systematic review on white spot lesions treatments

41Review ArticleTHIEME

Systematic Review on White Spot Lesions TreatmentsFrancesco Puleio1 Luca Fiorillo1,2,3 Francesca Gorassini1 Alfredo Iandolo4 Aida Meto5, Cesare D’Amico1, Gabriele Cervino1 Mirta Pinizzotto1 Giancarlo Bruno1 Marco Portelli1 Alessandra Amato2 Roberto Lo Giudice6

1Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy

2Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” Naples, Italy

3Department of Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Aldent, Tirana, Albania

4Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy

5Department of Dental Therapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania

6Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Messina University, Messina, Italy

published online August 27, 2021

Address for correspondence Luca Fiorillo, DDS, PhD, MSc, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina 98100, Italy (e-mail: [email protected]).

The difference in refractive index between the healthy enamel and the demineralized area generates a lesion with a milky white opaque appearance, clearly distinguish-able from the surrounding healthy enamel. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate if the infiltration technique is the most efficient treatment to resolve a white spot lesion when compared with remineralization and microabrasion techniques. The Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome question investigated: “in enamel WS lesion, the infiltration treatment compared to remineralization or microabrasion treatments is more or less effective in the camouflage effect?.” The research was per-formed on electronic databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and web of science. The search was conducted up to April 1, 2020. The scientific search engines produced 324 results. Only 14 were screened after screening. Based on the articles analyzed in this systematic review, the resin infiltration technique seems to be the most effective and predictable treatment for the aesthetic resolution of WSLs.

Abstract

DOI https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0041-1731931 ISSN 1305-7456

© 2021. The Author(s).This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and repro-duction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https:// creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

IntroductionThe enamel translucency is a characteristic related to the composition of the inter-crystalline space and could be quan-titatively defined by the enamel refractive index (ERI).1

Therefore, any clinical situation that leads to an alteration of the enamel organization determines a variation of the ERI (1.62).1

The difference in refractive index between the healthy enamel and the demineralized area generates a lesion with a

milky white opaque appearance, clearly distinguishable from the surrounding healthy enamel.2,3

The white spot lesions (WSLs) pathogenesis may be var-ious. The main cause is related to an overtime plaque accu-mulation; moreover, many other factors as diet and levels of calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, fluoride in saliva as well as genetic factors are reported.4

The WSLs are a frequent finding in patients with fixed orthodontic treatments (46%) due to plaque retention caused by presence of brackets and bands.5

Eur J Dent 2022;16:41–48.

Keywords ► white spot lesion ► resin infiltration ► enamel demineralization ► aesthetics ► enamel remineralization ► microabrasion

Published online: 2021-08-27

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-2194

42 Systematic Review on White Spot Puleio et al.

European Journal of Dentistry Vol. 16 No. 1/2022 © 2021. The Author(s).

Several treatments have been described in the literature to prevent the possible WSL progression and the cavitation and dyschromia appearance related.

Microabrasion could improve teeth aesthetic eliminating the outer defective enamel layer. This invasive technique uses 6.6% hydrochloric acid and 20- to 160-μm sized silicon carbide microparticles to remove superficial parts of the lesion.6,7

Remineralizing agents containing 5% fluorine or casein phosphopeptide (CPP-ACP) could be used as noninvasive treatments in the early stages of WSL.8-11 This minimally invasive approach does not solve the aesthetic problem in advanced lesions due to the limited infiltrating capacity of the agent that act in the enamel external part and therefore could result in an untreated discolored area.12,13

The resin infiltration technique (RIT) consists in etching with a 15% hydrochloric acid that increases enamel poros-ity followed by the infiltration of a highly viscous and highly penetrating resin in the thickness of WSLs.

The resin stops the progression of the WSLs and creates a barrier against further cariogenic attacks.14 The resin refrac-tive index is similar to the ERI one and masks the opaque white appearance typical of WSLs.

The resolution of these lesions exploits the camou-flage effect resulted from different techniques to mask the dichromatism and to obtain an additional aesthetical clinical success.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate if the infiltration technique is the most efficient treatment to resolve a WSL when compared with remineralization and microabrasion techniques.

