systematics of larval erythraeidae...

SYSTEMATICS OF LARVAL ERYTHRAEIDAE (ACARINA) OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

BY MUHAMMAD KAMRAN

M.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. Entomology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLGY

DEPARTMENT OF AGRI. ENTOMOLGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

2009

The controller of examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the supervisory committee, certify that the content and form of thesis

submitted by Mr. Muhammad Kamran, Regd. No. 96-ag-1513, have been found

satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the External

Examiner (s) for the award of degree.

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Chairman: __________________________________ (DR. MUHAMMAD AFZAL) Member: __________________________________ (DR. MUHAMMAD HAMMID BASHIR) Member: ___________________________________ (DR. SHEHBAZ TALIB SAHI)

Who always pray to see the bud of their wishes

Bloom into a flower

All the praises are attributed to the sole creator of the whole universe Almighty

ALLAH, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful and The Most Compassionate, Who

bestowed on me the power of vision and wisdom to unravel the mysteries of the universe in a

more systematic way what people call it SCIENCE. It is only by the grace of ALLAH

Almighty that makes me able to material contribution to already existing ocean of knowledge.

I invoke Allah’s blessings and peace for my beloved Prophet MUHAMMAD (Peace Be upon

Him), who is forever torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole and whose

moral and spiritual teachings enlightened my heart and mind.

I wish to extend the most sincere thanks and deep sense of obligations to my

supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Afzal (Associate Professor), Department of Agricultural

Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan). This manuscript has found its

way to a significant completion due to his dynamic supervision and masterly advice.

I feel much pleasure to express the heartiest gratitude and sincere appreciation to Dr.

M. Hamid Bshir (Assistant Professor) for his generous guidance, kind behavior, cooperation

and valuable suggestions on this piece of work. In spite of his multifarious duties I enjoyed his

friendly company which made the research period unforgettable era.

I wish to record my sincere appreciation to Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahi (Associate

Professor), Department of Plant Pathology, member of supervisory committee for his

affectionate behaviour and moral support through out the course of my studies.

The author is very thankful to Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq (T.I.) (Professor and

Chairman), Department of Agricultural Entomology, for his scholarly guidance and untiring

help for successful completion of research.

It is very difficult to record my appreciation and thanks for Dr. Mansoor ul Hassan

(Associate Professor), Mr. Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza (Assistant Professor), Dr

Muhammad Altaf Sabri (Assistant Professor), Mr. Muhammad Sagheer (Lecturer),

Mr.Jamshaid Iqbal Chishti ( Agriculture Officer), Mr. Asif Aziz (Lecturer) and Mr. Bilal

Saeed Khan (Lecturer) for their moral support, encouragement and critical insight during some

tough hours of research. Their love and inspiration is always a source of inspiration for me.

This piece of acknowledgement is incomplete without expressing my obligation and

indebtedness to my affectionate Parents, Brothers and Sisters, for their encouragement, moral

and financial support during the period of research and studies and their day and night prayers

which contributed a lot to achieve the present position. May Almighty ALLAH infuse me to

fulfill their noble inspirations, expectations and further edify my competence.

CONTENTS

Chapt. No. Title Page. No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Review of Literature 4

3 Materials & Methods 15

4 Morphology & Terminology 20

5 Results & Discussion 29Genus Erythraeus Latreille 29Key to the species of Genus Erythraeus Latreille(larvae)from Punjab, Pakistan

31

Erythraeus (Z) perpusillus n. sp. 32Erythraeus (Z) longipedus Saboori & Nowzari, 2001 39Erythraeus (E) shojaii Saboori & Babolmorad, 2000 40Erythraeus (E) walii n. sp. 41Erythraeus (E) layyahensis n. sp. 48Erythraeus (E) loomerus n. sp. 55Genus Leptus Latreille 63Key to species of genus Leptus Latreille (larvae) fromPunjab, Pakistan.

65

Leptus aphidus n. sp. 66Leptus pakistanensis n. sp. 73Leptus nearcticus Fain, Gummer & Whitaker, 1987 80

Leptus lugenus n. sp. 81Leptus eslamizadehi Saboori, 2002 88Leptus multanensis n.sp. 89Leptus hospeticus Haitlinger, 2002 96

Genus Pollux Southcott 98Key to species of genus Pollux (larvae) Southcott fromPunjab, Pakistan.

99

Pollux okaraensis n. sp. 100Pollux kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2002 107Pollux jhangensis n. sp. 108Polux punctatus n.sp. 115Pollux workandae Southcott, 1961 122Genus Abrolophus Berlese 124Key to species of genus Abrolophus (larvae) from Punjab,Pakistan

126

Abrolophus alfalfus n. sp. 127Abrolophus bohadani Haitlinger, 2003 135Abrolophus faisalabadensis n. sp. 136Abrolophus khanjanii Haitlinger & Saboori, 1996 143

Abrolophus pyrillus n. sp. 144Abrolophus thripsus n. sp. 151Discussion about dendrograms and phenetic affinities amongthe different species of each genus

159

6 Summery 181Literature Cited 183

LIST OF TABLES

FIG. NO TITLE PAGE. NO

1 Metric data of Erythraeus perpusillus, new species 34

2 Metric data of Erythraeus walii, new species 43

3 Metric data of Erythraeus layyahensis, new species 50

4 Metric data of Erythraeus loomerus, new species 57

5 Metric data of Leptus aphidus, new species 68

6 Metric data of Leptus pakistanensis, new species 75

7 Metric data of Leptus lugenus,new species 83

8 Metric data of Leptus multanensis,new species 91

9 Metric data of Pollux okaraensis,new species 102

10 Metric data of Pollux jhangensis, new species 110

11 Metric data of Pullux punctatus, new species 117

12 Metric data of Abrolophus alfalfus, new species 129

13 Metric data of Abrolophus faisalabadensis, new species 138

14 Metric data of Abrolophus pyrillus, new species 146

15 Metric data of Abrolophus thripsus, new species 153

16 Prevalence of 36 characters in 6 species of the genus Erythraeus Latreille (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan

165

17 Amalgamation steps ( genus Erythraeus Latreille) 167

18

Prevalence of 34 characters in 7 species of the genus Leptus Latreille (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan

169

19

Amalgamation steps ( genus Leptus Latreille) 171

20 Prevalence of 36characters in 5species of the genus Pollux Southcott (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan

173

21 Amalgamation steps ( genus Pollux Southcott) 175

22 Prevalence of 38 characters in 6 species of the genus Abrolophus Berlese (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan.

177

23 Amalgamation steps ( genus Abrolophus Berlese) 179

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 General morphology of family Erythraeidae 24-28

2 Erythraeus perpusillus, new species 36-38

3 Erythraeus walii, new species 44-47

4 Erythraeus layyahensis, new species 52-54

5 Erythraeus loomerus new species 59-61

6 Leptus aphidus, new species 70-72

7 Leptus pakistanensis, new species 77-79

8 Leptus lugenus, new species 85-87

9 Leptus multanensis, new species 93-95

10 Pollux okaraensis, new species 104-106

11 Pollux jhangensis, new species 112-114

12 Pollux punctatus new species 119-121

13 Abrolophus alfalfus new species 132-134

14 Abrolophus faisalabadensis new species 140-142

15 Hauptmannia pyrillus, new species 148-150

16 Abrolophus thripsus, new species 155-157

17 Dendrogram of 6 species of the genus Erythreaus from Pakistan

168

18 Dendrogram of 7 species of the genus Leptus from Punjab, Pakistan

171

19

Dendrogram of 5 species of the genus Pollux from Punjab, Pakistan

176

20

Dendrogram of 6 species of the genus Abrolophus from Punjab, Pakistan

180

LIST OF MAPS

MAP. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Agro-ecological zones of Punjab province 19

2 Species Distribution , Genus Erythraeus Latreille in Punjab 62

3 Species Distribution , Genus Leptus Latreille in Punjab 97

4 Species Distribution , Genus Pollux Southcott in Punjab 123

5 Species Distribution , Genus Abrolophus Berlese in Punjab 158

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTIONMites are minute but mighty creatures, microscopic in size, belonging to the order

Acarina, class Arachnida, subphylum chelicerata of phylum Arthropoda. They are

biologically the most diverse, abundant and succcessful arachnids and have supremacy

over insects in adaptability due to high dispersal power, feeding habits, fecundity, small

size and various mode of reproduction. These cryptic creatures have universal

distribution from inconceivable to conceivable locations i.e., plants, mountains, deserts,

glasshouses, fresh water, salt water, springs & stored product of all kinds, organic debris,

bodies of animals as an ecto and endoparasites, from free living to parasitic forms,

univoltine to multivoltine species, may live in germ of grains and leaf galls. Around

7,000 species of plant feeding mites are known worldwide which occur in five families

namely Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae, Tarsonemidae, Eriophyidae and Tuckerillidae

(Chhillar et al. 2007). They feed and desap plant cells, inject toxins into them, form galls

on different plant parts and transmit viral diseases. Severe infestation may results in the

reduction of fruit size, lowering plant vigour, defoliation, ultimately total loss of crop and

cause heavy economic losses to the farmers and traders. Some species of mites of the

families Eriophyidae and Tetranychidae are responsible for transmitting plant viruses and

cause viral diseases in cultivated crops, vegetables and fruit plants e.g., wheat streak

mosaic virus are transmitted by eriophyid mites (Hong et al., 1999, Chhillar et al. 2007)

There are some other mites like Acarus siro L. and Lepidoglyphus destructor Sch.

(Acaridae) that infest stored grains and stored food products of all kinds (Jeppson et al.,

1975, Evans 1992, Ardeshir, et al., 2000). Mites of the families Acaridae and

Histostomatidae affect seed viability and germination (Ashfaq et al., 2001).

Some parasitic mites parasitize cattle, horses, goats, sheep, mules, dogs, cats ,

poultry birds, differents arthropods like spiders, millipedes and insects and cause many

diseases to these animals e.g., dermatisis of goats caused by Mange mite, Sarcoptes

scabiei L. (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae), Knemidocoptis mutans (Knemidocoptidae) causes

scaling and crushing around the legs of poultry birds (Wall and Shearer, 1997). Even

2

human beings are not free from them, chigger mite Trombicula okamushi (Astigmata)

causes scrub typhus in man (Srivastava, 1996) and dust mites e.g., Dermatophagoides

pteronyssinus cause allergic diseases in man (Chhillar et al.,2007). Mites belonging to the

family Pymotidae are parasites of different insects, they also cause severe dermatitis in

human beings (Halliday, 2003).

On the other hand, there is a large group of predatory mites, which feed on

harmful mites, small soft-bodied insects e.g., thrips, aphid and their eggs. They belong to

the families Bdellidae, Cheyletidae, Cunaxidae, Raphignathidae, Phytoseiidae and

Erythraeidae etc. Mites of these families are of considerable importance in biological

control and pest suppression.

Mites of the family Erythraeidae at adult and nymphal stages predate upon

phytophagous mites and other small arthropod insect pests. Majority of these mites at

larval stage act as ectoparasites to different insects like mosquitoes, house flies, different

plant feeding bugs, plant hoppers, thrips, aphids, termites and arachnids like spiders,

scorpions etc. However, some genera like Pollux Southcott, 1961 live as free living

predators on different plants (Southcott, 1961, 1991; Baker and Selden, 1997;

Goldarazena et al., 2000; Deborah and Richard, 2002). Whitcomb and Bell (1964)

reported that adults of genus Erythraeus (Erythraeidae) feed on eggs of cotton bollworm

(Heliothis zia) and one individual was observed to destroy 15 out of 25 eggs in 5 hours.

Mites of the genera Leptus and Erythraeus (Erythraeidae) were found to feed on mango

pest, Drosicha mangiferae and killed the pest by sucking their fluid (Chhillar et al.,

2007). Tandon and Lal (1976) recorded 1-60 erythraeid mites parasitic upon mango

mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae).

Larvae of Erythraeus spp. and Charletonia spp. (Erythraeidae) parasitize nymphs

of the white backed rice planthopper, Sogatella furcifera and brown rice plant hopper,

Nilaparvata (Barrion et al., 1981). Larvae of genus Leptus live as an ecto-parasites on the

bodies of various insects belonging to the orders Collembola, Coleoptera, Hemiptera,

Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera and arachnids like scorpions, spiders and

opilionids. Two new species L. nearcticus and L. indianensis of genus Leptus Latreille

were described from larvae parasitic on opilomids, Leiobunum spp. (spiders) from

Indiana, U.S.A. (Fain et al., 1987).

3

Larval Charletonia have been recorded from a number of insect families

Libellulidae, Mantidae Acrididae, Tetrigidae, Tettigoniidae, Phasmatidae, Cercopidae,

Delphacidae, Psyllidae), Lygaeidae, Miridae, Curculionidae, Melyridae, Tenebrionidae,

Bombyliidae, Dolichopodidae, Tabanidae, Tachinidae, Anthelidae, Geometridae,

Lycaenidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Pyralidae, Thaumetopoeidae, Braconidae

(Southcott, 1991). Goldarazena et al. (2000) collected Granjeanella multisetosa Zhang

from Thrips spp. for the first time in turkey. Saboori and Ostovan (2000) collected Leptus

esmailii (Erythraeidae) sp. nov. from a sunflower pest Eurygaster integriceps Puton

(Hemiptera, Scutelleridae). Halliday (2001) reported that Balaustium spp. (Erythraeidae)

is a beneficial predator in southern Australia. Tsai and Chow (1988) described

Charletonia taiwanensis n. sp. (Acari: Erythraeidae) parasitic on a grasshopper

Condracris rosae de Geer (Arthoptera: Acrididae) in Taiwan.

Therefore, keeping in view the importance of these mites as biocontrol agents, it

is the need of time to exploit these beneficial creatures to check the population of harmful

mites and other insect pests. Indiscriminate use of pesticides for pest control programmes

in present day has disturbed natural balance and caused environmental pollution. The

potential roll of bio-control agents in integrated pest managements (IPM), worldwide, has

attracted the attention of crop protection scientists to explore the neglected field of

acarology.

Up till now no work has been done in Pakistan to explore mite fauna of

Erythraeidae. Therefore the project in hand was proposed to explore fauna of larval

Erythraeidae and to search out the taxonomic figure of this family in Punjab, Pakistan

.For this purpose different localities of Punjab were surveyed for the collection of these

mites and collected specimens of mites were identified up to genera and species level

with the help of keys and literature. Dendrograms for different species and genera were

constructed to show relationship and affinities among them. This will lay the foundation

for future research in systematic as well as eco-biology of these mites and thus will

facilitate their potential use in integrated pest management programmes. This will

ultimately help to decrease the dependence on chemicals and thus reducing the burden on

national economy in one way and safe guarding the environment and eliminate health

hazards in another way.

4

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Family name Erythraeidae actually dates back in correct sense to Robineau-

Desvoidy, 1828 who defined this family for first time. Many workers e.g., Oudemans

have been using Leptidae Billberg, 1820 as family name for these mites. But term

Leptidae has been used for many years as a family name in the order Diptera (Insecta).

Therefore Oudemans (1941) put forwarded a proposal for the revival of Leptidae Billberg

into Erythraeidae Robineau - Desvoidy to International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature. In 1953 this proposal was accepted and Erythraeidae Robineau - Desvoidy

(1828) has been using as clear and stable family name since 1953. Information about

genera and species of this family spreads over 200 years. De Geer (1778) described a new

mite species Acarus phalangii from larvae parasitic upon an opilionid in Sweden.

Latreille (1796) erected the genus Leptus and designated Acarus phalangii dee Geer

(1778) as its type species.

Family name Erythraeidae is based on its type genus Erythraeus which was erected

by Latreille in 1806 and designated Acarus phalangoides de Geer, 1778, as its type

species.

In 1826 von Heyden described the new genus Balaustium and designated

Balaustium murorum Hermann, 1804, as its type species. On the basis of larva a new

genus Caeculisoma was added in Erythraeidae by Berlese in 1888. Karsch (1879)

described a new genus Cecidopus on the basis of a new species Cecidopus diversipes.

Cambridge (1897) proposed generic name Eatonia for Erythraeus scopulifera, a

new species of plum footed erythraeid mite described from Algeria. Shortly afterwards he

discovered that this generic name was preoccupied and in short note (1898) substituted

the new generic name Eatoniana.

Berlese (1893, 1910) added two new genera Abrolophus and Sphaerolophus in

Erythraeidae on the basis of adults. Oudemans (1910b, 1910c) also discovered two new

genera of this family on the basis of larvae. First in 1910b he erected genus Hauptmannia

(Callidosomatinae: Erythraeidae) on the basis of Achorolophus longicollis Oudemans,

5

1910, as its type species and then in 1910c added genus Charletonia on the basis of its

type species Erythraeus singularis Oudemans, 1910.

On the basis of different morphological characters, Hirts (1926b) explored two

new genera of subfamily Erythraeinae of family Erythraeidae, first was Neosmaris which

was based on type species N. novaezeaiandiae and second was Microsmaris based on M.

mirandus Hirts, 1926.

Work of Womersely on erythraeid mites is worth mentioning. In 1934 he

discovered a new genus Callidosoma and new species Callidosoma ripicolum.

Tragardh (1937) explored a new genus Claverythraeus (Erythraeidae) and species

C. mongolicus from South West Mongolia.

Many workers like Vitzthum (1926), Andre (1927a, 1927c), Stiles and Hassal

(1927), Hirts (1928), Oudemans (1928), Andre (1929a, 1929b, 1930b, 1930c, 1932b,

1934), Kishida, (1929), Vitzthum (1929, 1931a), Womersely (1936), Andre and Lamy

(1937), Willmann (1937a, 1937c, 1939a, 1939b), Augustson (1940), Gunther (1941),

Vitzthum (1942), Cooreman (1943, 1946), Lawrence (1944) Southcott (1946a, 1946c),

Grandjean (1947a, 1947b), Tragardh (1947), Southcott (1948), Willmann (1949, 1951a,

1951b, 1951c), Schweizer (1951), Baker and Wharton (1952), Lamb (1952), Willmann

(1952), Turk and Turk (1952), Cooreman (1953), Southcott (1954a), Willmann (1954,

1956), Baker et al. (1956), Southcott (1957a, 1957b, 1957c, 1957d, 1957e), Karppinen

(1958), Sellnick (1958) and Meyer and Ryke (1959) contributed a lot in taxonomic

research of Erythraeidae. Among all above mentioned workers, the work of Southcott on

erythraeid mites is worth mentioning.

Southcott (1946c) described in detail three new genera viz. Erythrellus,

Parerythraeus and Erythroides with their type species Erythrellus imbricatus,

Parerythraeus gregoryi and Erythroides serratus respectively from Australia. Southcott

(1948) added a new species H. aitapensis from larvae in genus Hauptmannia Oudemans.

Southcott (1957b) categorized the family Erythraeidae into 4 subfamilies

(Erythraeinae, Leptinae, Callidosomatinae and Balaustiinae) on the basis of shape of

dorsal scutum and presence or absence of crista on scutum.

A new larval mite was recorded from phalangid harvestmen and a clubionid

spider from Japan and identified as Leptus hidakai (Kawashima, 1958).

6

Southcott (1961) made an attempt to revise comprehensively the systematics of

the families, subfamilies and genera of Erythraeoidea (Acarina). Its principal aim was to

clarify and stabilize the nomenclature of two families Erythraeidae and Samarididae; both

for the adults or nymph and the larvae. Author recognized and gave the definition of 31

genera belonging to 4 subfamilies in Erythraeidae, out of these 12 genera; Augustsonia,

Curteria, Erythraxus, Rainbowia, Erythrites, Forania (Erythraeinae), Andrevella,

Pussardia, Grandjeanella (Callidosomatinae), Wartookia, Pollux and Mypongia

(Balaustiinae) were new to science. He made the keys for all these genera of each

subfamily both for the larvae and adults. Chaetotaxic nomenclature for the Erythraeoidea

and other Trombidiformes was reviewed and revised by him to establish a uniform

system of setal nomenclature. He also gave the summery of those genera and sub genera

which were mistakenly included in family Erythraeidae by different scientists due to lack

of information.

Parker (1962) described Leptus ignotus that was collected from a spider

Pachygnatha clerki from United Kingdom.

Smiley (1964) briefly described two new erythraeids, Balaustium dowelli and

Erythraeus whitcombi from larvae from Arkansas. Whitcomb and Bell (1964) obsreved

that adults of both these species were feeding on eggs of cotton bollworm (Heliothis zia)

and one individual was observed to destroy 15 out of 25 eggs in 5 hours.

Smiley (1968) reported a new genus Paraphanolophus (Smarididae) and three

new species; Balaustium putmani, (Erythraeidae) Sphaerolophus Canadensis and

Paraphanolophus metcalfei (Smarididae) on the basis of larvae from Canada.

Anwarullah and Ahsan (1970) contributed a new species of Leptus e.g.,

L. karachiensis on the basis of adult (Erythraeidae) collected from Karachi (Sindh)

Pakistan.

Southcott (1972) revised the subfamily Callidosomatinae (Erythraeidae) for the

larvae and on the basis of larvae described three new species; C. cooremani, C. sparnoni

from Australia and C. huxleyi from New Zealand of the genus Caeculisoma Berlese,

1888.

Beron (1975) reported that genus Leptus Latreille has cosmopolitan distribution

and more than 80 species have been recorded in this genus, most of them from their

7

larval stage. He devided genus Leptus into four subgroups on the basis of number of

solenidia on leg segments. First group was “schedingi” with one species, L. schedingi, in

this group genu I with 5 solenidia, tibia I with with 1 solenidia. The “stieglmayri” group

with three species, L. stieglmayri (Oudemans, 1905), L. southcottii (Beron, 1975) and

L. echinopus Beron, 1975, in this group genu I with 2 solenidia, tibia I with 3, 5 or 7

solenidia “sieversi” group: with one species, L. sieversi (Oudemans,1911), in this group

genu I and II and tibia I and II each with one solenidion. Fourth group was “ignotus”. All

the other species were included here. Number of solenidia as in L. sieversi except in genu

II that lacks solenidion.This group was devided according to number of barbed setae on

different leg segments.

Genus Hauptmannia Oudemans is only known as larvae in the world. Shiba

(1976) collected a new species of this genus from Malaysia and described in detail.

Treat and Flechtmann (1979) described a new species Charletonia rocciain

ectoparasitizing the Amazon fly from Brazil.

Beron (1982) collected and described a new species Erythraeus (E) kresnensis

ectoparasitic on Machilidae (Thysanura) from Bulgaria and it belong to the group of

species with short ASE.

Haitlingar (1986a) explored five new species of genus Hauptmannia Oudeman,

1910 (Erythraeidae) on the basis of larvae from Poland. The species were: H. rudaensis,

H. kazimeirae, H. stanislavae, H. wraislaviensis and H. silesiacus.

Haitlinger (1986b) reported Hauptmannia aitapensis Southcott, 1947

(Erythraeidae) from Veit Nam and redescribed it.

Fain et al. (1987) reported that larvae of genus Leptus parasitize insects of various

orders like Collembola, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera

and arachnids e.g., scorpions, spiders and opilionids. He also described two new species

L. nearcticus and L. indianensis of genus Leptus Letreille from larvae parasitizing on

opilomids, Leiobunum spp. (spiders) from Indiana, U.S.A.

Haitlinger (1987a) described and illustrated 10 new species; 8 of genus

Charletonia Oudemans and 2 of genus Leptus Latreille from Madagascar and also

reported two already known species Charletonia kibonotensis and Leptus aitapensis that

were new to Madagascar

8

Haitlingar (1987b) described a new species Hauptmannia pseudolongicollis

(Erythraeidae) collected from plants from Poland.

Haitlinger (1987c) recorded genus Erythraeus (Erythraeidae) from Poland and

described three new species E. (E.) gertrudae, E. (E.) elwirae, E. (Z.) elenorae and E.

(E.) monikae and he also reported E. (E.) kuyperi Oudamans from Poland. All these

species belong to the group of species with long anterior sensillae exept E. (Z.) elenorae

that have short anterior sensillae.

Southcott (1988) gave the illustration of a new species Leptus tetriguis of genus

Leptus from larvae ectoparasitic on tetrigid grasshoppers from Sri Lanka.

Southcott (1988a) contributed a new species Caeculisoma mouldsi (Erythraeidae)

from Australia, based on larvae.

Tsai and Chow (1988) reported a new larval erythraeid mite Charletonia

taiwanensis n. sp. from grasshopper Condracris rosea de Geer and its deutonymphs were

also recorded for first time from Taiwan.

Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram (1988) added one new species Leptus oxyae of

genus Leptus Latreille, 1896 from India.

Haitlinger (1990) described four new species of genus Leptus (Erythraeidae) viz.

L. gauphalus from Hpocilibe impunctata from Australia, L. boggohoranus from

undetermined Cicindellidae from New Guinea, L. Guus from Trigonoscelis sp. from

Turkmenia (USSR) and L. managarus from Huechys chtyselectra from Java (Indonesia)

from Australia.

Fain (1991a) added one new species in the genus Leptus Latreille from larvae

collected from Belgium.

Haitlinger (1994) described two new larval mites L. tammuzi from Israel, Syria

and Saudi Arabia and L. horiacus from Syria associated with Tenebrionidae (Insecta:

Coleoptera).

A new genus Abalakeus (Erythraeinae: Erythraeidae) was erected by Southcott

(1994) for larvae of Abalakeus cheki Southcott, 1994 ectoparasitic on Hieroglyphus

daganensis Krauss (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from sorghum millet in Tagalak, southwest of

Abalak, Niger.

9

Southcott (1995) described a new species Erythraeus lancifer as larvae

ectoparasitic on Diptera (Dolichopodidae) from Spain. For this species Southcott

described a new subgenus Zaracarus (Erythraeus: Erythraeidae).

Fain (1996) described a new genus Opserythraeus along with one new species

opserythraeus hoffmannae. The specimens were collected at larval stage from moss in

Rugege, Forest, Rwanda.

Fain and Jocque (1996) made the illustration of a new species of the genus Leptus

Latreille (Erythraeidae) from Larvae parasitic on a spider from Rwanda.

Haitlinger and Saboori (1996) contributed seven new larval erythraeid mites

(Acarina: Prostigmata, Erythraeidae) from Iran belonging to different genera. These

species were: Hauptmannia ostovani, Erythraeus (E.) akbariani, E. (E.) sabrinae

collected from undetermined Aphididae, H. iranica, H. khanjanii, Leptus fathipeuri,

Erythraeus (Zaracarus) tehranicus from plants.

Zhang and Goldarazena (1996) gave the illustration of two new species

Grandjeanella multisetosa and Abrolophus neobrevicollis (Erythraeidae) based on larvae

from Iran.

Zheng (1996a) gave the illusration of Leptus zhutingensis n. sp. and (1996b)

described 5 new larval erythraeid mites of the genus Leptus from China. These species

were L. hupingshanicus, L. shimenensis, L. brachypodos, L. dolichopodus and

L. sulsiscutus.

Baker and Selden (1997) made new morphological and host data for the

ectoparasites of larva of Leptus hidakai Kawashima, 1958 (Erythraeidae) in Singapore.

Haitlinger (1997) described a new mite Erythraeus (Zaracarus) fabiolae from

Tenerife (Canary Islands).

Zhang and Liang (1997) made a comprehensive key of all genera of family

Erythraeidae.

Fain and Cobanoglu (1998) described two new larval erythraeid mites of the

genus Hauptmannia Oudemans, 1910 from Turkey.

Fain and Ripka (1998) made the description of a new larval mite Erythraeus (Z.)

budapestensis (Erythraeidae) from Hungery.

10

Goldaranazena and Zhang (1998) discovered two new species E. southcotti and E.

preciosus and described from larvae parasitic on aphids and anthocorid bugs respectively

in Spain. They also made a key to European species of Erythraeus.

