Clinical Studies on Surgical Affection of Skin of Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

SYNOPSIS

of

M.V.Sc. Research work

By

HANSRAJ ZINDOLIYA

B.V.Sc. & A.H.

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGY

College of Veterinary and Animal Science

Rajasthan Agricultural University

Bikaner (Rajasthan)

Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner

Synopsis of M.V.Sc Thesis

Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology

1. Name of scholar : Hansraj Zindoliya

2.

3.

Registration No.

Date of Registration

: 2007-03-03-37-20

17.01.2008

4. Enrolment No. : 2001/544

5. Title of Thesis : Clinical Studies on Surgical

affection of Skin of Camel

(Camelus dromedarius)

6. Department and College : Department of Veterinary

Surgery and Radiology,

College of Veterinary and

Animal Science, Bikaner- 334

001

7. Expected duration of the work : From 01-05-2009 till

completion of work

8. Objectives :

In view of importance of surgical affection of skin occurring in

camels, the present study is envisaged with the following

objectives-

1. To diagnose the diverse skin affection of camels.

2. To treat these diverse skin affection of camels.

3. To carryout the haematological examination of camels

suffering from skin affection.

4. To analyse the different treatments given.

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9. Importance of proposed investigation:

The camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important livestock

species uniquely adapted to hot and arid environments. It produces milk,

meat, wool, hair and hides, serves for riding, as a beast of burden and as

a draft animal for agriculture and short-distance transport.

The camel population in world is 19.31 million. Africa having the

highest camel population of 15.13 million and in Asia it is 4.17 million.

Overall population of camel in India is 0.632 million and it ranked sixth in

the world after Somalia (7.0 m), Sudan (3.2 m), Mauritania (1.29 m),

Ethiopia (1.107 m) and Pakistan (0.800 m) (FAO, 2006, cited by Gahlot,

2007).

On farm, as a best of burden, camels can be indispensable at

harvest time. A camel can carry a load of up to 300 kilos over long

distances and more than 450 kilos over short distances. Other chores

performed by camels include threshing, lifting water for irrigation and

powering oil mills. The camels is also used as a riding animal. The Indian

Border Security Force keeps > 1500 camels to patrol the border with

Pakistan. Mostly camel herds are kept by pastoralists in subsistence

production systems. They are also very reliable milk producers during dry

seasons and drought years when milk from cattle sheep and goats is

scarce. In recent years the picture of “moving” nomads has changed to

great extent owing to growing urbanisation. In India, camel is an important

means for transportation and for domestic use as drawing water from

wells, rivers and dams (Gahlot, 2007).

Camels suffer with a large number of affections of skin which are

reported previously (Gahlot, 2000 and Ramadan, 1994). Surgical

affections, e.g. laceration at commissure, nostrils, salivary and buccal

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fistula, laceration of eye lids etc. and their management has been reported

(Gahlot et al, 2007a). Bengoumi et al (2007) reported two kinds of

cutaneous abscesses in camels, i.e. lymphadenitis and skin abscesses.

Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 91% of lymphadenitis cases and

88% of skin necrosis cases. A survey of surgical affection in camels in

Gujarat was reported by Patel et al (2007). The various clinical disorders

recorded were wounds 60.33%, sinus/fistula/abscess 2.88%, gangrene

1.20% and digestive system 1.92% etc.

10. Review of Literature

Cross (1917) advised through cleaning of wound with mild

antiseptic solution, then washing with clean water and dressing with weak

solution of iodine, boro-iodoform powder, zinc oxide powder or ointment.

On the other hand, Leese (1927) advised strong antiseptic fluid for

douching of wounds in camel such as phenol derivatives, potassium

permanganate up to 4% solution, chlorinated oil 1/20 and mild corrosive

sublimate 1:1500 or as strong solution 1:500. Efficient-drainage should be

applied in wounds having a cavity, channels or sinuses and necrosed

tissue must be removed either with forceps or crystals of copper sulphate,

followed by routine dressing till healing. It is also recommended to use

strong irritants combined with larvicide such as Negasunt (Bayer) so as to

hasten the formation of new skin at the edge of the wound and to keep

files away.

Camels occasionally suffer wounds varying from slight abrasions to

deep penetrating, suppurating lesions which may reach the bone specially

at the withers and lions (Leese, 1927).

Fibromatosis are groups of non-metastasising tumours which tend

to invade locally and recur after surgical excision. In the camel, the

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superficial (cutaneous) form seems to be the most common (Boue, 1945;

1949; Ramadan and El Hassan, 1989). The tumor is mainly found in front

of the chest and sternum occupying the two shoulder joints space and can

reach up to 40 cm in diameter while the excised tissue can weigh up to

12.5 kg. The growth is usually pedunculated and covered with intact skin.

Occasionally the skin is ulcerated from pressure and rubbing on

neighbouring objects. The adjacent lymph nodes may contain pus.

The chief causes of these wounds are badly fitting saddles, bites

from wild animals or from other camels during the rut period. Sharp

objects may penetrate the pads (Singhvi and Bhargava, 1971; Ramadan

et al, 1984 and Gahlot, 1984), eyes or abdominal wall.

Lymphosarcomas form solid masses of uniformly textured tumours

found mainly in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and other lymphocytic

organs and occasionally in other organ systems. In camels the tumour

affects the mandibular and cervical lymph nodes (Yousif et al, 1987).

These nodes are firm, covered with tense skin and may reach 7-12 cm in

diameter. Blood pictures may show a slight leukocytosis but marked

lymphocytosis. An accessible node may be biopsied under sedation to

provide the diagnosis.

