LETTERS Sacchain Controvirsy:J. G. Martin; Upweng Agents?: P. A.M eB. K. Hartline; "Retading" Ph.D.'s$.RRoy; The "Monste ProofJ. Alperin and S. MacLane ................... . . . 1086

EDITORIAL Pblic Dubts About Science: P. Handler.

ARTICLEs Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction:L. W. Alvarez et al. .

No-Tiiae Agriculture: R. E. Phillips et al. .

Risks of Risk Decisions: C. Starr and C. Whipple .

NWS ANDCOWMINT

RESEARCH NHWS

Ending Sex Discrimination in Academia.

Briefing: Math Center Protests Army Contract Terms; NSF Searches forNew Leaders; Oil Embargo Miglit Cost $270 Billion, CBO Reports ......

Fight Brewing over Reactor Fuel for India.

Potential Bomb-Builders ...............................Officials Debate Nuclear Policy Shift.

Coronary Artery Spasms and Heart Disease.

FDA Says No to Anturane.

AAAS Annual Elections: Preliminary Announcement; Science EnrichmentPrograms to Include Handicapped Students; Reminder; New Releasesfrom the Symposia Series; Fellowships Awarded; R&D Colloquium... . . . 1133

BOOK REVIEWS Seven Countries, reviewed by R. A. Stallones; The Historical Dvelopment

ofthe Calculus,M. S. Mahoney;Scg Concepts in PolymerPhysics,

1093

1095

11081114

;i .. fT.-,¢

rtS.

i';'WS, -f"W..t *. r .. . . . .

ss4. *

1120

1122

1124

1124:

1126

1127

1130

AAAS NEWS

J. L. Lebowitz; A History of Control Engineering, 1800-1930,C. Susskind; Books Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138

REPORTS Precipitation Chemistry Patterns: A Two-Network Data Set: D. H. Pack . . . . . . 1143

The Striking Resemblance of High-Resolution G-Banded Chromosomes ofManand Chimpanzee: J. J. Yunis, J. R. Sawyer, K. Dunham . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145 C

Oxygen Consumption and Cellular Ion Transport: Evidence for AdenosineTriphosphate to 02 Ratio Near 6 in Intact Cell: S. I. Harris,R. S. Balaban, L. J. Mandel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148

Intracellular Adhesion: Coconstruction of Contractile Heart Tissue by Cellsof Different Species: A. C. Nag and M. Cheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150

In vitro Reassembly of Squid Brain Intermediate Filaments (Neurofilaments):Purification by Assembly-Disassembly: R. V. Zackroff and R. D. Goldman . . . 1152

Cholecystokinin Receptors in the Brain: Characterization and Distribution:A. Saito et al .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155

Sex Ratio Adaptations to Local Mate Competition in a Parasitic Wasp:J. H. Werren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157

Reactivation of Infant Memory: C. K. Rovee-Collier et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159

Vertical Transmission of Acquired Ulcer Susceptibility in the Rat:N. J. Skolnick et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161

Saccades Are Spatially, Not Retinocentrically, Coded: L. E. Mays andD . L. Sparks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

Synthesis of the Contingent Negative Variation Brain Potential fromNoncontingent Stimulus and Motor Elements: J. W. Rohrbaugh et al. . . . . . 1165

Feeding Increases Dopamine Metabolism in the Rat Brain: T. G. Heffner,J. A. Hartman, L. S. Seiden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168

Opiate Receptor Function May Be Modulated Through an Oxidation-ReductionMechanism: G. Marzullo and B. Hine .1171

The Fetal Sound Environment of Sheep: S. E. Armitage, B. A. Baldwin,M . A. Vince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173

OfHuman Bonding: Newborns Prefer Their Mothers' Voices: A. J. DeCasperand W. P. Fifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174

Sea Anemone Neuromuscular Responses in Anaerobic Conditions: D. C. Mangum . 1177

Antibody to Spermine: A Natural Biological Constituent: D. Bartos et al. . . . . . . 1178