Methods

Protocol and RegistrationThis systematic review was conducted according to the guide-lines of the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.15 Before starting the review, a detailed protocol of the methodology was devel-oped. The review was registered in the CRD York website PROSPERO. The protocol number is CRD42020164187.

Search StrategyThe research was performed on electronic databases, includ-ing Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and web of science. The search was conducted up to April 1, 2020.

The following terms and their combination were searched: “White Spot,” “Resin Infiltration,” “Remineralization,” and “Microabrasion.” The choice of keywords was intended to collect and to record as much relevant data. The research was conducted by using a search formula as follows:

(((((white spot) AND resin infiltration) OR white spot) AND remineralization) OR white spot) AND microabrasion.

The following focus question was developed according to the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) study design:

“In enamel WS lesion, the infiltration treatment compared to remineralization or microabrasion treatments is more or less effective in the camouflage effect?.”

The review included randomized clinical trial and in vitro studies that compared the results of the RIT to remineraliza-tion and microabrasion techniques for the WSL treatment.

Only studies published between January 2013 and April 2020 were considered.

Eligibility CriteriaThe full texts of all possibly relevant studies were selected considering the following inclusion criteria:

• Study that compared the results of WSLs treatment using the infiltration technique to remineralization and microabrasion techniques. Human trial (randomized con-trolled trial and clinical trial) and in vitro study.

The exclusion criteria applied to the following studies: • Studies involving patients with dental diseases (e.g.,

hypocalcification, hypoplasia, fluorosis, and hypoplasic molar-incisive syndrome)

• Studies that use infiltration technique only • Studies that not compare infiltration technique to remin-

eralization and microabrasion techniques • Studies that compare RIT with other restorative materials

(flow composite and adhesive system) • Case report, case series, review, and meta-analysis • Papers without full text available

Risk of Bias AssessmentThe evaluation of in-vitro studies was based on a methodolog-ical index that use a checklist for in-vitro studies on dental materials (CONSORT). The checklist items focus on reporting how the study was designed, analyzed, and interpreted by using 14 domains.16 Randomized clinical trials were assessed according to the modified Cochrane Collaboration.17 Bias is assessed as a judgment (high, low, or unclear) for individual elements from five domains (selection, performance, attri-tion, reporting, and other).

ResultsStudy SelectionThe scientific search engines produced 324 results. The duplicates were eliminated, obtaining a total number of 189 studies. Furthermore, 58 articles were deleted because review, meta-analysis, case report, or not full text by read-ing the abstract. After the first screening, 131 studies were subjected to a full-text examination. Of 131 articles, 6 were discarded because involved patients with dental diseases (e.g., hypocalcification, hypoplasia, fluorosis, and hypo-plastic molar-incisor syndrome), 45 because irrelevant to the review’s objectives, 63 because does not compared RIT with any other techniques, 3 because compared RIT with other restorative materials. Fourteen studies were included in this review18-31 (►Fig. 1). The selected studies are listed in ►Table 1.

43Systematic Review on White Spot Puleio et al.


Risk of Bias►Tables 2 and 3 present the risk of bias of the in vitro studies and randomized clinical trials (RCT).

DiscussionThe studies examined in this review mainly consist in-vitro studies. Five randomized clinical studies were also found. The risk of bias for these studies is presented in ►Tables 2 and 3. Ten studies were considered as having a high risk of bias, mainly due to lack of random sequence generation and blinded investigator, potentially introducing selection bias.18-26,31 Only four studies were assessed as having a low risk of bias.27-30

To evaluate how different treatments modify the clinical outcome for the resolution of WSLs, different combinations of evaluation methods and clinical parameters were com-pared in the articles included in this review.

The authors of the included studies used different eval-uation methods, such as spectrophotometry, digital camera combined with software analysis, and laser fluorescence, to evaluate the effect of various treatments on WSLs.

