THE EARLY THE EARLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

1789-1816 1789-1816

George WashingtonGeorge Washington• George George Washington

took the oath of took the oath of office as office as President on on April 30, April 30, 1789..

• Washington’s ’s administration administration needed to:needed to:1.1. Create a sound Create a sound

financial foundation foundation2.2. Establish a solid Establish a solid

political system. system.3.3. Insure Insure national

security through through foreign policy foreign policy decisions.decisions.

Executive Decision-Executive Decision-MakingMaking

• StartingStarting with with Washington, Washington, presidents began presidents began seeking advice from seeking advice from their their cabinetcabinet..

• CabinetCabinet-Group of -Group of officialsofficials who head who head government government departmentsdepartments and and adviseadvise the President. the President.

• The President appoints The President appoints cabinetcabinet members with members with SenateSenate approval, but approval, but can dismiss can dismiss withoutwithout..

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan• With With WashingtonWashington’s ’s

approval, Alexander approval, Alexander HamiltonHamilton, the 1, the 1stst Sec. of Sec. of the the TreasuryTreasury, set out to , set out to put the U.S. on a sound put the U.S. on a sound economiceconomic footing. footing.

• Four Key Elements:Four Key Elements:1.1. Assumption:Assumption:

Pay off American Pay off American RevolutionRevolution war war debtsdebts as well as the as well as the wartime debts to the wartime debts to the statesstates..

2.2. A National Bank:A National Bank: Hamilton believed it would win Hamilton believed it would win

the U.S. the U.S. supportsupport of the of the businessbusiness community. community.

CongressCongress chartered it in chartered it in 17911791..

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan3.3. Excise Tax:Excise Tax:

HamiltonHamilton proposed that proposed that the government raise the government raise revenuesrevenues by an by an exciseexcise tax on tax on whiskeywhiskey..

4.4. Protective Tariff:Protective Tariff: Congress Congress rejectedrejected the the

idea of idea of protectiveprotective tariffs. tariffs. HamiltonHamilton’s plan raised ’s plan raised

controversycontroversy, but it put , but it put the new nation on a the new nation on a sound sound financialfinancial footing.footing.

Passed through Passed through logrollinglogrolling, moving the , moving the capitol to capitol to Washington Washington D.C.D.C.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion• In In 17911791, Congress taxed all , Congress taxed all

liquorliquor with an with an exciseexcise tax. tax.– Seen as a “Seen as a “luxuryluxury” item.” item.

• FarmersFarmers who grew the who grew the corncorn for the for the liquorliquor makers makers grew very angry.grew very angry.

• Washington sent in the Washington sent in the troopstroops and put down the and put down the rebellionrebellion..

• This showed that the new This showed that the new ConstitutionConstitution worked! worked! ((CommanderCommander in Chief) in Chief)

Foreign Policy in the Foreign Policy in the Federalist EraFederalist Era

• From From 17891789 to to 18151815, The , The FrenchFrench Revolution and Revolution and EuropeanEuropean wars put wars put pressures on the U.S.pressures on the U.S.

• WashingtonWashington and early and early presidents tried to presidents tried to protectprotect the nation from this.the nation from this.– Ex: Ex: WashingtonWashington supported the supported the

unpopular unpopular JayJay’s Treaty.’s Treaty.

• Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty-An -An unpopularunpopular treaty that resolved treaty that resolved conflicts with conflicts with BritainBritain, but , but tightened our tightened our economiceconomic ties. ties.

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

• He followed up his He followed up his Proclamation of Proclamation of NeutralityNeutrality in in 17931793 with his Farewell with his Farewell Address in Address in 17961796..

• Key Points:Key Points:1.1. WarnedWarned against against

entangling entangling alliancesalliances: not to : not to get involved in get involved in foreignforeign affairs. affairs.

2.2. Warned against Warned against forming forming political political partiesparties. (Factions). (Factions)

The Two-Term The Two-Term PresidencyPresidency• After serving After serving twotwo

terms, Washington terms, Washington rejectedrejected a a 3rd3rd term. term.