Acquisition of a Memory Skill: K. A. Ericsson, W. G. Chase, S. Faloon . . . . . . . 1181

COVER

Corn growing in a no-tillage system ona central Kentucky farm. The residueon the soil surface is a killed fescuesod. The topography is representativeof land in no tillage in Kentucky. Seepage 1108. [William B. Mesner, De-partment of Public Information, Col-lege of Agriculture, University of Ken-tucky, Lexington]

6 June 1980, Volume 208, Number 4448

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR PubTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presenta-

tion and discussion of important issues related to the ad- Impvancement of science, including the presentation of mi- lic hasnority or conflicting points of view, rather than by pub-lishing only material on which a consensus has been deavo:reached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science- But thincluding editorials, news and comment, and book re-views-are signed and reflect the individual views of the benefiauthors and not official points of view adopted by the ForAAAS or the institutions with which the authors are af-filiated. morall

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SCIENCE

tlic Doubts About Science)ortant to the future of science and technology is the fact that the pub-s somewhat lost confidence in the ultimate value of the scientific en-or. It is not that they hold pure science or scientists in any less esteem.iey are less certain that scientific research will inevitabiy yield publicit.the first time in centuries, there are thoughtful persons who are notly certain that even our greatest achievements do, indeed, constituteess. To some philosophers it is no longer clear that objective knowl-is an unquestioned good. Glimpses of such doubts have emerged indiscussions of nuclear energy, or sociobiology, and, most recently, in-ated but foolish discussions of research utilizing recombinant DNA.ntellectual elite in every era has always been pessimistic. But today,rmed that "that which can be done, will be done," there has arisen an,ientific, antirationalistic trend that should give us pause. At its ug--or most absurd-it finds expression in gurus, tarot cards, and astrol-Faddist approaches to nutrition, and easy assertion and acceptance ofinded allegations of environmental hazard. That antiscience attitude:iously infiltrates the news media, affecting the intelligentsia and deci-nakers alike. It must be confronted at every opportunity.public image of science and scientists has been distorted by the par-

tion of scientists in public policy formation. Beneath the surface, theDnmental and consumer movements may be an expression of anomie,of protest for the sense of powerlessness of the individual educatedn-patently a serious sociopolitical circumstance. However, a fre-surrogate for that deep-seated complaint is an expression of concernthe safety of some product or technology, based always on an asser-

If risk that was first brought forward by some member of the scientificunity. The societal response has been attempts at examination of suchrs by risk and cost/benefit analysis. Well, risk/benefit analysis cahi cer-inform the decision-maker. But his decision must necessarily still turn'alue judgment, conditioned by his social, economic, philosophic, and)us views. But that is the nature of the political process. The publictability of a given level of risk is a political, not a scientific, question.iculty arises in the scientific community from confusion of the role ofList qua scientist with that of scientist as citizen, confusion of the ethi-)de of the scientist with the obligation of the citizen, blurring the dis-Dn between intrinsically scientific and intrinsically political questions.scientists fail to recognize these boundaries, their own ideological

s, usually unspoken, easily becloud seemingly scientific debate.lecade ago it might have been desirable to flag potential hazards forattention and proceed as if each were a clear and present danger. It iso return to the ethics and norms of science so that the political process30 on with greater confidence. The public may wonder why we do notly know that which appears vital to decision-but science will retaince in public esteem only if we steadfastly admit the magnitude of ourtainties and then assert the need for further research. And we shallhat place if we dissemble or if we argue as if all necessary informationnderstanding were in hand. Scientists best serve public policy by livingn the ethics of science, not those of politics. If the scientific communitytot unfrock the charlatans, the public will not discern the difference-cience and the nation will suffer. There is, in short, a large burden on

cientific community to be seen as constructive in dealing with realems, as straightforward, forthcoming, honest, and courageous-notidated, as all too many have been for the last decade.-PHILIP HAN-President, National Academy ofSciences, Washington, D.C. 20418

)ted from a speech on "Science and the American Future," given at Duke University,n, North Carolina, on 6 March 1980. 100 ,11