System

Advantages and Disadvantages of System

Definitions of System

• A system is a set of interacting or interdependent

components forming an integrated whole.(Wikipedia)

• An assembly of components or elements connected

together in an organized way to produce outputs; the

components of the assembly are affected by being in

the system and the behavior of the system is changed if

any component leaves it.(Oxford Business Dictionary)

Fields That Study The General Properties

Of Systems Include

• Systems Science

• Systems Theory

• Systems Modeling

• Systems Engineering

• Cybernetics

• Dynamical Systems

• Thermodynamics

• Complex Systems

• System Analysis And Design

• Systems Architecture

System Concepts

Environment And Boundaries

• Systems theory views the world as a complex system of interconnected

parts. We scope a system by defining its boundary; this means choosing

which entities are inside the system and which are outside – part of the

environment. We then make simplified representations (models) of the

system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior.

These models may define the structure and/or the behavior of the system.

System Concepts

Natural and human-made systems

• There are natural and human-made (designed) systems. Natural systems may

not have an apparent objective but their outputs can be interpreted as

purposes. Human-made systems are made with purposes that are achieved by

the delivery of outputs. Their parts must be related; they must be “designed

to work as a coherent entity” – else they would be two or more distinct

systems

System Concepts

Theoretical framework

• An open system exchanges matter and energy withits surroundings. Most systems are open systems;like a car, coffeemaker, or computer. A closedsystem exchanges energy, but not matter, with itsenvironment; like Earth or the project Biosphere2or 3. An isolated system exchanges neither matternor energy with its environment. A theoreticalexample of such system is the Universe.

System Concepts

Process and transformation process

• An open system can also be viewed as a bounded transformation process,

that is, a black box that is a process or collection of processes that

transforms inputs into outputs. Inputs are consumed; outputs are produced.

The concept of input and output here is very broad. E.g., an output of a

passenger ship is the movement of people from departure to destination.

System Concepts

Subsystem

• A subsystem is a set of elements, which is a system itself, and a component of a largersystem.

System model

• A system comprises multiple views. For the man-made systems it may be such views asconcept, analysis, design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, andoutput data views. A system model is required to describe and represent all these multipleviews.

System Concepts

Systems architecture

• A systems architecture, using one single integrated model for the description

of multiple views such as concept, analysis, design, implementation,

deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output data views, is a kind

of system model.

Elements of a system

• Following are considered as the

elements of a system in terms of

Information systems: –

• Input

• Output

• Processor

• Control

• Feedback

• Boundary and interface

• Environment

Elements of a system

• 1. INPUT: Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the

system to be processed.

• OUTPUT: Those elements that exists in the system due to the processing of

the inputs is known as output.

• PROCESSOR(S): The processor is the element of a system that involves the

actual transformation of input into output.

Elements of a system

• 4. CONTROL: The control element guides the system. It is the decision-

making sub-system that controls the pattern of activities governing input,

processing and output. It also keeps the system within the boundary set.

• 5. FEEDBACK: Control in a dynamic system is achieved by feedback.

Feedback measures output against a standard input in some form of

cybernetic procedure that includes communication and control. The

feedback may generally be of three types 1)POSITIVE, 2)NEGATIVE and

3)INFORMATIONAL.

Elements of a system

• 6. BOUNDARY AND INTERFACE: A system should be defined by its

boundaries-the limits that identify its components, processes and

interrelationships when it interfaces with another system.

• 7. ENVIRONMENT: The environment is the 'super system' within which an

organization operates. It excludes input, processes and outputs. It is the

source of external elements that impinge on the system.

Types of systems

Systems are classified in

different ways:

• Physical or abstract systems.

• Open or closed systems.

• 'Man-made' information systems.

• Formal information systems.

• Informal information systems.

• Computer-based information

systems.

• Real-time system.

Types of systems

Physical or abstract systems.

Physical systems are tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in operation.

Open or closed systems.

An open system has many interfaces with its environment. i.e. system that interacts freely with its environment, taking input and returning output.

A closed system

A closed system does not interact with the environment; changes in the environment and adaptability are not issues for closed system.

Types of systems

Man-made Information System

• A man-made information system will be any collective circuit or system that

collects, processes, stores and maintains information for a particular use.

These information systems will be made up of hardware, software,

technology and people.

Types of systems

Formal information system

A formal information system is based onthe organization represented by theorganization chart. The chart is a map ofposition and their authority relationship,indicated by boxes and connected bystraight lines. it is concerned with thepattern of authority, communication andwork flow.

The informal information system

The informal information system is employee

based system design to meet personnel and

vocational needs and to help in the solution of

work-related problems. it also funnels

information upward through indirect channels.

In this way, it is considered to be a useful system

because it works within the framework of the

business and its stated policies.

Types of systems

• A computer(-based) information system is essentially an IS using

computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks.

• Real-time programs/Systems must guarantee response within specified

time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines". Real-time responses are

often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and sometimes

microseconds

Application of the system concept

Systems modeling is generally a basic principle in engineering and in social

sciences. The system is the representation of the entities under concern.

• Systems in information and computer science

In computer science and information science, system is a software system

which has components as its structure and observable inter-process

communications as its behavior.

Application Of The System Concept

• Systems in engineering and physics

In engineering and physics, a physical system is the portion of the universe that isbeing studied (of which a thermodynamic system is one major example).

• Systems in social and cognitive sciences and managementresearch

Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human person models and inhuman societies. They include human brain functions and human mental processesas well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns

Application of the system concept

• Pure logical systems

There is also such a thing as a logical system. The most obvious example is

George Boole's Boolean operators. Other examples have related specifically to

philosophy, biology, or cognitive science. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs applies

psychology to biology by using pure logic.

Advantages and Disadvantages of System

Advantages

• Save Time

• Reduce Errors

Advantages And Disadvantages Of System

• Disadvantages of System

• Dependence on System

• Expense

• Time

• Continuously monitoring