• In doing so, he In doing so, he established a established a traditiontradition that was not broken that was not broken until until 19401940 and and 19441944, , when when FDRFDR won a 3 won a 3rdrd and 4and 4thth term. term.

• The The 2222ndnd Amendment Amendment was passed as a result, was passed as a result, limiting a President to limiting a President to twotwo terms. terms.

John AdamsJohn Adams• The first The first ViceVice

President and second President and second PresidentPresident, also , also focused on keeping focused on keeping the U.S. out of the U.S. out of warwar..

• He settled rather than He settled rather than expand a expand a navalnaval war war with with FranceFrance (1798- (1798-1800)1800)

• His actions His actions divideddivided his his FederalistFederalist Party, Party, which led to his which led to his failurefailure in winning a 2in winning a 2ndnd term. term.

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair• FranceFrance seized seized

American ships, and American ships, and asked for asked for moneymoney, , but America but America refusedrefused..

• The French sent The French sent 33 secret agents to secret agents to offer the Americans offer the Americans a a dealdeal. (Bribe). (Bribe)

• CongressCongress refused to refused to identifyidentify the names the names and referred to them and referred to them as X, Y, and Z.as X, Y, and Z.

The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs• The The FederalistsFederalists passed passed

these acts in response to these acts in response to the the FrenchFrench Revolution. Revolution.

• Designed to Designed to strengthenstrengthen the Federalist Party and the Federalist Party and weakenweaken the Republicans. the Republicans.

• Alien ActsAlien Acts-More difficult to -More difficult to become a become a citizencitizen and and easier to arrest and deport easier to arrest and deport noncitizensnoncitizens..

• Sedition ActsSedition Acts-Easier to -Easier to arrest someone arrest someone criticizingcriticizing the government.the government.

Violating freedom Violating freedom of speech and of speech and press!press!

Violating freedom Violating freedom of speech and of speech and press!press!

Federalists vs. Federalists vs. Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans• The debate over The debate over

ratificationratification revealed the revealed the existence of existence of differencesdifferences of of opinion on opinion on governmentgovernment..

• The formation of The formation of politicalpolitical parties led parties led to to constitutionalconstitutional changes in the changes in the method of electing method of electing the the PresidentPresident..

Hamilton vs. JeffersonHamilton vs. Jefferson• Economy:Economy:

– Hamilton favored Hamilton favored manufacturingmanufacturing and and tradetrade..

– Jefferson favored Jefferson favored agricultureagriculture. . (“Backbone of (“Backbone of America”)America”)

• Government:Government:– Hamilton wanted the Hamilton wanted the

federalfederal government to government to have more power.have more power.

– Jefferson wanted the Jefferson wanted the statesstates to have more to have more power.power.

Election of 1800Election of 1800• Thomas Thomas JeffersonJefferson

defeated John defeated John AdamsAdams in the first in the first peacefulpeaceful transition of power transition of power between 2 between 2 opposingopposing groups in world groups in world history.history.

• It set a It set a precedentprecedent for for the future of our the future of our civilizedcivilized government. government.

• 11stst time there is a time there is a tietie in the in the Electoral Electoral CollegeCollege..

Check Point Question!Check Point Question!

• If there is a tie in the Electoral College who If there is a tie in the Electoral College who elects the President?elects the President?

Election of 1800Election of 1800• Problem:Problem:

– HouseHouse was controlled by the was controlled by the FederalistsFederalists..

– Leader of the Leader of the FederalistsFederalists was was HamiltonHamilton who despised who despised both. (Jefferson/Burr)both. (Jefferson/Burr)

• Result:Result:– House chooses House chooses JeffersonJefferson..– Senate chooses Senate chooses BurrBurr..

• Election of 1800 ends the Election of 1800 ends the Federalist Party.Federalist Party.

• 1212thth Amendment Amendment--PresidentPresident and and V.P.V.P. elected as elected as oneone..