The researches included, investigated various parameters alone or in combination as clinical outcome, such as color change, superficial roughness alteration, microhardness alterations, ability to stop the WSL progression, and pene-tration depth of the treatment. These authors used different detection methods such as optical profilometer, confocal laser, and transverse microradiography.

All the in vivo studies evaluated the aesthetic resolu-tion of the lesion, showing a significant regression of WSLs using RIT (ICON), remineralizing agents, and microabrasion. The lesions treated with RIT had a statistically significant

improvement in camouflage effect, compared with those treated with fluoride varnish.30,31 Although using a varnish with a very high concentration of fluoride (22,600 ppm) the lesions treated with RIT still show a significantly greater color change.29 Microabrasion improves the aesthetic appear-ance of WSLs, but with a significantly less refractive index reduction than the infiltration technique; moreover, the results obtained with the resin infiltration also remain stable after 12 months, while the lesions treated with microabra-sion tend to recur.28 Turska-Szybka et al showed that it is pos-sible to improve the results obtained using a fluoride varnish if a RIT treatment is also added.32

In another study, RIT demonstrated a significantly better outcome than a resin-modified glass ionomer remineraliz-ing agent (fluoride varnish), but after 3 and/or 6 months, the WSLs returned to be visible; however, lesion treated with flu-oride varnish shows a superior long-term stability.27

Nine in vitro studies were included in our systematic review.18-26 Attia et al. used bovine dental elements because these substrates have a similar behavior regarding stain-ing effects.33 The in vitro studies analyzed does not concord among them when comparing their findings regarding the aesthetic results; moreover, one reported the failure of both RIT and remineralizing agents treatment for WSLs treatment.

When evaluating the aesthetic results, some of these stud-ies demonstrate a better outcome obtained using RIT instead of remineralizing agents such as fluorinated solutions (with a more or less high percentage of fluorine), CPP-ACP, self-assembling peptide P11–4, and microabrasion.19,23-26

Silva et al conclude that both RIT infiltration and microabrasion were not able to restore the tooth color.22

However, it should be noted that the etching technique used in this research (15% HCl for 2') was probably insuffi-cient. The company suggests to repeat the application up to a maximum of three times lesions is still evident after the first etching agent application.

Some authors reported that the number of etching appli-cations can be correlated to WSLs characteristics. Wide, deep, smooth, and shiny lesions need more etching steps, and they might remain visible after resin infiltration.34,35

Depth of PenetrationSome studies included in our review have analyzed the aes-thetic results linked to penetration ability of the resin and remineralizing agents.

Arora et al reported that fluorinated varnish cannot pene-trate enamel as deeply as RIT. 21 The same result is confirmed by Rosianu et al; they show how 5% fluoride gel topical appli-cation does not remineralize the deep layers of the lesion. These authors state that the RITs are more efficient in deep layer infiltration of WSLs.36

The 15% hydrochloric acid required in the RIT, allows an enamel etching deeper than the orthophosphoric acid used in other remineralizing techniques. 37,38

According to Kane et al, the etching penetration allows a better infiltration of the resin in the treated enamel. The absence of gap inhibits the bacterial proliferation and WSLs progression39 (►Figs. 2 and 3).

Fig. 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow chart.



Table 1 Data extraction from selected studies

Study (Year) Object ofresearch Intervention Evaluation methods

Result

Behrouzi et al (2020)18

45 maxillary central incisors

RA, RI Vickers hardness test Color:RA: (p < 0.01)RI: (p > 0.05)

Torres et al (2019)19

80 flat enamel disks from bovine incisors

Co, RA, RI Spectrophotometer Color:RA: (p > 0.05)RI: (p < 0.01)

Yadav et al (2019)20

72 extracted premolars

Co, RA, RI Spectrophotometer and laser fluorescence

Fluorescence:RA, RI: (p > 0.05)Color:RA, RI (p > 0.05)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.01)

Arora et al (2019)21

120 premolars Co, RA, RI ProfilometerVickers hardness tester

Surface roughness:RA, RI: (p < 0.01)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.01)Depth of penetration:RA, RI: (p < 0.01)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.01)Microhardness:RI: (p < 0.01)RA: (p > 0.05)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.01)

