t he m aterial w orld properties of matter. p roperties there is material all around us. this could...
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THE MATERIAL
WORLDProperties of Matter
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PROPERTIESThere is material all around us. This could be natural or synthetic (manmade)
These materials are distinguished from one another by their properties.
It is these properties that will determine how different materials will react with one another.
For example: Oil and water or salt and water.
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CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIESProperty: information used to describe a substance.
There are physical properties; properties we can observe without changing the material.
Chemical properties; describes how substances react with one another.
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Characteristic properties can be both physical or chemical.
These properties are:1.Color2.Texture3.Taste4.Shape5.State (gas, liquid, solid)6.Ductility & Malleability7.Melting and boiling point8.Density9.Use or need
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MASS AND VOLUMETo measure the volume of a liquid
simply read the measurement off of a graduated cylinder.
NOTE: be sure to read the bottom of the meniscus.
Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object
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Volume of a cube:V= s x s x s
(All sides of a Cube are equal)
S
S
S
Volume of a rectangular prism:
V= l x w x h
w
h
l
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To measure the volume of an irregular shaped object, ex: rock, use the water displacement method.
Water displacement method:1.Fill a graduated cylinder with a
known quantity of liquid.2.Place the object in the cylinder 3.Follow this formula
V= Vf (water with object) – Vi (just water)
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Mass is very easy to calculate.Simply place the object on a scale or
balance.Use of the triple beam balance will
be explained in the lab.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEMS1. Volume of a cube with a side of
3.5 cm.2. Volume of a rectangular prism
with a length of 7cm, width of 4cm, and height of 1.5cm
3. Volume of a rock that raised the water in a graduated cylinder(GC) 4ml from the original 15ml.
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DENSITYMass and volume are not considered
characteristic properties.This is due to the fact that many
objects could have the same mass and volume.
In these cases one would have to calculate the density of the objects.
Density: measures the amount of matter (particles or stuff) in a substance.
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To calculate the density of an object one must know the mass and the volume.
Density is calculated using the following formula:
D = m/v
The formula reads density is equal to mass divided by volume.
The units for density are g/ml
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EXAMPLE PROBLEMS1. Density of an object with a mass
of 10g and a volume of 2ml.2. Density of a substance with a
mass of 100g and a volume of 20ml.
3. Density of a cube with a mass of 40g and a side of 2cm.
4. Density of a bracelet with a mass of 12g and raised the water in a GC 2ml from 20ml.
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TEMPERATURETemperature: is the measurement of the degree of agitation of the particles that make up a substance.
This means when a substance is heated the particles begin to move around.
This movement causes heat.The faster the particles move the higher
the temperature.A substance cools down when the
particles are less agitated.
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STATES OF MATTERA state is the form in which matter
can be found.There are three states;1.Solid: ice, wood, salt, sugar2.Liquid: water, mercury, vinegar3.Gas: steam, methane, propaneSome substances can be found in all
three states. Ex: water
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ACIDITY AND ALKALINITYpH is the measure of how acidic or
how basic (alkalinity) a solution is.pH scale measures solutions (liquids)The pH scale has a range of 0-14.If a solution falls into the 0-7 range it
is an acid, 7-14 it is a base (alkaline).0 = battery acid, 14 = drain cleanerIf a solution is 7 it is neutral ex: pure
water.
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CHANGES IN MATTERThere are two types of changes.Matter: anything that has mass and
occupies space. Stuff that makes up a substance
1.Physical changes: occurs when the appearance of the substance is changed only.
2.Chemical changes: when two substances interact to create a new substance.
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PHYSICAL CHANGES All of a substance’s chemical
makeup stays the same.Examples:1.A broken dish2.Paper torn in two3.Broken mirror4.Ice melting5.Ground coffee6.Shredding cheese
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CHEMICAL CHANGESThere are four simple signs that a
substance is undergoing a chemical change.
1.Change in color: metal rusting, fruit going bad, etc.
2.Formation of a gas (you will see bubbles/foam): baking soda and vinegar, antacid and water.
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3) Formation of a precipitate: creates a solid at the bottom of the mixture that does not dissolve.
Example: Too much chocolate powder in milk.
4) Energy change: a substance will give off or release energy. This usually results in a temperature change.
Example: salt and ice, ice packs.