Haitlinger (1998) contributed four new species on the basis of larvae of genus

Leptus Latreille; L. admeti and L. alkmenae from India, L. auliacus from Kazikstan, L.

batoricus from Mangolia and loc-cit (1999a) explored six new species of genus Leptus

from South-East Asia.

Haitlinger (1999b) explored a new species L. rosellae of the genus Leptus from

Turkey.

Saboori and Atamehr (1999) described a new larval mite Leptus zhangi (Acari:

Erythraeidae) from larvae ectoparasitic on Hyponomeuta malinella (Lepidoptera) from

Iran.

Goldarazena et al. (2000) described a new erythraeid mite from a larva parasitic

on Odontothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Turkey.

Haitlinger (2000) explored two new genera Rudaemannia n. gen. and

Bursaustium gaspari n. gen., n. sp. (Erythraeidae) based on larva collected from Turkey.

Haitlinger (2000a) described four new species of the genus Leptus (Erythraeidae)

from from Central America and loc-cit (2000b) described four new species of this genus

from Peru

Saboori (2000) illustrated and described two new larval Erythraeid mites

Erythraeus (Zaracarus) kharrazii and E. (Z.) rajabii (Erythraeidae: Erythraeinae)

parasitic on Cicadellidae from Karaj, Iran.

Saboori (2000a) added a new species in the genus Bursaustium (Erythraeidae) on

the basis of larvae from Iran. This was second species in this genus.

Saboori and Atamehr (2000) reported and described a new mite Grandjeanella

Kamalii sp. (Erythraeidae) from larvae that were freely living on Phaseulus vulgaris L.

from Iran.They also presented a key to world species of genus Grandjeanella Southcott,

1961.

Saboori and Babolmorad (2000) described a new larval erythraeid mite,

Erythraeus shojai (Erythraeidae) from Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingididae) in

Iran.

11

Saboori and Ostovan (2000) described and illustrated in detail a new species

Leptus esmailii of the genus Leptus Latreille (Erythraeidae) from larvae ectoparasitic on

adults of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) from Iran.

Yao et al. (2000) observed both larval and post-larval stages of genus Abrolophus

and described a new species A. welbourni from a decidous forest in northern Michigan.

Zhang et al. (2000) discovered the genus Abalakeus Southcott,1994 (Acari:

Erythraeidae) from bamboo forests in Fujian China and described second species

A. bambusae of this genus from larvae collected on leaves of bamboo (Phyllostachys

pubescens).

Haitlinger (2001) gave the description of four new species of the genus Leptus

(Erythraeidae) from South Africa and Kenya

Halliday (2001) studied systematics and biology of the Australian species of

Balaustium von Heyden (Erythraeidae) and transferred some species previously

described as Balaustium to Abrolophus. He also reported that the genus Balaustium is

beneficial predator in southern Australia but it can be occasional pest of cereal crops.

Irvanlou and Saboori (2001) made the description of a new larval erythraeid mite

L. kamalii from Iran.

Saboori and Nowzari (2001) described a new larval erythraeid mite Erythraeus

longipedus and illustrated from larvae ectoparasitic on an undetermined aphid from

Shahryar, Iran.They also prvided a key to the world species of the subgenus Zaracarus.

Haitlinger (2002a) described a new species Pollux kovalamicus of the genus

Pollux (Erythraeidae) on the basis of larvae collected from plants from India. It was third

species added in this genus.

Haitlinger (2002b) made illustrations of two new species L. hospeticus and

L. laviniacus of genus Leptus. Holotype larvae were collected from dorsal part of thorax

from Oedaleus abruptus (Orthoptera) from India and Sri Lanka and also recorded

Leptus astrubali Haitlinger (Erythraeidae) from these countries.

Haitlinger (2002c) described a new larval Hauptmannia Oudemans, 1910 (H.

benoni) and reported Abrolophus neobrevicollis Zhang and Golddarazena (Prostigmata:

Erythraeidae) for fist time in Madeira.

12

Saboori (2002) recorded one new erythraeid mite Leptus eslamizadehi

(Erythraeidae) from larvae from Iran

Haitlinger (2003a) described 3 new larval erythraeid mites of genus Charletonia

Oudemans, 1910 from Rhodes Greece: C. dalegori from undetermined orthopterans, C.

glifadaensis from Oedipoda sp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and C. kaliksti from Ailopus sp.

(Acrididae). He also provided a key to the European species of larval Charletonia.

Haitlinger (2003b) described a new species H. bohdani on larval basis of the

genus Hauptmannia (Erythraeidae) from Poland.

L. singhi a new species of genus Leptus Latreille, 1896 was described and

illustrated by Saboori and Arbabi (2003) from larvae ectoparasitic on unknown host from

Iran.

Saboori and Lachinani (2003) gave the description of a third species Abalakeus

lorestanicus of genus Abalakeus (Erythraeidae) from larvae ectoparasitic on

undetermined grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) fro Khorram Abad, Iran.

Saboori et al. (2004) described two new species E. (E.) garmsaricus and E. (E.)

hypertrichotus of subgenus Erythraeus of the genus Erythraeus (Erythraeidae) on larval

basis from Iran.

Haitlinger (2004a) erected a new genus Iguatonia with a new species Iguatonia

barbillae from larvae ectoparasitic on undetermined Homoptera from Brazil and

described two new species viz. Charletonia domawiti (Erythraeidae) and Caeculisoma

(Caeculisoma) Berlese respectively from Brazil.

Haitlinger (2004b) reported that Hauptmannia pseudolongicollis, H. stanislavae,

H. silesiacus, Grandjeanella multisetosa, Leptus josifovi, Erythraeus (Zaracarus)

budapestensis, Charletonia bucephalia, C. dalegori, C. krendowskyi, Phanolophus

oedipodarus, Balaustium nikae, Eutrombidium trigonum and E. robauxi are new to the

fauna of Croatia. Author also described three new species: Erythraeus (Zaracarus)

sibuljinicus belongs to the group of species having basifemoral, setal formula 3-3-3,

Charletonia zorani belongs to the group of species with four setae between coxae II and

III and Trombidium botovicus belongs to the group of species with narrow and nude

hypostomalae.

13

Haitlinger (2005a) added a new species Abrolophus penelopae on the basis of

larvae in family Erythraeidae and recorded Charletonia braunsi (Oudeman, 1910) and

C. brunni (Oudemans, 1910 from Ethopia.

Haitlinger (2005b) erected a new genus Fozustium (Erythraeidae: Balaustiinae) on

the basis of a new species Fozustium paranensis from larvae. Type specimens were

collected from herbaceous plants from Brazil.

Saboori and HajiQanbar (2005) added a new species Abrolophus iraninejadi in

genus Abrolophus Berlese (Erythraeidae) from a larva collected in soil from Iran.

Haitlinger (2006a) described and illustrated eight new species viz. Abrolophus

unimiri, Erythraeus (Erythraeus) yangshounicus, E. (E.) zhangi, Leptus guilinicus, L.

coloanensis, Balaustium innocentae, (Erythraeidae), Podothrombium xianicum

(Trombidiidae), and Johnstoniana rudolfi ((Johnstonianidae) from China and reported

Abrolophus aitapensis Southcott for first time from Macao, China.

Haitlinger (2006b) described a new genus Lomeustium (Erythraeidae:

Balaustiinae) on the basis of Lomeustium togoensis sp. nov., from Togo, Benin and

Ghana and also described seven new species viz. L. pelebinus, Charletonia

grangpopensis from Benin, L. elminus, L. abrofaicus, Abrolophus basumtwiensis,

Charletonia ghanensis all from Ghana and Charletonia beninensis from Benin and

Ghana.

Haitlinger (2006c) described six new species from larvae viz. Erythraeus (Z.)

kastaniensis, E. (Z.) passidonicus, Charletonia kalithensis, C. samosensis (Erythraeidae),

Allothrombium polikarpi and Podothrombium manolatesicus (Trombidiidae) from

Samos, Greece.

Haitlinger (2006d) added four new species, described from larvae in family

Erythraeidae viz. Leptus ubudicus, L. balicus, Carastrum sanurensis and Charletonia

lombokensis from Indonesia and also reported Hauptmannia aitapensis Southcott and

Charletonia shiroyama Yaita et al., 1961 for first time from Indonesia.

Haitlinger (2007a) explored and described five new species of Erythraeidae:

Leptus pozzoicus n. sp., Charletonia austisensis n. sp., C. cuglierensis n. sp., and

Hauptmannia sardiniensis n. sp. from Sardinia and Abrolophus marinensis n. sp. from

Corsica. All these species were described on the basis of larvae.

14

Haitlinger (2007b) described two new species of genus Hauptmannia Oudemans,

1910 and one subspecies of genus Abrolophus Berlese, 1893 from larvae: Hauptmannia

kotorensis n. sp. from Montenegro, H. podorasensis n. sp. and Abrolophus

pseudolongicollis kiejstuti subsp.both from Bosinia and Hercegovina. He also recorded

Leptus mariae Haitlinger from Bulgaria, L. josifovi Beron, Erythraeus budapestensis Fain

and Ripka both from Bosinia and Hercegovina and redescribed Erythraeus styriacus Turk

from Austria, Bosinia and Hercegovina, Crotia, Macedonia and Slovenia.

Haitlinger (2007c) described three new species from France, Liechtenstein and

Switzerland: Abrolophus mirabelae.belongs to the group of species having comb-like

setae, Erythraeus (Erythraeus) berninensis.and E. (E.) moeritzensis, both belong to the

group of species having basifemoral setal formula 3-3-3 and also recorded

Hauptmannia kazimierae, Rudaemannia rudaensis, Leptus echinopus, L. beroni,

L. mariae, L. josifovi and Podothrombium kordulae from Switzerland for first time;

Abrolophus pseudolongicollis, Hauptmannia brevicollis, Leptus slivovi, Podothrombium

kordulae and Allothrombium fuliginosum are new to the fauna of Liechtenstein.

Hauptmannia stanislavae, H. silesiacus, Charletonia kaliksti, Erythraeus (E.) jowitae and

Leptus josifovi were new to the fauna of France.

Haitlinger (2008) described Abrolophus crimensis n. sp. (Erythraeidae) from

Ukraine, Moldoustium baltiensis n. gen. n. sp. (Erythraeidae: Balaustiinae). from

Moldova and Ukraine and gave the new host and distribution record of Hauptmannia

brevicollis Oudeman, 1910, Hauptmannia wratislaviensis Haitlinger, 1986, Abrolophus

pseudolongicollis kiejstuti Haitlinger, 2007, Grandjeanella multisetosa Zhang and

Goldarazena,1996, Charletonia krendowskyi Feider, 1954, Leptus trimaculatus Hermann,

1804, Balaustium nikae Haitlinger,1996, Erythraeus (Zaracarus) preciosus Goldarazena

and Zhang, 1998, E. (Erythraeus) kuyperi Oudemans, 1910 and Rudaemannia rudaensis

Haitlinger, 1986.

15

Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODSA. Collection Localities:

Different localities in various climatic zones of Punjab (province), Pakistan (Map 1) were

surveyed extensively for the collection of larval Erythraeidae from different habitats, i.e.,

arthropod pests (thrips, aphid, plant hoppers, housefly, termites, etc.) and various plants

like crops, vegetable, orchards, and wild vegetation. Previously Ahmad (1951) divided

the Punjab region into following zones which are now outdated.

i. Irrigated Low Land (South West Punjab and Thal)

ii. Semi Arid (Central Punjab)

iii. Sub Humid (Sub Mountains North)

iv. Eastern Unirrigated (Choolistan)

v. Sub Mountains West (Derajat)

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) in 1997 divided the Punjab into

following different zones. Being the most advanced zoning of Punjab, the author

followed the zoning proposed by PARC.

A brief description of each zone with selected localities is as follow:

A: Irrigated Plains

A.I: D.G.Khan Irrigated:

Annual rainfall is low and it has long summer season as well as spring. Following

localities were selected from this region.

i. D.G.Khan ii.Rajanpur

A.II: Cotton Zone:

Annual rainfall also low is this region. High temperature during summer therefore

it is hot dry region. Following localities were selected from this region.

i. Multan ii. Bahawalpur iii. Vehari iv. R.Y.Khan

16

A.III: Central Mixed Zone:

It has high ranges of temperature during summer. Therefore summer is intense

with higher rainfall but the winter is cold. Following localities were selected from this

region.

i. Faisalabad ii.Okara iii. Sargodha iv. Jhang v. T.T.Singh

A.IV: Rice Zone:Rainfall is comparatively high in this zone than central mixed zone. Therefore it

also called sub humid zone. Rainy season is long during summer. Following localities

were selected from this region.

i. Sheikhupura ii. Sialkot iii. Narowal iv. Gujranwala

B: Barani reigon

B.I. High Rainfall:Annual rainfall is high with mild summer. Following localities were selected from

this region.

i. Rawalpindi

B.II. Low Rainfall:

Rainfall is comparatively low than high rainfall zone. Following localities were

selected from this region.

i.Chakwal ii. Attock

C.Thal Reigon

C.I. Irrigated Zone:Annual rainfall is minimum. It is hot dry reigon. Following localities were

selected from this region.

i. Layyah ii. Bakhar iii. Muzaffar Garh

C.II. Arid Zone:Following localities were selected from this region.

i. Layyah (Tesil Choubara) ii. Bakhar (Tehsil Mankera)

17

D: Marginal Land

D.I. Suleman Mountains D II. Rud-e Kuhi D III.CholistanFollowing localities were selected from this region.

i. Sa kh i Sa rw ar (D .G .K ha n) ii . Ch ool is ta n (R .Y . Kh an )

The collection from the above mentioned localities was made thrice a year during

2005-2007 in order to make a comprehensive survey covering different seasons.

B. METHODS OF COLLECTION:

Following two collection methods were used for the collection of mite specimens

(a) White Paper Method:

Collection was made at the spot by shaking plant parts especially leaves of

different plants including major crops, vegetables, orchards and wild vegetation on a

white piece of paper. A wooden stick or iron rod was used for shaking the plant parts.

Freely moving mites, which fell on white piece of paper, were picked by camel hair brush

and preserved in 70 % alcohol in small vials.

Parasitic larval mites of family Erythraeidae attached on the bodies of small

insects like aphid, thrips, whiteflies, termites, jassid were preserved in 70 % alcohol

along with host insect pests in small vials. Large and flying insect pests like

grasshoppers, mosquitoes, houseflies and different bugs were collected by hand net.

These insects were dipped in alcohol for some time. Parasitic mites were detached from

the bodies of the insects and then they were preserved in 70 % alcohol.

(b). Berlese’s Funnel Method:

Plant leaf debris and other plant parts which could not be processed on the spot

were collected in small bags and brought to the laboratory. These samples were processed

through berlese’s funnel for at least 24 hours. Mites moving away from light fell down

into the beaker having 70% alcohol with few drops of glycerin. Erythraeid mite

specimens were sorted in small vials. These vials were labeled properly for further

taxonomic studies

18

C. Preparation of Permanent Mounts:

Collected specimens of mites were mounted on glass slides using Hoyer’s

medium. This medium was prepared in the laboratory at room temperature with

following fomula:

Distilled water 50 ml

Gum Arabic 30 g

Chloral hydrate 200 g

Glycerin 20 ml

Glacial acetic acid 1-2 ml

After mixing the ingredients in sequence and keeping the medium with occasional

stirring for fifteen days, glacial acetic acid was mixed. Medium was ready for use after

filtering.

D) Examination of Slides:

Slides of mite specimens prepared by using Hoyer’s medium were examined

under higher power phase contrast microscope for identification. Drawings of different

body parts were made by using an ocular grid. The specimens were identified with the

help of available literature and keys up to genus and species level. Measurements of

different body parts of collected specimens in each genus were taken in micrometres

(m) with help of stage and ocular micrometer. All species have been described in detail.

Magnification scale is also given along with each drawing. Comprehensive keys for all

the species (new as well as already known species) under each genus recorded from

Punjab, Pakistan have been prepared.

Names of new species were selected from source book of Biological Names and

Terms (Jaeger, 1959) or following the place of collection or some important character or

name of eminent scientist, according to the rules of International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature (1961).

For each genus, table of comparison of characters of different species have been

prepared. These diagnostic characters of all recorded species in each genus were

subjected to Multivariate Cluster Analysis by using computer programme Minitab 13.1

for construction of dendrogram to study the relationships and affinities among them.

19

MAP OF AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF PUNJAB PROVINCE

EastWest

North

South

MAP-1

A. Irrigated PlainsA. I-D.G.Khan IrrigatedA. II-Cotton ZoneA. III -Central Mixed ZoneA. IV-Rice ZoneB. Barani RegionB. I-High RainfallB. II- Low RainfallC. Thal RegionC. I-Irrigated ZoneC. II-Arid ZoneD. Marginal LandD. I-Suleman MountainD. II-Rud-i-KohiD. III- Choolistan

A-IA II

A III

A IV

B I

B II

C I

C II

D ID II

D III

Vehari

Bahawalpur

Choolistan

R.Y.Khan

Rajanpur

Sakhi SarwarD.G.Khan

MultanM.Garh

Layyah

Bakhar

Attock

Chakwal

Mankera

Choubara Jhang

T.T.Singh Okara

Faisalabad

Sargodha

Sheikhupura

GujranwalaSialkot Narowal

20

Chapter 4

MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY

Family Erythraeidae Robineau- Desvoidy, 1828Diagnosis:

Super family Erythreoidea in which the Gnathosoma (comprised of a mouth-cone

and palp) to the front of the propodosoma, without any extensible collar enabling forward

projection of the gnathosoma.The larva without sensillae on legs. Lateral tarsal claws in

larval legs usually dissimilar.

Morphology:

Body of mites belonging to the family Erythraeidae is divided into two main

regions:

i. Gnathosoma ii. Idiosoma

These body regions are important taxonomically as they have many important

diagnostic characters.

i) Gnathosoma:

This region consists of palpi, chelicerae and hypostome.

A) Palpus:

Palp are two in number i.e., one on each side of hypostome, mostly 5 segmented.

Palpi in genus Hauptmannia are 6 segmented because of presence of palpcoxa. Palpcoxa

absent in most of genera because it is fused with ventral hypostome and is not

distinguishable as separate segment. Setae may or may not present on palp coxa. Name of

segments of palp are same as of legs but usually “palp” is prefixed to distinguish these

segments from those of legs. 2nd segment is palptrochanter, it is small as compared to

other segments, with or without setae. 3rd segment is palpfemur, 4th is palpgenu, 5th is

palptibia and 6th is palptarsus. Number and shape of Setae on each palp segment vary in

different species and genera. Palptibia bears tibial claw. In genus Erythraeus palptibial

claw bifurcate and accessory claw present. In genus Hauptmannia, palptarsus have comb

like seta (Fig.1A).

21

B. Chelicerae:

Chelicerae are two in number located dorsally, one on each side over the

hypostome. They are free nonchelate but with a claw like movable or fixed digit

(Fig.1A).

C. Hypostome:

Hypostome is anteroventral area of gnathosoma mostly below the chelicerae, sub

triangular in shape, consists of two lateral lips separated the buccal canal by a week

suture. There are two pairs of setae present on hypostomal area; anterior pair is named as

galealae while posterior pair is called hypostomalae. Shape and length of these setae

differ in different genera (Fig.1A)

ii) Idiosoma:

Idiosoma contain dorsal scutum, one or two pairs of eyes and dorsal body setae.

A. Dorsal scutum:

It presents anterodorsally on idiosoma. It’s shape vary in different sub families. It

is triangular in Leptinae (Fig.2B), rounded in Erythraeinae (Fig.2A), squar shape or

rounded in Callidosomatinae (Fig.2C-D) and elongate in Balaustiinae (Fig.2E). It has two

pairs of sensillary setae; anterior and posterior sensillae (ASE & PSE). In Balaustiinae,

crista (cuticular line) joins anterior and posterior pair of sensillae. Crista absent in other

sub families. Two or three pairs of setae (scutalae) present laterally on each side of

scutum. Shape and numer of scutalae vary in different genera and species. Distance

between sensillae and scutalae and their position on scutum also vary in different genera

and species

B. Eyes:

One or two pairs of eyes present on anterior side of idiosoma near each lateral

side of posterior pole of scutum. Two pair of eyes present in subfamily Erythraeinae.

Other subfamilies; Leptinae, Callidosomatinae and Balaustinae have one pair of eyes.

Southcott (1957b) categorized the family Erythraeidae into above mentioned 4

subfamilies on the basis of number of eyes and shape of scutum (Fig.3).

22

B. Dorsal Setae:

Idiosoma have variable number of setae dorsally. Shape, number and length of

setae vary in different genera and species. Dorsal setae on idiosoma are denoted by fD.

DS denotes length of dorsal idiosomal setae. Length of setae on dorsum gradually

increases toward the posterior pole of idiosoma (Fig.3).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally bears variable number of setae between coxae I-III, in between

coxae I-III and behind the coxae III. Coxae of legs I-III are visible on venter. Shape,

number and length of setae on venter of idiosoma vary in different genera and species. fV

denotes number of setae on venter except setae between coxae I-II (Fig.4).

Legs:

Larvae of family Erythraeidae have three pairs of legs. There are 7 segments of

each leg. These segments are: coxa, trochanter, basifemur, telofemur, genu, tibia and

tarsus. In some genera e.g., Erythraeus all legs are longer than body length but in others,

legs are equal or shorter than body length. Each tarsus terminates with two similar or

dissimilar claws and variable shape of empodium in different genera. Number of setae,

solenidia, eupathidion, sensory and tactile setae along with their size and shape vary in

different species of same genus (Fig.5).

Terminology and setal nomenclature used in this manuscript as followed by

Haitlinger & Saboori (1996) and Goldarazena and Zhang (1998).

Abbreviations relate with morphology and setal nomenclature of family

Erythraeidae are given below:

IL : Length of idiosomaIW : Width of Idiosoma

L : Length of ScutumW : Width of ScutumAW : Distance between centers of bases of AL scutalaePW : Distance between centers of bases of PL scutalaeSBa : Distance between centers of anterior sensillae bases

SBp : Distance between centers of posterior sensillae basesISD : Distance in between centers of anterior and posterior sensillaeAP : Distance between centers of bases of AL & PL scutalae of same side

23

AL : Length of anterolateral scutalaePL : Length of posterolateral scutalaeASE : Length of anterior sensillary seta of dorsal scutum

PSE : Length of posterior sensillary seta of dorsal scutumDS : Length of dorsal idiosomal setaePDS : Length of posterior dorsal setae of idiosomaSt II (1a) : Length of seta in between coxae I on ventral side of idiosomaSt II(2a) : Length of seta in between coxae II on ventral side of idiosomaCx I (1b) : Length on setae on coxaeI

Cx II (2b) : Length on setae on coxaeIICx III (3b) : Length on setae on coxae IIIGL : Length of gnathosoma measured between bases of palpcoxae and tips

of cheliceraePaScFed : Length of seta on dorsal surface of palpfemur

PaScFev : Length of seta on ventral surface of palpfemurPaScGed : Length of seta on dorsal surface of palpgenuPaScGev : Length of seta on ventral surface of palpgenuNDV : Total number of dorsal and ventral setaefD : Number of dorsal setae

fV : Number of ventral setaeN : Nude (simple) setaeB : Barbed setaeHy : Length of posterior hypostomalaeTa (L) : Length of tarsusTa(L) : Hieght of tarsus

Ti : Length of genuGe : Length of genuTf : Length of telofemurBf : Length of basifemur

Cx : Length of coxae

Eupathidium (Long sensory seta on tip of tarsus)

: Solenidion on (palp or leg) tarsus

: Micro seta on leg tarsus

: Solenidion on leg tibia

: Micro setae on leg tibia or genuσ : Solenidion on leg genu

24

Palpfemur

Palpgenu

Palptibia

Palptibial clawAccessory claw

PalptrochanterSupercoxala

Supercoxa

Palptarsus

EupathidiumComb like seta

Solenidion

Cheliceral fange (digit)

Chelicera

Hypostome

HypostomalaGaleala

A

B

Fig.1: A-Gnathosoma; B- Scutum

AL

PL

PSE

ASE

AW

AP

SBa

SBp

ISDPW

25

Shape of Scutum and setae present on it in different subfamiliesand genera of Erythraeidae

Fig.2A-S.F: ErythraeinaeG: Erythraeus

Fig.2B-S.F: LeptinaeG: Leptus

Fig.2E-S.F: Balaustiinae G: Pollux

Fig.2D-S.F: CallidosomatinaeG: Abrolophus

Fig.2C-S.F: CallidosomatinaeG: Charletonia

26

Anterior Eye

Posterior Eye

Dorsal scutum

Dorsal Idiosomalsetae(fD)

ASE

AL

PL

PSE

Fig.3: Idiosoma; Dorsal side

27

St I(1a)

St II(2a)

CoxalaI

CoxalaII

CoxalaIII

Coxa

Trochanter

Fig.4: Idiosoma, Ventral View

fV

28

Fig. 5: Chaetotaxy of legs

29

Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFamily Erythraeidae has been classified both on the basis of adults and larvae. In

this manuscript only larval classification has been followed. During the course of

research work, various climatic zones of Punjab, Pakistan were surveyed. As a result of

survey, 24 species belonging to 4 genera viz.Erythraeus, Leptus, Abrolophus and Pollux

of family Erythraeidae were come into collection. Out of these, 15 species were new to

science. All species were based on larvae. The Detailed descriptions along with remarks

(discussion) of new species, diagnostic keys and collection data of all collected species

have been given under each respective genus. The detail of different genera and species is

follows:

Subfamily Erythraeinae Southcott

Genus Erythraeus LatreilleAcarus de Geer, 1778:134.Type species Acarus phalangoides (adult) de Geer, 1778 by

original designation.

Trombidium Hermann, 1804:33.Type species Trombidium phalangoides (adult) de Geer,

1804 by original designation.

Erythraeus Latreille, 1806, 146; Type species Acarus phalangoides (adult) de Geer, 1778

by original designation Oudemans, 1937:1959; Southcott, 1946c:18; Grandjean,

1947b: 31; Southcott, 1961: 491; Beron, 1882: 47; Southcott, 1985: 233;

Haitlinger, 1987c: 725; Southcott, 1995: 223; Haitlinger, 1994:405; Haitlinger

and Saboori, 1996:117; Fain, 1996:251; Haitlinger, 1997:123; Fain and Ripka,

1998:41; Golldarazena and Zhang, 1998, 149; Saboori, 2000:125; Saboori and

Akrami, 2001:159; Saboori and Nowzari, 2001:229; Saboori et al., 2004:163

and Khanjanii et al., 2007:51.

Bochartia Oudemans, 1910b: 49; Andre, 1929a: 255; 1929b: 295; Vitzthum, 1929: 70;

1931a: 148; Womersley, 1936:120; Grandjean, 1944:131; Vitzthum, 1940: 874;

Grandjean, 1947a: 3; Willmann, 1951c:154; Sellnick, 1958: 43.Type species:

Bochartia kuyperi (larva) Oudemans, 1910 by original designation.

30

Brochartia Schweizer, 1922:82.

Bockartia Womersley, 1934:251.

Southcott (1961) synonymised all above generic names and treated them as genus

Erythraeus. After 1961 all workers followed Southcott synonymy. Author has also

followed this synonymy.

Up till no struggle have been done to explore fauna of this genus from Pakistan.

Author has surveyed different localities of Punjab province (Pakistan) comprehensively.

As a result four new species were collected and described in detail, among them one

species belong to subgenus Zaracarus (Erythraeus: Erythraeidae) and three belong to

subgenus Erythraeus (Erythraeus). Two already described species of said genus were

also collected for first time from Pakistan.

