t q and han dynasties - mrs. cleaver's class...

202 B.C. Liu Bang foundsHan dynasty

c. A.D. 100 Silk Roadestablished

A.D. 190Rebel armiesattack Han capital

200 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 200200 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 200

Changan

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.6 Studentsanalyze the geographic,political, economic,religious, and socialstructures of the earlycivilizations of China.

Looking Back, Looking AheadEach of Chinas early dynasties

was led by rulers who were verydifferent. In this section, you will see how the Qin and Han dynastiesdiffered because of their rulers.

Focusing on the Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods

to unify and defend China. (page 295)

Developments during the Han dynastyimproved life for all Chinese. (page 298)

The Silk Road carried Chinese goodsas far as Greece and Rome. (page 300)

Unrest in China helped Buddhism to spread. (page 303)

Locating PlacesGuangzhou (GWAHNGJOH)Silk Road

Luoyang (looWOHYAHNG)

Meeting PeopleQin Shihuangdi (CHIHN SHEE

hwahngdee)Liu Bang (leeOO BAHNG)Han Wudi (HAHN WOODEE)

Content Vocabularyacupuncture (AkyuhPUHNGK

chuhr)

Academic Vocabularycurrency (KUHRuhnSEE)civil (SIHvuhl)found

secure (sihKYUR)

Reading StrategyDetermining Cause and EffectComplete a diagram like the one below showing the effect of newinventions on Chinese society.

Invention Effect

The Qin andHan Dynasties

294 CHAPTER 5 Early China

WH6.6.5 List the policies and achievements of the emperor Shi Huangdi in unifying northern China under the Qin Dynasty.

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Qin and Han Empires 221 B.C.A.D. 220

Emperor Qin Shihuangdi Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods to

unify and defend China.Reading Connection Imagine your city or state with-out any roads. How would people get from one place toanother? Read to find out how a Chinese ruler usedroads and canals to unite China.

You have read about the problems inChina from about 400 B.C. to 200 B.C. Therulers of powerful local states fought oneanother and ignored the Zhou kings. Oneof these states was called Qin. Its rulertook over neighboring states one by one.In 221 B.C. the Qin ruler declared himselfQin Shihuangdi (CHIHN SHEE hwahng dee),

which means the First Qin Emperor. TheQin ruler made changes in Chinas govern-ment that would last for 2,000 years.

A Powerful Ruler Qin based his rule onthe ideas of Legalism. He had everyonewho opposed him punished or killed.Books opposing his views were publiclyburned. Qin made the central governmentstronger than ever before. He appointedgovernment officials, called censors, to makesure government officials did their jobs.

Second in power to the central govern-ment were provinces and counties. UnderZhou kings, officials who ran these areaspassed on their posts to sons or relatives.Under Qin, only he could fill these posts.

1. Place Which geographical areasdid both empires include?

2. Location Which empire expandedfarther west?

CHAPTER 5 Early China 295

Qin empireGreat Wall in Qin periodHan empire Great Wall in Han period

KEY

Qin Shihuangdi unified China. He cre-ated one currency, or type of money, to be used throughout the empire. He alsoordered the construction of roads and ahuge canal. The canal connected the ChangJiang in central China to what is today thecity of Guangzhou (GWAHNG JOH) insouthern China. He used the canal to shipsupplies to his troops in far-off territories.

The Great Wall Northern China was bor-dered by the vast Gobi. Nomads, peoplewho move from place to place with herds ofanimals, lived in the Gobi. The Chineseknew them as the Xiongnu (SYEHNNOO).The Xiongnu were masters at fighting onhorseback. They often attacked Chinesefarms and villages. Several Chinese rulers inthe north built walls to keep out the Xiongnu.

Qin Shihuangdi forced farmers to leavetheir fields and work on connecting andstrengthening the walls. The result was theGreat Wall of China, built with stone, sand,and piled rubble. However, Qin did notbuild the wall that we know today. It wasbuilt 1,500 years later.

Why Did People Rebel? Many Chineseviewed Qin Shihuangdi as a cruel leader.Aristocrats were angry because he reducedtheir power. Scholars hated him for burningtheir writings. Farmers hated him for forc-ing them to build roads and the Great Wall.Four years after the emperor died in 210 B.C.,the people overthrew his dynasty. Civil warfollowed, and a new dynasty soon arose.

