing factors. It can be spread by shoes and equipment.

Host Species Annual Bluegrass, Poa annuaBentgrass, Agrostis sp.Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensisFescues, Festuca sp.Ryegrasses, Lolium sp.

MonitoringLook for small copper colour patches that become dark brown then turn a light grey. When Fusarium is diagnosed treatment should be immediate due to it quick spreading capabilities and damage to the plant tissue.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsScheduled aeration and vertical mowing. Remove dew in the morning, avoid heavy fall nitrogen applications, provide good drainage and air movement, balanced soil fertility, ensure appropriate mowing height, remove snow to promote drying and prevent compaction of snow. Overseed with resistant cultivars and aerate damaged areas.

Biological ControlsFall 2009 biological control called Endophyte was tested on the first half on the 15th fairway. The 2nd half had a standard fairway application with a 20 foot control area separating the halves.

Chemical ControlsIt is beneficial to treat when temperatures fall below zero at night in areas that have a history of Fusarium, focusing on the greens .The first treatments should be a systemic/ contact fungicide while turf is still growing. When snow cover is expected, treat before snow fall with a protectant. Because of our high elevation and long winters, it will be necessary to completely remove snow during warm periods in late winter/early spring and apply a granular fungicide. Registered fungicides include benomyl, chlorothalonil, oxycarboxin-thiram-carbathiin mixtures, propiconazole, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, and quintozene. Grey and pink snow molds are present together and fungicide applications will be used to control both diseases.

IPM Plan



Class 1: The best way to control disease is to have healthy plants with a good root structure. On these sites we will core aerate in the spring and fall, use vertical mowing to control thatch every three weeks (greens only). We will maintain a height of cut that is suitable for the condition and playability. We will maintain proper soil fertility with some extra focus on potassium levels to aid in the turfs own disease fighting capabilities. The use of soil and foliar amendments to also aid in there root development and disease resistance on our greens. We will irrigate these sites in the morning and avoid over and under watering.

On greens only we will use some preventive-contact fungicides when condition are favorable or disease is identifies, apply a protectant before snowfall and in February/March we will begin to remove snow from the greens to promote faster drying and apply a granular fungicide when snow is completely melted or when conditions permit.

Tees and approaches will receive two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall.

Class 2: Aeration at least once per year and new for this year, an active top dressing program to improve turf health. On fairways only we will do two application of fungicide, a contact as soon as disease is identified or weather conditions are favorable for disease and a protectant before snow fall. With the higher height of cut on rough the plant will have enough of it own carbohydrates that no fungicides will be used but we will continue to cut late into the fall to avoid turf from laying over.

Class 3: This disease is not a problem in this site. No treatment will be required.

Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Broadleaf PlantainPlantago major

Plant Characteristics A perennial weed that has weak-fibrous root system and will grow and flower throughout the growing season.

Environmental ConditionsPlantain prefers full sun to partial shade in moist soil. Its broad leafs will assist in out



competing turf and may grow in all classes. This is caused by the plants lack of a true steam and can grow at very low heights of cut. MonitoringClass 1 – in this area we use a Grid method; a one meter square is laid down in a minimum of ten random locations on the site. Measure the area in the square that Plantain is present and calculate the percentage of the weed compared to turf in all ten locations. Example, if 3 m² of Plantain is found in 10 m² (30%) is found, treatment should be taken.

Class 2 – because of the sizes of these sites a Transect method will be used. A ten meter string is laid out in a straight line in ten random areas, walk along the line and record the weed or turf seen in a 10cm² at ten points along the line. Create an average from all ten plots and a percentage can be formed.Examples, if averages of 35 weed areas are found from all ten plots, we get a 35% infestation rate and treatment should be taken.


Cultural/Mechanical ControlsAlthough fertility and air movement will contribute to Plantain growth, letting the surface dry and deep irrigation will discourage its growth.


Chemical Controls2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop are three of many selective herbicides registered in Canada, and likely the only ones we will use.

