systematics ,germplasm evaluation and...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR
MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF
FRESHWATER FISH GERMPLASM
RESOURCES OF KERALA
(ffinprcr 5 Summary arrr{_5‘uggesrz'rirr.s
5.1. Summary
With the signing on the convention on biodiversity, the countries
become privileged with absolute rights and responsibility to conserve and
utilize their diverse resources for the betterment of mankind in a sustainable
way. South-east Asia along with Africa and South America were considered
to be the most biodiversity rich areas in the world (Briggs, 1974). With its
variety of ecological conditions, and its position at the confluence of three
biogeographic realms, (Paleartic, Afro~tropica| and lndo-Malayan) the Indian
subcontinent enjoys a tremendous diversity of plant and animal species
(Gadgil and Meher-Homji, 1990). India, one among the mega diversity
countries (Molur and Walker, 1998) occupies eighth in the world and third in
Asia In freshwater fish diversity (Dahanukar et al. 2004). The Eastern and
Western Ghats are known to have about 55% of lndia‘s terrestrial and
freshwater biodiversity (Jayaram, 1999) and have a place among the 21
biodiversity hotspots of the world. ln the world Bank technical paper, special
mention has been given to the streams and river systems originating from the
Kerala part of Western Ghats for their rich and varied freshwater fish diversity
with high degree of endemism (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996). The tremendous
potential associated with the sustainable utilization of fish germplasm
resources of various river systems of Kerala for food, aquaculture and
ornamental purposes have to be fully tapped for economic upliftment of
fisherman community and also for equitable sharing of benefits among the
mankind without compromising the conservation of the rare and unique fish
germplasm resources for the future generations.
Systematics, germpfasm ewfuation amfpattem of¢fi'sm'6u!:'on amfafiumfance qffiesfiwaterfirfies 57
Cfiapter 5 Summary ancf_5‘uggestz'ons
Identification, evaluation and prioritization of fishes are the important
tasks required to be addressed in their conservation and sustainable
utilisation. A perusal of the literature revealed that most of the previous works
on freshwater fishes of Kerala were rather confined to taxonomic listing of
fishes within some specific geographical areas. Given the high levels of faunal
diversity and endemism reported so far, there is an urgent need to understand
the fish diversity and distribution pattern of freshwater fishes of Kerala in a
more comprehensive and holistic way. More over, though a number fishes
have been added to faunistic list of Kerala either as new descriptions or new
records, practically there is no literature is available by revalidating the
species so far known from the river systems of Kerala. A rive_r system wise
database on the commercially important and potential ornamental and
cultivable fishes and an assessment of their biodiversity status either as
threatened or non-threatened are also still wanting. The dynamics of spatio
temporal variations in species abundance and assemblages in freshwater
bodies, particularly in the case of fishes, are the emerging global issues,
however, these topics are not getting priority in the Indian context. The
present study was conceptualized and undertaken mostly aiming at bridging
these gaps by generating an authentic data base on systematics of freshwater
fishes of Kerala, assessing river wise germplasm for their sustainable
utilisation and delineating their distribution, abundance and assemblage
pattern.
The study was carried during April 2000 to December 2004. 25 major
river systems of Kerala were surveyed for fish fauna for delineating the
pattern of distribution and abundance of fishes both seasonally and
.$:y.rtematr'cs, gemrpfizsm evafuation amfpattem rjr{istn'6ut:'on arrJa6zmd'ance qffresliwaterfislies 458
Cfiapwr 5 Summary anr{$uggestr'0izs
geographically. A variety of fishing methods were employed for collection of
specimens. 1:50.000 topographical maps of Survey of India and Water Atlas
of Kerala (Anon, 1991) were used to trace the river system, their secondary
and tertiary tributaries and pinpointing the location sites for survey. A total of
474 locations were surveyed during the study period. 6 major river systems
viz. Periyar, Chalakkudy, Kabbini, Bharathapuzha, Pamba and Kallada were
selected to study spatio-temporal pattern of fish abundance and
assemblages. 134 locations within these river systems were surveyed
repeatedly giving due representation to the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post
monsoon seasons for a period of three years (2001-2003). Different
statistical packages such as PRIMER-5, PAST and SPSS-11.5 were used for
different analyses.