Explain Why did Qin facelittle opposition during most of his reign?

This artwork shows the Great Wall manyyears after the reign of Qin Shihuangdi. Mostof the wall built by Qin was made of stone

and rubble, and was located north of theGreat Wall we see today. Little remains of

Qins wall. Who was the wall meant tokeep out?

QIN SHIHUANGDIc. 259210 B.C.At the age 13, Ying Zheng became the leader of

the Chinese state of Qin. The state was already verypowerful because of Zhengs father, the previous ruler.Its government and military were well organized. Withthe help of his generals, young Zheng defeated Qins sixrival states. By 221 B.C., he had united all of the Chinesestates under his rule. To mark a new beginning forChina and to show his supremacy, Zheng gave himselfthe title Qin ShihuangdiThe First Qin Emperor.

Qin Shihuangdi energetically went to work organizing his country. He divided the land into 36 districts, each with its own governor and a representative who reporteddirectly to him. He made laws and taxes uniformthroughout the country. He also standardized weights and measurements. Throughout China, the emperor hadhis achievements inscribed on stone tablets.

Qin Shihuangdi did strengthen andorganize China, but many people disliked himbecause of his harsh laws and punishments.Many people also disliked how he spent lavishamounts of money to build palaces and agigantic tomb for himself. He had an entirelifelike armyover 6,000 soldiers andhorsesbuilt of clay and placed in the tomb.

297

Why do you think modern historians disagreein their evaluation of Qin Shihuangdisleadership?

Part of the terra-cotta army found inQin Shihuangdis tomb

I have brought order to the mass of beings.

Qin Shihuangdi

Qin Shihuangdi

WH6.6.5 List the policies and achievements of the emperor Shi Huangdi in unifying northernChina under the Qin Dynasty.

(t)ChinaStock, (b)Robert Harding Picture Library

WH6.6.6 Detail the political contributions of the Han Dynasty to the development of the imperial bureaucratic state and theexpansion of the empire.

The Han DynastyDevelopments during the Han dynasty

improved life for all Chinese.Reading Connection How much time do you spendstudying for tests? Find out why some Chinese peoplespent years studying for one special test.

In 202 B.C. Liu Bang (lee OO BAHNG)founded the Han dynasty. Liu Bang was apeasant who became a military leader anddefeated his rivals. He declared himselfHan GaozuExalted Emperor of Han.Although Han Gaozu threw out the harshpolicies of the Qin dynasty, he continued touse censors and also divided the empire intoprovinces and counties.

What Was the Civil Service? The Handynasty reached its peak under the leader-ship of Han Wudi (HAHN WOO DEE),which means Martial Emperor of Han.He ruled from 141 B.C. to 87 B.C. Because

Wudi wanted talented people to fill govern-ment posts, job seekers had to take long,difficult tests to qualify for the bureaucracy.Those with the highest scores got the jobs.

In time, Wudis tests became the civilservice examinations. This system for choos-ing Chinese officials was used for 2,000years. The system was supposed to allowanyone with the right skills to get a govern-ment job. However, it actually favored therich. Only wealthy families could afford toeducate their sons for the difficult exams.

Students preparing for these testslearned law and history. More importantlythey studied the teachings of Confucius,which had become the official teachingsthroughout the empire. Students began tomemorize the works of Confucius at ageseven. After many years of schooling, thestudents took their civil service examina-tions. Only one in five passed. Those whofailed taught school, took jobs as assistants toofficials, or were supported by their families.

The Chinese Empire Grows A largebureaucracy was needed to rule the rap-idly growing empire. The population hadgrown from about 20 million under HanGaozu to more than 60 million under HanWudi. This happened in part becauseChinese agriculture continued to thrive.

Over time, however, problems began todevelop. When farmers died, their landwas divided among their sons. When theirsons died, their land was again dividedamong their sons. Gradually, over severalgenerations, the amount of land a familyhad to farm became smaller and smaller.By the middle of the Han dynasty, theaverage farmer owned only about one acreof land.

With so little land, farm families couldnot raise enough to live. As a result, manysold their land to aristocrats and became


This painting shows students taking a civil service examination. Why did the civil servicesystem favor rich job seekers?

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris


tenant farmers. Tenant farmers work onland that is owned by someone else andpay their rent with crops. Eventually, aris-tocrats owned thousands of acres andbecame very wealthy, but the peasantsremained trapped in poverty.

