table of contents 1 research …...the graphene and 2d materials investment report 2018 © future...

The Graphene and 2D Materials Investment Report 2018

© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 22

• 1.1 Investment analysis........................................................................................................................ 22

• 1.2 Market impediment analysis......................................................................................................... 24

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 27

• 2.1 Products........................................................................................................................................... 27

• 2.2 Global graphene demand 2010-2027......................................................................................... 29

• 2.3 Graphene investments 2016-2018.............................................................................................. 29

• 2.4 Market outlook................................................................................................................................. 30

3 TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE GRAPHENE................ 37

• 3.1 Properties......................................................................................................................................... 37

4 COMMERCIAL GRAPHENE PRODUCTION.................................... 40

• 4.1 Graphene synthesis methods....................................................................................................... 40

• 4.2 Commercial production.................................................................................................................. 41

• 4.3 Graphene oxide.............................................................................................................................. 42

• 4.4 Graphene nanoplatelets................................................................................................................ 44

• 4.5 CVD graphene film......................................................................................................................... 47

• 4.6 Planned graphene capacities 2018 onwards............................................................................. 48

• 4.7 Production methods by producer and products offered........................................................... 48



5 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION......................................................................... 51

6 PRODUCTION VOLUMES IN METRIC TONS 2010-2027................ 55

• 6.1 Global demand 2010-2017........................................................................................................... 55

7 GRAPHENE PRICING....................................................................... 56

• 7.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing................................................................................................. 58

• 7.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing........................................................................................................ 59

• 7.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing.................................................................................................. 60

• 7.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing............................................................................................... 60

• 7.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing................................................................................................. 61

• 7.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing.......................................................................................... 62

• 7.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing............................................................................................. 63

• 7.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials............................................................... 64

• 7.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce......................................................................... 64

• 7.10 Bulk supply.................................................................................................................................. 65

• 7.11 Commoditisation........................................................................................................................ 65

8 GLOBAL GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES, CURRENT AND PLANNED........................................... 66

9 COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN GRAPHENE.......................... 68

• 9.1 Short-term growth........................................................................................................................... 68

• 9.2 Medium-term growth...................................................................................................................... 69

• 9.3 Adhesives........................................................................................................................................ 71



o 9.3.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 71

o 9.3.2 Current and planned commercial activity.......................................................................... 71

o 9.3.3 Graphene investment potential........................................................................................... 72

o 9.3.4 Market impediments.............................................................................................................. 74

• 9.4 Aerospace........................................................................................................................................ 75

o 9.4.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 75




• 9.5 Automotive....................................................................................................................................... 81

o 9.5.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 81




• 9.6 Coatings........................................................................................................................................... 87

o 9.6.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 87




• 9.7 Composites...................................................................................................................................... 93

o 9.7.1 Applications............................................................................................................................ 93






• 9.8 Conductive inks............................................................................................................................ 100

o 9.8.1 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 100

o 9.8.2 Current and planned commercial activity........................................................................ 102

o 9.8.3 Graphene investment potential......................................................................................... 103

o 9.8.4 Market impediments........................................................................................................... 107

• 9.9 Electronics..................................................................................................................................... 108

o 9.9.1 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 108

o 9.9.2 Current and planned commercial activity........................................................................ 112

o 9.9.3 Graphene investment potential......................................................................................... 115

o 9.9.4 Market impediments........................................................................................................... 122

• 9.10 Energy....................................................................................................................................... 125

o 9.10.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 125

o 9.10.2 Current and planned commercial activity................................................................... 129

o 9.10.3 Graphene investment potential.................................................................................... 133

▪ 9.10.3.1 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 136

▪ 9.10.3.2 Supercapacitors......................................................................................................... 138

▪ 9.10.3.3 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 139

▪ 9.10.3.4 Fuel cells..................................................................................................................... 141



o 9.10.4 Market impediments....................................................................................................... 142

• 9.11 Filtration..................................................................................................................................... 143

o 9.11.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 143




• 9.12 Life sciences and healthcare................................................................................................. 149

o 9.12.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 149




• 9.13 Lighting...................................................................................................................................... 159

o 9.13.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 159




• 9.14 Lubricants................................................................................................................................. 162

o 9.14.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 162






• 9.15 Oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 166

o 9.15.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 166




• 9.16 Rubber and tires...................................................................................................................... 170

o 9.16.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 170




• 9.17 Sensors..................................................................................................................................... 175

o 9.17.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 175




• 9.18 Textiles...................................................................................................................................... 182

o 9.18.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 182






o 9.19 3D Printing................................................................................................................................ 187

o 9.19.1 Applications..................................................................................................................... 187