Diagnosis:

Larva with two eyes on each side. Dorsal scutum rounded, somewhat flattened or

excavated anteriorly, with two pairs of scutalae and two pairs of sensillae. Anterior

placed a little behind the AL scutalae. PL scutalae not marginal on scutum; they arise

behind the middle of scutum. Posterior sensillae originate somewhat anterior to posterior

margin of scutum. Each pedal coxa with one seta (coxala), each pedal trochanter with one

seta (trochanterala), pedal claws three: anterior week, bent ventrally, ciliated; middle

falciform, rather slender, unciliated; posterior recurved terminally, ciliated, palpal tibial

claw bifurcate.

31

Key to species of genus Erythraeus Latreille from Pakistan

1(a) AL<90µm; AL scutalae not enlarged near bases; ASE without strong cuticular

structures at their bases-----------------------------------------------------------------------2

(b) AL>130µm; AL scutalae enlarged near bases; ASE with strong cuticular structures

at their bases------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

2(a) Dorsal and ventral body setae with long dense setules. PSE more than twice the

length of ASE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

(b) Dorsal and ventral body very finely barbed, PSE almost equal the length of ASE

or1.10 times longer than ASE----------------------------------------------------------------3

3(a) AL>PL; PSE>ASE.16 setae present ventrally behind coxaeIII----------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------Erythraeus (E) loomerus n. sp.

(b) AL=PL; PSE=ASE; 12 setae present ventrally behind the coxae III---------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------Erythraeus (E) layyahensis n. sp.

4(a) Dorsal body setae 16 pairs; setae behind coxae III on ventral side5 pairs ---------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------Erythraeus (E) walii n.sp.

(b) Dorsal body setae 32 pairs; setae behind the coxae III on ventral side 12 pairs---------

-----------------------------------Erythraeus shojaii Saboori and Babolmorad, 2000, Iran

5(a) AL=130 µm, dorsal body setae 21 pairs---------------Erythraeus (Z) perpusillus n .sp.

(b) AL>199 µm, dorsal body setae 15 pairs------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------Erythraeus (Z) longipedus Saboori and Nowzari, 2001, Iran

32

Southcott (1995) categorized genus Erythraeus into two subgenera; Zaracarus andErythraeus

Su bg en us Za ra ca ru s So ut hc ot tTy pe sp ec ie s: Er yt hr ae us la nc if er So ut hc ot t.

Di ag no si s:

On scutum, Cuticular structures present at the bases of anterior sensillae (ASE).AL scutalae enlarged near bases and much longer than PL.

1. Erythraeus (Zaracarus) perpusillus n.sp. (Fig. 1A-I)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape, smooth, 350m long, 260m wide. Total length from tips

chelicerae to posterior pole of idiosoma 490m. Scutum present dorsally on idiosoma,

wider than long, 100m long, 152m wide, densely punctate entirely, convex anteriorly

and posteriorly slightly concave and carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of

scutalae. Posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) more than twice the length of anterior sensillae

(ASE); ASE 28m long, PSE 70m; ASE have strong cuticular structers at the bases,

with long setules on their entire lengths and with pointed ends. PSE smooth (without

setules), with pointed tips and lies at posterior pole of scutum. Cuticular lines surround

the the posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) in shape of flask. AL scutalae enlarged near bases

and much longer than PL scutalae, 130m; PL 74m long, both with long dense setules

on their entire lengths and blunt ended. AL lies at the level of ASE bases. AW=87m,

PW=116m, AP=47m, ISD=62m (Fig.1A).

Two pairs of eyes present on idiosoma on each lateral side of scutum, anterior eye

17 m across, at the level of PSE bases, posterior eye 12 m across. Dorsal setae on

idiosoma, 21 pairs, all with long setules on their entire lengths and ranging in lengths

from 50-60m; DS=50-60; PDS=50-60; fD=42 (Fig.1A).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally bears one pair of Sternalae 1a between coxae I, 40m long;

one pair of Sternalae 2a in between the coxae II-III, 32m long; 8 pairs of setae behind

33

the coxae III. All ventral setae with long dense setules and blunt ended. fV=16;

NDV=42+16=58.

Coxae I-III each with one coxala; all coxalae blunt ended and with long setules.

Coxalae-I 2.5 times longer than the length of coxalae II and 2 times long the length of

coxalaeIII (Fig.1B).

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma cone shaped and compact with flask shape in outline and densely

punctate dorsally. Galaelae simple, 25m long and Hypostomalae 33m, finely barbed,

supercoxalae absent. Palpfemur robust with one barbed (densely setulose) seta; palpgenu

with one barbed and blunt ended seta; palptibia with 1 nude and one barbed setae.

Palptibial claw bifurcate with peg like accessory claw. Palptarsus with 7 setae including

one eupathidium, one solenidion and one long seta (Fig.1C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-B-B-BN- NNBB

Legs:

Legs three pairs, all legs longer than body length; leg III the longest one, legs I-III

measuring 808m, 779m and 976m long, respectively. IP = 808+779+976 = 2563

(Fig.1D-I).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 17B; Ti-2, 1, 15B; Ge-1σ,1, 9B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 17B; Ti-1, 1, 15B; Ge-1 σ, 1, 7B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1,17B;Ti –1, 16B; Ge-9B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr–1B; Cx-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived from host insect Pyrilla perpusilla

(Lophopidae: Homoptera) on which holotype larva was living as an ectoparasite.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from chak no. 7/4L, 5km south of district Okara

(Punjab) on 13-8-05 (Muhammad Kamran) parasitizing Pyrilla perpusilla (Lophopidae:

Homoptera) infesting sugarcane crop. Paratypes 10 larvae, collection data of three larvae

same while two paratypes were collected from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad from

34

undetermined bug ( Hemiptera) and 5 from sugarcane plants (Saccharum officinarum L.)

from district Toba Take Singh on 10-09-2006. All specimens have been deposited in

Acarology Research Labortory, Departrment of Agri. Entomology, University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Table 1: Metric data of Erythraeus (Z.) perpusillus n.sp. larva:

Character Holotype Character Holotype Character Holotype Character Holotype

IL 350 DS 50-60 Ta I(H) 17 Tr II 50

IW 260 PDS 50-60 Ti I 190 Cx II 75

L 100 St I (1a) 40 Ge I 137 Leg II 779

W 152 St II (2a) 32 Tfe I 100 Ta III (L) 154

AW 87 Coxala I 100 Bfe I 105 Ta III (H) 15

PW 116 CoxalaII 40 Tr I 48 Ti III 275

SBa 20 Coxala III 50 Cx I 63 Ge III 150

SBp 17 Hy 25 Leg I 808 Tfe 125

ISD 62 G L 133 Ta II(L) 137 Bfe 127

AP 47 PaScFed 62 Ta II(H) 15 Tr III 50

AL 130 PaScFev - Ti II 188 Cx III 80

PL 74 PaScGed 75 Ge II 125 LegIII 976

ASE 28 PaScGev - Tfe II 87

PSE 70 Ta I(L) 132 Bfe II 100

Remarks:

Erythraeus perpusillus sp. nov. belongs to the group of species having

basifemoral setal formula 3:3:3. This group includes E. (Z.) lancifer Southcott, 1995 from

Spain, E. (Z.) fabiolae Haitlinger, 1997 from Canary Island, E. (Z.) rajabii Saboori, 2000,

E. (Z.) longipedus Saboori & Nowzari, 2001 both from Iran, E. (Z.) sibulijinicus

Haitlinger, 2004 from Croatia, E. (Z.) aydinicus Saboori et al., 2004 from Turkey, E. (Z.)

kastaniensis Haitlinger, 2006 and E. (Z.) passidonicus Haitlinger, 2006 from Greece

(Southcott, 1995, Haitlinger, 1997, Saboori, 2000, Saboori & Nowzari, 2001, Haitlinger,

2004b, Saboori et al., 2004, Haitlinger, 2006c)

Erythraeus perpusillus sp. nov. differs from E. (Z.) lancifer in fD (42 vs 32),

fV (16 vs 12), IP (2563 vs 2710) and AW (87 vs 40-55); from E. (Z.) fabiolae in

shorter Ti III (275 vs 440), IP (2563 vs 3852), DS (50-60- vs 70-130), TaI (132 vs 196),

35

PL (74 vs 104), fV (16 vs 12) and palpal femuralae and genualae barbed vs nude in

E. (Z.) fabiolae; from E. (Z.) rajabii in shorter Ti III ( 275 vs 375), AL (130 vs 192),

GeIII (150 vs 204), Ti II (188 vs 248), fD (42 vs 26), fV (16 vs 14) and AW (87 vs 36);

from E. (Z.) longipedus in fD (42 vs 30), fV (16 vs 8), IP (2563 vs 3403), AL (130 vs

199), AW (87 vs 41), Ti III (275 vs 424), Ti II (188 vs 267), Ti I (190 vs 272) and Ge I

(137 vs 206); from E. (Z.) sibulijinicus in fD (42 vs 24), fV (16 vs 12), AW (87 vs 42),

GL (133 vs 154) and Ti I (190 vs 240); from E. (Z.) aydinicus Saboori et al., in fD (42 vs

32), Ti III (275 vs 375), AL (130 vs 167), PaScGed (75 vs 63), TaI (132 vs 179) and Ta

III (154 vs 184); from E. (Z.) kastaniensis in fewer fD (42 vs 54), more fV (16 vs 14),

shorter Ti III (275 vs 370), ISD (62 vs 78), GL (133 vs 170), TaI ( 132 vs 180), IP (2563

vs 3180) and AL (130 vs 100) and from E. (Z.) passidonicus in fD (42 vs 37), fV (16 vs

14), AL (130 vs 98), AP (47 vs 68), Ti III (275 vs 356), IP (2563 vs 3002), AW (87 vs

68) and PW 116 vs 156).

36

A

Fig.1: Erythraeus (Z.) perpusillus n.sp. (larva) A-diosoma (dorsal view)

50µ

m

37

Fig.1: Erythraeus (Z.) perpusillus n.sp. (larva) B-Idiosoma (ventral view)

50µ

m

B

38

Fig.1: Erythraeus (Z.) perpusillus n.sp.(larva) D- legI (femur& genu); E-legI(tibia& tarsus); F- legII (femur & genu); G-legII (tibia& tarsus); H- legIII(femur & genu); I- legIII (tibia& tarsus)

D

EF

G

H

I

50µ

m

C

50µ

m

39

2. Erythraeus (Z.) longipedus Saboori and Nowzari

Erythraeus (Z.) longipedus Saboori and Nowzari, 2001:229

Known Distribution: Shahryar, Iran

Known Host : Undetermined Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

New Distribution and host Record:

15 specimens of this species have been collected by Muhammad Kamran from the

following localities and hosts and deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory,

Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Locality No.of specimens Date Source/ hostFaisalabad 2 08-09-2005 Aphis gossipiiOkara 6 01-07-2006 Foxtail grass (Setaria viridis L.)

Jhang 4 05-08-2007 Baru grass (Sorghum helepense)Sargodha 3 20-09-2007 Shorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

40

Subgenus Erythraeus SouthcottDiagnosis of Larva:

On scutum, Cuticular structures absent at the bases of anterior sensillae (ASE).

AL scutalae not enlarged near bases and equal or slightly longer than PL scutalae.

3. Erythraeus (E.) shojaii Saboori and Babolmorad

Erythraeus shojaii Saboori and Babolmorad, 2000:119

Known Distribution: Karaj, Iran

Known Host : Monosteria unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae)





Locality No.of specimens Date Source/ hostSargodha 3 08-09-2007 Red cotton bug

(Disdercus koengii)Jhang (Rodo Sultan) 2 25-08-2007 Cotton Mealy Bug

(Maconellicoccus hirsutus)Layyah (283/TDA) 5 15-07-2005 Khabbal grass

(Cynodon dactylon)

R.Y.khan 2 23-05-2007 Long horned grasshopper(Tettigonid sp.)

41

4. Erythraeus (E.) walii n.sp. (Fig. 2A-I)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape, 260m long, 195m wide. Total length from tips


wider than long, 117m wide, 83m long, densely punctate entirely, convex anteriorly ,

posteriorly concave and carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae. Posterior

pair of sensillae (PSE) more than twice the length of anterior sensellae (ASE), ASE

finely barbed while PSE without ciliations, both with pointed tips, ASE 28m , PSE

67m long, smooth (without setules) and lies at posterior pole of scutum. Cuticular lines

surround the the posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) in shape of flask. AL scutalae longer

than PL scutalae; AL 75m, PL 52m long, both setulose and blunt ended. AL lie at the

level of ASE bases, PL lie slightly anterior to the levels of PSE bases. AW=47m,

PW=75m, AP=47m, ISD=60m (Fig.2A).

Two pairs of eyes present on idiosoma on each lateral side of scutum, anterior eye

15m across, at the level of PSE bases, posterior eye 12 m across. Dorsal setae on

idiosoma, 16 pairs, all with long setules on their entire lengths and ranging in lengths

from 30-42m, DS=33-42; PDS=33-42; fD=32 (Fig.2A).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally bears one pair of Sternalae 1a between coxae I, 50m long;

one pair of Sternalae 2a in between the coxae II-III, 25m long; 5 pairs of setae behind

the coxae III. All ventral setae setulose and blunt ended. Setulose setae present behind the

coxae III ranging in lengths from 25-30m. fV=10; NDV=32+10=42.

Coxae I-III each with one coxalae, all coxalae blunt ended and with long setules;

CoxalaeI more than two times longer than the length of coxalae II and almost twice the

length of coxalae III (Fig.2B).

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma cone shaped, compact and flask shape in outline, galaelae simple,

20m long, hypostomalae 33m, finely barbed, supercoxalae absent. Palpfemur robust

with one barbed (densely setulose) seta, palp genu with one barbed and blunt ended seta;

42

palptibia with 1 nude and one barbed setae; palptibial claw bifurcate with peg like

accessory claw; palptarsus with 7 setae including one eupathidion, one solenidium and

one long seta (Fig.2C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-B-B-BN- NNBB

Legs:


measuring 730m, 657m and 843m long, respectively. IP = 730+657+843 = 2230

(Fig.2D-I).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 21B; Ti-1, 1, 14B; Ge-1σ,1, 8B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 15B; Ti-1, 1, 14B; Ge-1σ, 1, 8B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1,18B; Ti–1, 114B; Ge-7B; Tfe–5B; Bfe–2B; Tr–1B; Cx–1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived after the name of late Prof. Dr.Wali

Muhammad Chaudhri on his great contribution in Acarology.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Horticulture garden on 18-07-05 (Muhammad Kamran) from baru plants (Sorghum

helepense). Paratypes 8 larvae, collection data of 5 larvae same while 3 larvae were

collected from Rajanpur city near Railway station on 9-10-05 (Muhammad Kamran)

from khabbal grass (Cynodon datylon). All specimens have been deposited in Acarology

Research Labortory Departrment of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad.

43

Table 2: Metric data of Erythraeus (E.) walii n. sp. larva:


IL 260 DS 33-42 Ta I(H) 15 Tr II 50

IW 195 PDS 33-42 Ti I 175 Cx II 65

L 83 St I (1a) 50 Ge I 137 Leg II 657


AW 47 Coxala I 75 Bfe I 100 Ta III (H) 12.5


SBa 10 Coxala III 37.5 Cx I 56 Ge III 125


ISD 60 G L 120 Ta II(L) 110 Bfe 113






Remarks:

In subgenus Erythraeus 28 species are known from Europe and Asia This new

species Erythraeus (E.) walii belongs to the species group with basifemoral setal formula

2-2-2 and short anterior sensillae. This group includes three species viz. E. (E.) adrastus

Southcott, 1961 from Denmark, E. (E.) tinae Haitlinger, 1997 from Canary Islands,

Tenerife, E. (E.) picaforticus Haitlinger, 2002 from Balearic Islands, Mallorca (Southcott,

1961, Haitlinger, 1997, Haitlinger, 2002d)

Erythraeus walii sp. nov. differs from E. (E.) adrastus in fD (32 vs. 36), fV (10

vs. 12), sternalae (1a) (50 vs. 89), IP (2230 vs. 1805), legIII (843 vs. 680), Width of

scutum (W) (117 vs. 141-167), PW (75 vs. 105-118) and PSE ( smooth vs. nude); from

E. (E.) tinae in fD (32 vs. 47), fV (10 vs. 15), IP (2230 vs. 3756), TiIII (250 vs. 301),

GL (120 vs. 182), ISD (60 vs. 76), Coxala I 75 vs. 128) and DS (33-42 vs. 70-130); from

E. (E.) picaforticus in fD (32 vs. 72), fV (10 vs. 24), IP (2230 vs. 3034), GL (120 vs.

174), DS (33-42 vs. 70-76), legIII (843 vs. 1186), W (117 vs 190), PL (52 vs. 84) and

Coxala I (75 vs. 114).

44

Fig.2: Erythraeus (E.) walii n.sp. (larva) A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

50µm

A

45

Fig.2: Erythraeus (E.) walii n.sp. (larva) B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

50µ

m

B

46

Fig.2: Erythraeus (E.) walii n.sp. (larva) D- legI (femur& genu); E-legI (tibia&tarsus); F- legII (femur & genu); G-legII (tibia& tarsus)

C

50µ

m

50µ

m

D

E

F

G

47

Fig.2: Erythraeus (E.) walii n.sp. (larva) H- legIII (femur & genu); I-legIII (tibia& tarsus)

HI

50µ

m

48

5. Erythraeus (E) layyahensis n. sp. (Fig. 3A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape, smooth, 550m long, 350m wide.Total length from tips


wider than long, 80um wide, 62um long, densely punctate entirely, somewhat rounded,

slightly flate anteriorly and carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae. Both

sensillae (ASE and PSE) equal in legth, 90m long, very finely barbed (ciliated) on their

entire lengths and with pointed ends. Cuticular lines surround both sensillae. SBa=9m,

SBp=10m, ISD=47m. AL and PL scutalae equal in length, 80m long, very finely

barbed with pointed tips. AL scutalae lie slightly anterior to the level of ASE bases. PL

scutalae lie slightly posterior to middle of scutum and far off distance anterior to the level

of PSE bases. AW=60m, PW=69m, AP=25m (Fig.3A).

Two pairs of eyes present on idiosoma dorsally on separate platelets slightly

behind from scutum, anterior pair, 15m; posterior pair 13m across.

Dorsal setae on idiosoma, 21 pairs, all with pointed tips, very finely barbed and

ranging in lengths from 50-83, PDS=50-55. Setae on posterior part of idiosoma shorter

than remaining setae on dorsum. fD=42 (Fig.3A).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally with one pair of finelly barbed Sternalae 1a between coxae I,

78m long; one pair of Sternalae 2a slightly behind the coxae II, 45m long; six pairs of

setae behind the coxae III. All ventral setae finely barbed and with pointed tips. fV=12;

NDV=42+12=54. Coxae I-III each with one coxala, all coxalae finely barbed and having

pointed tips. Coxala-I the longest one, 80m long, almost two times longer than coxalae

II and 1.8 times longer than coxalae III. Coxalae II and coxalae III, 42m and 51m long,

respectively (Fig.3B).

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma cone shaped and compact with simple (smooth) Galaelae and

hypostomalae, 12m and 18m long respectively, Supercoxalae absent, palpfemur and

palpgenu each with one barbed and pointed tipped setae, palptibia with 2 barbed and one

49

nude setae, palptarsus with one apical eupathidium, one solenidion, one long nude basal

seta, one short nude seta and two barbed setae. Palp tibial claw bifurcate (Fig.3C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-B-B-BBN- NNBB

Legs:


measuring 797m, 757m and 879m long, respectively. IP= 797+757+879= 2433

(Fig.3D-F).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 20B; Ti-2, 1k, 14B; Ge-1σ,1k, 9B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-4B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 20B; Ti-1, 1k, 15B; Ge-1σ, 1k, 10B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-4B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 19B; Ti-1, 14B; Ge-8B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr–1B; Cx-1B.

Etymology:

Name of this new species is named on the name of locality (Layyah) from where

holotype larva was collected.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from chak no. 283/T.D.A., 22 km east of district

Layyah (Punjab) on 09-07-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) from foxtail grass (Setaria viridis

L.). Paratypes 9 larvae, collection data of 6 larvae same as holotype while 3 paratypes

were collected from district Bakhar from madhana grass (Dactyloctenum aegyptium L.)

on 25-09-06. All specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research Labortory,

Departrment of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

50

Table 3: Metric data of Erythraeus (E.) layyahensis n.sp.larva:


IL 550 DS 50-83 Ta I(H) 27 Tr II 54

1W 350 PDS 50-55 Ti I 205 Cx II 100

L 62 St I (1a) 78 Ge I 150 Leg II 757






ISD 47 G L 125 Ta II(L) 100 Bfe 125

AP 25 PaScFed 62.5 Ta II(H) 25 Tr III 62





Remarks:

In subgenus Erythraeus 28 species are known from Europe and Asia: E. (E.)

kuyperi Oudemans, 1910 from Holland, E. (E.) adrastus Southcott, 1961 from Denmark,

E. (E.) flavopictus Hara and Hanada, 1962, E. (E.) nipponicus Kawashima, 1961 both

from Japan, E. (E.) styriacus Turk, 1981 from Austria, E. (E.) rilensis Beron, 1982,

E. (E.) kresnensis Beron,1982, E. (E.) bulgaromontanus Beron, 1982 all from Bulgaria,

E. (E.) jowitae Haitlinger, 1987, E. (E.) monikae Haitlinger, 1987, E. (E.) gertrudae

Haitlinger, 1987, E. (E.) elwirae Haitlinger, 1987 all from Poland, E. (E.) mariolae

Haitlinger, 1994 from Switzerland, E. (E.) malwinae Haitlinger, 1995 from Germany,

E. (E.) akbariani Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996, E. (E.) sabrinae Haitlinger and Saboori,

1996, E. (E.) shojaii Saboori and Babolmorad, 2000, E. (E.) garmsaricus Saboori et al.,

2004, E. (E.) hyptertrichotus Saboori et al., 2004, E. (E.) mirabi Khanjani and

Ueckermann 2007 all from Iran, E. (E.) tinnae Haitlinger, 1997 from Canary Islands,

Tenerife, E. (E.) southcotti Goldarazena and Zhang, 1998 from Spain, E. (E.) sifi

Haitlinger, 2000 from Turkey, E. (E.) kacperi Haitlinger, 2004 from Cambodia, E. (E.)

picaforticus Haitlinger, 2002 from Mallorca, E. (E.) rutgeri Haitlinger, 2003 from

51

Rhodes, Greece, E. (E.) yangshuonicus Haitlinger, 2006 and E. (E.) zhangi Haitlinger,

2006 both from China (Oudemans, 1910a, Southcott, 1961, Hara and Hanada, 1962,

Kawashima, 1961, Turk, 1981, Beron, 1982, Haitlinger, 1987c, 1994a, 1995,1997, 2000,

2002d, 2003c, 2004d, 2006a, Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996, Saboori and Babolmorad,

2000, Saboori et al., 2004, Khanjani and Ueckermann 2007, Goldarazena and Zhang,

1998).

Erythraeus layyahensis sp. nov. differs from all above mentioned species by

having unique characters like basifemoral setal formula 4-4-3, AL=PL=80, very long

ASE and PSE both 90m and surrounded by thin cuticular lines.

It resembles to some extent, with the group of species with long anterior sensillae

(ASE) and can be separated from Erythraeus (E.) monikae Haitlinger 1987c on the basis

of following characters.

1: AL=PL; ASE=PSE in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, AL>PL; ASE<PSE.

2: fD=42; fV=12 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, fD=38; fV=16.

3: AP=25; ISD=47 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, AP=74; ISD=90.

4: AL=80; TiIII=200 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, AL=150; TiIII>300

5: DS=50-55 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, DS=102-110

It can also be distinguished from Erythraeus (E.) kuyperi Oudemans, 1910 by

following characters:

1: AL=PL; ASE=PSE in this species but in Erythraeus kuyperi, AL>PL; ASE<PSE.

2: fD=42; fV=12 in this species but in Erythraeus kuyperi, fD=32; fV=16.

3: ISD=48 in this species but in Erythraeus kuyperi, ISD=84.

4: Anterior and posterior sensillae ciliated on their lengths in this species but in

Erythraeus kuyperi, anterior and posterior sensillae ciliated only on their top portions.

Erythraeus layyahensis n. sp. can be separated from Erythraeus (E.) loomerus

n. sp. on the basis of following characters:

1: AL=PL; PSE=ASE in this species but in Erythraeus loomerus, AL>PL; PSE>ASE.

2: Behind the coxae III 12 setae present ventrally in this species but in Erythraeus

loomerus, 16 setae present behind the coxae III.

3: Eyes present on different platelets in this species but in Erythraeus loomerus, eyes

present on same platelets.

4: Both sensillae (ASE and PSE) surrounded by cuticular lines in this species but in

Erythraeus loomerus, only PSE surrounded by cuticular lines.

52

Fig.3: Erythraeus (E.) layyahensis n.sp.(larva) A-Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

100µ

m

53

Fig.3: Erythraeus (E.) layyahensis n.sp.(larva) B-Idiosoma (ventral side)

B

100µ

m

54

Fig.3: Erythraeus (E.) layyahensis n.sp.(larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI(femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus);F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

DE

F

C

50µ

m

100µ

m

55

6. Erythraeus (E) loomerus n.sp. (Fig. 4A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma ovoid, smooth, 500m long, 350m wide, total length of body from

tips of chelicerae to posterior pole of idiosoma 650m. Scutum present dorsally on

idiosoma, wider than long, 100m wide, 87m long, densely punctate entirely, somewhat

rounded and carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae. Both sensillae (ASE

and PSE) very finely barbed (ciliated) on their entire lengths and with pointed ends.

Posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) slightly longer than anterior pair of sensillae (ASE);

ASE 92m and PSE 100m long. Cuticular lines surround PSE in shape of flask.

SBa=12.5m, SBp=12.5m, ISD=50m. AL scutalae longer than PL scutalae, AL 90m,

PL 63m, both very finely barbed with pointed tips. AL scutalae lie slightly anterior to

the level of ASE bases. PL scutalae lie far off distance anterior to the level of PSE bases.

AW=70m, PW=80m, AP=38m (Fig.4A).

Two pairs of eyes present on each side of idiosoma dorsally on separate platelets

far behind from scutum, anterior pair, 12m, posterior pair 10m across.

Dorsal setae on idiosoma, 21 pairs, all with pointed tips very finely barbed and

ranging in lengths from 57-92m, PDS=70-92, fD=42 (Fig.4A).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally with one pair of finely barbed Sternalae 1a between coxae I,

90m long; one pair of Sternalae 2a slightly behind the coxae II, 45m long; eight pairs

of setae behind the coxae III. All ventral setae finely barbed and with pointed tips.

fV=16; NDV=42+16=58.

Coxae I-III each with one coxalae; all coxalae finely barbed and having pointed

tips; coxalaeI the longest one, 95m long, more than twice the length of coxalae II and

1.2 times longer than coxalae III. Coxalae II and coxalae III, 40m and 75m long


Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma cone shaped and compact with simple (smooth) galaelae and

hypostomalae, 12m and 16m long respectively; Supercoxalae absent; palpfemur and

56

palpgenu each with one barbed and pointed tipped setae; palplibia with three barbed

setae; palptarsus with one apical eupathidium, one solenedion, one long nude basal seta,

two short nude setae and two barbed setae. Palp tibial claw bifurcate (Fig.4C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-B-B-BBB- NNNBB

Legs:


measuring 835m, 816m and 1062m long, respectively. IP= 835+816+1062= 2713

(Fig.4D-F).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 18B; Ti-2, 1k, 15B; Ge-1σ,1k, 9B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 18B; Ti-1, 1k, 15B; Ge-1k, 9B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 20B; Ti-1, 1k, 13B; Ge-9B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived after the local name of host plant loomer

grass (Setaria viridis) from which holotype larva was collected.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from chak no. 283/T.D.A, 22 km east of district

Layyah (Punjab) on 09-07-05 (Muhammad Kamran) from undetermined bug infesting a

weed plant foxtail grass or loomer grass (Setaria viridis). Paratypes 14 larvae, collection

data is follows. All specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research Labortory,

Departrment of Agri.Entomology, University.Agriculture, Faisalabad.