Chinas empire grew in size as well as in population. Han armies added lands to the south and pushed Chinese borderswestward. The Han dynasty also made the country more secure. After Wudisarmies drove back the Xiongnuthe

nomads to the northChina remained atpeace for almost 150 years.

During this period of peace, new formsof Chinese literature and art appeared. Inliterature, the Chinese emphasized therecording of history. Scholars and historianswrote new histories of current events andmade copies of old literature.

During the Han dynasty, the focus of artalso changed. In earlier periods, artistsmostly created religious works for the kingsand nobles. Under the Han rulers, many

Papermaking today is ahuge international industry. Most

paper is made in paper mills bymachines, but the basic process is the

same. Instead of tree bark, rags, andhemp, most paper today is made from wood

pulp. Why do you think some modern artistscontinue to make paper using pulp and a frame?

Papermaking

The Chinese were the first people to makepaper. The oldest piece of paper found in Chinadates from the first century B.C. Papermakerssoaked tree bark, hemp, and rags in waterand pounded it into pulp. They lowered a bamboo screen into a vat of the pulpand then lifted it out. It held a thin sheet of pulp which dried into a singlesheet of paper.

A modern artist demonstrates an ancient way of making paper.

Modern papermaking

(l)Ontario Science Centre, (r)Dean Conger/CORBIS

WH6.6.7 Cite the significance of the trans-Eurasian "silk roads" in the period of the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire and theirlocations.

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road carried Chinese goods as

far as Greece and Rome.Reading Connection Many of the things we buytoday are made in China. How do these goods get to theUnited States? Read to learn how goods made in Chinalong ago made it all the way to Europe.

Chinese merchants made a lot of moneyby shipping expensive goods to other coun-tries. Silk was the most valuable trade prod-uct. Some of it went by ship to SoutheastAsia. However, most went overland on theSilk Road.

What Was the Silk Road? Merchants fromChina began traveling far westward whenthe emperor Han Wudi sent out a generalnamed Zhang Qian (JAHNG CHYEHN) toexplore areas west of China. Zhang had beensent on a mission to find allies for Chinaagainst its enemies, especially the Xiongnuto the north.

After a journey of about 13 years, Zhangreturned to China having failed to find alliesfor China. However, Zhang had discovereda kingdom far to the west, perhaps in mod-ern-day Kazakhstan, where there werehorses of exceptional strength and size.

Emperor Wudi was delighted to hear thisbecause the cavalry of his enemies, theXiongnu, gave them a great advantage overhis army, which was mostly infantry. Theemperor encouraged trade to get thesehorses so that his cavalry could defeat theXiongnu. The result was the Silk Road, alarge network of trade routes stretching4,000 miles (6,436 km) from western China tosouthwest Asia. By the A.D. 100s, the variousportions of the route were completed.

Merchants used camels to carry theirgoods across deserts and mountains to cen-tral Asia. From there Arabs carried the goods

beautiful works of art were created forminor families. For example, some wallcarvings in the tombs of such families fea-ture scenes of everyday life and historicalevents. They also include highly decoratedproducts made of the best quality silk.

Although the idea of filial piety hadexisted in the Zhou dynasty, it became verystrong during the Han dynasty as the ideasof Confucius spread and became popular.The stability of the government also helpedto strengthen family ties. Although the newscholar class had great influence over thegovernment, the social classes in Chinesesociety remained the same, and daily lifewas very similar to what it had been before.

An Era of Inventions New inventions dur-ing the Han dynasty helped Chinese work-ers produce more goods and manufacturemore products than ever. Millers usednewly invented waterwheels to grind moregrain, and miners used new iron drill bits tomine more salt. Ironworkers invented steel.Paper, another Han invention, was used byofficials to keep government records.

Chinese medicine also improved underthe Han. Doctors discovered that certainfoods prevented disease. They used herbsto cure illnesses and eased pain by stickingthin needles into patients skin. This treat-ment is known as acupuncture (A kyuh PUHNGK chuhr).

The Chinese also invented the rudderand a new way to move the sails of ships.These changes allowed ships to sail into thewind for the first time. Chinese merchantships could now travel to the islands ofSoutheast Asia and into the Indian Ocean.As a result, China established trade connec-tions with people who lived as far away asIndia and the Mediterranean Sea.

