syntax 334 lecture 3
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 3 Constituents Word Order
Syntax 334Dr. Amira Kashgary2011
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Word OrderGrammatical Vs. ungrammatical
Grammaticality vs. acceptability
Marked stylisticallyUnmarked
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Possible word orders
General rules for sentence formation
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Describing a sentence in English: Sentences are made up of units at one
level.These units are the wordsSO : a sentence consists of words OR
words are CONSTITUENTS of a sentence.
We can write it in a short way BY using S for the sentence , and an arrow , to mean consists of..
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” Tests used to identify strings
such as
“at Harvard”as constituents (p. 24)
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Sentence Types
FUNCTIONALWORD
CATEGORIES
LEXICALWORD
CATEGORIES
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What is subordination?
It is one way of joining clauses together, by introducing a less important clause with the main clause to form one sentence.
The subordinate clause is embedded in the main clause
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subordinatorsIf, when, whether, before, because, since, although, that
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What is coordination?It is a way of joining clauses
together by using a coordinator such as “and”, “but”, and “or”.
All coordinated clauses are main clauses, i.e. they have equal importance.
It is possible to coordinate clauses as well as phrases.
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Coordinators
And ButOrFor
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S
DETERMINER + NOUN + VERB + DETERMINER + NOUN
the girl likes the dog
this + boy + eats + this + apple
that dog chased that girl
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Tree DiagramsAnother way to representing that abstract structure “that
is shown before” is in diagrammatic form.
S
determiner noun verb determiner noun e.g : a dog chased that girl
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Both type of formula serve two purposes:
1st : they describe sentences that we already know
(grammatical sentences of English).
2nd : they serve as a pattern or template to make more sentence with.
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Phrase and Phrase Structure
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Definition of a phrase:A phrase consists of one or more than one
word.
A phrase can be a unit or a constituent within a sentence
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Whether Determiner + noun
OROne word ( NOUN )
ORPronoun ( He – she – it – they – you ….)
consists of one or more than one word this unit is called a PHRASE
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For example:A dog chased that girl.
S
phrase A verb phrase B
chased Determiner noun
noun Determiner
A dog that girl
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The dog chased that girl.
S determiner+noun + verb + determiner+noun.
(determiner + noun ) functions as a single unit.. (the pronoun ) can replaces the entire unit..
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S
Phrase A verb phrase B
Determiner + noun Determiner + nounThe man the girl
Noun chased NounHenry carol
PRO PROHe her
This kind of phrase is called a NOUN PHRASE or NP as a short form.
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S
NP verb NP
DET NOUN DET NOUN
a dog chased that girl
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Form vs. Function•In terms of forms, a sentence consists of a
noun phrase and a verb phrase.
•In terms of function, a sentence consists of asubject and a predicate.
subject and a predicate. A predicate must containa predicator which is a verb.
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Tree diagrams and phrase structure rulesA tree diagram is a notational device which is equivalent to labeled bracketing.
It provides the same information about the syntactic structure of the sentence
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On a tree diagram The two way split into noun phrase NP
(SUBJECT..)And verb phrase VP ( PREDECATE )..Looks like this:
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Predicate
Subject
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What is meant by “phrase structure rules?”
A convention used to sum up the system of expanding one unit into other units.
It is a set of instructions called
PS rules