145 freshwater fish species belonging to 12 orders, 28 families and 66
genera were described in the present study. The fishes were identified up to
species level with the help of authentic keys. The families, subfamilies and
genera were briefly introduced. The keys and descriptions were prepared
user friendly. Except for monotypic taxa, all other taxa are following
dichotomous keys. The various species under a genus are arranged and
presented based on the order in which they appear in the key. But the
sequence of suborders, families, sub families and genera are arranged and
described according to their known phylogenitic and inter-generic affinities.
Description of individual species is followed by a remarks section which deals
mainly with aspects of conservation and fishery, habitat and fishing method
etc. A photograph of the species in live condition is also provided.
8 fish species which are new to science were described from different
.S_vstr:rrratz'cs, germpfirsrrz c'ua[ua£i0rr arrJpattr'rrr rfJrLstn'6utr'orr arrcfaiiuncfance of fresliwater fislies 459
Cfiaprgr 5 Summary ancf5ugge.rtz'0ns
river systems of Kerala as part of the present study. Among them
Nemacheilus periarensis, Homaloptera silasi, Garra mlapparaensis, Garra
travancoria and Garra emarginata are the new species described from
Periyar river system, Salarias reticulates from Chalakkudy, Tor remadevi
from Pambar and Garra nilamburensis from Chaliyar river system. Garra
ceylonensis belongs to the family Cyprinidae is a new record of fish species
from Indian region which is so far known only from Sri Lankan waters. Tor
putitora, Mystus menoda, Labeo kontius and Puntius bovanicus are new
records from Peninsular region, sharing their extension on to southern part of
Indian subcontinent. 14 fish species were found shared their presence in
other river systems of Kerala also. Cuncurring with the studies conducted
else where in the South Asian tropical waters and Western Ghats, order
Cypriniformes emerged as the largest order in its numerical strength of
species with 87 species followed by Siluriformes with 23 species. Family
Cyprinidae was the largest family accommodating 21 genera and 67 species
while the genus Puntius of this family accommodated the highest number
with 17 species. The results of germplasm inventory and evaluation of fish
species were presented both for the state and also river wise. The results of
evaluation of fish species for their commercial utilization revealed that, of the
145, 76 are ornamental, 47 food and 22 cultivable. 21 species are strictly
endemic to Kerala rivers. The revalidation on biodiversity status of the fishes
assessed based on IUCN is so alarming that a high percentage of fishes (59
spp.) belong to threatened category which is inclusive of 8 critically
endangered (CR), 36 endangered and 15 species under vulnerable (VU)
category.
Systematics, germpfixsm evafuation ancfpatzem of di'stn'6ution amfafiunrfance qffiesfiwaterfirlies 460
(‘fiapu-r 5 Summary arrJ$uggem'0rzs
The river wise fish germplasm inventory surveys were conducted in 25
major river systems of Kerala. This type of investigation is practically new to
the ichthyological studies of the subcontinent which is absolutely necessary
for making frame work for the species, areas and river systems to be
prioritised for management and conservation. The germplasm resources of
the different river system were evaluated for their commercial utilization viz.
ornamental, cultivable and food fishes while biodiversity assessment was
done following IUCN criteria whereas nature and degree of endemism was
adjudged on the basis of available literature.
While examining the nature of fish species diversity exist in the river
systems based on the Jaccard's similarity coefficient, a distinct difference
was noticed between east and west flowing river systems. Highest similarities
in species diversity were observed between Nileswaram and Peruvamba
(0.7) followed by Kuppam and Chandragiri (<0.6) while it was least between
Chalakkudy and Pambar river systems. A pioneer attempt was made to
establish the influence of geographical dimensions on the fish diversity of
river systems and the results showed that Periyar river system showed
highest species diversity (512.2) followed by Chalakkudy and
Bharathapuzha. The river systems were categorised based on the index
values and expressed as “excellent” or hot spots of fish diversity and ‘Good’,
‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The regions showing rich species diversity and
deserving immediate protection in individual river system were demarcated.