10 OTHER 2D MATERIALS................................................................. 192

• 10.1 Beyond moore’s law................................................................................................................ 194

• 10.2 Batteries.................................................................................................................................... 194

• 10.3 PHOSPHORENE..................................................................................................................... 195

o 10.3.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 195

▪ 10.3.1.1 Fabrication methods.................................................................................................. 197

▪ 10.3.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices.............................................. 197

o 10.3.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 197

▪ 10.3.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 197

▪ 10.3.2.2 Field effect transistors............................................................................................... 198

▪ 10.3.2.3 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 198

▪ 10.3.2.4 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 198

▪ 10.3.2.5 Supercapacitors......................................................................................................... 199

▪ 10.3.2.6 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 200

▪ 10.3.2.7 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 200

o 10.3.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 200



• 10.4 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)......................................................................... 201

o 10.4.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 201

o 10.4.2 Synthesis......................................................................................................................... 202

o 10.4.3 C2N................................................................................................................................... 202

o 10.4.4 Applications..................................................................................................................... 203

▪ 10.4.4.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 203

▪ 10.4.4.2 Filtration membranes................................................................................................ 203

▪ 10.4.4.3 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 203

▪ 10.4.4.4 Batteries (LIBs).......................................................................................................... 203

▪ 10.4.4.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 203


• 10.5 GERMANENE.......................................................................................................................... 204

o 10.5.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 205

o 10.5.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 205

▪ 10.5.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 205

▪ 10.5.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 206


• 10.6 GRAPHDIYNE......................................................................................................................... 206

o 10.6.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 207

o 10.6.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 208

▪ 10.6.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 208

▪ 10.6.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 208



▪ 10.6.2.3 Sodium ion batteries................................................................................................. 208

▪ 10.6.2.4 Separation membranes............................................................................................ 208

▪ 10.6.2.5 Water filtration............................................................................................................ 208

▪ 10.6.2.6 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 209

▪ 10.6.2.7 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 209


• 10.7 GRAPHANE............................................................................................................................. 210

o 10.7.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 210

o 10.7.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 210

▪ 10.7.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 211

▪ 10.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage...................................................................................................... 211


• 10.8 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE.......................................................................................... 212

o 10.8.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 212

o 10.8.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 213

▪ 10.8.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 213

▪ 10.8.2.2 Fuel cells..................................................................................................................... 213

▪ 10.8.2.3 Adsorbents.................................................................................................................. 213

▪ 10.8.2.4 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 214

▪ 10.8.2.5 Textiles........................................................................................................................ 214

▪ 10.8.2.6 Biomedical.................................................................................................................. 214




• 10.9 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2).................................................................................... 215

o 10.9.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 216

o 10.9.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 217

▪ 10.9.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 217

▪ 10.9.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 218

▪ 10.9.2.3 Piezoelectrics............................................................................................................. 218

▪ 10.9.2.4 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 218

▪ 10.9.2.5 Filtration....................................................................................................................... 219

▪ 10.9.2.6 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 219

▪ 10.9.2.7 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 219


• 10.10 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)........................................... 220

o 10.10.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 221

o 10.10.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 221

▪ 10.10.2.1 Electronics.............................................................................................................. 221


• 10.11 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................. 222

o 10.11.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 223

o 10.11.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 224

▪ 10.11.2.1 Electronics.............................................................................................................. 224

▪ 10.11.2.2 Photovoltaics.......................................................................................................... 224

▪ 10.11.2.3 Thermoelectrics..................................................................................................... 224



▪ 10.11.2.4 Batteries.................................................................................................................. 225

▪ 10.11.2.5 Sensors................................................................................................................... 225


• 10.12 STANENE/TINENE................................................................................................................. 226

o 10.12.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 226

o 10.12.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 227

▪ 10.12.2.1 Electronics.............................................................................................................. 227


• 10.13 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE..................................................................................................... 228

o 10.13.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 228

o 10.13.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 229

▪ 10.13.2.1 Electronics.............................................................................................................. 229