Silva et al (2018)22

Bovine incisors Co, RI, MA Spectrophotometer Color:RA, RI: (p > 0.05)

Krishna et al (2018)23

90 maxillary perma-nent central incisors

RA, RI Spectrophotometer Color:RI: (p < 0.001)RA: (p > 0.05)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.001)

Wierichs et al (2017)24

300 enamel blocks from bovine incisors

Co, RA, RI Transversal microra-diographic images, digital photographs, spectrophotometer

Depth of penetration:RI: (p < 0.01)RA: (p > 0.05)Color:RI: (p < 0.05)RI: (p < 0.01)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.05)

Yuan et al (2014)25

52 premolars and molars

Co, RA, RI Spectrophotometer, fluorescence

Color:RI: (p < 0.01)RA: (p > 0.05)Co: (p > 0.05)Fluorescence:RI: (p < 0.01)RA: (p > 0.05)Co: (p > 0.05)

Yetkiner et al (2014)26

96 bovine teeth Co, RA, RI, MA Spectrophotometer Color:Co: (p > 0.0033)RA: (p > 0.0033)RI: (p < 0.0033)MA: (p < 0.0033)

Kannan et al (2019)27

240 WSLs in 193 postorthodontic teeth from 12 patients

RI, RA Spectrophotometer Color:RA: (p < 0.01)RI: (p < 0.01)RA vs. RI: (p < 0.01)Fluorescence:RA: (p < 0.01)RI: (p < 0.01)

Gu et al (2019)28 108 WSLs from 16 postorthodon-tic patients with debonding more than 3 mo previously

RI, MA Spectrophotometer Color:RA: (p < 0.001)RI: (p < 0.001)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.05)

(continued)



Surface MicrohardnessTwo studies analyzed enamel microhardness vari-ations subsequent to remineralizing or infiltrating treatment.18,21

Behrouzi et al show how topic application of two fluoride gel (900 and 1450 ppm fluoride concentration) significatively

increase the enamel microhardness; this effect was not reported by using RIT.18

However, Arora et al showed a significant hardness increase of enamel infiltrated with resin compared with the one treated with remineralizing sealants. Arora et al concluded that the resin fills the lesion and improves the mechanical strength.21

Table 1 (continued)

Study (Year) Object ofresearch

Intervention Evaluation methods

Result

Gözetici et al (2019)29

113 WSLs from 319 patients

Co, RA, RI LAA-ICDAS and laser fluorescence

Color:Co: (p > 0.05)RA: (p < 0.05)RI: (p < 0.001)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.05)

Giray et al (2018)30

81 anterior WSLs from 23 patients

RI, RA Laser fluorescence Color:RA: (p < 0.05)RI: (p < 0.05)RI vs. RA: (p < 0.05)

Ciftci et al (2018)31

WSLs in 132 teeth Laser fluorescence and ICDAS II scores

Color:RA: (p < 0.001)RI: (p < 0.001)ICDAS II scoresRA: (p < 0.05)RI: (p < 0.001)

Abbreviations: Co, control; LAA-ICDAS, Lesion Activity Assessment-International Caries Detection and Assessment System; MA, microabrasion; RA, remineralizing agent; RI, resin infiltration; WSL, white spot lesion.

Table 2 Summary of the risk of bias for in-vitro studies according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

Item Behrouzi et al (2020)18

Torreset al (2019)19

Yadav et al (2019)20

Arora et al (2019)21

Silva et al (2018)22

Krishna et al (2018)23

Wierich et al (2017)24

Yuan et al (2014)25

Yetkiner et al (2014)26

1 Abstract Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

2a Background and objectives

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

2b Background and objectives

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3 Intervention Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

4 Outcomes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

5 Sample size No No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes

6 Randomization: sequence generation

No No No No No No No No No

7 Allocation concealment mechanism

No No No No No No No No No

8 Implementation No No No No No No No No No

9 Blinding No No No No No No No No No

10 Statistical methods

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

11 Results: outcomes and estimation

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

12 Discussion: limitations

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

13 Other informa-tion: funding

No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

14 Protocol Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes



Enamel RoughnessArora et al showed that resin infiltration leaves the glazed surface smoother, while any modification is observed by using fluoride varnish.21

Arnold et al in accordance with this study confirms that the infiltrated tooth surface is smoother, making more diffi-cult plaque adhesion.40

Water AbsorptionSome authors have investigated the ability of treated enamel to avoid the pigmentation.