When the river systems were compared based on the river index values per
kmz of the catchment area, Tirur river system, which was one among those
recorded low index value, showed highest (0.38) and is followed by Pambar
Systematics, gennpfasm evafuatiorz arrdpatrem ofd'r'srn't3irr1'0rz am{a5urrJance offies/rwaterfirfres 461
Qfiapggr 5 Summary anr{.S‘ugge.rt1'0n.r
(0.29), Kuppam (0.27) and Karyangod (0.25). The large and highly diversified
river system like Periyar (0.094), Bharathapuzha (0.06), Pamba (0.089),
Achenkoil (0.012) have shown only low values. This is indicative of the fact
that species diversity is not uniformly distributed all along the river length and
there is a downstream increase or addition in species richness. Smaller river
systems which are characterised by the presence of fish fauna seen in the
downstream therefore are richer than the longer river systems having more
diversified habitat structure.
The species diversity in terms of species richness for different river
systems were plotted against the physical dimensions of the river systems
such as length and catchment area, it appeared that the diversity showed a
direct relationship with these parameters. Conversely, a declining trend was
obtained while plotting the species diversity in the unit area of the river
system against these parameters. It appears that the species richness
generally increases and the unit diversity in terms of richness decreases with
an increase in length and catchment area of the river system. While studying
the influence of latitude on the species diversity, it appeared that the species
diversity increased from north of Kerala up to central Kerala and thereafter
showed a decline. Smaller river systems generally showed less diversity
while it is vice versa in the case of large river systems. A zone wise
comparison of species richness on the basis of 1° latitude revealed that
highest number of fish species were found at central Kerala region (Zone Ill).
However, the results of species diversity available per kmz catchment area
showed that zone l is the richest. While comparing the five zones with the
help of Jaccard index values, two distinct clusters were emerged showing a
S_ys!ernarr'c.r, gennpfasm c'i*a{uatt'0rr ancfpatrcm o_fr{i'srn'5utr'on arrafatitrrzrfance of fresfiwater fir/ies 462
Cliaprer 5 Summary am{.S'ugge.rti0ns
high similarity between Zones l and V (55%) and a moderate similarity
between cluster representing Zones ll and IV (50%). Zone lll was unique in
species richness. This is another justification of area-species diversity
relation as the longest river systems of central Kerala contributed heavily to
the aggregation of species diversity in this region. However, the unit diversity
values were highest for the northern and southern Kerala which
encompassing the smallest geographical areas and the river systems having
smaller length and catchment areas. The results equivocally proved that
latitude has no direct bearing on the species diversity but the same is more
influenced by the length and catchment area of the river system.
The regional distribution pattern of fish species in different river
systems showed extreme variation in their diversity. Puntius filamentosus and
Rasbora daniconius were collected from all the river systems, hence
emerged as species having extensive geographical distribution. Majority of
the species viz. Puntius denisoni, Barilius canarensis, Tetradon travancoricus
and Garra hughi were found restricted to a few river systems while species
such as Lepidopygopsis typus, Cirrhinus reba, Osteochilus (Kantaka)
brevidorsalis, Mesonemacheilus remadevi, M. pambarensis and Channa
micropeltes were found restricted to one or a few locations within a specific
river system. The longitudinal distribution of fish species showed highly
diversified pattern within the different altitude ranges. Puntius filamentosus
and Rasbora daniconius were characterised by a uniform distribution in all
the three stretches of the river systems surveyed whereas Bhavania
auastralis was found more or less confined to the upper stretches of the river
systems while the distribution of Channa striatus and Nandus nandus were
Systematics, germpfizsm e'val'uat:'on amfpatzem qfd':Lrtn'5uti'0n and'a6um{ance qffresfiwaterfirlies 463
Cfiapteni Summary and'_$ugge.rtions
confined to the lower reaches. The presence of critically endangered species
were found extremely restricted to the upper stretches of some of the
selected river systems. While comparing the fish faunal distribution in the
different altitudinal zones, high resemblance were observed for the higher
altitudinal zones for the major river systems followed by their middle and
lower reaches. This is indicative of the high similarity associated with well
defined habitat structure especially seen at the upstream regions of the larger
river systems. The similarities between the smaller river systems were not so
significant which indicate the absence of well differentiated habitats in these
river systems.