IPM PlanMaintain healthy turf with proper soil fertility, deep irrigation, regular aeration and topdressing will help to encourage turf growth. We will sod or seed any damaged areas and use spot treatments with a back pack sprayer to avoid spreading. If a serious infestation occurs a selective herbicide will be used at the labels recommended rates. Clover, Dandelion and Broad-Leaf Plantain can be controlled together.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Annual Bluegrass (Poa)Poa annua

Plant Characteristics This weeds name is very deceiving, it is listed as an annual weed but it seems to have many perennial qualities. A true annual would die each winter, but this is often not the case. It spreads vigorously through seeds, and is also listed as a bunch type grass (no stolons or rhizomes) but many Poa annua plants have been found with stolons, these anomalies are usually found in cultured turf.

Environmental ConditionsPoa can grow on any of our site classes; it prefers the same conditions as our desired grass species but can handle adverse conditions better and will quickly overtake an area. Eradication of this pest is virtually impossible.

MonitoringMonitoring this weed anywhere other than the greens will be a futile activity, it is just too prolific to try and control. However, it will be monitored on greens using a grid method, and the treatment threshold will need to be modified to a higher level of acceptance.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsIt may be possible to out compete Poa, but difficult. However, over the years I have seen a small reduction of Poa with the use of growth regulators to slow seed production and heavy overseeding. Young grass plants grow vigorously. During aeration, overseed upon completion and the new growth will out compete and eventually reduce the number of Poa plants. Biological ControlsNo biological controls are registered in Canada at this time.

Chemical ControlsThere are many herbicides that can eliminate Poa but nothing selective enough to avoid injuring the desired turf species, however work in the United States is continuing and we may see something here in the future.

IPM PlanVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


This is a strategy that can help to reduce the number of Poa annua plants on a green. Early spring aeration complete with overseeding and subsequent tarping to promote early growth of the desired Bentgrass, and again in the late summer aeration program, minus the tarps. Also the use of a growth regulator to suppress seed heads from forming will reduce, in theory, the number of new Poa plants germinating.

There will be no attempts made to control this pest on other class sites; it would be an unrealistic and very costly undertaking.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Pythium Foliar Blight Pythium aphanidermatumMany other Pythium species

SymptomsBlight starts out as circular reddish-brown spots that can be 2 to 15 cm in diameter and coalesce to damage more area. Initially leaves turn a blackish-green, appear water soaked and feel slimy. White mycelium can be seen at the edge of the spots and when dew is present. As grass tissue dries out the leaves shrivel and turn a reddish-brown. Damage will often follow drainage and mowing patterns as the pathogen is transported by water and equipment.

Environmental ConditionsVery common on newly established turf. Usually occurs in warm-wet conditions, above 20°c and when relative humidity is 90% for more than fourteen hours. Severe damage occurs at temperatures above 30°c, excessive watering, poor air circulation and high nitrogen levels. Pythium species are more closely related to blue-green and red algae than fungi and are present in the soil, thatch and in water.

Host SpeciesAll grass species are susceptible to Pythium.

MonitoringLook for leaf blades that have turned a blackish-green colour and appear water soaked, later spots should appear as reddish-brown. Also look for white mycelium along the edges of spots when dew is present. Leafs will then dry out and appear shriveled. As infection increases distinct patterns along drainage paths or where equipment was present will appear in a streaky pattern.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsAvoid excessive nitrogen, water in the morning only, improve air circulation and drainage, aerate to avoid compacted turf and maintain thatch levels about 2 cm.


Chemical ControlsVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


The only registered fungicide for Pythium Blight is chloroneb.

IPM PlanClass 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively.

Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem arises from the undeveloped areas.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Pythium Root RotPythium species

SymptomsThin, brown patches any time of year but more prevalent in spring and summer, patches are 4 – 7 cm wide and are irregular shaped or follow drainage patterns. Thinning and browning of turf usually appear after periods of moisture stress because the root system can’t cope with the increased water needs. Tends to occur in the first warm spell in spring triggering wilt and thinning. Sometimes small white grass patches develop, these are early signs of some Pythium, and new roots will appear light brown and water-soaked. When signs of Pythium occur above ground, Pythium Root Rot can be suspected. These symptoms were seen on the twelfth green in early summer 2005

Environmental ConditionsCan occur any time of year but most prevalent in spring and summer when plants are stresses from excessive heat or moisture. Low mowing heights, poor drainage, compaction, high shade, low pH, heavy thatch and heavy traffic are all contributing factors for this disease.