• 10.14 ANTIMONENE......................................................................................................................... 229

o 10.14.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 229

o 10.14.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 230

• 10.15 DIAMENE.................................................................................................................................. 230

o 10.15.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 230

o 10.15.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 230

• 10.16 INDIUM SELENIDE................................................................................................................. 230

o 10.16.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 230

o 10.16.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 231



▪ 10.16.2.1 Electronics.............................................................................................................. 231

• 10.17 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS............. 232

• 10.18 2D MATERIALS PRODUCERS............................................................................................ 233

11 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS............................................................. 238

• 11.1 Types of graphene produced, by producer......................................................................... 238

• 11.2 Key players............................................................................................................................... 242

o 11.2.1 Asia-Pacific...................................................................................................................... 242

o 11.2.1.1 Australia...................................................................................................................... 244

o 11.2.2 North America................................................................................................................. 245

o 11.2.3 Europe.............................................................................................................................. 246

• 11.3 Markets targeted, by producer.............................................................................................. 246

12 GRAPHENE PRODUCT DEVELOPERS AND END USERS.......... 250

12.1 Industrial collaborations and licensing................................................................................. 250

12.2 Markets targeted, by product developers and end users.................................................. 253

13 REFERENCES................................................................................ 257

TABLES

• Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene............................................................................ 27

• Table 2: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2016-2018............................................... 29

• Table 3: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications....................................... 32

• Table 4: Properties of graphene and competing materials.................................................................... 38



• Table 5: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018.......................... 42

• Table 6: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018..................................... 43

• Table 7: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018................................ 44

• Table 8: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018........................................... 45

• Table 9: CVD graphene film capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018/ 000s m2........................ 47

• Table 10: Planned graphene production capacities............................................................................... 48

• Table 11: Graphene production methods, by producer......................................................................... 48

• Table 12: Graphene market structure....................................................................................................... 51

• Table 13: Global demand for graphene, 2010-2017 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2016................................................................................................................................................................... 55

• Table 14: Types of graphene and prices.................................................................................................. 57

• Table 15: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer......................................................................... 58

• Table 16: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer................................................................................ 59

• Table 17: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer......................................................................... 60

• Table 18: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer...................................................................... 61

• Table 19: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer........................................................................ 62

• Table 20: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer................................................................. 62

• Table 21: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer............................................................................... 63

• Table 22: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons............ 66

• Table 23: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size............... 70

• Table 24: Applications of adhesives, by market...................................................................................... 71

• Table 25: Companies developing graphene-based products in adhesives........................................ 72

• Table 26: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the adhesives market............................ 72



• Table 27: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives......................................... 73

• Table 28: Market impediments for graphene in the adhesives market............................................... 74

• Table 29: Applications of graphene in the aerospace market............................................................... 75

• Table 30: Companies developing graphene-based products in aerospace....................................... 76

• Table 31: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the aerospace market............................ 77

• Table 32: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace........................................ 78

• Table 33: Market impediments for graphene in aerospace................................................................... 81

• Table 34: Applications of graphene in the automotive market.............................................................. 81

• Table 35: Companies developing graphene-based products in the automotive industry................ 82

• Table 36: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the automotive market........................... 83

• Table 37: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry................. 84

• Table 38: Market impediments for graphene in automotive.................................................................. 86

• Table 39: Applications of graphene in coatings...................................................................................... 87

• Table 40: Companies developing graphene-based products in the coatings industry..................... 89

• Table 41: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the coatings market............................... 90

• Table 42: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market........................ 90

• Table 43: Market impediments for graphene in coatings....................................................................... 93

• Table 44: Applications of graphene in composites................................................................................. 93

• Table 45: Companies developing graphene-based products in composites...................................... 95

• Table 46: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the composites market.......................... 96

• Table 47: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites................................................. 97

• Table 48: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market.................. 98

• Table 49: Market impediments for graphene in composites............................................................... 100



• Table 50: Companies developing graphene-based products in conductive inks............................ 102

• Table 51: Opportunities for graphene in printed electronics............................................................... 104

• Table 52: Potential addressable market for graphene in conductive inks........................................ 105

• Table 53: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks.................................... 107

• Table 54: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks........................................................ 107

• Table 55: Applications of graphene in electronics................................................................................ 109

• Table 56: Companies developing graphene-based products in electronics..................................... 112