Identify Which inventionshelped Chinese society during the Han dynasty?


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Trading in the Ancient World

to the Mediterranean Sea. The trip over theSilk Road was extremely difficult, danger-ous, and quite expensive.

The Silk Road was broken up intosmaller segments, each traveled by differentmerchants. This was because the terrain wasso difficult and changed so much over thecourse of the Silk Road. There were high,snowy mountains; vast deserts; and longregions of rocky land, as well as rivers andlong plains to cross. It would have beenextremely difficult for the same animals and

carts to survive the entire journey. Most mer-chants traveled part of the journey and thensold their goods to someone else who trav-eled another portion of the journey. Goodspassed from one person to another until theywent from China all the way to kingdomsalong the Mediterranean Sea.

Merchants had to pay taxes to manykingdoms as they moved the goods eastand west. Each person who bought goodsthen charged higher prices to the next per-son. For this reason, they carried mostly

KEY

SPICE

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Cardamom

Cinnamon

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Cotton cloth

Frankincense/Myrrh

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Nutmeg

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Sandalwood

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Silk Road

Other traderoutes

1. Movement What were some tradegoods produced by China?

2. Region What regions were near oralong the route of the Silk Road?

(l)The Art Archive/National Palace Museum Taiwan, (others)The Art Archive/British Library

When

SHANG

17501045 B.C.

Developed social classes that included farmers, merchants, aristocrats, and royal family

ZHOU

Important Leaders

Main Ideas andAccomplishments

Influences on Chinese Culture

Numerous kings with large armies and control over the land; ruled from capital city of Anyang

Influenced Chinese religion and culture; created Chinese written language

1045256 B.C.

Longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history; established Mandate of Heaven

Wu Qin Shihuangdi

Developed irrigation and flood-control systems to help farmers grow more crops

QIN

221206 B.C.

Strengthened central government; created single monetary system

Introduced use of censors to check on government officials; Qin built the first Great Wall to keep out invaders

Liu Bang

HAN

202 B.C.A.D. 220

Population and landmass grew under Han; opened China to trade and commerce by building Silk Road

Created governments civil service examination; major inventions: steel, paper, acupuncture, advanced sea travel

Four Chinese DynastiesFour Chinese Dynasties

The four dynasties of early China wereseparated by brief periods of unrest.1. Under which dynasty was a single monetary

system put in place?2. Evaluate Which dynasty do you think

contributed the most to Chinese culture? Why?

high-priced goods such as silk, spices, tea,and porcelain. In return, they earned greatwealth.

The Impact of the Silk Road GeneralZhang also told the emperor of a mightyempire to the west with large cities full ofpeople who cut their hair short, wearembroidered clothes, and ride in very smallchariots. Zhang was describing the RomanEmpire.

The trade begun by the Silk Roadbrought China into contact with manyother civilizations. Some merchants trav-eled by sea. This sea trade linked the

Chinese to civilizations in Southeast Asia,southern India, and Egypt. Both the sea andland trade routes led to an exchange ofmany different goods and ideas.

Over the years merchants traded manyitems in addition to silk. These included fruit,vegetables, flowers, grains, and other prod-ucts. For example, China sent peaches andpears to India, while India sent cotton andspinach to China. In time, Chinese technolog-ical advances, such as paper, would alsotravel to other countries along the Silk Road.

Conclude Why did merchantscarry mostly expensive goods on the Silk Road?


Study Central Need help understanding theinfluence of Silk Road? Visit ca.hss.glencoe.comand click on Study Central.

WH6.6.8 Describe the diffusion of Buddhism northward to China during the Han Dynasty.


Reading SummaryReview the The short-lived Qin dynasty

helped to unify China.

During the Han dynasty, peoplebegan taking tests for govern-ment jobs. New inventions,such as the waterwheel andpaper, were created.

The Silk Road was an importanttrade route that linked China tothe West.

As the Han dynasty lost power,many Chinese became followersof Buddhism.

1. Why did Qin Shihuangdi havethe Great Wall built?

2. What was the purpose of thecivil service examinations?

Critical Thinking3. Geography Skills What geo-

graphic features made usingthe Silk Road difficult?