No.ofParatype

Locality Host Collectiondate

3 Layyah Thrips spp. 11-07-05

6 Muzaffar Garh Baru grass (Sorghum helepense) 15-10-05

5 Fatehpur (Layyah) Pearl Millet (Bajra)

(Pennisetum typhoides)

06-08-06

57

Table 4: Metric data of Erythraeus (E.) loomerus n.sp.larva:


IL 500 DS 57-92 Ta I(H) 25 Tr II 62

IW 350 PDS 70-92 Ti I 212 Cx II 100

L 87 St I (1a) 90 Ge I 162 Leg II 816




SBa 12.5 Coxala III 75 Cx I 75 Ge III 162

SBp 12.5 Hy 16 Leg I 835 Tfe 136

ISD 50 G L 125 Ta II(L) 113 Bfe 136






Remarks:

Up till 28 species of subgenus Erythraeus are known from Europe and Asia as

mentioned earlier. Erythraeus (E.) loomerus n. sp.differs from all other species of

subgenus Erythraeus by having very long anterior sensillae (ASE) 92m, AP=38m,

basifemoral setal formula 3-3-3, TiIII 310m, fD=42, fV=16. It closely resembles with

Erythraeus (E.) elwirae Haitlinger, 1987 but both are different on the basis of following

characters.

1: AP=38; ISD=50 in this species but in Erythraeus elwiraei, AP=88; ISD=94.

2: Anterior and posterior sensillae finely barbed on their entire lengths in this species but

in Erythraeus elwirae, anterior & posterior sensillae ciliated only on their top portions.

3: fD=42; fV=16 in this species but in Erythraeus elwirae, fD=36; fV=18.

4: TiI = 212 in this species but in Erythraeus elwirae, TiI =384.

It can also be distinguished from Erythraeus (E.) monikae Haitlinger, 1987 by

following characters:

1: fD=42; fV=16 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, fD=38; fV=16.

58

2: AP=38; ISD=50 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, AP=74; ISD=90.

3: AL=90; TiI=212 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, AL=150; TiI>312

4: DS=57-92 in this species but in Erythraeus monikae, DS=102-110

5: Anterior and posterior sensillae finely barbed on their entire lengths in this species but

in Erythraeus monikae, anterior & posterior sensillae ciliated only on their top portions.

This new species can be separated from Erythraeus (E.) layyahensis n. sp. on the

basis of following characters:

1: AL>PL; PSE>ASE in this species but in Erythraeus layyahensis, AL=PL; PSE=ASE.

2: Behind the coxae III 16 setae presenr ventrally in this species but in Erythraeus

layyahensis, 12 setae present behind coxae III.

3: Eyes present on present on same platelets in this species but in Erythraeus

layyahensis, eyes present different platelets.

4: Only PSE surrounded by cuticular lines in this species but in Erythraeus layyahensis,

both sensillae (ASE and PSE) surrounded by cuticular lines.

59

A

50µ

m

Fig.4: Erythraeus (E.) loomerus n.sp. (larva) A-Idiosoma (dorsal view)

60

Fig.4: Erythraeus (E.) loomerus n.sp. (larva) B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µ

m

61

Fig.4: Erythraeus (E.) loomerus n.sp.(larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI(femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

DE

F

100µ

m

C

50µ

m

62

Punjab ProvinceSpecies DistributionGenus Erythraeus Latreille

South

East

North

West

1. Erythraeus (Z.) perpusillus2. Erythraeus (Z.) longipedus3. Erythraeus (E.) shojaii4. Erythraeus (E.) walii5. Erythraeus (E.) layyahensis6. Erythraeus (E.) loomerus

MAP- 2

Okara1, 2

T.T.Singh1

R.Y. Khan3

Rajanpur4

M. Garh6

Jhang2, 3

Layyah3, 5, 6

Bakhar5

Faisalabad1, 4

Sargodha2, 3

A IA II

A III

A IV

B I

B II

C I

C II

D III

D ID II

63

Subfamily Leptinae Southcott

Genus Leptus Latreille

Pediculeus Scopoli, 1763:386.Type species (original designation): Pediculeus coccineous

Scopoli.

Leptus Latreille,1796: 177; Bruyant,1909:1415; Evans,1910: 100; Oudemans,.1914: 9;

Vitzthum, 1926: 6970; Oudemans, 1929: 566; Vitzthum, 1929: 69; Andre,

1930b: 41; Tragardh, 1931: 624; Vitzthum, 1931a: 148; Womersley, 1936:

118; Oudemans, 1937: 1913: 18; Tubb, 1937: 419; Southcott, 1946c: 41;

Grandjean,1947a: 3; Radford, 1950: 147; Willmann, 1951b: 1501; Baker and

Warton, 1952: 239; Southcott, 1955a: 147; 1957b: 98; Meyer and Ryke, 1959:

317; Southcott, 1961: 514; Anwarullah and Ahsan,1970: 405-6; Fain and

Elsen, 1987: 671; Fain, Gummer and Whitaker, 1987:135-40; Haitlinger,1987

a: 339-349; 1990: 4753; Fain, 1991a, 1991b, Southcott, 1992:1-153; 1993:

1473-1550; Haitlinger, 1994: 139-149; Southcott, 1994a: 165-176; Haitlinger

and Saboori, 1996:117-31; Zheng, 1996b: 229-242; Baker and Selden, 1997:

183-91; Haitlinger, 1998: 97-110; 1999a: 51-68; 1999b:57-73; Saboori and

Atamehr, 1999:159-63; Haitlinger, 2000a: 131-142; 2000b: 149-162; Saboori

and Ostovan, 2000: 143-147; Haitlinger, 2001:473-481; Zhang,.2001:23-

24;.Haitlinger, 2002b: 177-84; Saboori, 2002:547-52; Saboori and Arbabi,

2003:175-82 and Haitlinger, 2007: 55-72. Type species (original designation):

Leptus phalangii de Geer, 1778.

Rhyncholophus Berlese, 1882:1-101; Canestrini, 1884a:695; Berlese, 1885c:11; Kramer,

1886:263; Berlese, 1888: 71-86; Banks, 1904a:143; Halbert, 1915:114;

Schweizer, 1922:83. Type species: R. trimaculatus Herm, by original designation.

Ritteria Kramer, 1877:228; Evans, 1910:100; George, 1910:182; Hull, 1918:25.Type species:

R. nemorum Kram.by original designation.

Achorolophus Berlese, 1891:2; Oudemans, 1905b: 217; 1905d: 237; 1912a: 163; 1913: 14;

Hull, 1923:616; Schweizer, 1951:164. Type species (original designation): R.

trimaculatus Herm.

Abrolophus Berlese, 1893:80-7. Type species: R. trimaculatus Herm.

Belaustium Oudamans, 1897:120.

64

Erythraeus Oudemans, 1902b:39; 1903a:125; 1904b:94; Tragardh, 1904a:58; Oudemans,

1905d: 237; George, 1907:179,259,357; Banks, 1915:39-41; Karppinen, 1958

44-5. Type Species (original designation): Erythraeus Lomani Oudemans.

Southcott (1961) synonymized above different genera and considered that the

genus name Leptus should stand. After that every author followed this synonymy of

Southcott. Present author also agree to the same.

Diagnosis:

Larva with a triangular dorsal scutum, the apex posterior, and with two pairs of

scutalae placed anterolaterally.Two pairs of scutal sensillae present; one pair

anteromedian, at about the level of AL scutalae; posterior pair at or near posterior pole of

scutum. Larval lateral tarsal claws dissimilar. One eye present on each side.

Previously only one species on adult basis has been described from Pakistan.

Author has described four new species in detail and has mentioned ditribution and host

data of three already described species of this genus. Key of these species is also given.

65

Key to species of genus Leptus Latreille (Larvae) in Pakistan

1(a) AL and PL scutalae equal in length ------------------------------------------------------2

(b) PL > AL or AL > PL----------------------------------------------------------------------3

2(a) Both sensillae ciliated on distal halves of their length; fV=20; Dorsal body setae

37–52 µ m long ---------------------------------------------------Leptus aphidus n. sp

(b) Both sensillae ciliated on their entire lengths Dorsal setae 30 –37 µm long----------

-----------------------------------------------------------------Leptus pakistanensis n. sp.

3(a) Palp genu with one palpgenuala --------------------------------------------------------4

(b) Palp genu with two palpgenualae -------------------------------------------------------6

4(a) ISD < 50 µm, AL≤40 µm---------------------------------------------------------------5

(b) ISD = 93 µm, AL = 70 µm-----------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------Leptus nearcticus Fain, Gummer and Whitaker, Indiana, U.S.A

5(a) Scutum longer than wide; both sensillae ciliated on their entire lengths, PSE less

than twice the length of ASE. Palp femur with 2 setae----------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------.Leptus eslamizadehi Saboori, 2002, Iran

(b) Scutum wider than long, both sensillae ciliated on distal halves of their length;

PSE more than twice the length of ASE; Palp femur with 1 seta----------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------Leptus lugenus n. sp.

6(a) AL > PL, DS 24 – 34, IP > 2000µm, AP – 18 -------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------.Leptus hospeticus Haitlinger, 2002, South India

(b) AL < PL, DS, 37—50, IP < 1700 µm, AP – 8--------------Leptus multanensis n. sp.

66

7. Leptus aphidus n. sp. (Fig.5A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape 310µm long, 230 µm wide, total length of body from tips

of chelicerae to posterior pole of idiosoma 500 µm. Scutum present dorsally on idiosoma,

wider than long, 78 µm long, 100 µm wide, finely puncate, concave anteriorly,

posteriorly blunt ended, having two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae. Posterior

pair of sensillae (PSE) almost twice the length of anterior pair of sensillae. ASE 34 µm;

PSE 68 µm; both ciliated on distal halves of their lengths and both having pointed tips.

SBa 10 µm; SBp 12.5 µm. Bases of posterior pair of sensillae are surrounded by a thick

cuticular lines in shape of flask. ISD= 50 µm. AL and PL scutalae almost equal in length,

both 50 µm long, densely setulose (barbed). AL present at same level as ASE bases

(Fig.5A). AW 78 µm, PW 95 µm; AP 15 µm. One eye on each side of idiosoma (slightly

behind the middle of scutum), both oval in shape and 18 µm across. Dorsal body setae on

idiosoma, 26 pairs, with long dense setules, blunt ended and 37–52 µm long. Setae on

posterior part of idiosoma are longer than remaining setae on dorsum. Setae on dorsum

are fairly numerous as figured and arranged in irregular rows. fD = 52 (Fig.5A).

Venter:

All ventral setae with long dense setules and blunt ended. Sternalae 1a 27 µm

long, present in between coxae I; sternalae 2a also 27 µm long, present in between coxae

II, 4 intercoxalae between coxae II and III, almost equal in length of sternalae, 10 pairs of

setae present behind coxae III. Setae behind the coxae III are longer than other setae on

venter. fV=20; NDV = 52 + 20 = 72 (Fig.5B).

Coxae I – III each with one coxala; all coxalae bearing long, dense setules and

blunt ended. Coxalae I the longest one, more than twice the length of coxalae II and 1.6

times longer than coxalae III.

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma narrow, cone shaped, with short pointed tipped nude (simple)

galealae, 8 µm long, hypostomalae also simple (without setules) having pointed tips, 30

µm long. Palpfemur with one palp femurala, densly barbed and blunt ended. Palpgenu

67

with two densly barbed and blunt ended palpgenualae, both almost equal in length.

Palptibia with two setulose (barbed) setae. Palptarsus with 8 setae including solenidion

and eupathidium (Fig.5C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: o – B – BB – BB-NNNNBB

Legs:

Legs three pairs, measuring 544µm, 499µm and 575µm long respectively; leg III

the longest one. Legs I and III longer than body length. IP= 544+489+575= 1608

(Fig.5D-F).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 22B; Ti-2, 1k, 13B; Ge-1σ, 1k, 7B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 21B; Ti-2, 1k, 14B; Ge-1k, 7B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B.


Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived from host insect (aphid) upon which holotype

larva was collected.

Type:

Holotype larva, collected from Kalla kalan (Daska), Sialkot on 23-09-05

(Muhammed Kamran) from Aphis gossipi in rice fields. Partypes 7 larvae.Collection data

of 3 paratype larvae same while 4 paratypes larvae were collected from New Lahore

Toba Take Singh, Punjab, Pakistan from the abdomen of red cotton bug (Disdercus

koengii) on 15-10-05. All specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research

Laboratory, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Fasialabad.

68

Table 5: Metric data of Leptus aphidus n.sp. larva:


IL 310 DS 37-52 Ta I(H) 25 Tr II 37

1W 230 PDS 42-52 Ti I 114 Cx II 67

L 78 St I (1a) 27 Ge I 88 Leg II 489


AW 78 Coxala I 57.5 Bfe I 65 Ta III (H) 17.5


SBa 10 Coxala III 37.5 Cx I 60 Ge III 76

SBp 12.5 Hy 30 Leg I 544 Tfe 65

ISD 50 G L 187 Ta II(L) 105 Bfe 67




ASE 34 PaScGev 50 Tfe II 55


Remarks:

Diagnosis:

Leptus aphidus sp. nov. belongs to the species group with two palpgenualae and

four setae between coxae II-III. This group includes: L. lomani Oudemans, 1912 from

Chile, L. anomalus Southcott, 1946, L. benzaliensis Fain and Elsen, 1972 from Congo

(Zaire), L. aggoratus Haitlinger, 1990 from Zambia, L. fortei Southcott, 1991, L.

waldockae Fain, 1991, L. faini Southcott, L. utheri Southcott, L. halli L. truncates

Southcott, Southcott, 1993 all from Australia, L. fathipeuri Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996

from Iran, L. hringuri Haitlinger, 2000 from Peru, L. iguacuicus Haitlinger, 2004 from

Brazil, L. dinekaicus Haitlinger, 2006 from Ethopia, L. elminus Haitlinger, 2006 from

Ghana, L. pakistanensis sp. nov. and L. multanensis sp. nov. both from Punjab, Pakistan

(Oudemans, 1912a, Southcott, 1946c, 1991, 1993, Fain and Elsen, 1972, Haitlinger,

1990a, 2000b, 2004a, 2006b, Fain, 1991b, Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996)

L. aphidus sp. nov. differs from all above mentioned species by having AW=78,

PW=95, PSE =34, AL= PL, ASE and PSE with strong ciliations on distal halves of their

69

lengths, fD 54, fV=20, GL=187, L=78, W=100, number of setae on leg segments,

ornamentations on scutum and IP=1608.

It closely resembles with L. lomani, L. anomalus, L. elminus , L. fathipeuri, L.

pakistanensis n. sp. and L. multanensis n. sp. It can be separated from L. lomani by AL

and PL both placed on scutum, in L. lomani PL are beyond the scutum; from L. anomalus

in fD (52 vs. 88), ISD (50 vs. 39) and PSE (50 vs. 78); from L. elminus by AL=PL vs. AL

>PL, PSE (68 vs. 54), GL (187 vs. 150), AW (78 vs. 56), PW (95 vs 70) and eupathidium

(on legs I and II (2 vs 1); from L. fathipeuri in fD (52 vs. 60), GL (187 vs. 152), all

setae on leg segments barbed, in L. fathipeuri both nude and barbed setae present on leg

segments and AL= PL, in L. fathipeuri Al<PL; from L. pakistanensis sp. nov. in DS (37-

52 vs 30-37), fD (52 vs. 56), fV (20 vs. 14) and both sensillae ciliated on their distal

halves of their lengths, in L. pakistanensis both sensillae entirely ciliated and from L.

multanensis sp. nov. by fD (52 vs 54), fV (20 vs. 22), AP (15 vs. 8), ISD (50 vs. 35),

AL=PL vs. AL>PL, fnBfe III (2 vs. 1) and GL (187 vs. 113).

70

A

50µ

m

Fig.5: Leptus aphidus n.sp. (larva) A- Idiosoma ( dorsal view)

71

Fig.5: Leptus aphidus n.sp. (larva) B- Idiosoma ( ventral view)

B

50µm

72

Fig.5: Leptus aphidus n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D

E

F

50µ

m

C

50µ

m

73

8. Leptus pakistanensis n.sp. (Fig.6A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape 300 µm long, 230 µm wide, total length of body from tips

of chelicerae to posterior pole of idiosoma 440 µm. Scutum present dorsally on idiosoma,

wider than long, 66 µm long, 74 µm wide, finely puncate throughout, concave anteriorly,

posteriorly blunt ended, carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae laterally.

Posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) more than twice the length of anterior pair of sensillae

(ASE); ASE 27 µm, PSE 57 µm, SBa 9 µm, SBp 11 µm; both sensillae ciliated on their

entire lengths. Bases of posterior pair of sensillae are surrounded laterally by a thick

cuticular line in form of a cup. On inner side of these cuticular lines, PSE bases are

surrounded by a thin line in shape of flask. ISD 42 µm; AL and PL scutalae almost equal

in length, both 50 µm long with long and dense setules; AL present at same level as ASE

bases (Fig.6A). AW 62 µm; PW 70 µm; AP 12 µm. One eye on each side of idiosoma at

the level of PSE bases, both oval in shape and 17 µm across. Dorsal body setae on

idiosoma, 28 pairs, with long dense setules, blunt ended and ranging in lengths from 30-

37.5µm. Setae gradually long towards posterior pole of idiosoma, DS-30-37; PDS=33-37;

fD = 56 (Fig.6A).

Venter:


long, present in between coxae I; sternalae 2a also 33 µm long, present in between coxae

II, 4 intercoxalae between coxae II and III. First pair of intercoxalae 20 µm long, second

pair 30 µm long. 7 pairs of setae present behind coxae III ventrally on idiosoma. fV=14;

NDV = 56 + 14 = 70. Coxae I –III each with one coxala; all coxalae bearing long, dense

setules and blunt ended. Coxalae I the longest one, more than twice the length of coxalae

II and 1.5 times longer than coxalae III; Coxalae I-III measuring 60µm, 25µm and 40µm

(Fig.6B).

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma narrow, cone shaped, with short, pointed tipped, simple galealae, 10

µm long. Hypostomalae also simple with pointed tips, 25 µm long. Palpfemur with one

74

palpfemurala, palpgenu with two palpgenualae; Palpfemura and palpgenualae blunt

ended and set with long dense setules and blunt ended. Palptibia with one simple and one

setulose (barbed) setae with pointed tips; Palptarsus with 8 setae including solenidion and

eupathidium (Fig.6C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: o – B – BB – BN-NNNNBB

Legs:

Legs three pairs; legs I–III measuring 527µm, 532µm and 640µm long

respectively. All legs longer than body length. Leg III the longest one (Fig.6D-F).

IP=527+532+640=1699

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 11B; Ti-1, 3k, 11B; Ge-, 2k, 6B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1,1ε, 2, 14B; Ti-1, 3k, 8B; Ge- 2k, 4B; Tfe-4B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 111B; Ti-1, 1k, 10B; Ge-7B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived from the name of country from where the

genus Leptus was collected first time.

Type:

Holotype larva, collected from 7/4L 5 km, south of district Okara, Punjab,

Pakistan on 05-08-05 (Muhammad Kamran) from undetermined thrips (Thripidae)

infesting sorghum. Paratypes 8 larvae, collection data of two paratypes same as holotype

larva, while 4 paratypes larvae collected from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad also

from Thrips spp. infesting a weed plant baru (Sorghum helepense) on 19-09-05 and two

paratypes from 209/ R.B. Faisalabad on 26-07-2006 from cotton plants (Gossypium

hirsutum). All specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory,

Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

75

Table 6: Metric data of Leptus pakistanensis n.sp.larva:


IL 300 DS 30 – 37 Ta I (H) 19 Tr II 37

IW 230 PDS 33-37 Ti I 137 Cx II 52

L 66 St I(1a) 33 Ge I 100 Leg II 532

W 74 St II(2a) 33 Tfe I 73 Ta III (L) 125

AW 62 CoxalaI 60 Bfe I 77 Ta III (H) 15


SBa 9 CoxalaIII 40 Cx I 50 Ge III 98

SBp 11 GL 125 Leg I 527 TfeIII 80

ISD 42 PaSc Fed 50 Ta II (L) 105 BfeIII 82

AP 12 PaSc Fev -- Ta II (H) 15 TrIII 40

AL 50 PaSc Ged 42 Ti II 120 CxIII 53

PL 50 PaSc Gev 27 Ge II 88 Leg III 640

ASE 27 Hy 25 Tfe II 67

PSE 57 Ta I (L) 125 Bfe II 63

Remarks:

Diagnosis: Two setae on palpgenu, 4 setae between coxae II & III, fD=56, fV=14,

GL=125, AL=PL=50, ISD=42, number of setae on Ta I-II-III (11-14-11), on Ti I-II-III

(11-8-10), Ge I-II-III96-4-7), DS=30-37.

Leptus pakistanensis sp. nov. belongs to the group of species with two

palpgenualae and 4 setae between coxae II & III. It can be separated from closely related

species L. elminus Haitlinger, 2006 by fV (14 vs. 20), AL=PL vs AL>PL, ASE & PSE

entirely ciliated vs. ciliated on distal halves, GL (125 vs. 150), number of setae on Ta I-

II-III (11-14-11 vs. 19-19-19), on Ge I-II-III (6-4-7 vs. 8-8-8) and W>L vs. L>W; from L.

lomani Oudemans, 1912 in AL & PL both placed on scutum, in L. lomani PL are beyond

scutum; from L. hringuri Haitlinger, 2000 by the shorter L (66 vs. 124), AL 50 vs. 84),

ISD (42 vs. 80), GL (125 vs. 260), Ti III (162 vs. 236); from L. iguacuicus Haitlinger

2004 by fD (56 vs. 82), the shorter W (74 vs. 90), PSE (57 vs. 66-78); from L. anomalus

Southcott, 1946 by fD (56 vs. 88), 2a (33 vs 16-24), PSE (57 vs. 66-78); from L.

fathipeuri Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996 by DS (30-37 vs. 40-50), W>L vs. L=W, fD (56

76

vs. 60), number of setae on Ta I-II-III (11:14:11 vs. 18:18:18), Ti I-II-III (11:8:10 vs.

15:15:16) and Ge I-II-III (6:4:7 vs. 9:8:8); from Leptus aphidus n. sp. by fD (56 vs. 52),

fV (14 vs. 20), GL (125 vs. 187), ASE & PSE ciliated on entire lengths vs. ciliated on

distal halves of their lengths in L. aphidus n. sp., number of setae on TaI-II-III (11-14-11

vs. 22-21-21) and on Ge I & II (6-4 vs. 7-7) and L. multanensis n. sp.by fV (14 vs. 22),

AP (12 vs. 8), ASE (27 vs. 40), AL=PL vs. PL>AL, DS (30-37 vs 42-50), number of

setae on Ge I-II-III (6:4:7 vs. 8:7:6) and.Ti II &III (8:10 vs. 12:15).

77

Fig.6: Leptus pakistanensis n.sp.(larva) A- Idiosoma dorsal view)

A

50µ

m

78

Fig.6: Leptus pakistanensis n.sp.(larva) B- Idiosoma ( ventral view)

50µ

m

B

79

Fig.6: Leptus pakistanensis n.sp (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus);F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

C

50µ

m

50µ

m

D

E

F

80

9. Leptus nearcticus Fain, Gummer and Whitaker

Leptus nearcticus Fain, Gummer and Whitaker, 1987:135

Known Distribution: USA: Indiana

Known Host : Leiobunum spp.





Locality No.of specimens Date Sourse/ hostD.G.Khan(Qamar pul)

3 15-09-2005 Nilaparvata lugens(brown plant hopper)

Okara (7/4L) 2 10-06-2005 Chillies(Capsicum frutecens)

Rawalpindi 2 20-08-2006 Cow peas(Vigna unguiculata)

Norowal 4 02-07-2007 Rice (Oriza sativa)

81

10. Leptus lugenus n.sp.(Fig.7A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape 290 µm long, 210 µm wide.Total length of body from tips

of chelicerae to posterior pole of idosoma 430 µm. Scutum present dorsally on idosoma,

wider then long, 75 µm long, 85 µm wide, smooth entirely, triangular in shape, slightly

concave anteriorly, posteriorly blunt ended, carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of

scutalae. Posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) more than twice in length of anterior pair of

sensillae (ASE); ASE 24 µm, PSE 55 µm, SBa 10 µm., SBp12.5 µm, both sensillae

ciliated (barbed) on the distal halves of their lengths and with pointed tips; A cuticular

line cover the bases of posterior pair of sensillae in shap of flask. ISD 43 µm. PL scutalae

longer than AL scutalae, AL 39 µm; PL 51 µm long, both blunt ended and with long

dense setules; AL anterior to the level of ASE bases. PL present at same level as ASE

bases. AW 62 µm, PW 77 µm, AP 14 µm. One eye on each lateral side of idosoma at the

level of ASE bases, oval in shap, 16 µm across. Dorsal setae on the idosoma, 25 pairs

with long dense setules, blunt ended and 37-48 µm long. DS 37-48, PSD 40-48. Setae on

dosum are fairly numerous as figured and arranged in irregular rows. fD= 50 (Fig.7A).

Venter:

All venteral setae with long dense setules and blunt ended. Sternale 1a and 2a

both 27 µm long present in between coxae 1 and II respectively. 4 intercoxalae present

between coxae II and III. First pair 20um and second pair 27 um long, 9 pairs of setae

posterior to coxae III. Setae behind the coxae III on venter of idiosoma gradually

increasing in length toward posterior pole of idiosoma .fV=18; NDV = 50 +18 = 68.

Coxae I-III each with one coxala; all coxalae bearing long dense setules and blunt

ended; Coxala I the longest one, more than twice the length of coxalae II and 1.6 time

longer than coxalae III. Coxalae I-III measuring 50 µm, 20 µm and 30 µm long


82

Gnathosoma:

Ganthosoma narrow, cone shaped with short pointed tipped and simple galealae, 8

µm long hypostomalae also simple (without setules) having pointed tips, 23 µm long.

Chelicerae flask shap in outline. Palpfemur and palpgenu each with one bareded and

blunt ended setae; Palptibia with 1 barbed seta with pointed tip. Palptarsus with 8 setae

including one solenidium and one eupathiodon (Fig.7 C).

Palpsetal formula:

fpp 0– B-B-B-NNNNBB

Legs:

Legs three pairs; legs I-III measuring 421µm, 392µm and 439µm long

respectvily; leg III the longest one and longer than body length (Fig.7 D-F). 1P=421+392

+439=1252.

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 17B; Ti-2, 1k, 13B; Ge-1σ,1k, 8B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B; Cx-1BLeg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 21B; Ti-1, 1k, 13B; Ge-1k, 8B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B, Cx-1BLeg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 18B; Ti-1, 1k, 14B; Ge-7B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-1B; Tr-1B; Cx-1BEtymology:

Name of this new species is derived from host insect Nilaparvata lugens (brown

rice plant hopper).