• Table 57: Market summary and revenues for graphene in electronics............................................. 115

• Table 58: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in electronics..................................... 121

• Table 59: Potential addressable market for graphene in the memory devices market.................. 122

• Table 60: Market impediments for graphene in electronics................................................................ 122

• Table 61: Applications of graphene in energy storage and generation............................................ 126

• Table 62: Companies developing graphene-based products in energy........................................... 130

• Table 63: Market summary and revenues for graphene in energy.................................................... 133

• Table 64: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries........................ 136

• Table 65: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors....................................................................... 138

• Table 66: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics.................................................................. 139

• Table 67: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the energy market........................ 140

• Table 68: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage........................................... 141

• Table 69: Market impediments for graphene in energy....................................................................... 142

• Table 70: Applications of graphene in filtration..................................................................................... 143

• Table 71: Companies developing graphene-based products in filtration.......................................... 145

• Table 72: Market summary and revenues for graphene in filtration.................................................. 146



• Table 73: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market................................. 147

• Table 74: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration market...................... 147

• Table 75: Market impediments for graphene in filtration..................................................................... 149

• Table 76: Applications of graphene in life sciences and healthcare.................................................. 150

• Table 77: Companies developing graphene-based products in life sciences and healthcare...... 152

• Table 78: Market summary and revenues for graphene in life sciences and healthcare............... 153

• Table 79: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets......... 154

• Table 80: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets...... 155

• Table 81: Market impediments for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market................ 157

• Table 82: Market impediments for graphene in life sciences and healthcare.................................. 158

• Table 83: Applications of graphene in lighting...................................................................................... 159

• Table 84: Companies developing graphene-based products in lighting........................................... 159

• Table 85: Market summary and revenues for graphene in lighting................................................... 160

• Table 86: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market........................ 161

• Table 87: Market impediments for graphene in lighting....................................................................... 161

• Table 88: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market.............................................................. 162

• Table 89: Companies developing graphene-based products in lubricants....................................... 162

• Table 90: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the lubricants market........................... 163

• Table 91: Potential addressable market for graphene in the lubricants market.............................. 164

• Table 92: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lubricants market................... 164

• Table 93: Market impediments for graphene in lubricants.................................................................. 165

• Table 94: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market............................................................ 166

• Table 95: Companies developing graphene-based products in oil and gas.................................... 167



• Table 96: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market......................... 167

• Table 97: Potential addressable market for graphene in the oil and gas market............................ 168

• Table 98: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market................. 168

• Table 99: Market impediments for graphene in oil and gas................................................................ 169

• Table 100: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires..................................................................... 170

• Table 101: Companies developing graphene-based products in rubber and tires......................... 171

• Table 102: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market.............. 172

• Table 103: Potential addressable market for graphene in the rubber and tires market................. 173

• Table 104: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market...... 173

• Table 105: Market impediments for graphene in rubber and tires..................................................... 174

• Table 106: Applications of graphene in sensors................................................................................... 175

• Table 107: Companies developing graphene-based products in sensors....................................... 177

• Table 108: Market size for graphene in sensors................................................................................... 179

• Table 109: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration market........................... 180

• Table 110: Market impediments for graphene in sensors................................................................... 181

• Table 111: Applications of graphene in textiles.................................................................................... 182

• Table 112: Companies developing graphene-based products in textiles......................................... 183

• Table 113: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the textiles market............................. 184

• Table 114: Global market for smart clothing and apparel, 2014-2021, units and revenues (US$). 184

• Table 115: Potential addressable market for graphene in the smart textiles market...................... 185

• Table 116: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in textiles................................................. 186

• Table 117: Market impediments for graphene in textiles..................................................................... 187

• Table 118: Applications of graphene in 3D printing.............................................................................. 187



• Table 119: Companies developing graphene-based products in the 3D printing industry............ 188

• Table 120: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the 3D printing market...................... 189

• Table 121: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the 3D printing market............... 190

• Table 122: Market impediments for graphene in 3D printing.............................................................. 191

• Table 123: 2D materials types................................................................................................................. 192

• Table 124: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2................................................................................................................................................................. 196

• Table 125: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications...................................... 200

• Table 126: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications..................... 204

• Table 127: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications......................................... 206

• Table 128: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications.......................................... 209

• Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications............................................. 211

• Table 130: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications.................... 215