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CONSERVATION OF MATTERLaw of Conservation of matter states:The quantity of matter or total mass of a closed system will remain constant regardless of the process that takes place within the system.
This includes chemical reactions and physical changes.
Example: if ice melts in a sealed container it will have the same mass.
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MIXTURESA mixture is a substance that contains more than one type of particle.
For example: salt and water, vinegar and baking soda.
Homogeneous mixtures: substances whose parts are completely mixed together (fully dissolved)
Examples: salt and water, tea, coffee, lemonade, ice tea
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Heterogeneous mixtures: substances whose particles are not fully mixed together (not dissolved)
Examples: water and sand, oil and water.
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SOLUTIONSA solution is a homogeneous mixture
(particles are fully dissolved).A solution has two parts.1.Solute: substance being dissolved
(ex: salt)2.Solvent: substance doing the
dissolving. (ex: water)Solutions can be saturated solvent
can not dissolve any more solute
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A solution becomes saturated when too much solute poured into a solvent.
Solutions can also be unsaturated solvent can dissolve more solute.
1.What are some examples of heterogeneous mixtures?
2.What are some examples of homogeneous mixtures?
3.Provide some examples of saturated and unsaturated solutions.
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SEPARATION OF MIXTURESThe separation of different mixtures
is not always an easy task.For heterogeneous mixtures this
process is quite simple.Simply remove the solid or the
lighter (less dense) substance.For example: oil and water or sand
and water.
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For homogeneous mixtures the process is slightly more complicated.
There are five techniques that one could use to separate mixtures.
1) Filtration: a process that separates the parts of a mixture by retaining large particles and letting smaller one pass through.
Example: making coffee, filtering cooking oil, a screen over a window.
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2) Hand- pressing: process that extracts a liquid from a mixture using manual force (by hand).
Example: squeezing juice from a fruit or vegetable, making oil.
3) Sedimentation: process that consists of allowing solid particles to settle at the bottom of a motionless mixture.
Example: paint sitting on a shelf, salad dressing
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4) Drying: process that uses evaporation by heat to remove water from a mixture.
Example: Removing salt from water, removing alcohol from wine.
5) Grinding: process that reduces a solid into very small particles by either crushing or cutting.
Example: making wine, making jam
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ELEMENTSDifferent objects are composed of
different substances. Characteristic properties allow us to
tell different substances apart.Substances are made up of elements .Elements are the basic units (smallest
parts) that compose all matter.These elements could be solids,
liquids and gas.
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THE PERIODIC TABLEIn 1865 a Russian chemist, Dimitri
Mendeleev created a way of classifying elements.
He would classify these elements in a table according to their properties.
The first periodic table created in 1869 contained only 63 elements.
Today there are over one hundred elements in the table.
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The Periodic table has elements in individual squares arranged in columns and rows.
Each square contains the element symbol, name and number.
The numbers increase from left to right.
The first row contains two elements only.
Rows 2 and 3 contain six. The table also contains the atomic
weight of each of these elements.
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ATOMS An atom is the smallest unit of
matter.All known atoms are classified in the
periodic table.Most periodic tables will provide
several pieces of information.The most important is the chemical
symbol. Ex: Hydrogen = HThese symbols are universal. Ex: In
Germany Hydrogen= Wasserstoff = H
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All elements are pure substances.Therefore, the periodic table shows
all known elements which are pure substances.1.H=hydrogen2.He=helium3.Li=lithium4.Be=beryllium5.B=boron6.C=carbon 7.N=nitrogen8.O=oxygen9.F=fluorine10.Ne=neon
11.Na=sodium12.Mg=magnesium13.Al=aluminum14.Si=silicon15.P=phosphorous16.S=sulfur17.Cl=chlorine18.Ar=argon19.K=potassium20.Ca=calcium
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All Atoms have two major parts the nucleus and the electrons.
The electrons revolve around the nucleus, like planets revolve around the sun.
Inside each nucleus there are protons and neutrons.
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MOLECULESElements are pure, therefore they are
not mixed with any other substances.Atoms are the smallest part of an
element.When two or more elements get
mixed together it becomes compound (mixture).
A molecule is the smallest part of a compound. Ex: Water= H2O, Salt=NaCl
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READING COMPOUNDSAs mentioned above the smallest
part of an element is an atom.Since an element is a pure
substance it will only have one part (no mixture).