Type:

Holotype larva, collected from new Lahore city, district T.T. Singh (Punjab,

Pakistan) on 10-09-05 (Muhammed Kamran) from brown rice plant hopper (Nilaparvata

lugens) infesting rice crop. Paratypes 9 larvae. Collection data of 2 larvae same as

holotype while two larvae was collected from district jhang, Punjab, Pakistan on 10-09-

06, from a weed plant tandla (Digera arvensis) and 3 from Rasala no. 5 Sargodha on 14-

10 2007 from rice bug (Leprocorisa acuta) infesting rice crop. All specimens have been

deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of


83

Table 7: Metric data of Leptus lugenus n.sp. larva:

Character Holotype Character Holotype Character Holotype Character HolotypeIL 290 DS 37-48 Ta I(H) 23 Tr II 34

1W 210 PDS 40-48 Ti I 80 Cx II 62

L 75 St I (1a) 27 Ge I 70 Leg II 392





SBp 12.5 Hy 23 Leg I 421 Tfe 50

ISD 43 G L 132.5 Ta II(L) 82 Bfe 50






Remarks:

Diagnosis: One seta on palpgenu, 4 setae between coxae II-III, ISD=43, fD=50, fV=18,

L=75, W=85, DS =37-48, AL=39, PL =51, ASE & PSE ciliated on distal halves of their

lengths, ASE=24, TiI=80, number of setae on Ta I-II-III (17:21:18) and on Ti I-II-III

(13:13:14).

Leptus lugenus sp. nov. belongs to the species group with Ti I< 96µm long and

ISD< 50µm. This group includes : L. aureliani Fain and Elsen, 1987 from Rowanda, L.

chelonthus Womersley, 1934, L. puniceus Southcott, 1999, L. baudini Southcott, 1999, L.

flindersi Southcott, 1999, L. smithi Southcott, 1999, L. hitchcocki Southcott, 1999, L.

barmeedius Southcott, 1999, L. georgeae Southcott, 1993 all from Australia; L.

pyrenaeus Andre, 1953 from france, L. astrubali Haitlinger, 1999 from Thailand,

Myanmar and India and L. coloanensis Haitlinger, 2006 from China, L. ubudicus

Haitlinger, 2006 from Bali, Indinesia (Womersley, 1934, Andre, 1953, Fain and Elsen,

1987, Southcott, 1993, 1999, Haitlinger, 1999a, 2002b, 2004d, 2006a, 2006d).

Leptus lugenus sp nov. differs from L. aureliani in fD (50 vs. 100) and shorter AL

84

(39 vs. 45); from L. chelonthus in PL at at the level of ASE bases vs. PL anterior to the

level of ASE bases, AL (39 vs. 33) and number of setae and solenidion on leg segments

are different in both species; from L. puniceus in fD (50 vs. 52) and DS (37-48 vs. 28-

36); from L. baudini in fD (50 vs. 100) and DS (37-48 vs. 17-26); from L. flindersi in fD

(50 vs. 69), fV (18 vs. 26) and longer DS (37-48 vs. 19-27); from L. smithi in fD (50 vs.

112) and longer DS (37-48 vs. 18-27); from L. hitchcocki in fD (50 vs. 78), TI III (98 vs.

127) and DS (37-48 vs. 22-27); from L. barmeedius in fD (50 vs. 133), longer PL (51 vs.

23-29) and DS (37-48 vs. 22-31); from L. georgeae in fD (50 vs. 90) and longer PL (51

vs. 29-33); from L. pyrenaeus in shorter DS (37-48 vs. 60-110) and longer PL (51 vs. 25);

from L. astrubali in longer AL ,PL ASE, PSE and number of setae and solenidion on leg

segments are different in both speciers; from in L. coloanensis in fD (50 vs. 40), fV (18

vs. 14), longer AL (39 vs. 28), PL (51 vs,. 42), PSE (55 vs. 40), Ta I (93 vs. 74) and

shorter ASE (24 vs 20) and from L. ubudicus by fD (50 vs. 52), fV (18 vs. 16), ISD (43

vs. 30), AW (62 vs. 38), IP (1252 vs. 1088), PW (77 vs. 50) and GL (132 vs. 102).

85

A

50µ

m

Fig.7: Leptus lugenus n.sp. (larva) A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

86

Fig.7: Leptus lugenus n.sp. (larva) A- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µ

m

87

Fig.7: Leptus lugenus n.sp (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D

EF

C

25µ

m

50µ

m

88

1. Leptus eslamizadehi Saboori

Leptus eslamizadehi Saboori, 2002:547

Known Distribution: Iran: Uromieh

Known Host : Apple plants





Locality No. of specimens Date Source/ hostBakhar 2 08-05-2006 Lucern

(Medicago sativa)Gujrat 2 15-09-2005 Brinjal

(Solanum melongena)Bahal Pur 1 01-06-2005 Cotton Mealy bug

(Macinellicoccus hirsutus)

89

12. Leptus multanensis n. sp. (Fig.8A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Indiosoma oval in shape 305 µm long and 210 µm wide.Total length of body

from tips of chelicerae to posterior pole of iodosoma, 430µm. Scutum present dorsally on

idosoma, wider than long, 60µm long, 70 µm wide, triangular in shap, finely punctate

throughout, concave anteriorly, posteriorly blunt ended, carries two pairs sensillae and

two pairs of scutalae (Fig.8A). Posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) slightly longer than

anterior pair of sensillae (ASE). ASE 40 µm, PSE 48 µm long , both have long setules on

their entire lengths and blunt ended. SBa 8 µm, SBp 11 µm. Bases of posterior pair of

sensillae are surrounded by thick cuticular lines in shape of cup. Inside thick cuticular

lines, thin lines cover ASE in form of flask. ISD = 35 µm. PL scutalae slightly longer

than AL scutalae, AL 46 µm, PL 53 µm long, both blunt ended and with long setules. AL

bases slightly anterior to the level of ASE bases. PL scutalae present at same level as

ASE bases (Fig.8A). AW 55 µm, PW 66 µm, AP 8 µm. One eye on each side of

idiosoma (slightly behind the middle of scutum), both slightly oval in shape, 15 µm

across. Dorsal body setae on idiosoma, 27 pairs with long dense setules, blunt ended and

42- 50 µm long. Setae on dorsum are fairly numerous as figured and arranged in irregular

rows. fD = 54 (Fig.8A).

Venter:


long present in between coxae I; sternalae 2a 33 µm long present in between coxae II; 4

intercoxalae between coxae II and III. First two intercoxalae 18 µm long, 2nd pair of

intercoxalae 35 µm long. 11 pairs of setae present posterior to coxae III. Setae behind the

coxae III on venter of idiosoma gradually increasing in length toward the posterior pole

of idiosoma. fV=22; NDV = 54 + 22 = 76 (Fig.8B).

Coxae I-III each having one coxala, All coxalae bearing long, dense setules and

blunt ended. Coxalae I the longest one 67 µm, more than twice the length of coxalae II

and 1.8 times longer than coxalae III. Coxalae II 25um and Coxalae III 40 µm long

(Fig.8B).

90

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma narrow, cone shaped, with short pointed tipped nude (simple) galealae,

10 µm long. Hypostomalae also simple (without setules) having pointed tips, 22 µm long.

Palpfemur with one palp femurala, palpgenu with two palpgenualae, setae on palpfamur

and genu having long setules and blunt ended. Palptibia with two barbed with pointed

tips setae; palptarsus with 8 setae including solenidion and eupathidium (Fig.8C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: o-B-BB-BB - NNNBB

Legs:

Legs three pairs; legs I -III measuring 545 µm, 480 µm and 594 µm long

respectively.; leg III the longest one, all legs longer than body length. IP=545+480+594=

1619 (Fig.8D-F).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 16B; Ti-2, 1k, 11B; Ge-1σ, 1k, 8B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B; Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 15B; Ti-1, 1k, 12B; Ge-1k, 7B; Tfe-5B; Bfe-2B; Tr-1B, Cx-1B


Etymology:

This new species is named on the name locality (Multan) from where holotype

larva was collected

Type:

Holotype larva, collected from CCRI, Multan (Punjab) on 9-08-06 (Muhammad

Kamran) from an aphid (Aphis gossipii) infesting cotton crop. Paratypes 5 larvae,

collection data of two paratypes same while three larvae was collected from district

Vehari near general bus stand on 05-09-06 from a weed plant baru grass (Sorghum

halepense). All specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research Labortory,

Departrment of Agri. Entomology, University.of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

91

Table 8: Metric data of Leptus multanensis n.sp.larva:


IL 305 DS 42-50 Ta I(H) 20 Tr II 30

1W 210 PDS 42-50 Ti I 130 Cx II 51

L 60 St I (1a) 40 Ge I 95 Leg II 480






ISD 35 G L 113 Ta II(L) 92 Bfe 73






Remarks:

Diagnosis: Two setae on palpgenu, 4 setae between coxae II & III, fD=54, fV=22,

GL=113, AL=46, PL=53, ISD=35, AP=8, ASE=40, PSE=48, L=60, W=70, number

of setae on Ta I-II-III (16-15-14), on Ti I-II-III (11-12-15), Ge I-II-III (8-7-6),

DS=42-50.

Leptus multanensis sp. nov. belongs to the group of species with two

palpgenualae and 4 setae between coxae II & III. It can be separated from closely

related species L. elminus Haitlinger, 2006 by fV (22 vs. 20), ASE and PSE

entirely ciliated vs. ciliated on distal halves, GL (113 vs. 150), eupathion on Ta I & II

(2 vs. 1), ISD (35 vs. 50), number of setae on Ta I-II-III (16-15-14 vs. 19-19-19) and

on Ge I-II-III (8-7-6 vs. 8-8-8); from L. lomani Oudemans, 1912a in AL & PL both

placed on scutum, in L. lomani PL are beyond scutum; from L. hringuri Haitlinger,

2000 by the shorter L (60 vs. 124), AL 46 vs. 84), ISD (35 vs. 80), GL (113 vs. 260),

Ti III (167 vs. 236); from L. iguacuicus Haitlinger 2004 by fD (54 vs. 82), the shorter

W (70 vs. 90), AW (55 vs. 68), PSE (48 vs. 66-78); from L. anomalus Southcott,

92

1946 by shorter AW (55 vs. 65-73), ISD (35 vs 46), fD (54 vs. 88), 2a (33 vs 16-24)

and PSE (48 vs. 66-78); from L. charon Southcott, 1991, L. fortei Southcott, 1991, L.

faini Southcott, 1993, L. truncates Southcott, 1993 and L.aggoratus Haitlinger, 1990

by shorter AW (55 vs. 86-98, 95-97, 91-100, 93, 100, respectively), W (70 vs. 108,

122-125, 120-127, 119, 134 respectively); from L. fathipeuri Haitlinger and Saboori,

1996 by fD (56 vs. 60), GL (113 vs. 154), PSE (48 vs. 80), number of setae on Ta I-

II-III (16:15:14 vs. 18:18:18), Ti I-II-III (11:12:15 vs. 15:15:16) and Ge I-II-III (8:7:6

vs. 9:8:8); from Leptus aphidus n. sp. by fD (54 vs. 52), fV (22 vs. 20), GL (113 vs.

187), AP (8 vs. 15), ISD (35 vs. 50), PSE (48 vs. 68), W (70 vs. 100) and number of

setae on Ta I-II-III (16-15-14 vs. 22-21-21) and from L. pakistanensis n. sp.by fV (22

vs. 14), AP (8 vs. 12), ASE (40 vs. 27), PSE (48 vs. 57), AL>PL vs. AL=PL, DS (42-

50 vs. 30-37), number of setae on Ge I-II-III (8:7:6 vs. 6:4:7) and.Ti II &III (12:15 vs.

8:10).

93

Fig.8: Leptus multanensiss n.sp.(larva) A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µ

m

94

Fig.8: Leptus multanensiss n.sp.(larva) B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µ

m

95

Fig.8: Leptus multanensis n.sp (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D

E

F

C

50µ

m

50µ

m

96

13. Leptus Hospeticus Haitlinger

Leptus Hospeticus Haitlinger, 2002:177

Known Distribution: South India

Known Host : Oedaleus abruptus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)





Locality No. of specimens Date Source/ hostNew Lahore (T.T. Sing) 1 08-04-2006 Thrips sp.(Thripidae)CCRI, Multan 5 15-05-2007 Chhoti bhoin

(Fimbristylis dichotoma L.)Layyah (283/TDA) 3 28-09-2005 Ak grasshopper

(Poekilocerus pictus)

97

Punjab ProvinceSpecies DistributionGenus Leptus Latreille

EastWest

North

South

7. Leptus aphidus8. Leptus pakistanensis9. Leptus nearcticus10. Leptus lugenus11. Leptus eslamizadehi12. Leptus multanensis13. Leptus hospeticus

Rawalpindi9

T.T.Singh7, 10, 13

Okara8, 9

Jhang10

Vehari12

Multan12, 13

Bahawalpur11

M.Garh11D.G.Khan

9

Sargodha10

Faisalabad8Layyah

13

Sialkot7

Narowal9

MAP-3

A I

A II

A III

A IV

B IB II

C I

C II

D III

D I DII

98

Subfamily Balaustinae Southcott

Genus Pollux Southcott

Balaustium Womersley, 1934:251.

Pollux Southcott, 1961:558; Haitlinger, 2002a:173. Type species: Pollux workandae

Southcott, by original designation.

Diagnosis (larva):

Dorsum: One eye on each side between the bases of anterior and posterior

sensillae, scutum present, long, narrow, lightly chitinized, with distinct crista metopica.

The edges of dorsal scutum is very softly chitinized. Scutal setae: AL and PL scutalae

present, placed anterolaterally upon the scutum,at the edge. Crista metopica with anterior

and posterior sensillae, sensillae being lightly ciliated. Crista is devided anteriorly and

enclose the triangular anterior sensillary area. Posteriorly the crista is entire, and runs

between the posterior sensillae. Legs, ventral side: Pedal coxalae 1, 2:1:1; trochanteralae

2,3,3. Lateral tarsal claws are dissimilar: anterior claw falciform, strong, simple; median

(empodium) is long, slender falciform; posterior claw is pulvilliform, without rod or claw

element, and has the form of a brush of branching ciliations. Chelicerae bases are narrow.

Galeala is present, simple, thickened. Coxalae lacking. Palpal supercoxala present.

Genus Pollux Southcott is only known from larvae. Up till three species of this

genus have been described, two from Australia and 1 from South India. Author has

explored three new and two already known species of this genus from Pakistan. The key

of species collected from Pakistan has been given.

99

Key to species of genus Pollux Southcott from Pakistan

1 (a) Dorsal body setae more than 30 pairs, 5 seta on palpgenu -----------------------------2

(b) Dorsal body setae 25 pairs, 4 setae on palp genu-------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------Pollux kovalamicus Haitinger, 2002, South India

2 (a) ISD >70µm; palp trochanter with 2 setae --.-------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------Pollux workandae Southcott,1961, Australia

(b) ISD >50µm; one seta one palp trochanter------------------------------------------------3

3 (a) AL=PL;AW=PW; scutum finely punctuate----------------------------------------------- 4

(b) PL > AL; AW > PW; scutum smooth entirely --------------Pollux jhangiensis n.sp.

4 (a) Palp femur with 2 setae , sternalae 1a and 2a nude , leg segments with both nude

and barbed setae------------------------------------------------------ pollux punctatus n.sp.

(b) Palp femur with three setae, sternalae 1a and 2a finely barbed. All setae on leg

segments finely barbed ---------------------------------------------pollux okaraensis n.sp.

100

14. Pollux okaraensis n.sp. (Fig. 9A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape, 510 m long and 370m wide. Total length of body from

tip of cheliceral fang to posterior pole of idiosoma 600 m. Crista present on idiosoma

anteriodorsally, with anterior and posterior sensillary areas and mounted upon

inconpicous dorsal scutum. Scutum narrow, finely punctate, longitudinal but widest

anteriorly, 85 m long, 43 m wide (at the level of AL scutalae), anteriorly convex and

posteriorly blunt ended and carries linear, rod shaped crista, 2.50 m across. The rod

divides anteriorly in Y shape and V part of the Y shape of crista carries the anterior

sensillary areas which is somewhat triangular and caries a pair of slender and slightly

ciliated anterior sensillae (ASE), 39 m long, SBa 10 m. Posterior sensillae also

slender, slightly ciliated present on posterior part of crista, 71 m long, SBp 15 m, ISD

55um. Dorsal scutum with two pairs of slightly barbed (ciliated), pointed tipped scutalae

(AL and PL) as shown in figure 9A. AL present at the same level of ASE bases, 27m

long, PL also 27 m long, AW =PW =37 m, AP 21 m. One eye presents on each

lateral side of scutum, slightly behind its middle, 11 m across.

Dorsal setae on idiosoma, 35 pairs with pointed tips, very finely barbed or

setulose and 27-50 m long. Setae on posterior part of idiosoma are larger than remaining

setae on dorsum. Setae on dorsum are fairly numerous as figured and arranged in

irregular rows. fD=70 (Fig. 9A).

Venter:

Venter with slender, pointed tipped and very slightly barbed (setulose) setae.

Sternalae 1a, 58 m long present between coxae I, sternalae 2a, 39 m , present between

coxae II, 9 pairs of setae present between intercoxal fields of coxaeII and III, 17 pairs of

setae present behind the coxae III. These setae increase in length toward posterior pole of

venter. fV=52; NDV=70+52=122 (Fig.9B).

101

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma somewhat slender, with small, pointed tipped nude (simple) galealae

8m and hypostomalae finely barbed, 16m long. Acessory claw present along with palp

tibial claw (Fig.9C).

Palp setal formula:

LEGS:

Legs three pairs; legI the longest one; legsI-III measuring 391 m, 309 m and

360 m long respectively including coxae (Fig.9D-F). IP = 391+309+360 =1060

Leg setal formula:

Leg 1: Ta-1, 2, 16B; Ti-2, 10B; Ge-1σfe-5B; Bfe-3B; Tr-2B; CX-1B

Leg II: Ta-1, 2,15B; Ti-2, 9B; Ge-9B; Tfe-5B; BFe-3B; Tr-3B; CX-1B

LEG III: Ta-1, 16B; Ti-111B; Ge-8B; TFe-5B; BFe-3B; Tr-3B; CX-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived from the name of locality (district Okara)

from where holotype larva was collected.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from chak no. 7/4L, 5km south of district Okara on

15 -08-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) from weed plant baru (Sorghum halepense).

Paratypes 18 larvae, locality and host data is follows.

No.of Paratypes Locality Host Collection date

4 Chakwal Pearl Millets


10-09-05

5 KotAddu (MuzaffarGarh) Naru ghas

(Paspalum distichum)

10-10-05

6 283/ TDA (Layyah) Lucern (Alfalfa)

(Medicago sativa)

06-05-06

102

Table 9: Metric data of Pollux okaraensis n.sp larva:

Character Holotype Character Holotype Character Holotype

IL 510 StI (2a) 39 Ta II (H) 22

1W 370 CoxalaI (1b) 63 Ti II 50

L 85 CoxalaII (2b) 41 Ge II 55

W 43 CoxalaII(3b) 43 Tf II 32

AW 37 GL 88 Bf II 28

PW 37 PaScFed 37 Tr II 26

SBa 10 PaScFev 33 Cx II 64

SBp 15 Ta I (L) 63 legII 309

ISD 55 Ta I (H) 25 Ta III (L) 58

AP 21 Ti I 67 Ta III (H) 20

AL 27 Ge I 75 Ti III 65

PL 27 Tf I 45 Ge III 65

ASE 39 Bf I 45 Tf III 43

PSE 71 Tr I 31 Bf III 40

DS 27-50 Cx I 65 Tr III 30

PDS 45-50 LegI 391 Cx III 69

StI (1a) 58 Ta II (L) 62 legIII 360

Remarks:

This new species Pollux okaraensis differ from P. workandae Southcott, 1961 by

following characters.

1: Palptrochanter with one seta in this species but in P. workandae, palptrochantor

with 2 setae

2: AL=PL; AW=PW in this species but in P.workandae, PL>AL; PW>AW.

3: ISD=55 in this spieces but in P. workandae, ISD >70.

4: Number of setae and solenidion on leg segments femur, genu, tibia and tarsus

differ in both the species.

5: Scutum convex anteriorly in this species but in P. workandae, scutum anteriorly

flat.

103

It differs from P. kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2002 by following characters:

1. Palptrochanter with one seta in this species but in P. kovalamicus, palptrochanter with

2 setae.

2. Dorsal body setae 35 pairs in this new species but in P. kovalamicus, dorsal body setae

25 pairs.

3. Three setae on palpfemur and five setae on palpgenu in this species but in P.

kovalamicus two setae on palpfemur and three setae on palpgenu.

4. AL=PL; AW=PW in this species but in P. kovalamicus PL>AL; PW>AW.

It can be distinguished from P. punctatus, n.sp by:

1. Sternalae 1a, 2a finely barbed in this spieces but in P. punctatus, these setae are simple

2. Setae behind coxae III 34 pairs in this spieces but in P. punctatus, setae behind coxae

III 30 pairs.

3. Scutum convex anteriorly in this species but in P. punctarus, scutum anteriorly flat.

4. Three setae on palpfemur in this species but in P. punctatus, 2 setae on palpfemur.

104

Fig. 9: Pollux okaraensis n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µ

m

105

Fig. 9: Pollux okaraensis n.sp.(larva) B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µ

m

106

Fig.9: Pollux okaraensis n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D

E

F

C

50µ

m

50µm

107

15. Pollux kovalamicus HaitlingerPollux kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2002:173

Known Distribution: Kollam, Kovalam, India

Known Host : Unknown plants



following localities and hosts and have been deposited in Acarology Research

Laboratory, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan.

Locality No.of specimens Date Source/ hostMankera 4 19-06-2006 Lucern

(Medicago sativa)Norowal (city) 3 10-08-2007 Bakain

(Melia azaderch)R.Y.Khan 4 25-10-2005 Sugarcane

(Saccharum officinarum)Cholistan 3 01-07-2005 Foxtailgrass

(Setaria viridis)Faisalabad 5 03-05-2005 Rice

(Oriza sativa)D.G.Khan 3 03-09-2006 Bajra

(Pennisetum typhoides)Jhang 4 02-07-2006 Rice

(Oriza sativa)Sargodha 5 26-06-2007 Sugarcane

(Saccharum officinarum)Bakhar 3 02-09-2005 Chopatti

(Marsilia minuta)

108

16. Pollux jhangensis n.sp (Fig. 10A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape, 370 m long, 220 m wide.Total length of body from tip

of cheliceral fang to posterior pole of idiosoma 450 m. Crista present on idiosoma

anterodorsally, with anterior and posterior sensillary areas and mounted upon week dorsal

scutum. Scutum narrow, smooth entirely, longitudinal but widest anteriorly, 72m long,

39 m wide (at the level of AL scutalae). Scutum anteriorly convex and posteriorly blunt

ended and carries linear, rode like crista, 2.50 m across the rod divides anteriorly in Y

shape and V part of the Y shape of crista carries the anterior sensillary areas which is

somewhat triangular and caries a pair of slender and slightly ciliated anterior sensillae

(ASE) , 43 m long , SBa 10 m . Posterior sensillae also slender, slightly ciliated

present on posterior part of crista, 70 m long, SBp 12.5 m, ISD 53 um. Dorsal scutum

with two pairs of slightly barbed (ciliated), pointed tipped scutalae (AL and PL) as shown

in figure 10A. AL present at the same level of ASE , 22 m long , PL 29 m long, AW

35m , PW 29 m , AP 17m . Eyes one pair, present on idiosoma, on each lateral side

of dorsal scutum, slightly behind its middle, 10m across.


setulose and 35-55 m long. Setae on posterior part of idiosoma are larger than other


irregular rows (Fig. 10A).

Venter:

Venter with slender, pointed tipped and very slightly barbed (setulose) setae.

Sternalae 1a, 57 m present between coxae I, sternalae 2a, 38 m, present between coxae

II, 10 pairs of setae present between coxae II and III, arranged in irregular rows, 32 setae

present behind the coxae III. These setae increase in length toward posterior pole of

venter (Fig.10B). Gnathosoma somewhat slender, with small, pointed tipped, nude

(simple) galealae, 10m and hypostomalae finely barbed, 18m. Acessory claw present

along with palptibial claw (Fig.10C).

109

Palp setal formula:

LEGS:

Leg three pairs; leg III the longest one; legsI-III measuring 374 m, 308m and

380 m long respectively including coxae (Fig.10D-F). IP = 374+308+380 =1062.

Leg setal formula:

Leg 1: Ta-1, 2, 18(3N, 15B); Ti-1, 11(3N-8B);Ge-1σfe-5B; Bfe-3B;

Tr-2B; CX-1B

Leg II: Ta-1, 2, 17(3N, 14B); Ti-1, 9(2N-7B); Ge-10 (2N, 8B); Tfe-5 (B; BFe-3B;

Tr-3B; CX-1B

LEG III: Ta-1, 19(4N, 15B); Ti-12(3N, 9B); Ge-10(2N-8B); TFe-5B; BFe-3B; Tr-3B;

CX-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived after the name of locality (Jhang) from where

holotype larva was collected.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from Rodo Sultan 60km, west of district Jhang on

5-09-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) from Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) ( Paratypes 17

larvae, locality and host data is follows:

No.ofParatype

Locality Host Collection date

6 RodoSultan

(Jhang)

Bajra


05-09-2005

3 Rawalpindi city Foxtail grass (Setaria viridis) 12-06-06

6 CCRI Multan Madhana grass

(Dactyloctenum aegyptium)

9-08-07

2 Attock Khabbal grass (Cynodon dactylon) 9-05-07

110

Table10: Metric data of Pollux jhangensis n.sp. larva:


IL 370 StII(2a) 38 Ta II (H) 23

1W 220 CoxalaI (1b) 60 Ti II 50L 72 CoxalaII (2b) 47 Ge II 53W 39 CoxalaII (3b) 47 Tf II 27AW 35 GL 79 Bf II 28PW 29 PaScFed 45 Tr II 33SBa 10 PaScFev 35 Cx II 57SBp 12.5 Ta I (L) 65 legII 308ISD 53 Ta I (H) 25 Ta III (L) 70AP 17 Ti I 67 Ta III (H) 20AL 22 Ge I 75 Ti III 65PL 29 Tf I 36 Ge III 68ASE 43 Bf I 42 Tf III 42PSE 70 Tr I 34 Bf III 37DS 35-55 Cx I 55 Tr III 33PDS 50-55 legI 374 Cx III 65StI(1a) 57 Ta II (L) 60 legIII 380

Remarks:

This new species Pollux jhangensis can be separated from P. kovalamicus

Haitlinger, 2002 by following characters.

1: Dorsal body setae 36 pairs in this new species but in P. kovalamicus, dorsal body

setae 25 pairs.

2: In this species, 5 setae present on palpgenu, but in P. kovalamicus, 4 setae on

palpgenu.

3: Palptrochanter with one seta in this species but in P. kovalamicus, palptrochantor

with 2 setae.

4: Between coxae II and III 10 pairs of setae present in this species but in

P. kovalamicus these setae 18 pairs

5: Number of setae on leg segments femur, genu, tibia and tarsus differ in both the

species

It also differs from P. Workandae Southcott, 1961 by following characters:

1: Palp trochanter with one setae in this species but in P. workadae, palp trochanter

with 2 setae.

111

2: ISD=53 in this spieces but in P. workandae, ISD >70.

3: Scutum smooth entirely in this species but in P. workandae, scutum punctate.

4: LegI 374m in this species but in P. workandae leg I 550m.

It differs from P. okaraensis n.sp by:

1: Both nude and barbed setae present on leg segments femur, genu, tibia and tarsus

in this species bu in but in P. okaraensis, all setae on leg segments finely barbed..

2: Setae behind coxae III 30 pairs in this spieces but in P. okaraensis, setae behind

coxae III 34 pairs.

3: Scutum smooth entirely in this species but in P. okaraensis, scutum finely

punctate.

4: AW>PW; PL>AL in this species but in P. okaraensis, AW=PW; AL=PL.

