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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my gratitude to HOD, Dr. Vinod Kumar Singh, Department of Electronics Engineering and Er. Nilashma Bharti, my Seminar Guide for providing me with adequate facilities, ways and means by which I was able to complete this seminar. I express my sincere gratitude to him for his constant support and valuable suggestions without which the successful completion of this seminar would not have been possible.

I am obliged to Staff members of Electronics Department, for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my report.

This seminar report has been benefited from the many useful comments provided to me by the numerous of my colleagous. In addition many other of my friends have checked it and have offered many suggestions and comments. Besides there are some books and some online helps.Last but not the least, I thank all others, and especially my classmates and my family members who in one way or another helped me in the successful completion of this work.

SWAPNIL GAUTAM

EC-3rd Year

(1205231047)

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ABSTRACT

After dominating the electronics industry for decades, silicon is on the verge of becoming the material of choice for the photonics industry: the traditional stronghold of III–V semiconductors. Stimulated by a series of recent breakthroughs and propelled by increasing investments by governments and the private sector, silicon photonics is now the most active discipline within the field of integrated optics. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in silicon photonics and outlines challenges that must be overcome before large-scale commercialization can occur. In particular, for realization of integration with CMOS very large scale integration (VLSI), silicon photonics must be compatible with the economics of silicon manufacturing and must operate within thermal constraints of VLSI chips. The impact of silicon photonics will reach beyond optical communication—its traditionally anticipated application. Silicon has excellent linear and nonlinear optical properties in the midwave infrared (IR) spectrum. These properties, along with silicon’s excellent thermal conductivity and optical damage threshold, open up the possibility for a new class of mid-IR photonic devices.

Silicon photonics is attracting increasing attention around the world because of its important potential applications. Apart from having established applications in optical telecommunications, silicon photonics offers the possibility of solving the heat and high power dissipation problems of electrical interconnects that limit the performance of high speed computers. The development of silicon based optical modulators, photo-detectors and other waveguide functional elements may eventually lead to the development of low-power dissipation, high-speed optical interconnects needed in future computers, as well as to the development of low cost optical chips for next-generation fiber-to-the-home networks. Another emerging area for silicon photonics is in optical sensing. Unlike silica glass, silicon has low optical loss at mid-wave infrared wavelengths, thus opening the possibility for spectroscopic applications of silicon chips at the mid-wave infrared wavelengths (3-5 microns) which correspond to the fundamental rotational and vibrational resonances of many different species of gases. This talk will review recent advances in silicon photonics at CUHK including work on nonlinear silicon photonics, the silicon Raman amplifier and laser, the use of ion implantation to enhance the performance on nonlinear devices, and ion implanted waveguides for silicon based photo-detectors at the wavelengths used in optical communications. The narrow line widths of the silicon Raman laser will be discussed in the context of possible applications in wavelength modulation spectroscopy applications.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. CHAPTERPAGE

NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 MOORE,S LAW AND SILICON TECHNOLOGY

2

1.2 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS 4

1.3 ENTER OPTOELECTRONICS 6

2 DETAILED DESCRIPTION 7

2.1 SILICONIZE PHOTONICS 7

2.2 HOW LASER WORKS 7

2.3 RAMAN EFFECT 8

2.4 TWO PHOTON ABSORPTION & PIN DIODE CORRECTION

10

2.5 APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN EFFECT 11

2.6 SILICON MODULATOR 12

2.7 ENCODING THE OPTICAL DATA 14

2.8 DEMODULATION 15

2.9 SILICON INTERFACES 16

2.10 SILICON CHALLENGES 17

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2.11 APPLICATIONS OF SILICON PHOTONICS 18

3 FUTURE SCOPE & CONCLUSION 19

REFERENCES 21

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