The abundance pattern of fish species showed highly significant
difference between seasons, locations and species in all the major sixriver
systems of Kerala viz. Periyar, Chalakkudy, Kabbini, Pamba, Kallada and
Bharathapuzha. The variations in diversity and species richness in each river
system over space and time are explained with the help of advanced
statistical programme (PRIMER-5, SPESS-11 and PAST). The three-way
ANOVA applied to test the seasonal and annual variability showed significant
difference between seasons, between stations and between species
invariably in all the three years (P<0.05) in Periyar river system. High
seasonal specificity and high location specificity was observed for species in
2001 and 2003 (p<0.05) indicated by high significant season-species
interactions (A*C) and station-species interactions. In Chalakkudy river
system, seasonal variation in species abundance were very obvious, as
indicated by high season-species interactions (p<0.05) and high station
species interaction (p<0.05). In Kabbini river system, seasonal differences
Sy.rternatic.r, germpfizsm e'va[uatz'on amfpattem qfJisrn'6utr'on anrfafiurufance of fresliwater fisfies 464
Cfiapggr 5 5ummary and Suggestions
were high during 2001 and 2002. Species abundance vary significantly in all
the years (p<0.05) which is more obvious in the case of seasons indicated by
high season-species interaction (A*C)(p<0.05) in all the years. ln Pamba river
system, invariably in all the years, fish species abundance differed from
location to location and also from species to species (p<0.05). Seasonal
variations were found only during 2003 (p<0.05). In Kallada river system
during 2002 and 2003, species abundance was not significantly different
between seasons (p>0.05). But station wise difference was not negligible in
any of the years (p<0.05). So also is the abundance with respect to species
(p<0.05). In all the years species abundance varied with respect to locations
(p<0.05).
The results based on Bray-Curtis indices showed a diversified pattern
of similarity between fish assemblages of both at spatial and temporal scales.
Variation in species abundance were more similar between the pre-monsoon
and post monsoon seasons and quite considerably dissimilar during
monsoon periods. The number of clusters formed were generally high during
off-monsoon seasons indicating high habitat heterogeneity which lead to very
distinct and localized species assemblages during these seasons. Species
richness and abundance were generally high in locations such as
Pooyamkutty of Periyar, Chalakkudy and Athirapally of Chalakkudy river
system and ‘this would indicate the necessity of protecting these regions as
aquatic sanctuaries. Thannikudy and Mlappara of Periyar, Orukombankutty of
Chalakkudy, Muthanga of Kabbini and Walakkad of Bharathapuzha river
system were observed as regions which harbour many rare species with
extremely low relative abundance. Puntius filamentosus, Danio malabaricus,
S_y$Lematics, germpfiirm evafuation and‘ pattern qfrfism'6utz'on amfafiumfance qffiesfiwaterfirfies 465
Cfiapter5 Summary anrfjuggestions
Barflius gatensis and Garra mullya showed high relative abundance in almost
all the seasons and years in all the river systems studied and their
assemblages were consistent throughout the study period. Highly habitat
specific clusters were formed‘ by those of Lepidopygopsis typus,
Crossocheilus perr'yarensr's, G. micropogon periyarensis in Periyar, Puntius
jerdoni and Esomus thoramoicos of Chalakkudy, Silurus wynaadensis and
Glyptothorax annandalie and Labeo kontius and Kantaka brevidorsalis in
Kabbini. The species can only be conserved by the preservation of these
unique habitats where their occurrence is natural.
The altitudinal segregation of locations based on which the species
were clustered revealed that the assemblages occupy distinct altitudinal
ranges in a river system and exhibit remarkable similarity in their pattern of
clustering between pre monsoon and post: monsoon seasons. The overall
clustering pattern showed comparatively less inter-annual variability than the
seasonal variability. The results of MDS analysis also showed that clusters of
locations were mostly based on their altitudinal similarity and can be more or
less differentiated in to those representing upper, middle and lower stretches.
Generally, the highly diversified river systems such as Periyar and
Chalakkudy. exhibited more of, distinct clusters in the pre monsoon and post
monsoon seasons. Overall, the study confirmed that the variation in species
abundance over a time period in different river systems were more similar
over space than time.
While analyzing the spatio-temporal variations in community structure
of the fishes in the different river systems it appeared that in Periyar river
system average species richness was maximum during pre-monsoon season
Systerrzatics, gerrnphsm e'va[uatz'on amfpatterrz of di'.rm'6utr'0n amfafiumfance of fiesfiwater fi.rfze.r 466
Cfiapter 5 jummary and Suggestions
followed by post monsoon. On the other hand, the spatial variability for
species richness was least during post monsoon period. Species
concentration was maximum during monsoon followed by post monsoon.