112

Fig. 10: Pollux jhangensis n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µ

m

113

Fig. 10: Pollux jhangensis n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µ

m

114

Fig.10: Pollux jhangensis n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI(femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D EF

50µ

m

C

25µm

115

17. Pollux punctatus n.sp (Fig. 11A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idiosoma oval in shape, 330 m long, 222 m wide without platelets.Total length

of body from tip of cheliceral fang to posterior pole of idiosoma 400 m. Crista present

on idiosoma anterodorsally, with anterior and posterior sensillary areas and mounted

upon week dorsal scutum. Scutum narrow, finely punctate, longitudinal but widest

anteriorly, 75 m long, 34 m wide (at the level of AL scutalae), anteriorly flate and

posteriorly blunt ended and carries linear, rode like crista, 2.50 m across, the rod divides

anteriorly in Y shape and V part of the Y shape of crista carries the anterior sensillary

areas which is somewhat triangular and caries a pair of slender and slightly ciliated

anterior sensillae (ASE), 40 m long, SBa 10 m. Posterior sensillae also slender,

slightly ciliated present on posterior part of crista, 62 m long, SBp 13 m, ISD 47 um.

Dorsal scutum with two pairs of slightly barbed (ciliated), pointed tipped scutalae (AL

and PL) as shown in figure 11A. AL present at the same level of ASE, 24m long, PL 24

m long, AW 30 m, PW 30 m, AP 15 m .Eyes one pair, one on each lateral side of

dorsal scutum, 10.5m across.


setulose and 25-50 m long. Setae on posterior part of idiosoma are larger than other


irregular rows. fD=72; DS=25-50 (Fig.11A).

Venter:

Venter with slender, pointed tipped and very finely barbed (setulose) setae except

sternalae 1a and 2a that are nude or simple. Sternalae 1a, 50 m present between coxae I,

sternalae 2a, 35 m, present between coxae II, 9 pairs of setae present between coxae II

and III, arranged in irregular rows, 30 setae present behind the coxae III. These setae

increase in length toward posterior pole of venter. fV=48; NDV=72+48=120 (Fig.11B).

Gnathosoma with small pointed tipped galealae, 8m and hypostomalae15m

long, both simple. Acessory claw present along with palp tibial claw (Fig.11C).

116

Palp setal formula:

LEGS:

Legs three pairs, leg I the longest one, legs I-III measuring 341 m, 271 m and

321 m long respectively including coxae (Fig.11D-F). IP = 341+271+321 =933

Leg setal formula:

Leg 1: Ta-1, 2, 15(3N, 12B); Ti-2, 13(3N-10B); Ge-1σfe-5(1N, 4B);

Bfe-4(1N, 3B); Tr-2B; CX-1B

Leg II: Ta-1, 2, 14(4N, 10B); Ti-1, 10(3N-7B); Ge-10(3N, 7B); Tfe-5(2N-3B); BFe-

3(1N, 2B); Tr-3B; CX-1B

LEG III: Ta-1, 15(4N, 11B); Ti-111(3N, 8B); Ge-10(3N-7B); TFe-5(1N-4B); BFe-

3(1N, 2B); Tr-3B; CX-1B

Etymology:

Dorsal scutum punctate entirely. Species name punctatus was derived due to

punctations on dorsal scutum.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from Hernminar 7 km, west of Sheikhupura on

1-09-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) from Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides). Paratypes 17

larvae, locality and host data is follows.

No. of Paratype Locality Host Collection date

7 Hirnminar (Sheikhupura) Bajra


1-09-2005

4 CCRI Multan Grapes

(Vitis vinifera)

9-09-06

2 ADRS Vehari Khabbal grass

(Cynodon dactylon)

9-8-06

4 Kalla Kalan Sialkot Deela

(Cyperus rotundus)

23-09-05

117

Table11: Metric data of Pollux punctatus n.sp. larva:


IL 320 StII(2a) 35 Ta II (H) 22

1W 205 CoxalaI(1b) 50 Ti II 40

L 75 CoxalaII(2b) 38 Ge II 50

W 34 coxalaII(3b) 39 Tf II 25

AW 30 GL 69 Bf II 25

PW 30 PaScFed 40 Tr II 29

SBa 10 PaScFev 32 Cx II 52

SBp 13 Ta I (L) 55 legII 271

ISD 47 Ta I (H) 25 Ta III (L) 52

AP 15 Ti I 55 Ta III (H) 20

AL 24 Ge I 70 Ti III 53

PL 24 Tf I 38 Ge III 62

ASE 40 Bf I 38 Tf III 32

PSE 62 Tr I 30 Bf III 30

DS 25-50 Cx I 55 Tr III 30

PDS 40-50 legI 341 Cx III 62

StI(1a) 50 Ta II (L) 50 legIII 321

Remarks:

This new species Pollux punctatus differ from P. kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2002 by

following characters.

1: Dorsal body setae 36 pairs in this new species but in P. kovalamicus, dorsal body

setae 25 pairs.

2: In this species, 5 setae present on palpgenu, but in P. kovalamicus, 4 setae on

palpgenu.

3: Palptrochanter with one seta in this species but in P. kovalamicus, palptrochantor

with 2 setae.

4: AL=PL; AW=PW in this species but in P. kovalamicus, PL>AL; PW>AW.

118

It also resembles with P. Workandae Southcott, 1961 but both species can be

separated on the basis of following characters:

1: Palptrochanter with one seta in this species but in P. workandae, palptrochanter

with 2 setae.

2: ISD<50 in this spieces but in P. workandae ISD >70.

3: 1a and 2a simple in this spieces but these setae are barbed slightly in

P. workandae.

4: AL=PL; AW=PW in this species but in P. workandae PL>AL; PW>AW.

This new species differs from P.okaraensis n.sp by:

1: Both nude and barbed setae present on leg segments femur, genu, tibia and tarsus

but in P. okaraensis, all setae on leg segments finely barbed.

2: Sternalae 1a, 2a simple in this spieces but in P. okaraensis, these setae are slightly

barbed.

3: Setae behind coxae III 30 pairs in this spieces but in P. okaraensis, setae behind

coxae III 34 pairs.

4: Scutum flat anteriorly in this species but in P. okaraensis, scutum anteriorly

convex.

119

Fig. 11: Pollux punctatus n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µ

m

120

Fig. 11: Pollux punctatus n.sp. (larva). B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µm

121

Fig.11: Pollux punctatus n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-leg I (femur-tarsus);E- leg II (femur-tarsus); F- leg III (femur-tarsus)

D E F

50µ

m

C25

µm

122

18. Pollux workandae Southcott

Pollux workandae Southcott, 1961:558

Known Distribution: Belair, South Australia

Known Host : Plant debris



following localities and hosts and have been deposited in Acarology Research

Laboratory, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

Pakistan.

Locality No. of specimens Date Source/ hostRajanpur 6 05-06-2005 Dhiddan

(Echinochloa crusgalli)Cholistan(R.Y. Khan)

5 19-10-2005 Baru grass(Sorghum helepense)

Toba Take Singh 9 23-06-2005 Naru ghas(Paspalum distichum)

BahawalPur 3 25-07-2005 Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)

Muzaffar Garh 6 11-09-2006 Deela(Cyperus rotundus)

Sakhi Sarwar(D. G. Khan)

5 03-05-2005 Plant debris

D.G.Khan 4 03-09-2006 Foxtail grass(Setaria viridis)

Choubara (Layyah) 7 16-08-2006 Plant debris

123

Punjab ProvinceSpecies DistributionGenus Pollux Southcott

Narowal15

Bakhar15

Vehari17

14. Pollux okaraensis15. Pollux kovalamicus16. Pollux jhangensis17. Pollux punctatus18. Pollux workandae

EastWest

North

South

MAP-4

A-I

A II

A III

A IV

B I

B II

C I

C II

D ID II

D III

Bahawalpur18

Cholistan15

R.Y.Khan15

Rajanpur18

Sakhi Sarwar18 D.G.Khan

15, 18

Multan16, 17M.Garh

18

Layyah14, 15,

Attock16

Chakwal14

Mankera15

Choubara18

Jhang16

T.T.Singh18

Okara14

Faisalabad15

Sargodha15

Sheikhupura, 17,

Sialkot17

Rawalpindi16

124

Subfamily Callidosomatinae Southcott

Genus Abrolophus Berlese

Abrolophus Berlese, 1891: 59(1), 2; 1916a:126-9; Grandjean, 1947a:3; 1947b: 327. Type

species: Abrolophus quisquiliarum (Herman) Berlese, 1891 by original

designation.

Erythraeus Oudemans, 1903a:142; 1904b:95; Berlese, 1904:16.Type species: Abrolophus

quisquiliarum (Herman) Berlese, 1891; Tragardh, 1904a:55.(for

: Erythraeus antarcticus Tragardh, 1904a.

Belaustium Oudemans, 1906a: 82, 85, 87; 1910d: 13; 1914:3, 6; Hull, 1918:23, 26;

Oudemans, 1926a:122; Andre,1928: 97; Vitzthum, 1929:69; 1931a:148;

Willmann, 1937a:160, 167; Gunther, 1941: 156. Type species: Abrolophus

quisquiliarum (Herman) Berlese, 1891.

Ritteria George, 1907: 357; Halbert, 1920:145. Type species Ritteria mantonensis

George, 1907.

Balaustium Oudemans, 1937: 1937-53; Franke, 1940: 154; Vitzthum, 1942:874;

Cooreman, 1946:7; Grandjean, 1946b:337; Sellnick, 1949:130-1;

Schweizer, 1951:145, 152-161; Willmann, 1951b: 151; 1951c:148-150;

Evans, 1953 27-76. Evans and Browning, 1953: 418; Willmann, 1954; 244;

Willmann, 1956: 248; Sellnick, 1958: 42; Meyer and Ryke, 1959: 307. Type

species: Abrolophus quisquiliarum (Herman) Berlese, 1891.

Abrolophus Southcott, 1957b: 91-98; 1961: 533. Type species (adult) Abrolophus

quisquiliarum (Hermann) Berlese, 1891.

Hauptmannia (larvae), Oudemans, 1910b: 48; Southcott, 1948: 252; Haitlinger, 1986a:

915; 1987b: 351; Haitlingar and Saboori, 1996:177; Haitlinger, 2002:115;

2003:603.Type species: Achrolophus longicollis oudeman, 1910.

Abrolophus (larvae), Zhang and Goldarazena, 1996: 127-144; Yao et al., 2000: 149-155;

Saboori and Hajiqanbar, 2005: 149; Haitlinger, 2007: 67; Haitlinger, 2008: 383.

125

Zhang and Goldarazena (1996) described this genus from larvae for first time

from Spain.17 species of this genus have been described hitherto on the basis of larvae by

different workers in the world Nine species viz. Abrolophus longicollis Oudemans, 1910;

A. aitapensis Southcott, 1948, A. pseudolongicollis Haitlinger, 1987, A. tonsor Southcott,

1996, A. humberti Haitlinger, 1996, A. khanjanii Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996, A. benoni

(Haitlinger, 2002c); and A. bohadani Haitlinger, 2003, A. penelopae Haitlinger, 2005

were originally described in genus Hauptmannia Oudemans but these species have been

transfered recently to genus Abrolophus Berlese, 1891 (Oudemans, 1910a, Southcott,

1948, 1996, Haitlinger, 1987b, 1996, 2002c, 2003b, 2005a, Haitlinger and Saboori,

1996). Most of the species were collected from insects living as ecto-parasites. But some

species were found on plants.

Author has explored four new and two already known species of this genus from

different insect and plants from, Punjab Pakistan. Key of these species has been given

below.

Differential Diagnosis (larva):

Palptarsus with comb like seta; Palpfemur with two setae; Palpgenu with 2 or 3

setae; Palptibia with two setae with a claw like seta (accessory claw); Palpal tibial claw

entire, coxal setal formula 1-1-1; trochanteral setal formula 2-2-2; basifemoral setal

formula 4-4-4.

126

Key to species of the genus Abrolophus Berlese from Pakistan.

1 (a) ASE and PSE finely barbed on their entire length------------------------------------- 2

(b) ASE and PSE nude (without ciliations)--------------------------------------------------3

2 (a) Scutum as long as wide, AW < PW; AL > PL --------------Abrolophus pyrillus n.sp.

(b) Scutum longer than wide; AW = AW; AL = PL----------- Abrolophus thripsus n.sp.

3 (a) All Setae on leg segments barbed------------------- Abrolophus faisalabadensis n.sp.

(b) Both nude and barbed setae present on leg segments .--------------------------------- 4

4 (a) Dorsum with 34 smooth setae-----------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------Abrolophus khanjanii Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996, Iran

(b) Dorsum with more than 40 finally barbed setae ----------------------------------------- 5

5 (a) GL= 90; dorsal scutum smooth ---------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------ Abrolophus bohdani Haitlinger, 2003, Poland.

(b) GL = 63; dorsal scutum finally punctate -------------------. Abrolophus alfalfus n.sp.

127

19. Abrolophus alfalfus n. sp. (Fig. 12A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idosoma ovoid, 420m long, 270m wide.Total length of body from tips of


longer than wide, 55m long. 40m wide, finely punctate, slightly convex anteriorly,

blunt ended posteriorly, carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae (Fig.12A).

Posterior pair of sensillae (PSE) exactly twice the length of anterior pair of sensillae

(ASE), ASE 25m, PSE 50m long, SBa and SBp both 10m, both sensillae nude

(without ciliation) and with pointed tip; ASE and PSE bases surrounded by cuticular lines

in shape of flask. ISD=45m. AL scutalae longer than PL scutalae, AL 43m, PL 35m

long, both very finely barbed and with pointed tips. AL lies anterior to the levels of ASE

bases (Fig.12A). AW=30m, PW=35m, AP = 19m. Two eyes present, one eye on both

sides of scutum, dorsally behind the middle of scutum, somewhat to the level of PSE

bases, eyes cornea 11 m across. Dorsal setae on idiosoma, 22pairs, all very finely

barbed and with pointed tips ranging in length from 25-33um. Setae on posterior part of

idiosoma somewhat longer than remaining setae on dorsum. PDS=30-33; fD=

44(Fig.12A).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally with one pair of nude sternalae 1a between coxaeI, located

near coxae, 30 m long; between coxae I-II, Two pairs of finely barbed setae; between

coxae II, One pair of nude sternalae 2a, 25 m long; 7 pairs of very finely barbed setae

present in between coxaeII-III; one pair of setae present between coxaeIII; 11 pairs of

setae present ventrally behind the coxae III. All ventral setae very finely barbed except

sternalae 1a and 2a that are nude. fV=42; NDV=44+42=86.

Coxae I -III each with one coxala, all coxalae very finely barbed and with pointed

tips. Coxala I the longest one, 37 m long coxalae II and III 25 m and 30m long

respectively (Fig. 12B).

128

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma elongate and compact; galealae 10m, hypostomalae16m long,

both nude (simple); supercoxlae present very finely barbed, 26m long. Chelicerae

compact, flask shape in outline; palfemur robust with one barbed and one nude setae;

palpgenu with one barbed and two nude setae; palptibia with one nude seta, one peg like

accessory claw and long tibial claw, palp tibial claw entire (not bifurcate), Palptarsus

bears, 1 comb like seta, 1 eupathidium, 1 solenidion, 2 nude and 1 barbed setae.

Eupathidion 16m long (Fig.12C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-BN-BNN-N- NNBC

Legs:

Legs three pairs; leg III the longest one; all legs shorter than body length. LegsI-

III measuring 287m, 276m and 290m long, respectively. IP=287 + 276 + 290 = 843

(Fig.12D-F).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 13(5N, 8B); Ti-2, 1k, 12(4N, 8B); Ge-1σ, 1k, 9(3N, 6B); Tfe-

8(3N, 5B); Bfe-4(1N, 3B), Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 13(5N, 8B); Ti-1, 1k, 11(4N, 7B); Ge-1σ, 1k, 8(3N, 5B); Tfe-

5(1N, 4B); Bfe-4(1N, 3B), Tr-2B, Cx-1B.

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 14(5N-9B); Ti-1, 1k, 10(3N-7B); Ge-1k, 9(3N-6B); Tfe-5(2N, 3B);

Bfe-4(1N, 3B); Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived after the name of host plant alfalfa (Medicago

sativa).

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from Kot Sultan 9 km south of district Layyah on

03-09-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) from alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Paratypes 7 larvae,

Collection data of two paratypes same as holotype while 2 paratypes were collected from

University Agriculture, Faisalabad on 09-08-05 from khabbal grass (Cynodon dactylon)

and 3 from Mulhoomor, 19 km west of district Jhang parasitic on pentatomid bug

129

(Nezara viridula: Hemiptera) bug on 10-10-2005 (Muhammad Kamran). All specimens

have been deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Agri.

Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Table 12: Metric data of Abrolophus alfalfus n.sp.larva:


IL 420 DS 25-33 Ta I(H) 25 Tr II 25

1W 270 PDS 30-33 Ti I 50 Cx II 53

L 55 St I (1a) 30 Ge I 50 Leg II 276






ISD 45 G L 63 Ta II(L) 45 Bfe 33


AL 43 PaScFev 26 Ti II 50 Cx III 53




Remarks:

The genus Abrolophus based on larvae includes 17 species: A. longicollis

Oudemans, 1910 from Europe, A. aitapensis Southcott, 1948 from New Guinea, Veitnam

and China, A. pseudolongicollis Haitlinger, 1987 from Poland, Italy and Slovenia,

A. tonsor (Southcott, 1996) from Australia, A. humberti Haitlinger, 1996, A. bohdani

Haitlinger, 2003 both from Poland, A. khanjani Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996 from Iran,

A. neobrevicollis Zhang and Goldarazena, 1996 from Spain, A. welbourni Yao et al.,

2000 from USA, A. benoni Haitlinger, 2002 from Maderia, A. penelopae Haitlinger, 2005

from Ethopia, A. iraninejadi Saboori and Hajiqanber, 2005 from Iran, A. unimiri

Haitlinger, 2006 from China, A. basumtwiensis Haitlinger, 2006 from Ghana,

A. marinensis Haitlinger, 2007 Corsica, A. mirabelae Haitlinger, 2007 from France and

130

A. crimensis Haitlinger, 2008 (Oudemans, 1910a, Southcott, 1948, 1996 Haitlinger,

1987b, 1996, 2002c, 2003b, 2005a, 2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007c, 2008, Haitlinger and

Saboori, 1996, Zhang and Goldarazena, 1996, Yao et al., 2000, Saboori and Hajiqanber,

2005).

Abrolophus alfalfus sp. nov. differs from A. longicollis in shorter L (55 vs. 70), W

(40 vs. 70), AL (43 vs. 68-84), and Ti III (55 vs. 126); from A. aitapensis by Ti III (55 vs.

64), AL (43 vs. 52), AW (30 vs. 34-42), scutum (punctate vs. smooth); from

A. pseudolongicollis in shorter L (55 vs. 72-80), W (40 vs. 60-70), PL (35 vs. 40-52) and

TiIII (55 vs. 88-100); from A. tonsor in shorter W (40 vs. 57), PW (35 vs. 50), AL (43 vs.

57), PL (35 vs. 55), DS (25-33 vs. 36-62), TiIII (55 vs. 104) and cheliceral bases without

striations vs. with striations in A. tonsor; from A. humberti in the shorter L (55 vs. 70-74),

W (40 vs. 72-74), AL (43 vs. 68-72), PSE (51 vs. 90), GL (63 vs. 134) and Ti III (55 vs.

90-104); from A. khanjanii in shorter PL (30 vs. 50), GL (63 vs. 122), fD ( 44 vs. 34),

fV (42 vs. 36), dorsal body setae ( finely barbed vs. smooth) and DS (25-33 vs. 38-42),

A. neobrevicollis in shorter W (40 vs. 66-70), PW (35 vs. 60-64), GL (63 vs. 108), TiIII

(55 vs. 84-92) and longer AL (43 vs. 24-30); from A. welbourni by fV (42 vs. 22),

NDV (86 vs. 77), number of normal setae on TfeI (8 vs. 5), Ta II (13 vs. 23), PW (35 vs.

72-80), PL (35 vs. 55-67) and L (55 vs. 78-88); from A. benoni by fD (44 vs. 48), fV (42

vs. 26), number of normal setae on Tfe I-II-III (8-5-5 vs. 6-4-4), Cheliceral bases without

striations vs. striations in A. benoni, PL (35 vs. 54-60), GL (63 vs 120-140) and TiIII (55

vs. 96); from A. bohdani by GL (63 vs. 92), idiosoma ventrally with finely barbed setae

vs. nude setae in A. bohdani, DS (25-33 vs 28-42), number of normal setae on TaII (13

vs. 16) and Ta I (13 vs. 17); from A. penelopae in the shorter GL (63 vs. 98-104) and

TiIII (55 vs 70); from A. iraninejadi by fD (44 vs. 52), fV (42 vs. 34), IP (843 vs. 1125),

setae on TaII (13 vs 17), DS (25-33 vs. 39-49), GL (63 vs 141), PL 35 vs 52) and TiIII

(55 vs. 92); from A. unimiri by absence of striations on cheliceral bases vs. striations

present on cheliceral bases in A. unimiri , DS (25-33 vs 40-60), W (40 vs. 62), GL (63 vs.

130) AL (43 vs. 62) and Ti III (55 vs. 92); from A. basumtwiensis by ISD (45 vs. 36), GL

(63 vs. 82-88), fD (44 vs 40) and setae on ventral side of idiosoma (finely barbed vs

nude); species A. marinensis and A. crimensis are unique from all other species by

having rod-shaped setae with tufty tip on palptarsus, these setae are absent on palptarsus

131

in A. alfalfus sp. nov.; from A. faisalabadensis sp. nov. by PW> AW vs AW=PW, scutum

(punctate vs. smooth), fn Tfe II & III (5-5 vs 4-4) and solenidion on genu II (present vs.

absent) and from A. pyrillus sp. nov. by L>W vs. L=W, scutum (punctate vs. smooth),

number of normal setae on Ta I-II-III (13:13:14 vs. 17:15:15), ASE & PSE (nude vs.

finely barbsd) and sternalae 2a (nude vs. finely barbed); from A. thripsus sp. nov. in

AL>PL vs. AL=PL, PW>AW vs. AW=PW, sternalae 1a & 2a (nude vs. finely barbed),

ASE & PSE (nude vs. finely barbed) and fnTi I-II-III (12:11:10 vs. 12:14:14).

132

Fig. 12: Abrolophus alfafus n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µm

133

Fig.12: Abrolophus alfafus n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µm

134

Fig.12: Abrolophus alfalfus n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus);E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D EF

50µm

C

25µm

135

20. Abrolophus bohdani Haitlinger

Abrolophus bohadani Haitlinger, 2003:603

Known Distribution: PolandKnown Host : Strawczyn





Locality No. of specimens Date Source/ hostJhang(Chimran Wali)

5 21-08-2005 Thrips spp.

Sheikhupura (Hirnminar) 3 23-09-2005 Undetermined bug(Hemiptera)

Faisalabad (209/R.B) 4 19-09-2006 Sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum)

136

21. Abrolophus faisalabadensis n. sp. (Fig. 13A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idosoma oval in shap, 320m long, 200m wide. Total length of body from tips

of chelicerae to posterior pole of idiosoma 400 um. Scutum present dorsally on idiosoma,

longer than wide, 53um long, 45um wide, smooth entirely, slightly convex anteriorly,



(ASE), ASE 25m, PSE 50m long, SBa and SBp both 10m, both sensillae nude

(without ciliations) and with pointed tips. PSE located near posterior pole of scutum.

ASE and PSE bases surrounded by cuticular lines in shape of flask. AL longer than PL,

both very finely barbed and with pointed tips; AL 37m, PL 30m long. ASE present

between AL and PL scutalae (AL anterior to the level of ASE bases). AW=PW=32, AP =

19. Two eyes present on idiosoma, one eye on both lateral sides of scutum, at the level of

PSE bases, eyes cornea 10 m across. Dorsal setae on idiosoma, 24 pairs, all very finely

barbed and with pointed tips ranging in length from 24-37um; setae on posterior part of

idiosoma somewhat longer than other setae on dorsum. PDS = 30-37; fD = 46 (Fig.13A).

Venter:

Idiosoma ventrally with one pair of sternalae 1a between coxaeI, located near

coxae, 30 m long; between coxae II, one pair of sternalae 2a, 20 m long; two pairs of

setae present in between intercoxal fields of coxae I and II; between coxae II and III, 8

pairs of setae present; one pair of setae present between coxae III and behind coxaeIII, 10

pairs of setae present. All ventral setae very finely barbed. fV=42; NDV=46+42=88.


tips. Coxala I the longest one, 30 m long; Coxalae II and III 20 m and 25m long


Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma elongate, galealae short 10m, hypostomalae13m long, both nude

(simple); supercoxlae present very finely barbed, 26m long. Chelicerae compact, flask

shape in outline; palfemur robust with 2 barbed setae; palpgenu with two barbed and one

137

nude setae; palptibia with one nude and one barbed seta, one peg like accessory claw and

long tibial claw. Palp tibial not bifurcate. Palptarsus bears, 1 comb like seta, 1

eupathidium, 1 solenidion, 2 nude and 2 barbed setae. Eupathidium 15m long (Fig.13C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-BB-BBN-BN- NNBBC

Legs:

Legs three pairs; leg III the longest one; all legs shorter than body length. Legs I-

III measuring 292m, 279m and 311m long, respectively. IP=292+ 279 + 311 = 882

(Fig.13D-F).

Leg setal formula:

Leg Ι: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 15B; Ti-2, 1k, 11B;Ge-1σ, 1k, 10B; Tfe-8B; Bfe-4B, Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 15B; Ti-2, 1k, 11B; Ge-1k, 10B; Tfe-4B; Bfe-4B; Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 15B; Ti-1, 1k, 11B; Ge-1k, 8B; Tfe-4B; Bfe-4B; Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived from locality name (Faisalabad) where

holotype was collected.

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from undetermined aphid (Aphididae) infesting baru

plants (Sorghum halepense) on 25-10-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) from University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Paratypes 5 larvae, collection data of 3

paratypes same as holotype while 2 were collected from Rasala no. 5 Sargodha parasitic

on mango mealy bug (Drosicha stebbingi) on 15-9-07 (Muhammad Kamran). All

specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Agri.


138

Table 13: Metric data of Abrolophus faisalabadensis n.sp.larva:


IL 320 DS 25-37 Ta I(H) 25 Tr II 31

1W 200 PDS 30-37 Ti I 50 Cx II 53

L 50 St I (1a) 30 Ge I 50 Leg II 279












Remarks:

Diagnosis: fD=46, fV=42. ASE & PSE without ciliations, AW=PW=32, L=50, W=43,

AL=37, PL=30, Setae on Ti I-II-III 11-11-11, on Ge I-II-III 10-10-8, TiIII=62, scutum

smooth, sternalae 1a & 2a finely barbed nude, microseta present on GeIII, solenidion on

Ge II absent and TiIII 62.

Up till in genus Abrolophus 17 species are known from larvae as mentioned

earlier. Abrolophus faisalabadensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. longicollis in

shorter L (50 vs. 70), W (43 vs. 70), AL (37 vs. 68-84), and Ti III (62 vs. 102-126); from

A. aitapensis by AL (37 vs. 52), AW (32 vs. 34-42), scutum (punctate vs. smooth) and

GL (67 vs 94-103); from A. pseudolongicollis in shorter L (50 vs. 72-80), W (43 vs.

60-70), PL (30 vs. 40-52) and TiIII (62 vs. 88-100); from A. tonsor in shorter W (43 vs.

57), PW (32 vs. 50), AL (37 vs. 57), PL (30 vs. 55), DS (25-37 vs. 36-62), TiIII (62 vs.

104), and cheliceral bases without striations vs. with striations in A. tonsor; from

A. humberti in the shorter L (50 vs. 70-74), W (43 vs. 72-74), AL (37 vs. 68-72), PSE (50

vs. 90), GL (67 vs. 134) and Ti III (62 vs. 90-104); A. neobrevicollis in shorter W (43 vs.

139

66-70), PW (32 vs. 60-64), GL (67 vs. 108), TiIII (62 vs. 84-92) and longer AL (37 vs.