Host SpeciesBentgrass, Agrostis sp are most susceptible but all turf species are to Pythium.

MonitoringLook for the white grass patches, thinning or browning irregular patterns or following surface drainage. Often starts in the collar of the green, but can occur in any area. Check roots for colour and turgidity, however no aerial mycelium are present unlike Pythium Blight.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsAvoid excessive nitrogen, water in the morning only, raise mowing height, improve air circulation and drainage, aerate to avoid compacted turf and maintain thatch levels about 2 cm.




Chemical ControlsThere are no fungicides specifically registered for Pythium Root Rot, some managers have noticed good results from chloroneb, however any broad-spectrum fungicide may be useful. IPM PlanClass 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively.

Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem arises in the undeveloped areas.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Red ThreadLaetisaria fuciformis

SymptomsCan appear as circular to irregularly patches 5 to 50 cm. Infected leaves first become water-soaked then turn a tan colour. Under wet condition the thread-like, red fungus is visible and may extend 1cm. past the leaf tip. May also form pink, cottony flocks of mycelium.

Environmental ConditionsCan occur any time of year but usually in spring and fall when there is high humidity, excessive moisture, poor fertility (low nitrogen) and poor air movement. Spores can be spread by wind, water, shoes and equipment.

Host SpeciesAnnual Bluegrass, Poa annuaRyegrasses, Lolium sp.Fescues, Festuca spBentgrass, Agrostis sp.Kentucky Bluegrass, Poa pratensis

MonitoringThis disease is unlikely to be present on greens but can be seen on all other areas. Look for the threads, white or pink, or the tan coloured dead leaves. Turf may also look water-soaked. Cultural/Mechanical Controls Maintain mowing and remove clippings in moist conditions. Adjust soil fertility, usually nitrogen deficiency but will need all macro nutrients and higher calcium levels. Improve air movement, drainage, avoid over and under watering and test soil pH (6 to 6.5).

Biological ControlsThe use of an organic based fertilizer at higher rates can be considered a biological control.

Chemical ControlsVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


Fungicide application should be made when turf growth slows, one or to applications would be sufficient. Propiconazole is the only fungicide registered for Red Thread, however chlorothalonil, iprodione and anilazine will provide some control.

IPM PlanFor all classes except class 3: Maintaining sufficient nutrient levels, adjust pH if necessary, aeration, promoting good air movement and efficient watering will keep this disease subdued. However, if the disease is notice during weekly monitoring, fertilization of the infected area will be completed. Pesticides are generally not need for spot control of this disease. Preventative control will take place in conjunction with fall/winter applications for snow mold.

Class 3: This disease is not a significant problem in this site. No treatment will be required.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific) Pearlwort Sagina procumbens

Plant Characteristics Pearlwort is a perennial mat-forming plant with narrow leaves and tiny white flowers. Pearlwort can become a troublesome weed when allowed to spread and establish in turf. This weed can populate most soil conditions very quickly by seed. Pearlwort is a good indicator of moist/wet conditions and is often mistaken for moss in lawns. Swards that are maintained at low mowing heights below 6mm (golf and bowling greens) are susceptible to invasion from this weed.

Environmental ConditionsPearlwort is commonly found in coastal areas and in areas of moist, frequently irrigated turf. It can form prostrate to mounding clumps 5cm in height, and has often been sold as a ground covering plant material for landscaping.

MonitoringThis weed is recently infested greens and monitoring results have shown the infestation initially attacked the front-nine greens. However is has spread to all greens. This weed has been noticed in disturbed areas that have remained undeveloped.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsIt may be possible to out compete Pearlwort by reducing irrigation and improving drainage however, to date attempts of this have been unsuccessful, due to our wet climate. Biological ControlsNo biological controls are registered in Canada at this time.

Chemical ControlsUsing a broad-leaf herbicides at the labels low-rate recommendation to avoid damage to Bentgrass has been attempted fall of 2009. Application may be required in spring after run-off is complete.