Shannon-Wiener diversity was least during monsoon while maximum during
pre-monsoon. Pielou’s index of evenness is found to be more or less of same
uniformity in the distribution of individuals among the various fish species. ln
Chalakkudy river system, unlike Periyar river system, species richness was
maximum during post monsoon and species concentration index was almost
same in all the seasons with least values during post monsoon. But spatial
variation was very less during monsoon season. Pielou’s evenness index
showed a steady increase from the beginning to the end of the year. Average
abundance was maximum during pre.» monsoon and minimum during
monsoon. In the Kabbini river system, during the study period from 2001 to
2003, a steady increase in the species richness was observed from the
monsoon to post monsoon. Maximum concentration was observed in
monsoon season while species diversity was maximum during post
monsoon. invariably in all the years, monsoon season was least productive.
Species evenness followed the identical pattern of distribution of species
diversity in the three years of study. Average number of species and average
abundance also exhibited the same pattern of seasonal distribution. As in
Periyar and Chalakkudy river systems, in Kabbini river system also, species
evenness was a better index for comparison followed by species diversity
index. All the three river systems showed least spatial variation in the three
year study period. In Kabbini river system, pre monsoon was comparatively
rich being more productive in terms of number of species and number of
_S_y.rtematz'cs, germpfixsm evafuation and pattern of Jistnfiution arzdafiundhnce of _frc.r/iwater fisfzes 467
Cfigpzer 5 Summary ancf Suggestions
individuals, monsoon with higher species concentration, pre monsoon with
higher diversity and highest uniformity during post monsoon period. In the
Pamba river system pre monsoon appeared as the best productive season
with respect to the species richness, diversity and evenness. But maximum
value with respect to the concentration and average number of individuals
were observed in post monsoon. In all the cases of community structure
indices, values during post monsoon perlod was higher than that of monsoon
and pre monsoon.
The predictive multiple regression model fitted in different seasons and
years for the various river systems showed that the ecological parameters
such as altitude of the location, distance from the sea and latitude have
strong bearing on the spatial distribution and abundance of fishes. The
predictive capacity of the different models found extremely varied between
the seasons, years and also between the river systems and most
interestingly, the individual parameters were found having specific effects in
each river‘ system. Generally, the highest percentage of accuracy in
prediction was observed during post monsoon season followed by pre
monsoon due to the clear segregation of species assemblages at specific
habitats during these periods. The advantage of interactive models, more
specifically the three-factor combined interactive models over the single
factor and linear regression models were well ascertained during the present
study. However, when a variable is not found substantially increasing the
predictive efficiency, considering the cost of collection of data involved, two
factor models or even single factors (some cases) alone are sufficient to
predict the explained variability, thus helping in saving the cost and time
Systematics, germpfasm evafuation anzfpattern of cf1'.stn'6utz'on anJa6und'ance cjfresliwaterfisfies 468
(‘fiapur 5 Summary anc{_5‘uggestions
involved in the collection of the unimportant parameters in the future studies.
The main reason attributed to this is the insignificant importance/dominancy
of one or two parameters in each river system under study. Altitude and
distance from the sea were emerged as the most dominant parameters and
their interactive effects alone were found sufficient to explain the spatial
variability in species abundance in a number of cases in different river
systems. The relatively high percentage of unexplained variability observed in
some seasons and river systems indicated the inefficiency of any type of
models based on the present parameters to predict the spatial variation in
abundance during the specific season. This denotes the important roles of
other ecological parameters such as biotic relationships and also historical
factors in determining the abundance distribution of freshwater fishes.
5.2. Suggestions for conservation and management of freshwater fish
germplasm resources of Kerala:
The following management measures are proposed based on the findings
from this study which would be useful in the conservation and sustainable
utilization of freshwater fish germplasm resources of Kerala:
1. Database on the freshwater fish fauna and fish biodiversity of Kerala is
incomplete at present. It is felt that there is an urgency to intensify the
fish sampling surveys in a systematic way in all the 44 rivers of Kerala
to strengthen and revalidate the database of freshwater fishes of
Kerala.
2. lt is high time to resolve the taxonomic ambiguities prevailing in some
of the fish groups using modern tools such as molecular systematics.