Hamilton/Burr DuelHamilton/Burr Duel• In July, In July, 18041804 sitting Vice sitting Vice

President Aaron President Aaron Burr Burr shot shot and mortally wounded and mortally wounded Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton..

• Hamilton Hamilton dieddied the next the next day from his day from his woundswounds..

• Results:Results:– BurrBurr was was acquittedacquitted of the of the

charges.charges.– Ended Burr’s Ended Burr’s politicalpolitical

career long term.career long term.– FederalistFederalist Party was further Party was further

weakened.weakened.

Strict vs. Loose Strict vs. Loose ConstructionConstruction• HamiltonHamilton’s financial ’s financial planplan

started the first national started the first national debate between “debate between “strictstrict” ” and “and “looseloose” ” constructionists.constructionists.

• Strict ConstructionistStrict Constructionist--Favor a Favor a narrownarrow interpretation of the interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution..

• Loose ConstructionistLoose Constructionist--Favor a Favor a freerfreer reading of reading of the Constitution that the Constitution that gives the government gives the government roomroom to act. to act.

Case Study: The Marshall Case Study: The Marshall CourtCourt• Under Chief Justice Under Chief Justice

John MarshallJohn Marshall. (. (18011801--18351835))

• A series of decisions A series of decisions strengthened the strengthened the power of the power of the nationalnational government and the government and the judicialjudicial branch. branch.

• 3 Critical Supreme 3 Critical Supreme Court Cases:Court Cases: Marbury Marbury vs. vs. MadisonMadison McCulloch McCulloch vs. vs. MarylandMaryland Gibbons Gibbons vs. vs. OgdenOgden

Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. Madison

• Importance:Importance:– Established the court’s Established the court’s

most significant right, most significant right, judicial reviewjudicial review..

• Judicial ReviewJudicial Review--Declaring a law Declaring a law unconstitutionalunconstitutional..

• Facts: President John President John AdamsAdams made a series made a series

of “of “MidnightMidnight Appointments” before Appointments” before leavingleaving office. office.

He wanted to fill as many federal He wanted to fill as many federal gov’t positions with gov’t positions with FederalistsFederalists before leaving.before leaving.

McCulloch vs. MarylandMcCulloch vs. Maryland

• Issue:Issue:– Whether a Whether a statestate had the right had the right

to tax a to tax a federalfederal agency. agency.

• Decision:Decision:– The The courtcourt ruled that the bank ruled that the bank

was was immuneimmune to state to state taxation.taxation.

• Result:Result:– Federal Federal supremacysupremacy over over statestate

law increased.law increased.

• Facts:• MarylandMaryland brought action against a brought action against a cashiercashier in in

the Maryland branch of the the Maryland branch of the BankBank of the of the United States for not paying United States for not paying taxtax the the statestate imposed on the bank.imposed on the bank.

Check Point Question!Check Point Question!

• What clause allows the government to make What clause allows the government to make laws that are “necessary and proper?”laws that are “necessary and proper?”– Ex. National BankEx. National Bank

Gibbons vs. OgdenGibbons vs. Ogden

• Issue:Issue:– Whether the Whether the NYSNYS statue that prohibited statue that prohibited

vessels licensed by the U.S. from vessels licensed by the U.S. from navigatingnavigating NY waters was NY waters was unconstitutionalunconstitutional..

• Result:Result:– Through a Through a broadbroad interpretation the interpretation the SupremeSupreme

Court ruled that the gov’t has the power to Court ruled that the gov’t has the power to regulate regulate interstateinterstate commerce. commerce.

• Facts:• Gibbons and Ogden were rivals.• Ogden received a steamboat license from

NYS.• Gibbons operated steamboats between NY

and NJ under a license from the U.S. Gov’t.• Ogden petitioned the NY court to stop

Gibbons.

Activism vs. RestraintActivism vs. Restraint• Judicial ActivismJudicial Activism--

Believing the Believing the CourtCourt should use this power should use this power to help make to help make public public policypolicy..