• Table 131: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications....................... 220

• Table 132: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications........................................................................................................................................... 222

• Table 133: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications................................................ 225

• Table 134: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications..................................... 227

• Table 135: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications........................... 229

• Table 136: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.................................. 232

• Table 137: Graphene producers and types produced matrix............................................................. 238

• Table 138: Graphene producers target market matrix......................................................................... 246

• Table 139: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.............. 250



• Table 140: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix.............................. 253

FIGURES

• Figure 1: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year............................................................. 29

• Figure 2: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ............... 38

• Figure 3: Graphene fabrication methods.................................................................................................. 41

• Figure 4: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018.................................... 44

• Figure 5: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018......................................... 46

• Figure 6: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil......................................................................................................... 47

• Figure 7: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer................................ 51

• Figure 8: Global demand for graphene 2010-2017 in tons/year........................................................... 56

• Figure 9: Demand for graphene, by market, 2017.................................................................................. 68

• Figure 10: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027................................................................................ 69

• Figure 11: Graphene epoxy adhesive....................................................................................................... 72

• Figure 12: Investment opportunity for graphene in adhesives.............................................................. 74

• Figure 13: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace....................................... 80

• Figure 14: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive sector................... 86

• Figure 15: Investment opportunity for graphene in the coatings market............................................. 92

• Figure 16: Investment opportunity for graphene in the composites market....................................... 99

• Figure 17: Graphene printed antenna.................................................................................................... 101

• Figure 18: BGT Materials graphene ink product................................................................................... 102

• Figure 19: Vorbeck Materials Vor-inkTM conductive electronics printed through flexographic techniques............................................................................................................................................ 104



• Figure 20: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market..................... 107

• Figure 21: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.................................................. 109

• Figure 22: Galapad Settler smartphone................................................................................................. 109

• Figure 23:Flexible graphene touchscreen.............................................................................................. 112

• Figure 24: Potential addressable market for graphene in electronics............................................... 118

• Figure 25: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market.............................................................................................. 119

• Figure 26: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market.................................................................................................................................................... 120

• Figure 27: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors...................................................................................................................................... 126

• Figure 28: H600 concept car.................................................................................................................... 129

• Figure 29: Anion concept car................................................................................................................... 130

• Figure 30: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market.................................................................................................................................................... 138

• Figure 31: Potential addressable market for graphene in supercapacitors...................................... 139

• Figure 32: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics........................................... 140

• Figure 33: Potential addressable market for graphene in fuel cells................................................... 142

• Figure 34: Graphene anti-smog mask.................................................................................................... 144

• Figure 35: Graphene-based E-skin patch.............................................................................................. 151

• Figure 36: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market................................................................................................................................ 156



• Figure 37: Directa-Plus Grafysorber....................................................................................................... 166

• Figure 38: Antistatic graphene tire.......................................................................................................... 172

• Figure 39: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market................................ 181

• Figure 40: Schematic of 2-D materials................................................................................................... 193

• Figure 41: Black phosphorus structure................................................................................................... 195

• Figure 42: Black Phosphorus crystal...................................................................................................... 196

• Figure 43: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation....................................................................................................................................... 198

• Figure 44: Graphitic carbon nitride.......................................................................................................... 202

• Figure 45: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................. 203

• Figure 46: Schematic of germanene....................................................................................................... 205

• Figure 47: Graphdiyne structure.............................................................................................................. 207

• Figure 48: Schematic of Graphane crystal............................................................................................. 210

• Figure 49: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................................... 212

• Figure 50: BN nanosheet textiles application........................................................................................ 214

• Figure 51: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide................................................................................ 216

• Figure 52: SEM image of MoS2............................................................................................................... 217

• Figure 53: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor............. 218

• Figure 54: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.......................................................................................... 219

• Figure 55: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide................................................................. 221



• Figure 56: Silicene structure..................................................................................................................... 223

• Figure 57: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................................................... 223

• Figure 58: Silicene transistor.................................................................................................................... 224

• Figure 59: Crystal structure for stanene................................................................................................. 226

• Figure 60: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)........................................... 227

• Figure 61: Schematic of tungsten diselenide........................................................................................ 228

• Figure 62: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).................................................................................. 231

• Figure 63: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................ 243

table of contents 1 research …...the graphene and 2d materials investment report 2018 © future...

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