4. Cause and Effect Draw a dia-gram to show the causes of theHan dynastys fall.

5. How did QinShihuangdi make Chinas soci-ety more stable?

6. Expository Writing Pretendyou are Zhang Qian and havevisited modern-day America.Write a letter to the emperordescribing the United States.

7. EconomicAnalysis Merchants on theSilk Road had to pay high taxesand pay for protection. Explainwhy they used the Silk Road ifthe costs were so high. Howdid they overcome the highcosts? CA HI6.

CA 6WS1.0

CA HR3.

CA 6WS1.3

CA CS3.

What Did You Learn?

Major Changes in ChinaUnrest in China helped Buddhism to

spread.Reading Connection What do you do when you feelfrightened or unsafe? Read to find out how those feel-ings triggered the spread of Buddhism from India to China.

As you read in Chapter 4, Buddhismbegan in India, but it soon spread to othercountries as well. Merchants and teachersfrom India brought Buddhism to China dur-ing the A.D. 100s. At first, only a few merchants and scholars were interested in the new religion. In time, however,Buddhism became very popular. This wasdue in part to the collapse of the Han dynasty.

The Han emperors after Wudi wereweak and foolish. As a result, the centralgovernment lost respect and power. At thesame time, as you read earlier, the aristocrats

began grabbing more land and wealth.Dishonest officials and greedy aristocratscaused unrest among the farmers.

Wars, rebellions, and plots against theemperor put an end to the Han dynasty. In A.D. 190 a rebel army attacked the Han capital, Luoyang (loo WOH YAHNG). ByA.D. 220, China had plunged into civil war.To make the situation worse, the northernnomads invaded the country.

The collapse of the government and the beginning of the civil war frightenedmany Chinese. They felt unsafe. Buddhistideas helped people cope with their stressand fears. Even the followers of other reli-gions found Buddhism attractive. Followersof Confucius and Daoists admired Buddhistconcepts. By the 400s, Buddhism hadbecome popular in China.

Identify What groups inChina were the first to adopt Buddhism?

Han Dynasty

Falls

http://ca.hss.glencoe.com

Chinese Ideas About Leadership

In ancient China, emperors and local rulers wielded enormous power. As you have learned, the Chinese had many different ideas about leadership. For some, leadership was about power and fame. For others, a strong leader needed to be wise and of good character.

Read the following passages on pages 304 and 305, and study the picture and caption below.

magnificence (magNIHfuhsuhns):wonderful appearance

excessive (ihkSEHsihv): extremecourteous (KUHRteeuhs): polite

Readers Dictionary


WH6.6.3 Know about the life ofConfucius and the fundamentalteachings of Confucianism andDaoism.

ChineseemperorLiu Bang

Traveling Companions

This set of bronze figures comes from thetomb of a Chinese official buried in the A.D. 100s. The entire procession included 17 soldiers, 28 attendants, 39 horses, and 14 carriages.


Traveling Companions1. How important do you think an official who

traveled with such a procession was? Explain.

Han Gaozu s Palace2. Why did Gaozu at first object to the building

of the palaces? Do you agree with Xiao Hesreasons for building the palace? Explain.

Confucius on Leadership and Religion3. Rewrite Confuciuss sayings in your own

words.

Laozi s Ideal Leader4. What kind of leader is Laozis ideal leader?

Read to Write5. Imagine that you have been appointed a

regional governor during the Han dynasty.Write a letter to your local officials explainingyour ideas of how a leader should act. Baseyour arguments on these sources. Explain whyyou disagree with some sources and agreewith others. CA 6WA2.5CA HR4.

Han Gaozus PalaceThe Chinese historian Sima Qian lived duringthe Han Dynasty. Qian recorded the followingconversation between Gaozu, the first Han ruler,and Gaozus chief minister, to illustrate why theemperor built large palaces.

Chief Minister Xiao was in charge of theconstruction of the Eternal Palace. . . . WhenGaozu arrived and saw the magnificence ofthe buildings, he was outraged. Warfare haskept the empire in turmoil for years, and vic-tory is not yet assured. What is the idea ofbuilding palaces on such an excessive scale?

It is precisely because the fate of theempire is not yet settled, Xiao He responded,that we need to build palaces and halls likethese. The true Son of Heaven treats the fourquarters as his family estate. If he does notdwell in magnificent quarters, he will have noway to display his authority, nor will he estab-lish the foundation for his heirs to build on.

On hearing this, Gauzos anger turned intodelight.

Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China

Confucius on LeadershipConfucius believed that leaders had to be goodpeople to govern well.

If you showed a sincere desire to be good,your people would likewise be good. Thevirtue of the prince is like the wind; the virtueof the people is like grass. It is the nature ofgrass to bend when the wind blows upon it.

Confucius, as quoted in Simple Confucianism

If leaders are courteous, their people willnot dare to be disrespectful. If leaders are just,people will not dare to be [ungovernable]. Ifleaders are trustworthy, people will not dare tobe dishonest.

Confucius, Analeets

Laozis Ideal LeaderThe Daoist philosopher Laozi also believed that aleader had specific qualities.

The best of all rulers is but a shadowy presenceto his subjects.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hesitant, he does not utter words lightly.When his task is accomplished and his work

doneThe people all say, It happened to us natu-

rally.

Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, D.C. Lau, trans.


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Zhou & Qin Empires

Zhou empire Qin empireKEY

Review Content VocabularyMatch the words with the definitions below. ___ 1. dynasty___ 2. aristocrat___ 3. bureaucracy___ 4. mandate___ 5. social class___ 6. filial piety___ 7. acupuncture___ 8. Daoism___ 9. Confucianism

a. right to commandb. line of rulers in the same familyc. upper class whose wealth is based

on landd. The ideas of ___ included a duty to

participate in government.e. appointed government officialsf. head of family honored by other membersg. treatment using thin needlesh. people with a similar position in societyi. The teachings of Laozi are the basis of ___.

Review the Section 1 Chinas First Civilizations10. What geographical features shaped

Chinas civilizations? 11. Why did the Shang rulers become

powerful?12. Under which empire did the Mandate of

Heaven begin?Section 2 Life in Ancient China13. What were the three main classes in

Chinese society?14. Identify three Chinese philosophies and

the reason they emerged.

Section 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties15. What methods did Qin Shihuangdi use to

defend China?

16. How did developments during the Handynasty affect the Chinese people?

17. What was the purpose of the Silk Road?18. What event helped to spread Buddhism?

Critical Thinking19. Contrast How is the ancient Chinese

writing system different from cuneiformand hieroglyphic writing?

20. Describe How did Shang artisans createbronze urns?

21. Analyze How is Daoism the opposite ofConfucianism in some ways?

Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions.22. Human/Environment Interaction Which

dynasty controlled more land? 23. Location In what direction did the Qin

dynasty expand farther? 24. Analyze How do you think the East

China Sea affected expansion? CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA CS3.

CA 6RC2.3

CA 6RC2.0

CA 6RC2.2

Standard WH6.6


Read to Write25. Narrative Writing Write a

short story describing life in China duringthe Han dynasty. Describe how new poli-cies and leaders changed the way peoplelived.

26. Using Your Choose one personthat you included in your foldable. Write alist of 10 questions that you would ask thatperson in an interview. Exchange lists witha partner and play the role of the personbeing interviewed.

Using Academic Vocabulary27. Separate the words below into three cate-

gories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Keepin mind that some of the words can beplaced in more than one column.

recover promoteinterpret currencylink civilitem foundconvince secure

Linking Past and Present28. Comparing The Chinese built the Great

Wall to protect themselves. Research waysthat countries today protect themselvesfrom enemies. What is similar and differ-ent about todays defenses?

Building Citizenship29. Plan a Debate With your class, plan and

participate in a three-way debate. Divideinto three teams. One team will representthe Legalists, one will represent followersof Confucius, and one will representDaoists. Begin the debate by asking thequestion Which philosophy is best for ademocratic society?

Reviewing Skills30. Using Time Lines Review

the material from this chapter. Create a timeline of the dynasties in early China. Undereach time line entry, list the important lead-ers and achievements.

31. Monitoring Read the para-graph below. Make a list of the words tohelp you understand Legalism.

[Hanfeizi] believed that the governmentneeded to issue harsh laws and stiff pun-ishments to force [people] to do theirduty. His followers believed that a strongruler was needed to maintain order insociety.

Many aristocrats liked Legalismbecause it favored force and power, anddid not require rulers to show kindness orunderstanding. Its ideas lead to cruel lawsand punishments for Chinese farmers.

from page 291

CA 6RW1.4

CA CS2.

CA 6WA2.5

CA 6WA2.3

CA HR1.