24-30); from A. khanjanii in shorter AL (37 vs. 50), PL (30 vs. 50), GL (67 vs. 122), fD

(46 vs. 34), fV (42 vs. 36), AW=PW vs PW >AW and DS (25-37 vs. 38-42), from

A. welbourni by fV (42 vs. 22), NDV (88 vs. 77), number of normal setae on TfeI

(8 vs. 5), Ta II (15 vs. 23), PW (32 vs. 72-80), PL (30 vs. 55-67) and L (50 vs. 78-88);

from A. benoni by fV (42 vs. 26), number of normal setae on Tfe I- (8 vs. 6), Cheliceral

bases without striations vs. striations on cheliceral bases in A. benoni, PL (30 vs. 54-60),

GL (67 vs 120-140) and TiIII (62 vs. 96); from A. bohdani by fD (46 vs. 41), GL (67 vs.

92), idiosoma ventrally with finely barbed setae vs. nude setae in A. bohdani, number of

normal setae on Ta I (13 vs. 17); from A. penelopae in the shorter GL (67 vs. 98-104) and

TiIII (62 vs 70), AL (37 vs. 44-46), PL (30 vs. 40); from A. iraninejadi by fD (46 vs. 52),

fV (42 vs. 34), IP (882 vs. 1125), setae on TaII (15 vs 17), DS (25-37 vs. 39-49), GL (67

vs 141), PL (30 vs 52) and TiIII (62 vs. 92); from A. unimiri by absence of striations on

cheliceral bases vs. striations present on cheliceral bases in A. unimiri, DS (25-37 vs 40-

60), W (43 vs. 62), GL (67 vs. 130) AL (37 vs. 62) and Ti III (62 vs. 92); from A.

basumtwiensis by ISD (43 vs. 36), GL (67 vs. 82-88), fD (46 vs 40) and setae on ventral

side of idiosoma (finely barbed vs nude); A. marinensis and A. crimensis are unique from

all other species by having rod-shaped setae with tufty tip on palptarsus, these setae are

absent on palptarsus in A. faisalabadensis sp. nov. ; from A. alfalfus sp. nov. by PW=

AW vs PW>AW, scutum (smooth vs. punctate), fn Tfe II & III (4-4 vs 5-5) and

solenidion on genu II (absent vs. present) and from A. pyrillus sp. nov. by L>W vs. L=W,

number of normal setae on Ta I (15 vs. 17), Tfe II-III(4-4 vs. 5-5) and sternalae 1a (finely

barbed vs. nude); fD (46 vs. 48) and fV(42 vs. 44) and from A. thripsus sp. nov. in

AL>PL vs. AL=PL, sternalae 1a (nude vs. finely barbed), ASE & PSE (nude vs. finely

barbed) and fnTi I-II-III (11:11:11 vs. 12:14:14).

140

Fig. 13: Abrolophus faisalabadensis n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µm

141

Fig.13: Abrolophus faisalabadensis n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (ventral view)

B

50µ

m

142

Fig.13: Abrolophus Faisalabadensis n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI(femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

D

E

F

50µm

C25

µm

143

22. Abrolophus khanjanii Haitlinger and SabooriAbrolophus khanjanii Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996:123

Known Distribution: Toiserkan, Iran

Known Host : Alfalfa





Locality No. of specimens Date Source/ hostJhang(Rodo Sultan)

2 05-09-2005 Mulbery(Morus nigra))

Okara 1 19-07-2006 Sugarcane Pyrilla(Pyrilla perpusilla)

T.T.Singh 4 23-10-2005 Baru (Sorghum helepense)Undetermined Aphid

Gujranwala 3 11-09-2007 Maize(Zea mays)

144

23. Abrolophus pyrillus n. sp. (Fig. 14A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idosoma ovoid, 370um long, 230um wide.Total length of body from tips of

chelicerae to posterior pole of idiosoma 460 um. Scutum present dorsally on idiosoma, as

long wide, 50um long, 50um wide, smooth entirely, slightly concave anteriorly, blunt

ended posteriorly, carries two pairs of sensillae and two pairs of scutalae. Posterior pair

of sensillae (PSE) exactly twice the length of anterior pair of sensillae (ASE), ASE

25m, PSE 50m long, SBa and SBp both 9m, both sensillae very finely barbed on

their entire lengths and with pointed tips. ASE bases located slightly posterior to AL

bases. PSE located near posterior pole of scutum. A chitinous bar surround the bases of

ASE and PSE. AL longer than PL; AL 40 m, PL 30 m long, both very finely barbed

and with pointed tips, AW=34, PW=34, AP = 20. Two eyes present, one eye on both

lateral sides of scutum, at the level of PSE bases, eyes cornea 10 m across. Dorsal setae

on idiosoma, 24 pairs, all very finely barbed and with pointed tips, ranging in lengths

from 25-34 um; setae on posterior part of idiosoma somewhat longer than remaining

setae on dorsum. PDS=30-34; DS=25-34; fD = 48 (Fig.14A).

Venter:


near coxae, 30 m long; between coxae II, One pair of sternalae 2a, 25 m long; two

pairs of setae present in between intercoxal fields of coxae I and II; between coxae II and

III, 9 pairs of setae present; one pair of setae present between coxae III and behind

coxaeIII, 10 pairs of setae present. All ventral setae very finely barbed except sternalae

1a, that is nude. fV=44; NDV=48+44=92.


tips, coxala I the longest one, 35 m long, coxalae II and III 23 m and 25 m long


Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma elongate, galealae nude, 9m long, hypostomalae, very finely barbed

15 m long; supercoxlae present, very finely barbed, 25 m long. Chelicerae compact,

145

flask shape in outlone; palfemur robust with 2 barbed setae; palpgenu with 2 barbed

setae; palptibia with one barbed and one nude setae, one peg like accessory claw and long

tibial claw, not bifurcate; palptarsus bears, 1 comb like seta, 1 eupathidion, 1 solenidion,

2 nude and 2 barbed setae. Eupathidium 20m long (Fig.14C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-BB-BB-BN- NNBBC

Legs:

Legs three pairs; leg III the longest one; all legs shorter than body length; legs I-

III measuring 276 m, 256m and 305m long respectively. IP=276 + 256 + 305 = 837

(Fig.14D-F).

Leg setal formula:


8(3N, 5B); Bfe-4(1N, 3B), Tr-2B, Cx-1B.

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 15(5N, 10B); Ti-2, 1k, 11(4N, 7B); Ge-1k, 8(3N, 5B); Tfe-5(1N,

4B); Bfe-4(1N, 3B), Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 15(5N-10B); Ti-1, 1k, 10(3N-7B); Ge-10(3N-7B); Tfe-5(1N, 4B);

Bfe-4(1N, 3B); Tr-2B, Cx-1B.

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived after the name of host insect pest (Pyrilla

perpusilla)

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from Rodo Sultan 60 km west of district Jhang on

10-09-2005 (Muhammad Kamran) parasitizing Pyrilla perpusilla infesting sugarcane

crop (Saccharum officinarum). Paratypes 4 larvae, collection data same as holotype. All

specimens have been deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Agri.


146

Table 14: Metric data of Abrolophus pyrillus n.sp.larva:


IL 370 DS 25 - 34 Ta II(H) 20 Tr II 27

1W 230 PDS 30 – 34 Ti I 51 Cx II 50

L 50 St I (1a) 30 Ge I 50 Leg II 256












Remarks:

Diagnostic Characters: fD=48, fV=44, AW=PW=34, AL>PL,L=W=50, Setae on Ti I-

II-III 10-11-10, on Ge I-II-III 9-8-10, GL=64, TiIII=62, scutum smooth, ASE & PSE

finely barbed, sternalae 1a nude, microseta absent on GeIII, solenidion absent on Ge II

and IP=837.

Abrolophus pyrillus sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. longicollis in shorter

L (50 vs. 70), W (50 vs. 70), AL (40 vs. 68-84), and Ti III (62 vs. 102-126); from

A. aitapensis by AL (40 vs. 52), AW (33 vs. 34-42), and GL (64 vs 94-103); from

A. pseudolongicollis in shorter L (50 vs. 72-80), W (50 vs. 60-70), PL (30 vs. 40-52) and

TiIII (62 vs. 88-100); from A. tonsor in shorter W (50 vs. 57), PW (35 vs. 50), AL (40 vs.

57), PL (30 vs. 55), DS (25-34 vs. 36-62), TiIII (62 vs. 104), and cheliceral bases without

striations vs. with striations in A. tonsor; from A. humberti in the shorter L (50 vs. 70-74),

W (50 vs. 72-74), AL (40 vs. 68-72), PSE (50 vs. 90), GL (64 vs. 134) and Ti III (62 vs.

90-104); A. neobrevicollis in shorter W (50 vs. 66-70), PW (35 vs. 60-64), GL (64 vs.

108), TiIII (62 vs. 84-92) and longer AL (40 vs. 24-30); from A. khanjanii in shorter AL

147

(40 vs. 50), PL (30 vs. 50), GL (64 vs. 122), fD ( 48 vs. 34), fV (44 vs. 36), and DS (25-

34 vs. 38-42), from A. welbourni by fV (44 vs. 22), NDV (92 vs. 77), number of normal

setae on TfeI (8 vs. 5), Ta II (15 vs. 23), PW (35 vs. 72-80), PL (30 vs. 55-67) and L (50

vs. 78-88); from A. benoni by fV (44 vs. 26), number of normal setae on Tfe I- (8 vs. 6),

Cheliceral bases without striations vs. striations on cheliceral bases in A. benoni, PL (30

vs. 54-60), GL (64 vs 120-140) and TiIII (62 vs. 96); from A. bohdani by fD (48 vs. 41),

GL (64 vs. 92), idiosoma ventrally with finely barbed setae vs. nude setae in A. bohdani,

solenidion on GeII& III ( absent vs. present); from A. penelopae in the shorter GL (64 vs.

98-104),.TiIII (62 vs 70), AL (40 vs. 44-46), and PL (30 vs. 40); from A. iraninejadi by

fD (48 vs. 52), fV (44 vs. 34), IP (837 vs. 1125), setae on TaII (15 vs 17), DS (25-34 vs.

39-49), GL (64 vs 141), PL (30 vs 52) and TiIII (62 vs. 92); from A. unimiri by absence

of striations on cheliceral bases vs. striations present on cheliceral bases in A. unimiri,

DS (25-34 vs 40-60), GL (67 vs. 130) AL (40 vs. 62) and Ti III (62 vs. 92); from

A. basumtwiensis by, GL (67 vs. 82-88), fD (48 vs 40), solenidion on Ge II & III ( absent

vs. present) and setae on ventral side of idiosoma (finely barbed vs nude); A. marinensis

and A. crimensis are unique from all other species by having rod-shaped setae with tufty

tip on palptarsus, these setae are absent on palptarsus in A. pyrillus sp. nov.; from

A. alfalfus sp. nov. by L=W vs. L>W, scutum (smooth vs. punctate), fD (48 vs. 44), fV

(44 vs. 42), ASE & PSE (finely barbed vs. nude), and solenidion on genu II (absent vs.

present); from A. faisalabadensis sp. nov. by L=W vs. L>W, number of normal setae on

Ta I (175 vs. 15), Tfe II-III(5-5 vs. 4-4) and sternalae 1a (nude vs.finely barbed); fD (48

vs. 46), ASE & PSE (finely barbed vs. simple), and fV(44 vs. 42) and from A. thripsus

sp. nov. in AL>PL vs. AL=PL, L=W vs L>W, scutum (smooth vs. punctuate), sternalae

1a (nude vs. finely barbed), and fnTi I-II-III (10:11:10 vs. 12:14:14).

148

Fig. 14: Abrolophus pyrillus n.sp. (larva). A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

A

50µm

149

B

Fig. 14: Abrolophus pyrillus n.sp. (larva). B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

50µm

150

Fig.14: Abrolophus pyrillus n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-leg I(femur-tarsus); E- leg II (femur-tarsus); F- leg III (femur-tarsus)

D

E F

50µm

20µm

C

151

24. Abrolophus thripsus n. sp. (Fig. 15A-F)

Larva:

Dorsum:

Idosoma elongate, 425m long, 230m wide.Total length of body from tips of


longer than wide, 53m long. 45m wide, finely punctate, slightly convex anteriorly,



(ASE), ASE 25m, PSE 50m long, SBa and SBp both 10m, both sensillae very finely

barbed on their entire lengths and with pointed tips. ASE bases located slightly posterior

to AL bases. PSE located near posterior pole of scutum. A thick chitinous bar

surrounding the bases of both sensillae in shape of flask, AL equal the length of PL; both

40 m long, very finely barbed and with pointed tips; AW=PW=35, AP = 20. Two eyes

present, one eye on both lateral sides of scutum, at the level of PSE bases, eyes cornea 11

m across. Dorsal setae on idiosoma, 23 pairs, all very finely barbed and with pointed

tips ranging in length from 27-37m; setae on posterior part of idiosoma somewhat

longer than other setae on dorsum. DS=27-37; PDS = 32-37. fD = 46 (Fig.15A).

Venter:


near coxae, 30m long; between coxae II, one pair of nude sternalae 2a, 24 m long; two

pairs of setae present in between intercoxal fields of coxae I and II; between coxae II and

III, 8 pairs of setae present; one pair of setae present between coxae III and behind

coxaeIII, 11 pairs of setae present. All ventral setae very finely barbed except sternalae 1a

and 2a that are nude. fV=44; NDV=46+44=90.


tips; coxala I the longest one, 30 m long; coxalae II and III both 25 m long (Fig. 15B).

Gnathosoma:

Gnathosoma elongate, galealae 8m, hypostomalae 13m long, both nude

(simple); supercoxlae present very finely barbed, 25m long; chelicerae compact, flask

shape in outline; palfemur robust with 2 barbed setae; palpgenu with one barbed and two

152

nude setae; palptibia with one nude seta, one peg like accessory claw and long tibial

claw; palptarsus bears, 1 comb like seta, 1 eupathidium, 1 solenidion, 2 nude and 1

barbed setae. Eupathidium 14m long (Fig.15C).

Palp setal formula:

fPp: 0-BB-BNN-N- NNBC

Legs:

Legs three pairs; leg III the longest one; all legs shorter than body length; legs I-

III measuring 274 m, 263 m and 295 m long respectively. IP=274 + 263 + 295 = 832

(Fig.15D-F).

Leg setal formula:


8(3N, 5B); Bfe-4(1N, 3B), Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Leg ΙΙ: Ta-1, 1ε, 2, 15(5N, 10B); Ti-1, 1k, 14(5N, 9B); Ge-1k, 9(3N, 6B); Tfe-5(1N,

4B); Bfe-4(1N,3B), Tr-2B, Cx-1B.

Leg ΙΙΙ: Ta-1ε, 1, 16(4N-12B); Ti-1, 1k, 14(3N-11B); Ge-1k, 8(3N-5B); Tfe-5(1N,

4B); Bfe-4(1N, 3B); Tr-2B, Cx-1B

Etymology:

Name of this new species is derived after the name of host insect (Thrips sp.)

Type:

Holotype larva was collected from Mehmood Kot, 90 km west of district Jhang on

05-08-2006 (Muhammad Kamran) from thrips sp. infesting foxtail grass (Setaria viridis).

Paratypes 8 larvae, collection data of two paratypes same as holotype while 2 was

collected from Aphis gossypii and 5 from foxtail grass (Setaria viridis). All paratypes

were collected from same locality as holotype. All specimens have been deposited in

Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of


153

Table 15: Metric data of Abrolophus thripsus n.sp.larva:


IL 425 DS 27-37 Ta II(H) 22 Tr II 30

1W 230 PDS 32-37 Ti I 42 Cx II 53

L 53 St I (1a) 30 Ge I 50 Leg II 263












Remarks:

Diagnostic characters: fD=46, GL= 62, AW=PW= 35, AL= PL =40, AP=20, scutum

punctate, ASE & PSE finely barbed, setae on TiI-I-III (12-14-14), L=53, W=45, L>W

and all ventral setae including sternalae finely barbe, microseta present on Ge III and

solenidion on Ge II absent.

Abrolophus thripsus sp nov. differs from A. longicollis in shorter L (53 vs. 70), W

(45 vs. 70), AL (40 vs. 68-84), and Ti III (62 vs. 126); from A. aitapensis by fD (46 vs.

44) GL (62 vs. 94-103), AL (40 vs. 52), AW (35 vs. 42), scutum (punctate vs. smooth);

from A. pseudolongicollis in shorter L (53 vs. 72-80), W (45 vs. 60-70), PL (40 vs. 40-

52) and TiIII (62 vs. 88-100); from A. tonsor in shorter W (45 vs. 57), PW (35 vs. 50),

AL (40 vs. 57), PL (40 vs. 55), DS (27-37 vs. 36-62), TiIII (62 vs. 104) and cheliceral

bases without striations vs. with striations in A. tonsor; from A. humberti in the shorter

L (53 vs. 70-74), W (45 vs. 72-74), AL (40 vs. 68-72), PSE (50 vs. 90), GL (62 vs. 134)

and Ti III (62 vs. 90-104); from A. khanjanii in shorter PL (40 vs. 50), GL (62 vs. 122),

fD ( 46 vs. 34), fV (44 vs. 36), dorsal body setae ( finely barbed vs. smooth) and DS (27-

154

37 vs. 38-42), A. neobrevicollis in shorter W (45 vs. 66-70), PW (35 vs. 60-64), GL (62

vs. 108), TiIII (62 vs. 84-92) and longer AL (40 vs. 24-30); from A. welbourni by fV (44

vs. 22), NDV (90 vs. 77), number of normal setae on TfeI (8 vs. 5), Ta II (15 vs. 23), PW

(35 vs. 72-80), PL (40 vs. 55-67) and L (53 vs. 78-88); from A. benoni by fD (46 vs. 48),

fV (44 vs. 26), number of normal setae on Tfe I-II-III (8-5-5 vs. 6-4-4), Cheliceral bases

without striations vs. striations in A. benoni, PL (40 vs. 54-60), GL (62 vs 120-140) and

TiIII (62 vs. 96); from A. bohdani by GL (62 vs. 92), AL=PL vs AL> PL, AW=PW vs

PW>AW, idiosoma ventrally with finely barbed setae vs. nude setae in A. bohdani,

number of normal setae on Ta I (15 vs. 17); from A. penelopae in the shorter GL (62 vs.

98-104), AL=PL vs. AL>PL , AW=PW vs PW >AW; from A. iraninejadi by fD (46 vs.

52), fV (44 vs. 34), IP (832 vs. 1125), DS (27-37 vs. 39-49), GL (62 vs 141), PL 40 vs

52) and TiIII (62 vs. 92); from A. unimiri by absence of striations on cheliceral bases vs.

striations present on cheliceral bases in A. unimiri, DS (27-37 vs 40-60), W (45 vs. 62),

GL (62 vs. 130) AL (40 vs. 62) and Ti III (62 vs. 92); from A. basumtwiensis by ISD (40

vs. 36), GL (62 vs. 82-88), fD (44 vs 38) and setae on ventral side of idiosoma (finely

barbed vs nude); A. marinensis and A. crimensis are unique from all other species by

having rod-shaped setae with tufty tip on palptarsus, these setae are absent on palptarsus

in A. thripsus sp. nov.; from A. faisalabadensis sp. nov. by scutum (punctate vs. smooth),

fnTfe II & III (5-5 vs 4-4), AL=PL vs AL>PL, NDV (90 vs. 86) and ASE & PSE (finely

barbed vs. nude) and from A. pyrillus sp. nov. by L>W vs. L=W, scutum (punctate vs.

smooth), number of normal setae on Ta I-II-III (15:15:16 vs. 17:15:15), on Ge I-II-

III(10:9:8 vs. 9:8:10), sternalae 2a (finely barbed vs. nude) and PW=AW vs. PW>AW);

from A. alfalfus sp. nov. in AL=PL vs. AL>PL, NDV (90 vs. 86), sternalae 1a & 2a

(finely barbed vs. nude), ASE & PSE (finely barbed vs. nude) and fnTi I-II-III (12:14:14

vs.12:11:10).

155

A

50µm

Fig. 15: Abrolophus thripsus n. sp. (larva) A- Idiosoma (dorsal view)

156

B

Fig. 15: Abrolophus thripsus n. sp. (larva) B- Idiosoma (ventral view)

50µ

m

157

DE F

50µm

C

25µm

Fig.15: Abrolophus thripsus n.sp. (larva) C- Gnathosoma; D-legI (femur-tarsus); E- legII (femur-tarsus); F- legIII (femur-tarsus)

158

Punjab ProvinceSpecies DistributionGenus Abrolophus Berlese

EastWest

North

South

19. Abrolophus alfalfus20. Abrolophus bohdani21. Abrolophus faisalabadensis22. Abrolophus khanjanii23. Abrolophus pyrillus24. Abrolophus thripsus

Gujranwala22

Sheikhupura20

Sargodha21

Jhang19, 20, 22, 23,24

Faisalabad21

Okara22

MAP-5

T.T.Singh22

A IA II

A III

A IV

B I

B II

C I C II

D III

D ID II

159

Discussion about dendrograms & Phenetic affinities among the differentspecies of each genus

Erythraeid mites at adults and nymphal stages predate on phytophagous mites,

small soft bodied insects and their eggs but their larvae parasitize different insects,

spiders and other athropodes. However larvae of some genera live as free living

predators. Family Erythraeidae was erected by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1828. Mites of this

family have been classified both on the bases of larvae and adults. Because some genera

e.g., Pollux are only known as larvae. Most of research in systematics of this family has

been done by Oudemans (1909, 1912a,1914,1923,1928, 1929, 1937, 1941), Banks

(1915), Hirts 1926b, 1928), Miller (1925), Vitzthum (1926, 1929, 1931a, 1942), Andre

(1927a, 1927c,1929a,1930b,1930c,1932b,1934), Stiles and Hassal (1927), Womersley,

(1934), Willmann (1937a,1937c,1939a,1939b,1949,1952,1954,1956), Augustson (1940),

Gunther (1941), Cooreman, (1943), Southcott (1946a,1946c,1955b,1957a,1957b, 1957c,

1957d, 1957e,1961, 1972, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1994a, 1995), Granjean (1947a,

1947b), Tragargh (1947), Schweizer (1951), Baker and Wharton (1952), Lamb (1952),

Turk and Turk (1952), Baker et al. (1956), Karppinen (1958), Sellinick,(1958),

Meyer and Ryke (1959), Smiley (1968), Treat and Flechtmann (1979), Haitlinger (1986,

1987, 1987a, 1987b, 1990, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999a, 1999b, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c,

2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2008),

Fain et al. (1987), Tsai and Chow (1988), Haitlinger and Saboori (1996), Baker and

Selden (1997), Saboori and Atamehr (1999, 2000), Goldarazena et al. (2000),

Saboori and Babolmorad (2000), Saboori (2000, 2002), Saboori and Ostovan (2000),

Zhang et al. (2000), Halliday (2001), Saboori and Nowzari (2001), Saboori and Arbabi

(2003), Saboori and Lachinani (2003) and Saboori et al. (2004) in the world.

All above researchers have contributed significally in their respective countries,

but unfortunately up till no work has been done in Pakistan to explore fauna of this

family and also to establish phenetic relationships among the different species of said

family. During the present research studies 24 species belonging to 4 subfamilies

(Erythraeinae, Leptinae, Callidosomatinae and Balaustiinae) and 4 genera viz.,

Erythraeus, Leptus, Pollux and Abrolophus. Out of these 15 were new to science.

Phenetic relationship of all known species of Pakistan have been made by cluster analysis

160

using average linkage methods and euclidian distance by applying computor programme

minitab 13.1 and depicted in the dendrograms. Comparison of characters and

Amalgamation steps are also given in tables. Already known species of different genera

from Pakistan were also included in these studied to derive a conclusion about the

phylogenetic relationships. Phenetic affinities and relationships among the different

species of respective genera are discussed as under.

Subfamily Erythraeinae Southcott

Genus Erythraeus Latreille

DeGeer (1778) collected some red coloured mite specimens and named these

mites as Acarus phalangoides. Latreille erected genus Erythraeus in 1806 and designated

Acarus phalangoides de Geer as its type species.Type species has been adequately

redescribed by Tragardh (1904) and Schweizer (1951). Oudemans (1910), Vitzthum

(1929), Grandjean (1946) and Southcott (1946) mistakenly used the generic name

Bochartia for the larvae of Erythraeus. Southcott (1961) reported that Bochartia and

Erythraeus are synonyms.

Southcott (1995) devided genus Erythraeus into two subgenera (Erythraeus and

Zaracarus) This genus is cosmopolitan in distribution but larval species are known

mainly from Europe and Asia e.g. Erythraeus (E.) adrastus Southcott, 1961 from

Denmark; Erythraeus (E.) kresnensis, E. (E.) balgaromontanus, E. (E.) rilensis Beron,

1982 from Bulgaria; E. (E.) jowitae, E. (E.) gertrudae, E. (E.) elwirae, E. (Z.) eleonorae,

E. (E.) monikae Haitlinger, 1987b from Poland; E. (Z.) lancifer Southcott, 1995, E. (E.)

southcotti, E (Z.) preciosus Goldarazena and Zhang,1998 from spain; E. (E.) akbariani,

E. (E.) sabrinae, E. (Z.) tehranicus Haitlinger, 1996, E (Z.) kharrazii, E. (Z.) rajabii

Saboori, 2000, E. (E.) shojaii Saboori and Babolmorad 2000, E. (Z.) iranicus Saboori and

Akrami,2001, E. (Z.) longipedus Saboori and Nowzari, 2001, E. (E.) garmsaricus and

E. (E) hypertrichotus Saboori et al., 2004, E. (E.) mirabi Khanjani, Ueckermann and

Hassan, 2007 from Iran; E. (E.) tinnae Haitlinger, 1997 from Canary Islands, Tenerife;

E. (Z.) budapestensis Fain and Ripka, 1998 from Hungery; E. (Z.) didonae Haitlinger,

2000 from Turkey.

161

This genus has been reported for first time from Pakistan Author has collected 6

species of this genus from different hosts from Punjab, Pakistan and out of which 4

species were new to science. These species were collected both from pants and bodies of

different insects living as ectoparasite. New species have been described and illustrated in

detail along with diagnostic characters, remarks and images of different body parts.

Dendrogram (Fig.16) of the species of the genus Erythraeus comprises of five

clusters. Species layyahensis and loomerus make first cluster in dendrogram at 46.55 %

affinity. These two species belong to the group of species with long anterior sensillae and

were collected from same hosts from Irrigated Thal zone. It reveals that their affinity with

each other could be attributed to same ecological zone. Species perpusillus and

longipedus belong to subgenus Zaracarus make second cluster at the level of 39.58 %

affinity. Both these species are dwellers of same habitat (Central Mixed zone). The

species Shojaii were collected from far off localities and show a similarity of 38.28%

with the species perpusillus-longipedus, thus making a cluster C which joins the species

walii at 33.33% similarity. These species are dwellers of far off localities and habitats,

their affinities could well be attributed to sharing of genetic characters rather than

ecology. Species perpusillus, longipedus, shojaii and walii form a big cluster by joining

with layyahensis-loomerus pair at the level of 26.54% affinity. Dendrogram shows the

quiet low level of affinities among the species of this genus which indicate that the

species are plesiomorphic but separated from ancestral lineage.

Subfamily Leptinae SouthcottGenus Leptus Latreille

The genus Leptus was erected by Latreille in 1796 and designated Acarus

phalangii de Geer, 1778 as its type species. It is an important member of family

Erythraeidae. A lot of work on this genus (as reviewed earliar) has been accomplished

throughout the world by different workers. It is cosmopolitan genus, world wide in

distribution and comprises more than 100 species, most of which are known only from

hexapod larvae. In Pakistan only one species Leptus karachiensis was described from an

adult by Anwarullah and Ahsan in 1971. The present worker has collected 7 species of

this genus from Punjab, Pakistan, Out of these 4 are new to science where as 3 species

are already known. All these species were described from larvae.