In the studies included in this review, RIT was more suscep-tible to pigmentation than any other technique evaluated.22,25

The resin used for infiltration is mainly composed by TEGDMA. It possesses a higher capacity of water absorption than BisGMA and UDMA.41,42 This property has been cor-related to a possible late pigmentation due to water carrier effect for pigments.43,44

To prevent color alteration overtime, some authors sug-gest to repeat the polishing phase of the treated surface over time. An alternative is the walking bleach technique with carbamide peroxide.45,46

The results of in vivo prospective studies, in contrast, do not show WSLs pigmentations when treated with RIT. But these studies limitation is the short follow-up (1 year).34,47-55. This process changes the refractive index in the light of the treated area (healthy enamel, normal, and hydrated) by saliva has a refractive index of 1.62, while the demineralized one of the white spots is between 1.00 and 1.33. By treating the defect with resinous infiltration, the enamel acquires an index equal to 1.52: a figure very close to that of healthy enamel, with a slight difference not perceptible to the human eye.

In other words, this treatment allows you to modify the interaction of light with the enamel and therefore the visual perception by the external observer.

It should be noted, however, that not all white enamel defects can be successfully applied: the deeper the white spot goes into the thickness of the enamel, the more “resistant” it will be to infiltration procedures. In the case of very deep and pigmented lesions—that is, which also have dark areas—this type of treatment may be of little or no effect.

Treatment alternatives can be identified in remineral-ization by using creams based on calcium and phosphate in casein matrix or in microabrasion of the enamel, even if the latter appears in some cases a risky procedure since it acts on the entire surface of the enamel and it can expose the entire tooth surface to a fall in value or brightness (generally, microabrasion is indicated for translucent enamel where the fall in value is contained).56-62

Table 3 Summary of the risk of bias for randomized controlled trial studies according to the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing risk of bias

Item Kannan et al (2019)27

Xi et al (2019)28

Gözetici et al (2019)29

Giray et al (2018)30 Ciftci et al (2018)31

Random sequence generation

Low Low Low Low Unclear

Allocation concealment

Low Low Low Unclear Unclear

Selective reporting Low Low Low Low Low

Blinding (participants and personnel)

High high high High High

Blinding (outcome assessment)

High High High High High

Incomplete outcome data

Low Low Low Low Low

Fig. 2 Dental isolation phase.

Fig. 3 Result after resin infiltration.



Therefore, prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed to investigate the long-term stability of this treatment.

LimitationsThe first limitation of this study is linked to the different methods used to evaluate the color change. These differences produce noncomparable results in a meta-analysis. Another limitation of in vitro studies considered is the high risk of bias due to the lack of blinded investigator and random sequence generation methodology. No RCT with long follow-up are present to date.

ConclusionBased on the articles analyzed in this systematic review, the RIT seems to be the most effective and predictable treatment for the aesthetic resolution of WSLs. There is no strong evi-dence supporting microabrasion or remineralization tech-nique. More RCT with a longer follow-up period are necessary to clarify the most effective approach for WSLs resolution.

Authors’ ContributionsF.P. conceptualized the study. A.I. and C.D.A. developed the methodology of study. A.A. supported in software analy-sis. M.P. involved in data curation. G.B. and R.L.G. drafted the original manuscript. L.F. and F.G. reviewed and edited the manuscript. L.F., G.C., A.M., and M.P. supervised the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

FundingNone.

Conflict of InterestNone declared.

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systematic review on white spot lesions treatments

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