systematic table of elements - uni-due.derelaxation.chemie.uni-due.de/lehre/3-periodictable.pdf ·...
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H
Be
B
Li
He
systematic table of elements
increasing num
ber of electrons hydrogen (1 electron)
helium (2 electrons)
lithium (3 electrons)
beryllium (4 electrons)
boron (5 electrons)
carbon (6 electrons)
increasing atomar mass
Na
Mg
F
Ne
C
N
O
increasing num
ber of electrons
carbon (6 electrons)
nitrogen (7 electrons)
oxygen (8 electrons)
flourine (9 electrons)
neon (10 electrons)
sodium (11 electrons)
magnesium (12 electrons) (…)
increasing atomar mass
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
periodic table of elements(groups Ia to VIIIa)
K Ca Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Rb Sr I XeIn Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba At RnTl Pb Bi Po
Ia IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIaVIIIa
expected properties of the un-known element „eka-silicium“
actual properties of the element germanium (Ge)
atomic mass: 72specific gravity: 5.5 g/cm³molar volume: 13.1 cm³/molmelting point: „high temp.“specific heat: 0.305 J/(gK)valences: 4color: dark grey
atomic mass: 72.59specific gravity: 5.35 g/cm³molar volume: 13.57 cm³/molmelting point: 947 °Cspecific heat: 0.309 J/(gK)valences: 4color: greyish-white
chemical properties:
partially resistant against acidsresistant against alkalic media
sulfide is insoluble in water, soluble in (NH4)2S-solution
the chloride is volatile and hasa specific gravity of 1.9 g/cm³
chemical properties:
resistant against diluted acidsresistant against alkalic media
sulfide is insoluble in water, soluble in (NH4)2S-solution
the chloride evaporates at 84 °Cspecific gravity: 1.8443 g/cm³
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
periodic table of elements(groups Ia to VIIIa)
K Ca Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Rb Sr I XeIn Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba At RnTl Pb Bi Po
Ia IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIaVIIIa
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
periodic table of elements(groups Ia to VIIIa
and groups Ib to VIIIb)
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
Ia IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIaVIIIaIb IIbIIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIb VIIIb
+ lanthanides and actinides
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
periodic table of elements(groups Ia to VIIIa
and groups Ib to VIIIb)
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
Ia IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIaVIIIaIb IIbIIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIb VIIIb
+ lanthanides and actinides
H He
alkali metals:
- one single valence- easily oxidized- react violently with water- typical compounds: NaCl, K2O
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H He
earth alkali metals:
- two valences- easily oxidized- may react violently with water- typical compounds: CaO, MgCl2
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H He
transition elements:
- always metals- often two valences- differ strongly in reactivity- typical compounds: FeO, AgS
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H He
halogens:
- mostly single valences- very reactive, corrosive- typical compounds: NaCl, HCl, HF
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H He
noble gases:
- gaseous at room temperature- very low reactivity- few compounds known
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
metals / non-metals
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
best electric conductors
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
semi-conductors IV-semi-conductors
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
II-VI- semi-conductors
III-V- semi-conductors
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
inert, corrosion-resistant metals
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
toxic elements
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt Tl Pb Bi
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
abundant / rare elements
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Be F NeB C N OLi
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt Tl Pb Bi
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
periodic table of elements(groups Ia to VIIIa
and groups Ib to VIIIb)
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
Ia IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIaVIIIaIb IIbIIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIb VIIIb
+ lanthanides and actinides
atomicnumber
name sym-bol
n = 1 n = 2l = 0
n = 2l = 1
n = 3l = 0
n = 3l = 1
1 hydrogen H 12 helium He 23 lithium Li 2 14 beryllium Be 2 25 boron B 2 2 16 carbon C 2 2 27 nitrogen N 2 2 38 oxygen O 2 2 49 fluorine F 2 2 510 neon Ne 2 2 611 sodium Na 2 2 6 1
11 sodium Na 2 2 6 112 magnesium Mg 2 2 6 213 aluminum Al 2 2 6 2 1
H
Be F NeB C N OLi
He
periodic table of elements(groups Ia to VIIIa
and groups Ib to VIIIb)
Sc TiK Ca Mn FeV Cr Cu ZnCo Ni Br KrGa Ge As Se
Na Mg Cl ArAl Si P S
Y ZrRb Sr Tc RuNb Mo Ag CdRh Pd I XeIn Sn Sb Te
La HfCs Ba Re OsTa W Au HgIr Pt At RnTl Pb Bi Po
Ia IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIaVIIIaIb IIbIIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIb VIIIb
+ lanthanides and actinides