162

Dendrogram (Fig. 17) of 7 species of this genus collected from different

ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan, based on comparison of 34 characters (Table17),

depicts that highest affinity occur between the species eslamizadehi (Saboori) and

nearcticus (Fain, Gummer and Whitaker.) at the level of 61.33% thus forming first

cluster A. These species are dewellers of descrete and far off localites from different

agro-ecological zones and it indicates that affinity between these species could be due to

genetic characters. New species lugenus join aphidus n.sp. at the level of 58.98% affinity

and forming second cluster B in the dendrogram.These two new species were collected

from similar hosts and ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan. Their relatedness can be

attributed to similar ecological zones (Central Mixed and Rice zones) and same hosts.

Cluster A joins the cluster B and forming a big cluster C at the level of 57.86% similarity.

New species multanensis joins the cluster C at the level of 53.64% similarity thus making

a main cluster D. Species hospeticus (Haitlinger) shares 51.66% characters with the 5

species of main cluster D and make the cluster E which joins pakistanensis n.sp. at the

level of 46.17% affinity and forming a large and last cluster F. Species multanensis n.sp.

and hospeticus Haitlinger, 2002 inhabit different diversified ecological niches which

indicate the genetic diversity. Although new species pakistanensis inhabit same

ecological zone as species aphidus and lugenus but it affiliates more with multanensis

n.sp. and hospeticus Haitlinger and it is due genetic similarity. From the collection data

of species it is clear that the relatedness of the taxa does not necessarily imply ecological

relatedness but the affinity could well be attributed to sharing of common genetic

characters at generic level.

Subfamily Balaustiinae SouthcottGenus Pollux Southcott

Southcott (1961) erected the genus Pollux and designated Pollux workandae as its

type species. Three species in this genus Pollux Southcott, 1961 are known as larvae in

the world: Pollux cristatus Womersely, 1934, Pollux workandae Southcott, 1961, both

from Australia and Pollux kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2004, from South India.. In this

manuscript author have described 3 new species of this genus in detail along with

diagnostic characters of each species and has also given host and distribution data of two

163

already described species thus making a total of 5 species of this genus from Pakistan. All

species were collected from different plants like crops, vegetables and weeds etc. from

different diversified habitats of Punjab, Pakistan.

Dendrogram (Fig. 18) of 5 species of this genus depicts that new species

okaraensis and jhangensis have highest affinity at the level of 75.29% and make the first

cluster A in dendrogram. New species punctatus join the okaraensis- jhangensis pair at

the level of 72.29% affinity thus forming second cluster B. Species workandae Southcott

join at the level of 67.64% with three already affiliated species and forming third large

cluster C. Last and main cluster form when species kovalamicus joins previous cluster of

four species at the level of 11.68% affinity. It is clear that kovalamicus has quiet low

level of affinity with other species of this genus. All other species of this genus have high

level of affinity. All the species of this genus were collected from diverse ecological

habitats like Thal, high rainfall, low rainfall, humid and arid zones. It is indicative of the

fact that the species of this genus have greater amplitude to adopt different adverse

ecological habitats. Further the species of this genus are dwellers of far off localities. It

reveals that their affinities could well be attributed to sharing of common genetic

characters.

Subfamily Callidosomatinae Southcott


Genus Abrolophus was erected by Berlese in 1891 and designated Abrolophus

quisquiliarum (Hermann) Berlese, 1891 as its type species. Species of this genus have

been described both from adults and larvae. Before 1996 this genus was only knwn from

adults. Zhang and Goldarazena (1996) described this genus from larvae for first time.17

species of this genus have been described hitherto on the basis of larvae by different

workers in the world.

In Pakistan no work has been done on said genus hitherto. Present author have

made a struggle to explore fauna of this genus from Punjab, Pakistan. As a result of

survey of different ecological zones of Punjab province, 6 species were came in

collection, out of which 4 species are new to science and 2 species are already known.

Specimens of all these species were collected from insects and different plants.All

collected species belong to the group of species that have a comb like seta on palptarsus.

164

Thirty eight characters (Table-22) of 6 species of this genus collected only from

two almost similar ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan, were compared. On the basis of

this comparison, dendrogram (Fig. 19) was prepared to depict affinities among the

species. Highest affinity is found between faisalabadensis n.sp. and pyrillus n.sp., that

make first cluster at the level of 49.73%.These species join bohadani Haitlinger at

37.10% similarity and make second cluster B. Above mentioned three species forming

the cluster B, share 33.70% characters with species khanjanii Haitlinger and Saboori and

as a result a big cluster C is formed. New species alfalfus join the previous cluster C at

the level of 31.26% affinity. Species thripsus join this whole cluster which is formed due

to lumping of five species, at quiet low similarity level of 28.13%. All the species of this

genus were collected from Central Mixed and Rice zones, therefore affinities among the

species could be well attributed to same habitats and localities.Further more species of

this genus have quiet low level of affinities among them. It is indicative of the fact that

species are plesiomorphic but separated from ancestral lineage.

165

Table-16: Prevalence of 36 characters in 6 species of the genus Erythraeus Latreille(Erythraeidae) from Pakistan.

SPECIESCHARACTERS

perp

usil

lus

long

iped

us

Wal

ii

shoj

aii

layy

ahen

sis

loom

eru

s

I 1 1 2 2 2 2II 2 1 2 1 1 2III 2 2 2 1 3 3IV 2 2 2 2 1 1V 3 4 2 2 1 2VI 4 4 4 4 1 3VII 1 1 2 1 3 3VIII 1 2 2 2 2 2IX 1 2 1 2 3 3X 2 1 2 3 4 4XI 1 1 1 2 1 1XII 1 1 1 2 1 1XIII 3 3 2 3 3 3XIV 5 6 5 5 5 5XV 2 1 1 3 2 2XVI 3 1 1 4 2 3XVII 3 3 2 3 4 3XVIII 5 5 5 5 5 5XIX 8 8 8 8 9 9XX 15 14 14 14 14 15XXI 1 3 2 3 2 1XXII 3 3 2 3 4 3XXIII 5 5 5 5 5 5XXIV 7 8 8 8 10 9XXV 15 15 14 15 15 15XXVI 2 3 1 3 1 2XXVII 3 3 2 3 3 3XXVIII 5 5 5 5 5 5XXIX 9 8 7 8 8 9XXX 16 15 14 15 14 13XXXI 1 2 1 2 1 1XXXII 1 1 2 2 2 2XXXIII 3 4 2 2 2 1XXXIV 1 1 1 1 2 2XXXV 2 3 3 2 1 2XXXVI 1 1 1 2 2 1

I, (1, AL enlarged near bases; 2, AL not enlarged near bases); II, scutum anteriorly(1, flate; 2, convex); III, (1, ASE smooth; 2, ASE with long setules; 3, ASE very finelybarbed); IV, (1, dorsal body setae finely barbed; 2, dorsal body setae with long densesetules; V, comparison of lengths of AL and PL (1, AL=PL; 2, AL slightly longer thanPL; 3, AL 1.8 times longer than PL; 4, AL more than twice than PL); VI, comparison oflengths of ASE and PSE (1, PSE=ASE; 2, PSE exactly twice the length of ASE; 3, PSEless than twice the length of ASE; 4, PSE more than twice the length of ASE); VII, levelof anterior pair of eyes (1, eyes present at the level of PSE; 2, eyes present anterior to thelevel of PSE; 3, eyes present posterior to the level of PSE); VIII, l evel of AL scutalae(1, AL present at the level of ASE bases; 2, AL occur anterior to the level of ASE); IX,(1, PSE smooth; 2, PSE ciliatad on their distal halves; 3, PSE very finely barbed on their

166

entire lengths; X, (1, AP double the lenth of ASE; 2, AP less than twice the length ofASE; 3, AP more than twice than ASE; 4, ASE more than twice than AP); XI, setae onpalpfemur; XII,setae on palp genu; XIII, setae on palptibia; XIV, setae on palptarsus;XV, dorsal boby setae (1, 30 or 32; 2, 42; 3, 62); (fD); XVI, setae present behind thecoxaeIII on venter of idiosoma (1, 8 or 10; 2, 12; 3, 16; 4, 24); XVII, setae on basifemurI, XXVIII, setae on telofemur I; XIX, setae on genu I; XX, setae on tibia I; XXI, setae ontarsus I, (1,17 or 18; 2, 20 or 21; 3, 24 or 26); XXII, setae on basifemur II, XXIII, setaeon telofemur II; XXIV, setae on genu II; XXV, setae on tibia II; XXVI, setae on tarsus II(1, 14 or 15; 2, 17 or 18; 3 ,21 or 24); XXVII, setae on basifemur III; XXVIII, setae ontelofemur III; XXIX, setae on genu III ; XXX, setae on tibia III; XXXI, setae on tarsus III(1, less than 20 or 20; 2, more than 20); XXXII, (1, bases of ASE with strong cuticularstructures; 2, ASE at its bases without strong cuticular structure; XXXIII, (1, AL= lengthof longest dorsal body seta; 2, AL slightly longer than longest dorsal body seta; 3, ALmore than twice the longest dorsal body seta; 4, AL more than thrice the longest bodyseta; XXXIV, (1, Hy>ASE; 2, Hy<ASE; XXXV, (1,coxala I less than twice the coxala II;2, coxala I slightly longer than twice the coxala II; 3, coxala I thrice than coxala II;XXXVI, (1, 1a exactly twice than 2a; 2, 1a less than twice than 2a).

167

Table 17:Amalgamation Steps (Genus Erythraeus Latreille)

Steps Number ofClusters

Similarity DistanceLevel

ClustersJointed

NewCluster

Number ofTaxa in new

Cluster

1 5 46.55 4.243 5 6 A 2

2 4 39.58 4.796 1 2 B 2

3 3 38.28 4.899 4 B C 3

4 2 33.33 5.292 3 C D 4

5 1 26.54 5.831 A D E 6

168

65

34

21

26.5

4

51.0

2

75.5

1

100.

00

Sim

ilarit

y

Obs

erva

tions

1. perpusillus

2. longipedus

4. shojaii

3. walii

5. layyahensis

6. loomerus

A46.55

B39.58

C38.28D

33.33E26.54

100.00

75.51

51.02

26.54

Similarity%

Taxa

Fig.16:D

endrogramof6

speciesofthegenus

Erythraeus

fromP

unjab,Pakistan

169

Table-18: Prevalence of 34 characters in 7 species of the genus Leptus Latreille(Erythraeidae) from Pakistan.

SPECIESCHARACTERS

paki

stan

sis

aphi

dus

luge

nus

mul

tane

nsis

near

ctic

us

esla

miz

adeh

i

hosp

etic

us

I 2 2 1 2 2 1 2II 2 2 2 2 1 2 2III 1 1 1 1 2 2 1IV 2 2 2 1 3 2 2V 1 1 2 2 2 2 3VI 3 1 3 2 3 2 2VII 1 2 1 2 3 2 1VIII 1 1 2 2 2 1 2IX 2 3 2 2 1 2 1X 3 2 2 4 3 2 1XI 1 1 1 1 1 2 1XII 2 2 1 2 1 1 2XIII 2 2 1 2 2 3 3XIV 6 6 6 5 6 6 5XV 1 1 1 1 2 1 3XVI 2 1 2 1 3 2 4XVII 2 2 2 1 2 1 1XVIII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2XIX 5 5 5 5 5 5 5XX 6 7 8 8 8 8 8XXI 1 4 4 2 4 4 3XXII 1 4 3 2 5 5 3XXIII 2 2 2 2 2 2 2XXIV 5 5 5 5 5 5 5XXV 4 7 8 7 8 8 8XXVI 1 3 2 2 4 4 2XXVII 1 3 2 1 5 4 2XXVIII 1 1 1 1 2 2 2XXIX 5 5 5 5 5 5 5XXX 7 7 7 6 8 8 8XXXI 1 3 3 3 3 3 2XXXII 1 3 2 1 5 4 2XXXIII 1 2 2 1 2 1 2XXXIV 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

I, scutum (1, smooth entirely; 2, scutum finely punctate); II, scutum anteriorly (1, flate; 2,concave; 3, convex); III, length and width of scutum (1, scutum wider than long; 2,scutum longer than wide); IV,(1, ISD<ASE; 2, ISD slightly longer than ASE; 3, ISDmore thant wice than ASE; V, comparison of lengths of AL and PL (1, AL=PL; 2,AL<PL; 3, AL>PL); VI, comparison of lengths of ASE and PSE (1, PSE exactly twicethe length of ASE; 2, PSE less than twice the length of ASE; 3, PSE more than twice thelength of ASE); VII, level of eyes (1, eyes present at the level of PSE; 2, eyes presentanterior to the level of PSE; 3, eyes present posterior to the level of PSE); VIII, level ofAL scutalae (1, AL present at the level of ASE bases; 2, AL occur anterior to the level ofASE); IX, (1, GL about two times longer than length of scutum; 2, GL less than twotimes the length of scutum; 3, GL more than two times the length of scutum; X, (1, AL2.5 tmes longer than AP; 2, AL 3.5 times longer than AP; 3, AL 4.5 times longer than

170

AP ;4, AL 5 times longer than AP); XI, setae on palpfemur; XII, setae on palp genu; XIII,setae on palptibia, XIV, setae on palptarsus; XV, dorsal boby setae (1, Less than 50; 2,More than 90 and less than 100; 3, more than 100); XVI, setae present behind thecoxaeIII on venter of idiosoma(1, 20 or 22; 2, less than 20: 3, 30 ; 4, 46); XVII, (1,1a.>2a; 2, 1a=2a); XVIII, setae on basifemurI; XIX, setae on telofemurI; XX, setae ongenu I; XXI, setae on tibia I (1, 5; 2, 11; 3, 12; 4, 13, 5, 14); XXII, setae on tarsusI (1,11;2, 16; 3, 19 or 20; 4, 22; 5, 25 or 26); XXIII, setae on basifemur II, XXIV, setae ontelofemur II; XXV, setae on genu II; XXVI, setae on tibia II (1, 8; 2, 12 or 13; 3, 14; 4,15 or 16); XXVII, setae on tarsus II (1, 14 or 15; 2, 17; 3, 21; 4, 25; 5, 28); XXVIII, setaeon basifemur III; XXIX, setae on telofemur III; XXX, setae on genu III ; XXXI, setae ontibia III (1, 10; 2, 12; 3 mre than 12); XXII, setae on tarsus III (1, 12 or 14; 2, 17 or 18; 3,21; 4, 25; 5, 30); XXXIII, (1, both sensillae ciliated on their entire lengths; 2, bothsensillae ciliated on distal halvaes of their lengths; XXXIV, (1, 3 micro setae present onlegs tibiae I and II; 2, one microseta present on legs tibiae I and II; 3, microsetae absenton leg tibiae I and II).

171

Table 19: Amalgamation Steps (Genus Leptus Latreille)



ClustersJointed

NewCluster

Number of Taxain new Cluster

1 6 61.33 4 5 6 A 2

2 5 58.98 4.243 2 3 B 2

3 4 57.86 4.359 A B C 3

4 3 53.64 4.796 4 C D 4

5 2 51.66 5.00 7 D E 6

6 1 46.17 5.568 1 E F 7

172

74

65

32

1

46.1

7

64.1

2

82.0

6

100.

00

Sim

ilarit

y

Obs

erva

tions

1. pakistanensis

2. aphidus

3. lugenus

5. nearcticus

6. eslamizadehi

4. multanensis

7. hospeticus

A61.33

B58.98

C57.86D

53.64E

51.66F

46.17

Taxa

Fig.17:Dendrogram

of7species

ofgenustheL

eptusfrom

Punjab,Pakistan

Similarity%

46.17

64.12

82.06

100.00

173

Table-20: Prevalence of 36characters in 5species of the genus Pollux Southcott(Erythraeidae) from Pakistan.

SPECIESCHARACTERS

jhan

gens

is

punt

atus

okar

aens

is

kova

lam

icus

wor

kand

ae

I 2 1 1 3 2II 2 1 2 2 1III 2 2 2 2 2IV 2 1 2 1 2V 2 1 1 2 2VI 2 2 2 2 1VII 2 2 2 2 2VIII 1 1 1 1 2IX 3 3 3 1 2X 3 3 3 1 2XI 3 2 3 2 3XII 5 5 5 4 5XIII 2 1 2 3 3XIV 1 1 1 1 2XV 72 72 70 50 72XVI 52 48 52 48 56XVII 3 4 3 3 4XVIII 5 5 5 5 5XIX 9 10 10 10 9XX 11 13 10 11 10XXI 18 15 16 14 12XXII 3 3 3 3 3XXIII 5 5 5 5 5XXIV 10 10 9 9 10XXV 9 10 9 10 11XXVI 17 14 15 14 15XXVII 3 3 3 3 3XXVIII 5 5 5 5 5XXIX 10 10 8 9 10XXX 12 11 11 12 12XXXI 19 15 16 14 15XXXII 2 2 1 1 2XXXIII 1 2 2 1 2XXXIV 2 1 1 1 1XXXV 2 2 2 2 1XXXVI 1 2 2 2 2

I, (1, AW =PW; 2, AW>PW; 3, AW<PW); II, scutum anteriorly (1, flate; 2, convex; 3,concave); III, (1, ASE smooth; 2, ASE very finely barbed); IV, sternalae 1a and 2a (1,nude; 2, finelybarbed); V, comparison of lengths of AL and PL (1, AL=PL; 2, AL<PL; 3,AL>PL); VI, (1,PSE <ISD; 2, PSE>ISD); VII, level of eyes (1, eyes present at the levelof PSE; 2, eyes present anterior to the level of PSE; 3, eyes present posterior to the levelof PSE); VIII, level of AL scutalae (1, AL present at the level of ASE bases; 2, AL occurposterior to the level of ASE); IX, (1, ISD<PW; 2, ISD more than twice the distancebetween PL scutalae; 3, ISD less than twice the distance between PL scutalae); X, (1, AP1.64 times long the length of AL; 2, AP 1.1 times long the length of AL; 3, AP<AL); XI,setae on palpfemur; XII,setae on palp genu; XIII, setae on palptibia, XIV, setae onpalptrochanter; XV, dorsal boby setae (fD); XVI, fV (ventral body setae); XVII, setae on

174

basifemur I; XVIII, setae on telofemur I; XIX, setae on genu I; XX, setae on tibia I; XXI,setae on tarsus I; XXII, setae on basifemur II; XXIII, setae on telofemur II; XXIV, setaeon genu II; XXV, setae on tibia II; XXVI, setae on tarsus II; XXVII, setae on basifemurIII; XXVIII, setae on telofemur III; XXIX, setae on genu III; XXX, setae on tibia III;XXXI, setae on tarsus III; XXXII, (1, all setae on leg segments finely barbed; 2, bothnude anb barbed setae present on leg segments); XXXIII, (1, scutum smooth entirely; 2,scutum finely punctate); XXXIV, (1, legI longer than other legs; 2, leg III longer thanother legs); XXXV, (1, legI longer than body length; 2, legI shorter than body length);XXXVI, (1, PW=PL; 2, PW>PL).

175

Table 21: Amalgamation Steps (Genus Pollux Southcott)



ClustersJointed

NewCluster

Number of Taxain new Cluster

1 4 75.29 5.916 1 3 A 2

2 3 72.29 6.633 2 A B 3

3 2 67.64 7.746 5 B C 4

4 1 11.68 21.142 4 C D 5

176

1. jhangensis

3. okaraensis

2. punctatus

5. workandae

4. kovalamicus

A75.29B

72.29C67.64

D11.68

Taxa

Fig.18:D

endrogramof5

speciesofthe

genusP

olluxfrom

Punjab,P

akistan.

Similarity

%11.68

41.12

70.56

100.00

177

Table-22: Prevalence of 38 characters in 6 species of the genus Abrolophus Berlese(Erythraeidae) from Pakistan.

SPECIESCHARACTERS

alfa

lfani

a

bohd

ani

khan

jani

i

pyri

llai

a

fais

ala

bade

nsis

thri

psia

I 2 2 2 2 1 1II 2 1 1 3 2 2III 1 2 1 2 1 2IV 1 2 1 2 1 2V 3 3 3 3 3 1VI 2 3 3 2 2 2VII 2 2 1 1 2 1VIII 2 2 2 2 2 2IX 3 3 2 1 3 1X 1 3 2 2 2 2XI 2 2 2 2 2 2XII 3 3 2 2 3 3XIII 1 2 2 2 2 1XIV 4 5 6 5 5 5XV 3 2 1 5 5 4XVI 3 1 2 3 2 3XVII 4 4 4 4 4 4XVIII 8 7 8 8 8 8XIX 9 9 11 9 10 10XX 12 12 12 10 11 12XXI 13 17 18 17 17 15XXII 4 4 4 4 4 4XXIII 5 5 5 5 4 5XXIV 8 8 9 8 10 9XXV 11 10 13 11 11 14XXVI 13 16 17 15 15 15XXVII 4 4 4 4 4 4XXVIII 5 5 5 5 4 5XXIX 9 8 9 10 10 8XXX 10 12 13 10 11 14XXXI 14 14 17 15 15 16XXXII 2 2 2 2 1 2XXXIII 2 1 1 1 1 2XXXIV 2 2 2 1 2 2XXXV 1 2 3 1 1 1XXXVI 1 1 2 1 1 1XXXVII 1 1 1 1 2 2XXXVIII 2 2 1 2 2 2

I, (1, AW =PW; 2, AW<PW); II, scutum anteriorly (1, flate; 2, convex; 3, concave); III,(1, ASE smooth; 2, ASE very finely barbed); IV, PSE, (1, smooth; 2, finely ciliated); V,comparison of lengths of AL and PL (1, AL=PL; 2, AL<PL; 3, AL>PL); VI, comparisonof lengths of ASE and PSE (1, PSE=ASE; 2, PSE exactly twice the length of ASE; 3,PSE less than twice the length of ASE; 4, PSE more than twice the length of ASE); VII,level of eyes (1, eyes present at the level of PSE; 2, eyes present anterior to the level ofPSE; 3, eyes present posterior to the level of PSE); VIII, level of AL scutalae (1, ALpresent at the level of ASE bases; 2, AL occur anterior to the level of ASE); IX, (1,ISD=AL; 2, ISD<AL; 3, ISD>AL; X, (1, AW twice than AP; 2, AW less than twice theAP; 3, AW more than twice the AP); XI, setae on palpfemur; XII, setae on palp genu;

178

XIII, setae on palptibia; XIV, setae on palptarsus excluding solenidion and eupathidion;XV, dorsal boby setae (fD) (1, 34; 2, 42; 3, 44; 4, 46; 5, 48); XVI, fV (1, 35; 2, 42 or 41;3, 44); XVII, setae on basifemurI; XVIII, setae on telofemur I; XIX, setae on genu I ;XX, setae on tibia I; XXI, setae on tarsus I; XXII, setae on basifemur II; XXIII, setae ontelofemur II; XXIV, setae on genu II; XXV, setae on tibia II; XXVI, setae on tarsus II;XXVII, setae on basifemur III; XXVIII, setae on telofemur III; XXIX, setae on genu III;XXX, setae on tibia III; XXXI, setae on tarsus III; XXXII, (1, all setae on leg segmentsfinely barbed; 2, both nude anb barbed setae present on leg segments); XXXIII, (1,scutum smooth entirely; 2, scutum finely punctate); XXXIV, (1, scutum as long as wide;2, scutum longer than wide); XXXV, (1, GL slightly longer than PSE; 2, GL 1.5 timeslonger than PSE; 3, GL more than twice the PSE); XXXVI, (1, legI longer than otherlegs; 2, legIII longer than other legs); XXXVII, (1, sternalae 1a and 2a, nude; 2, finelybarbed); XXXVIII, (1, dorsal body setae smooth; 2, dorsal body setae finely barbed).

179

Table.23: Amalgamation Steps (Genus Abrolophus Berlese)

Steps Numberof clusters


ClustersJointed

Newcluster

Number ofTaxa in new

Cluster1 5 49.73 4.796 4 5 A 2

2 4 37.10 6.00 A 2 B 3

3 3 33.10 6.325 B 3 C 4

4 2 31.26 6.557 C 1 D 5

5 1 28.13 6.856 D 6 E 6

180

65

42

31

28.1

3

52.0

9

76.0

4

100.

00

Sim

ilarit

y

Obs

erva

tions

1.Alfalfus

3. khanjanii

2. bohdani

4. pyrillus

5. faisalabadensis

6. thripsus

A49.73

B37.10C

33.70D31.26

E28.13

Taxa

Fig.19:D

endrogramof6

speciesofthe

genusA

brolophusfrom

Punjab,P

akistan. Similarity

%

28.13

52.09

76.04

100.00

181

Chapter 6

SUMMARYMites belonging to the family Erthraeidae are widely distributed through the

world. These mites have great economic importance because at adults and nymphal

stages they predate on phytophagous mites, soft bodied small insects and their eggs but

their larvae parasitize different insect pests and other arthropods. Many workers have

done a great deal of research on systematics of this family from different parts of the

world. A comprehensive survey of different Agro Ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan

was carried out for the collection of erythraeid mites from different plants and insects.

The collection from different localities was made thrice a year during 2005-2007.

Mite specimens were identified up to genus and species level with help literature

and keys by using high power microscope. As a result, 24 species belonging to 4 different

genera came in collection. Among them 15 new species have been described in detail, 4

each of genera Erythraeus, Leptus , and Abrolophus, 3 of genus Pollux. Along with these

new species, new distribution and host record of 9 already known species, which came in

collection, have also been given. A detailed key of all species of each genus from Punjab,

Pakistan have also been made in this manuscript. All genera have been recorded for the

first in, Punjab, Pakistan.

Larvae of three genera, Leptus, Erythraeus and Abrolophus were collected both

from different plants and bodies of insects while genus Pollux was only found on plants.

Recorded to be the most abundant in Punjab, Pakistan. Genus Abrolophus was only found

in Rice and Central Mixed zones. Tables of comparison of characters and dendrograms

showing phenetic affinities among different species of each genus was prepared and

discussed. Species of genus Erythraeus and Abrolophus show quiet llow level of affinity

among them. Maps showing the distribution of species in different Agro Ecological zones

have also been prepared for each genus. Following, 24 species were collected, out of

which 15 new to science.

182

Genus Erythraeus Latreille

Erythraeus perpusillus new species

Erythraeus longipedus Saboori and Nowzari, 2001

Erythraeus shojaii Saboori and babolmorad, 2000

Erythraeus walii new species

Erythraeus layyahensis new species

Erythraeus loomerus new species

Genus Leptus Latreille

Leptus aphidus new species

Leptus pakistanensis new species

Leptus nearcticus Fain, Gummer and Whitaker, 1987

Leptus lugenus new species

Leptus eslamizadehi Saboori, 2002

Leptus multanensis new species

Leptus hospeticus Haitlinger, 2002

Genus Pollux Southcott

Pollux okaraensis new species

Pollux kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2002

Pollux jhangensis new species

Pollux punctatus new species

Pollux workandae Southcott, 1961


Abrolophus alfalfus new species

Abrolophus bohdani Haitlinger, 2003

Abrolophus faisalabadensis new species

Abrolophus khanjanii Haitlinger and Saboori, 1996

Abrolophus pyrillus new species

Abrolophus thripsus new species

Detailed descriptions along with diagnostic characters of each species have been

given in this manuscript. New species were compared with almost all species of related

group. New species were named according to International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature.

183

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Andre, M., 1927c. Sur I’ Erythraeus plumipes de L. Koch et de Lucas. Bull. Mus. Hist.Nat. Paris 33: 380-4.

Andre, M., 1928. Anomalie de la crete metopique observee chez un Acarien de genreBalaustium. Bull. Mus Hist. Nat., Paris, (2) 1: 97-98.

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