Genera such as Tor, Garra, Barils and Puntius etc. requires urgent
$_ysternati'cs, germpfasm er-Pafuation amfpartcrn ofJr'.rtn'6z:t1'un amfafiuncfance qffresfzwaterfis/res 469
Cliapter 5 Summary and'_S'uggestz'ons
revision in view of the intricacies and complexities involved in the
identity of species of these groups.
The results of the present study is indicative of existence of several
new fish species in the streams and rivulets located in remote areas of
the forests and therefore, new exclusive surveys are required to
surface fish species new to science, new distributional records etc, for
the river systems.
The results of fish germplasm evaluation revealed that there exist
many potential endemic ornamental and cultivable fishes in Kerala. lt
is found imperative to utilize these species sustainably for improving
the aquaculture production and aquarium trade of the country which
would definitely fetch more income and generate employment. Captive
breeding and rearing techniques for the indigenous ornamental and
cultivable fishes shall be attempted and standardized and the
technology so developed may be transferred to the stake holders. Any
attempt to export the ornamental fishes procured directly from the wild
shall be discouraged as it may not only leads to species
endangerment but also germplasm piracy.
As the habitat-species relationships and species interactions are found
very strong in the river systems of Kerala, rather adopting single
species protection plans, multi-species or community conservation
plans shall be planned and implemented.
Adopt location specific management plans such as establishment of
sanctuaries, closed seasons, mesh size regulations etc. in biodiversity
5_ystematz'cs, germplasm evafuatiorz amf pattern ofJ1lrtn'6ution and’a5und'ance qffiesfiwaterfirfies 470
Cfiapter
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
5 Summary and'5uggestz'ons
rich areas and regions harbouring a large number of endemic!
endangered fish species.
It is high time to declare aquatic sanctuaries at par with the
sanctuaries for the wild animals in Western Ghats for conservation of
endemic endangered fish germplasm resources.
Endangered freshwater fishes shall be brought under the purview of
the wild life act. (1972, amended 1991) at par with the marine fishes.
The natural breeding and nursery grounds of the endangered fish
species shall be protected by declaring them as aquatic sanctuaries.
Establishment of broodstock maintenance centers and hatcheries
exclusively for indigenous endangered fish species are also found
imperative to assure preservation of fish germplasm resources of the
country.
Regulate the human interventions in the river systems such as sand
mining, ban unethical fishing practices; prevent discharge of polluted
water, etc. as measures of habitat preservation of freshwater fishes.
Necessary steps shall be initiated for the transplantation and
translocation programme on a war footing for the species which have
a restricted distribution in some specific habitats and low abundance to
similar other habitats within the same river system or a separate river
system, and thus replenish their natural population in the wild.
The pioneer database generated as part of the present study on the
pattern of fish species abundance and community structure based on
catch per effort from the major river systems of Kerala can be well
used as a role model in initiating similar studies in-other river systems
3ystematz'cs, germpfasm e'val'uatr'on and pattern of <{r'.rrn'6u:z'on amfafiuncfance of fresfiwater firiies 47]
C/igptgf 5 Summary andjuggestions
also. These type of information can be passed on to the Govt. to adopt
management programme to augment the fish production of those
species which are getting disappeared and become sparse in
abundance.
The research priorities can be focused on ecology of freshwater fishes
to understand the complex and dynamic habitat-species assemblages
and the role of ecology and geomorphology in controlling the species
distribution and abundance in river systems. Sophisticated techniques
such as GIS can well be utilized for such studies.
Lack of proper regulations and rules form a major reason for the
depletion of inland fishery wealth of Kerala. Govt. of Kerala may enact
Inland Fishery Regulation Act (l<.lFRA) at par with KMFRA at the
earliest. Collective effort by State & Central Govt. agencies, Local
bodies, NGOs and research communities are required for the adoption
and implementation of location specific conservation and management
plan.
Successful fish conservation on a long-term basis is mainly dependant
on habitat protection which in turn can be achieved only through public
awareness. Educate the fishermen community, local people,
governmental and non-governmental agencies, students and the
general public regarding the importance of conservation of freshwater
fish fauna of the state.
5y$f¢’t"<1!IC$, gefmpfasrn e'ua(uatz'on amf pattern of¢{ism'5utz'on arzd'a6um{ance of fiesliwater fit/ies /1'14