CA 6WA2.1

Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for theChapter Test, visit ca.hss.glencoe.com

Select the best answer for eachof the following questions.

A follower of Confucianismwould

A give up all concerns about theworld.

B live in harmony with nature.C agree that humans are naturally

evil.D put the needs of family and

community first.

In order to strengthen the Hangovernment, Han Wudi used______ to select the most tal-ented people for governmentjobs.

A civil service examsB physical laborC private schoolsD wealthy families

33

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Discovering Our Past: Ancient CivilizationsTable of ContentsA Guide to California Content StandardsCorrelation to the California StandardsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntReading Skills HandbookNational Geographic Reference AtlasWorld: PoliticalWorld: PhysicalEurope: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalMiddle East: Physical/PoliticalAfrica: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAsia: PoliticalAsia: PhysicalNorth America: PoliticalNorth America: PhysicalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalSouth America: PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalPacific Rim: Physical/PoliticalWorld's PeopleWorld: Land UsePolar Regions

National Geographic Geography HandbookHow Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps and Globes?Understanding Latitude and LongitudeFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsParts of MapsTypes of MapsUsing Graphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic Dictionary

Tools of the HistorianMeasuring TimeOrganizing TimeHistory and GeographyWhat Is a Historical Atlas?How Does a Historian Work?Making Sense of the PastLinks Across Time

Unit 1: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and IsraelChapter 1: The First CivilizationsReading Skill: Previewing Section 1: Early HumansSection 2: Mesopotamian CivilizationSection 3: New EmpiresChapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt and KushReading Skill: SummarizingSection 1: The Nile ValleySection 2: Egypt's Old KingdomSection 3: The Egyptian EmpireSection 4: The Civilization of KushChapter 2 Assessment

Chapter 3: The Ancient IsraelitesReading Skill: Making ConnectionsSection 1: The First IsraelitesSection 2: The Kingdom of IsraelSection 3: The Growth of JudaismChapter 3 Assessment

Unit 1 Review

Unit 2: India, China, and the AmericasChapter 4: Early IndiaReading Skill: QuestioningSection 1: India's First CivilizationsSection 2: Hinduism and BuddhismSection 3: India's First EmpiresChapter 4 Assessment

Chapter 5: Early ChinaReading Skill: MonitoringSection 1: China's First CivilizationsSection 2: Life in Ancient ChinaSection 3: The Qin and Han DynastiesChapter 5 Assessment

Chapter 6: The Ancient AmericasReading Skill: Taking NotesSection 1: The First AmericansSection 2: The Mayan PeopleChapter 6 Assessment

Unit 2 Review

Unit 3: The Greeks and RomansChapter 7: The Ancient GreeksReading Skill: Comparing and ContrastingSection 1: The Early GreeksSection 2: Sparta and AthensSection 3: Persia Attacks the GreeksSection 4: The Age of PericlesChapter 7 Assessment

Chapter 8: Greek CivilizationReading Skill: VisualizingSection 1: The Culture of Ancient GreeceSection 2: Greek Philosophy and HistorySection 3: Alexander the GreatSection 4: The Spread of Greek CultureChapter 8 Assessment

Chapter 9: The Rise of RomeReading Skill: Making InferencesSection 1: Rome's BeginningsSection 2: The Roman RepublicSection 3: The Fall of the RepublicSection 4: The Early EmpireChapter 9 Assessment

Chapter 10: Roman CivilizationReading Skill: Making PredictionsSection 1: Life in Ancient RomeSection 2: The Fall of RomeSection 3: The Byzantine EmpireChapter 10 Assessment

Chapter 11: The Rise of Christianity Reading Skill: Identifying Cause and EffectSection 1: The First ChristiansSection 2: The Christian ChurchSection 3: The Spread of Christian IdeasChapter 11 Assessment

Unit 3 Review

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix?SkillBuilder HandbookCalifornia Standards HandbookGlossarySpanish GlossaryGazetteerIndexAcknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature ContentsPrimary SourceAnalyzing Primary SourcesWorld LiteratureBiographySkillBuilder HandbookNational Geographic: History MakersLinking Past & PresentNational Geographic: The Way It WasYou Decide . . .Primary Source QuotesMaps, Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking GuideCalifornia Standards Practice WorkbookReading Essentials and Study GuideSpanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide

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