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)Anthracnose Colletotrichum cereale

SymptomsAffected areas are first noticed as reddish-brown to bleached patches. As the grass dies, it becomes light grey. When anthracnose occurs in pure stands of Poa or bentgrass, the patches start at 5-7 cm in diameter but can increase up to 1 m in diameter. In mixes of Poa annua and bentgrass, the bentgrass is often unaffected resulting in thinned turf. Likewise, the fescue may be the only species affected in a lawn mixture.

Individual leaf blades may show reddish-brown leaf spots in the early stages of infection. As the leaf tissue dies, very small black spore-producing structures with black hair-like spines (setae) develop on leaves and stems. The entire tiller may die if the infection occurs near the base of the stem. Infected grass appears yellow in the spring and fall, and black mycelium can be observed on stems under the leaf sheath. Foliar anthracnoseis caused by the same fungus that causes basal anthracnose.

Environmental ConditionsCan occur any time of year but most prevalent in spring and summer when plants are stresses from excessive heat or moisture. Low mowing heights, poor drainage, compaction, high shade, low pH, heavy thatch and heavy traffic are all contributing factors for this disease.

Host SpeciesAnnual Bluegrass is the most susceptible however will spread to Bent if environmental conditions continue and disease is not treated.

MonitoringLook for the black spines on dead leaves or stems. They are 100 microns long and can be seen with the aid of a strong hand lens (minimum of 20x magnification) or dissecting microscope. Spores are crescent-shaped, with no cross-septa and are 4-25 microns long. Colletotrichum will also infect naturally senescing leaves and tillers, so a diagnosis should be made only in the presence of both symptoms and signs of the fungus.

Cultural/Mechanical ControlsHigh temperatures and inadequate irrigation favor disease development.Remove excess thatch to prevent drought. Avoid drought stress, but try not to irrigate in the late afternoon or early evening.Avoid soil compaction.Raise mowing heights during periods ofstress (drought or high temperatures).Keep phosphorus and potassium levels



adequate. Light applications of nitrogenat 0.25 kg/100 m2 (1/2 lb./1000 ft2 ) everythree weeks have provided control whenanthracnose occurs during cool weather(Vargas, 1994). However, infectionsoccurring during hot weather also requirefungicide treatments for adequate control.Biological ControlsNo biological controls are registered in Canada at this time.

Chemical ControlsThere are no fungicides specifically registered for Pythium Root Rot, some managers have noticed good results from chloroneb, however any broad-spectrum fungicide may be useful. IPM PlanClass 1 and 2: Scheduled aeration, vertical mowing, appropriate watering amounts and timing, balance soil fertility and improved drainage and air movement will aid in disease control. Pesticides will only be applied when disease is diagnosed effectively.

Class 3: Only cultural and mechanical controls will be applied unless a serious problem arises in the undeveloped areas.



Summary

Good turf management is the primary feature of effective pest control; healthy-vigorous grass can be highly tolerant to pest problems. Where problems do occur is generally a sign of turfgrass stress, and these adverse conditions should be rectified.

Once a pest is identified it will be treated, recorded in a pest profile, located on site maps, and continually monitored to ensure treatments are working. Treatments will include a combination of cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical controls.

We will follow all laws from the Integrated Pest Management Act of British Columbia that pertain to us and keep up with new developments in turfgrass science. We will also follow all label recommendations when using turfgrass products to ensure its effectiveness and avoid pest resistance.

This is a long-term program and will need to be followed diligently in order to see positive effects in the future. The initial cost of establishing an IPM program may be high but the cost to control pest in will be reduced over time.

In conclusion this program is designed to protect human health, reduce pesticide use, reduce liability, and protect the environment. With this program we will be able to accomplish these and many other benefits dealing with pest and pest control.



