t oday i nternet a ddressing tcip/ip nat, ip, tcp, udp, c onfiguration, dns, dhcp, wins l ab 8: c...
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TODAYINTERNET ADDRESSINGTCIP/IPNAT, IP, TCP, UDP, CONFIGURATION, DNS, DHCP, WINSLAB 8: CONFIGURE DHCP SERVER
NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)
Allows unregistered private network addresses to communicate with legally registered IP addresses
Advantages Hides internal IP addresses, thus providing security Eliminates need for multiple registered IP addresses Allows multiple ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) connections
to be combined into one Internet connection
IP CONFIGURATION
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
Makes it easy to identify and find hosts on Internet When domain name is entered, it is converted to its IP
address
FULLY QUALIFIED DOMAIN NAME (FQDN)
Needed to locate a host on a large network Example of an FQDN: station2.xyzcorp.com*A combination of the host name and domain name.
Operating systems such as Linux, and Windows 2000 and later follow the rules of Fully Qualified Domain Names when creating their network structure.
(FQDN VS NETBIOS NAME)
Fully Qualified Domain Name is limited to 63 characters. NetBIOS names is a computer name limited to 15
characters. Many symbols allowed in NetBIOS names cannot be
used in FQDN.
(;:”<>*+=\/?,) To allow for communication between legacy systems
and ones that use host names the computer names are converted automatically.
DNS STRUCTURE AND OPERATION Hierarchical structure
Root - The authoritative name servers that serve the DNS root zone
Top-level domains—.com,.edu,.gov,.net,.org
Second-level domains—mit.eduSubdomains(any level domain located
beneath the secondary domain)—campus.mit.edu, faculty.mit.edu
AKA (lower-level domain)
DNS STRUCTURE AND OPERATION Resolver A software program located on a host that queries a
DNS server to resolve a host name to an IP address
Research .mit.edu• DNS server the
host is connected to as part of a workgroup or domain.
• OR it could be an ISP
• Domain names are placed in cache for future requests.
• If not in cache Top level DNS is contacted
• If top level server cannot resolve request it is passed on to the root sever
• Once information is found it is returned to the resolver
WINDOWS INTERNET NAMING SERVICE (WINS)
Windows NT server operating systems used WINS to resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses
Windows 2000 and later use the Dynamic DNS, which incorporates the WINS and DNS features
IP, TCP, AND UDP Three most commonly used protocols in TCP/IP suite IP establishes a link between nodes but does not verify
the data is delivered correctly – connectionless protocol TCP ensures packets arrive intact and in correct order -
connection-oriented TCP can break large amounts of data into smaller
packets and UDP cannot UDP sends a single packet to transmit control
information and data - connectionless protocol
TCP OR UDPThe selection of TCP or UDP depends on
three factorsThe software used in the upper layers
of the OSI modelThe amount of data to be sentIf a connectionless or connection-
oriented transport of data is desired
OSI MODEL AND TCP/IP
UDP FRAMEUDP and TCP Rely on the IP Frame format for IP address Destination and source
Used to transfer small blocks of data and commands
TCP FRAME
Used to reassemble data in a correct order
IP FRAMEFinal step is to encapsulate the entire set of protocol frames in a frame matching the network standard e.g Ethernet
ASSIGNING IP ADDRESSES Static addressing or dynamic addressing can be used to
assign IP addresses to hosts A static IP assignment is entered manually when the NIC
is configured A server running the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) issues an IP address to a host when it joins the network
(dynamic IP assignment) an IP address that is issued automatically. Typically when a computer boots and joins the network.
The default DHCP IP lease period is 8 days.
DYNAMIC ADDRESSING
AUTOMATIC PRIVATE IP ADDRESSING (APIPA)
Used when the host is unable to access a DHCP server Host automatically generates an IP address in the range
of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 Uses the APIPA address to communicate with other
workstations on the same segment. This addressing is compatible with all Microsoft products
starting with Windows 98 This was not necessary in previous operating systems
due to NetBEUI protocol which uses MAC addresses to communicate with workstations on the same segment
TCP/IP PORTS AND SOCKET
A port number combined with an IP address (socket) is used to create a virtual connection
E.G. 192.168.20.45:80 Socket technology allows multiple, simultaneous
services to run between a server and a workstation.
EXAMPLES OF WELL-KNOWN PORT NUMBERS
Service or Protocol Port Number
FTP 20, 21
SSH 22
Telnet 23
SMTP 25
DNS 53
TFTP 69
HTTP 80
POP3 110
NNTP 119
NTP 123
IMAP4 143
HTTPS 443