• Judicial RestraintJudicial Restraint--Believing that this Believing that this power should be used power should be used onlyonly to decide on to decide on ConstitutionalityConstitutionality of of laws.laws.

• The The CourtCourt has acted in has acted in bothboth ways over our ways over our history.history.

The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase (1803)(1803)• JeffersonJefferson doubled the doubled the

sizesize of the United States. of the United States.• However, in order to do However, in order to do

so It meant adopting a so It meant adopting a looseloose interpretation of interpretation of the the ConstitutionConstitution..

• JeffersonJefferson went against went against his his beliefsbeliefs and backed and backed the purchase. ($the purchase. ($1515 Million)Million)

• Gave the U.S. access to Gave the U.S. access to the port of the port of New Orleans New Orleans and the and the MississippiMississippi River. River.

The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase (1803)(1803)• LouisLouis & & ClarkClark sent to sent to

exploreexplore the territory and the territory and search for a passage to search for a passage to the the PacificPacific..

• Results:Results:1.1. Size of U.S. Size of U.S. doubleddoubled..

2.2. ControversyControversy over powers over powers of the of the federalfederal government.government.

3.3. Starts an idea that will Starts an idea that will become become Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny..

• Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny-Idea -Idea that the U.S. should that the U.S. should expandexpand coastcoast to to coastcoast..

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807• JeffersonJefferson proposed proposed

and and CongressCongress approved.approved.

• In retaliation to In retaliation to BritishBritish acts acts against U.S. against U.S. shippingshipping..

• Banned Banned tradetrade with with other nations.other nations.

• Ended up hurting Ended up hurting the the U.S.U.S. more than more than Britain.Britain.

James Madison (1809-James Madison (1809-1817)1817)• Democratic-Democratic-

RepublicanRepublican• Considered the Considered the

“Father of the “Father of the ConstitutionConstitution.”.”

• One author of the One author of the VirginiaVirginia Plan. Plan.

• Proposed the Proposed the BillBill of of RightsRights to to Congress.Congress.

• Gained popularity Gained popularity after the War of after the War of 18121812..

The War of 1812The War of 1812• Cause:Cause:

1.1. Continued British Continued British harassmentharassment of U.S. of U.S. shippingshipping. .

2.2. ImpressmentImpressment-The -The capture of U.S. capture of U.S. citizenscitizens and forcing them into and forcing them into the British the British militarymilitary..

3.3. TradeTrade restrictions restrictions between U.S. and between U.S. and BritainBritain..

4.4. Southern and Southern and “Western” “Western” War Hawks War Hawks encouraged war for encouraged war for westward westward expansionexpansion..

The War of 1812The War of 1812• Major Events:Major Events:

1. Burning of Washington D.C.: British troops entered and burned the White House and Capitol.

2.2. Star Spangled Banner:Star Spangled Banner: written during the attacks on Baltimore by Francis Scott Key

3. New Orleans: General Andrew Jackson defeated larger British Army, became a national hero

The War of 1812The War of 1812• Results:Results:

1.1. U.S. U.S. wonwon the war. the war.

2.2. Increase in Increase in nationalismnationalism..

3.3. Reinforced belief in Reinforced belief in neutralityneutrality..

4.4. American American manufacturingmanufacturing increased when the increased when the U.S. was cut off from U.S. was cut off from European European importsimports. . ((New EnglandNew England))

5.5. NativeNative Americans Americans lose their ally in lose their ally in Britain.Britain.

The Big Idea-Unit 3!The Big Idea-Unit 3!

• The United States:The United States:

1.1.Benefited from the Benefited from the actionsactions of our first of our first presidentspresidents as they put the new as they put the new ConstitutionConstitution into effect. into effect.

2.2.Was influenced by the Was influenced by the unwrittenunwritten constitution that developed through constitution that developed through interpretationsinterpretations, actions, , actions, courtcourt decisions, decisions, and and customscustoms..