Appendixes

Sun Peaks Golf CourseDaily Report Form

Supervisor____________________________ Date____________

DOC Greens__________ Tees____________ Fairways___________

Employee Tasking

Name Task Name Task

Environmental Concerns

Health and Safety Concerns

Pest Monitoring



Weekly Inspection Form

ITEM Y N N/A

COMMENTS / ACTION / LOCATION OF ISSUE

Safety RequirementsAll staff aware of & trained with the Golf Maint. ManualSignage in order (posts, panels)Snags/Danger TreesFencing in placeWater Quality/DrainageDrainage structures functioningSediment control functioning (silt fence, hay bales, etc.)Quality of running water in creeks, ditches, cross ditches - CleanQuality of running water in creeks, ditches, cross ditches - DirtySediment control necessary (specify)Re-vegetation requirementsSprinklers system functioningPump Operation (if necessary)Spongy turfErosion issuesDry areasEquipment damage

Waste ManagementGrass clippings disposalCondition of waste containers

Waste and recyclables properly disposed

Hazardous MaterialsStorage area securityStorage area – unusual conditionMSDS Catalogue AvailablePesticide Inventory Done

Integrated Pest ManagementClass 1 Percentage of area _____% LocationClass 2 Percentage of area _____% LocationClass 3 Percentage of area _____% LocationMonitoring of Pests TreatedInstructions and Completion Date:

Sun Peaks Golf CourseVersion Date (dd/mm/yy) Authorization Review Date (dd/mm/yy) Pages


Fertilizer, Pesticide and Amendment Record Sheet

Applicators Name____________________________ Date______________Weather Conditions-Precipitation______ Wind_____ Temperature_______

Product Information Fertilizer: Ratio___________ Micro-Nutrients______________________

Manufactures Name___________________________________Label Recommendations_______________________________MSDS Yes No

Pesticide: Trade Name_____________ Active Ingredient______________ Mode of Action______________________________________Label Recommendations_______________________________MSDS Yes NoP.C.P. Reg. Number ________________

Amendment: Ratio________ Micro-Nutrients______________________ Manufactures Name________________________________

Label Recommendations____________________________ Mode of Action____________________________________ MSDS Yes No

Actual Per 1000 ft²_____________ Total Product Used_________________

Equipment Back Pack Sprayer: Nozzle______________ Manual Broadcast Spreader: Setting__________ Cone_______________ Mechanical Broadcast Spreader: Setting___________________________ Boom Sprayer: Nozzles_______ Speed_______ PSI______GPM_______ Other:

Area Treated-

Comments-

Pest Profile



Pest Name (Common / Scientific)

Symptoms--

Environmental Conditions--

Host Species-pest id-life cycle-info on when how, where it lives and stages to treat and classes it may fall under

Monitoring-methods-threshold levels-predictions

Cultural/Mechanical Controls--

Biological Controls--

Chemical Controls-



Notice of Pesticide UseTreatment Area:

Pest(s) to be controlled:

Pesticide Name: Active Ingredients: Registration Number (PCP):

Time and Date of Application:

Pesticide User Licensee Name: License Number:

Contact Person and Phone Number:

Reentry Time and Date:

Precautions to Limit ExposureDo not remove this sign before:B.C. Drug and Poison Information Centre 1-800-567-8911



References:

Gail Schumann, Patricia Vittum, Monica Elliot, Patricia Cobb IPM Handbook for Golf Courses 1998

Leslie MacDonald, P.Ag. Dr. Henry Gerber, P.Ag. Turfgrass Disease and Pest Management for Professional Turfgrass Managers in B.C. 1997

L.A. Gilkeson, R.W. Adams, Integrated Pest Management Manual for Landscape Pests in British Columbia 2000

Richard Smiley, Peter Dernoeden, Bruce Clarke, Compendium of Turfgrass Disease 1996

Robert Adams Handbook for Pesticide Applicators and Dispensers 2005 Karl Danneberger Ph.D, Turfgrass Ecology and Management 1993

Roy Cranston, David Ralph, Brian Wikeem, Field Guide to Noxious and Other Selected Weeds in British Columbia 1996

Brian Holl Ph.D, Integrated Pest Management – Monitoring, Mapping and Management October/November 2004

The Turfgrass Information Center, http://www.guelphturfgrass.ca

Pests in Landscapes and Gardens, www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

Integrated Pest Management Act of British Columbia,



http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

http://www.guelphturfgrass.ca/

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