syntax
TRANSCRIPT
Crafting effective sentences
and paragraphs
Going from thinking to writing
Writing is not the same as thinking out loud. There is
another stage involved after thinking, in which words are
sifted and selected, and then crafted and combined,
in order to create a memorable impression. In this
process, each sentence…is both designed and built by
the writer. Good sentences do not just happen: there
is no such thing as an automatic flow of writing.
John Peck and Martin Coyle, The Student's Guide to
Writing
"Words are our trade. It is not enough to get the news. We must be able to put it across. Meaning must be unmistakable, and it must also be succinct. Every word must be understood by the ordinary reader, every sentence must be clear at one glance".
Harold Evans, former editor of The Times and the Sunday Times Essential English for Journalists, Editors and Writers
Your aim
Understanding syntax
The arrangement of words in a sentence. From the Greek, "arrange together".
What are the basic components of a sentence?
Simple sentence construction
Simple sentence construction
At the most basic level, sentences must include a subject and a verb and may have an object.
A subject is the thing or person being described
A verb expresses an action
Sentences may also contain an object, which is
the thing or person affected by the action
described in the verb.
Simple sentence examples
I (subject) walk (verb)
I (subject) walk (verb) the dog (object)
Different types of sentences
Simple
A simple sentence contains only one verb.
He ran up the hill.
Compound
A compound sentence contains two or more
main verbs and is made up of two sentences
joined using a conjunction (while, and, but, etc.)
He ran up the hill while she waited at
the bottom.
Independent clauses
An independent clause is a complete sentence.
The house stands on top of the hill.
Dependent clauses
A dependent (also known as ‘subordinate’)
clause is a related part of a sentence that
does not express a complete thought
on its own.
The house, which was built in 1970, stands
on top of the hill.
Complex sentences
A complex sentence contains one or more main verbs and one or more subsidiary verbs.
He ran up the hill while she waited at the bottom and timed him using a stopwatch.
Combining sentences
Sentences can be combined using connecting words called conjunctions, e.g. ‘but’, ‘and’, ‘or’, etc.
John likes reading but his wife prefers to
watch TV.
Some common conjunctions (joining words)
What can go wrong?
Commas not conjunctions
Sentences are combined using commas rather than conjunctions to separate them.
John reads, Jane likes to listen to the radio
Fragmented sentences
Sentences do not make sense in their own right
because they are disconnected from the main
clause. These are called fragmented sentences
I like puddings. Including cakes, trifles and ice
cream.
Pleonasms
Sentences become over-long and full of
unnecessary words which may mean the
same thing. These are called pleonasms
It is absolutely necessary and essential
that you attend this meeting.
Run-on sentences
Two sentences are wrongly made into one because
they are not separated by some kind of punctuation
mark. These are called run-on sentences
He only told me he was coming today he should have
told me yesterday.
Mixed tenses
Verb tenses are mixed
People who were living in the refugee camps are not able to get enough to eat.
Questions
Can you start a sentences with
'And' or ‘But’?
It is grammatically correct to start sentences ‘And’ or ‘But.’ Both are commonly used for dramatic impact in news writing.
And
The commission says 10 million people are not saving into any pension scheme. And those who are in a scheme often get charged too much for a service that is inefficient.
But
When John Stafford left his house on the morning
of 6 July 1979, he believed his wife and daughter
would be waiting for him at the bus station. But
just an hour later, he received a phone call telling
him that they were dead.
Questions
Active or passive?
.Which of these intros makes you sit up and take notice?
“There were riots in several towns in Northern England last night, in which police clashed with stone-throwing youths.” (passive)
“‘Youths throwing stones clashed with police during riots in several towns in Northern England last night.” (active)
Active voice - A does B Passive voice - B is done (usually by A)
Questions
Can I end a sentence with a preposition?
Debatable, according to grammarians. But for
journalism try and avoid it where possible.
Some common prepositions (words that indicate time/location)
How not to use a preposition to end a sentence
The new policy was something the Prime Minister had not previously thought of.
Sentences that end in prepositions can sound clumsy so
try and avoid it. This sentence does not flow and the term
'thought of' is colloquial.' The word 'considered' could
replace the last two words.
When should I start a new paragraph?
You should start a new paragraph when you have a fresh point to make. Paragraphs must be used to present information in a logical and interesting way.
Paragraph length - news
In journalism, short paragraphs are used because the text is laid out in columns. Journalists also use concise paragraphs to hold reader’s attention, particularly when writing for the web.
A man has died and his wife has been seriously injured during an attack by a horse in Lancashire.
They were towing a horse box on the A56 in Haslingden on Wednesday evening when the horse became agitated, police said.
(BBC NEWS website)
Paragraph length – academic writing
In academic writing, longer paragraphs are used to display information and develop ideas and arguments.
Paragraph writing tips
- Pay close attention to how you order information. What does your reader need to know and when?
- Always start a new paragraph when you are quoting a new person.
- Don’t introduce a new subject at the end of a paragraph about something else.
- Ensure your paragraphs are all roughly of similar length.
- Make sure transitions between paragraphs are smooth.
Five questions to consider when crafting sentences and
paragraphs
- Is this a sentence?
- Am I in control of the different elements of the sentence (clauses, etc)
- Have I got the words in the right order?
- Does each sentence lead on from the sentence before?
- Do the separate sentences combine to form an effective paragraph?