A compound is a mixture of two or more elements.
Therefore, a compound has more then one part.
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The smallest part of a compound is a molecule.
A molecule is made up of two or more atoms.
When reading a compound you will be able to see how many of each atom is present.
For example: H2O has 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen.
To read this you must look at the number directly after the atom.
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If there is no number it is understood that it is a 1.
Example: C2H4 This molecule has 2 Carbon atoms and 4 Hydrogen atoms.
Complete the following examples:1.H2SO4
2.CH4
3.NaOH4.BeF2O6
5.Mg2He3
6.Ca(OH2)3
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If there is brackets, you must multiply all of the numbers on the inside of the brackets by the number on the outside.
Ex: Ca(OH2)3 Has 1 Calcium, 3 Oxygen, and 6 Hydrogen.
1.H3(Be3F2)4
2.Na(O2Ne2)2
3.He6(C2)3
4.O(H3F)2
5.N5(H2F3)4
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DRAWING ATOMS AND MOLECULES The first step you must
determine how many of each atom is present.
Ex: H2O has 2Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen
Next you have to draw circles that correspond to each of the atoms identified. Be sure to label.
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MOTIONMotion: is the change of position or
location over a certain length of time.Basically motion is the movement of
an object.Motion is the result of an applied
force.In Physics motion is usually
measured in terms of velocity and speed.
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For an object to move there must be a force that is applied to it.
No object can move on it’s own.An object that is not moving is said to
be at rest.
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TYPES OF MOTIONThere are three types of motion.1)Translational MotionThis is the when an object moves in a
straight line. Ex: Car, bike2) Rotational MotionThis is when an object moves in a circle.
Ex: Merry-go-round, wheel3) Spiral MotionThis is when an object moves in spiral.
Ex: Cork screw, screw
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FORCEIn Physics a force is any action that
allows an object to move.Ex: pushing a shopping cart A force can also change the speed or
direction (trajectory) of an object that is already in motion.
Ex: curling, pool, bocceFinally a force can deform (change
the shape) of an object.Ex: stretching an elastic, leggings
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TYPES OF FORCEThere are five types of force1) TensionThis force will stretch an objectEx: bow and arrow, elastic
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2) CompressionThis force will compress (squeeze) an
object.Ex: squeezing a sponge, crushing a
can
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3) Torsion This force will twist an objectEx: opening a jar, twisting your ankle.
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4) FlexionThis is the force that will bend an
object.Ex: your spine, pole vault
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5) ShearingThis is the force that will tear an
object.Ex: tearing a piece of paper,
earthquake
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EFFECTS OF A FORCEAs mentioned above an object needs
a force to move.No object will move on its own.Therefore, the effects of a force is
motion.Even the human body is a complex
system of forces.In one movement the human body
can experience all five forces.
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MECHANISMS THAT TRANSMIT MOTION
Motion can be transmitted to other components in a system.
A mechanism that transmits motion is will transfer motion of the same type to another component in a system.
In many systems oil and water are used as these mechanisms.
Ex: Hydraulics and hydro dams
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Other components can be used to transfer motion.
Components like; gears, pulleys, belts, and chains all work together to transfer motion.
Describe how motion is transmitted in a bicycle
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1. Force applied by the rider’s legs. Which causes the pedals to move (translational motion)
2. The arms of the pedals move in a circle (rotational motion)
3. The chain move backwards (translational motion) towards the back gears.
4. The back gear rotates which is attached to the rear wheel.
5. This allows the bicycle to move forward
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SIMPLE MACHINESA simple machine is a mechanical
device that will change the direction of a force.
A simple machine uses one type of force to move an object.
There are 6 classical simple machines; lever, pulley, wheel & axle, inclined plane, wedge, screw
Provide one example of how each would be used
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1. Lever: Hammer, letter opener, car jack
2. Pulley: clothes line, elevator3. Wheel & Axle: Car, bike4. Wedge: Axe, chisel5. Inclined plane: ramp, see-saw6. Screw: screw, cork screw
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MECHANISMS THAT BRING ABOUT A CHANGE IN MOTION
Any object that is in motion can have its speed and direction changed.
This change would occur if another force is applied to this object.
An object being squeezed then stretched. Ex: dough
Ex: A ball bouncing off a wall Ex: Car crash.