In Saudi Arabia an incidence of abscess in camels ranges from

15% in a herds of 2500 adult animals in AI Tawdihiah and AI Kharj area

(Radwan et al, 1988) to 31% of slaughter animals in the AI Ahasa area

(Cheema, 1983). Abscesses are more frequent in sites of tick bite mainly

around the base of the tail and neck of newly born animals. Other sites

include the sides of the neck, under and between the mandibles, pharanx,

shoulder, elbow, sides of the thighs popliteal and tarsal regions, the fetlock

and pastern regions and the caudodorsal part of the prepuce. The

abscess mostly involve the lymph node but occasionally the adjacent

tissues are affected while the gland looks normal. Abscesses at the side of

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the body may be recognised by fistulous tracts leading to a more or less

circumscribed swelling at the sides of the abdominal muscles or at the

lateral margins of the pelvic diaphragm. Rectal palpation simulates

draining of more fluid. Abscesses vary in size from microscopic to 3 cm in

diameter (Cheema, 1983) and in some instances may attain a foot ball

size containing up to 5 litres of pus. The majority of the swellings are

tender with a slightly hard periphery and a soft centre. Corynebacterium

pseudotuberculosis was isolated in pure cultures from many cases

(Radwan et al, 1988; Cheema, 1983) and Staphylococcus aureus from

others (Ramadan et al, 1984). Individual abscesses must be opened when

ripe, the cavity is then smeared with tincture of iodine and the animal

given a prophylactic dose of antibiotic for 3-5 days. Large solitary

abscesses may be removed in toto as a tumor.

Dermoid cysts in camels are congenital but not necessarily

inherited (Purohit et al, 1989). Disorders which develop as a result of an

aberration in the folding of the ectoderm and blastoderm in the embryo

(Monteverde, 1935).

Osteosarcomas are malignant tumours of bone characterised by

sarcomatous stroma from which massive osteoid tissue forms directly

without a cartilage precursor. In one camel, Ramadan and El Hassan

(1989) found a tumour situated on the distal part of the metacarpal bone

causing a swelling 25 cm in diameter.

Purohit et al (1989) reported most common locations of dermoid

cysts in camel is the upper part of the neck at its anterolateral aspect just

over or near the jugular vein. They are predominantly unilateral but may

be bilateral in some animals. These are often mobile, soft, fluctuating and

are not attached to the overlying skin, a diameter of 5 to 15 cm being

common. The cyst wall is usually well circumscribed, and its inner surface

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may be divided into several compartments containing hair tufts and a

coffee coloured glandular secretion.

Purohit et al (1989) reported rupture of the common digital extensor

or the flexors at the mid-metacarpus and mid-metatarsus in an 8 year

male dromedary camel. There was a variable degree of swelling, at rest

the camel was unable to put weight on the leg and the hock was flexed.

Walking was difficult and the animal advances the affected leg which

appeared excessively flexed at the tarsus. The stifle and coxofemoral

joints remain in extension. Treatment of these injuries may be tried with

nylon, stainless steel wire or carbon fibre, but it carries poor prognosis.

Dioli and Stimmelmayr (1992) reported that singular or multiple

external and internal abscesses are a very common health problem in

camels. Several organisms have been isolated from abscesses such as

Corynebacterium spp., Staphytococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.,

Pseudomonas spp. and Actinomyces spp. In adult animals abscessation

is usually a common sequel to traumatic skin penetration. Infected fighting

and puncture wounds caused by thorns, wounds from predators, saddle

sores, microlesions caused by ectoparasites and faulty or nonsterile

administration of veterinary drugs can lead to single or multiple

subcutaneous abscess formation. Abscessation of singular lymph node is

a common features in camels.

Fowler (1992) reported that lacerations may occur on the lips,

cheeks, face or legs. Males may bite each other and dogs may attack

younger individuals. Debridement and thorough cleaning of the wound is

essential. The skin of camelids is relatively thicker than that of other

species; thus infolding is not a serious problem. However, there is less

flexibility in the skin and it is more tightly adhered to the underlying

structures than in other species, making reconstructive surgery more

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difficult. Tension sutures may be used as appropriate. All suture materials

are tolerated by camels.

Purohit and Chouhan (1992) describes a detailed study of wound

healing in camels. Neem oil (Azadirecta indica), protomine zinc insulin and

camel-tissue-extract were evaluated as topical medicaments. The

experimental study was conducted in 24 camels, divided into 4 groups of 6

camels each and observations were made over a 20 day period. In three

groups full-thickness cutaneous excisional open wound of 2.5×2.5 cm

were made in the gluteal regions. The wounds were treated separately

with the dressing preparations and with normal saline solution (control).

The healing process was evaluated by clinical (gross) observations, per

cent healing, histopathological and histochemical examinations and

biochemical analysis of biopsy specimens for hydroxyproline, hexosamine,

ascorbic acid and trace elements zinc, copper, iron and magnesium. In the

fourth group, cutaneous incisional wounds of 1.5 cm were made on the

gluteal regions and the topical preparations were applied separately to

wounds prior to closure. Mechanical evaluations of breaking strength,

tensile strength, extensibility and energy absorption were performed using

the in vitro strip method. The dressing materials all enhanced tissue repair

in the order of insulin (best), tissue extract and neem oil. Observations on

52 clinical cases supported these findings.

Qureshi et al (2002) isolated bacterial microflora from 70 pus

samples collected over a period of 6 months from skin wounds and

abscesses in 70 adult male camels in and around Bikaner city. The

percentage frequency of various bacterial genera and species was

recorded and 28 species were identified belonging to 15 different genera.

The most abundant bacterial species encountered in wounds and

abscesses was Staphylococcus aureus (23.39%), present either as pure

isolate or mixed with other bacteria. Most of the isolates were recovered in

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both the seasons where as only few of the bacteria were isolated either in

cooler months or only in moderate months.

Tibary and Anouassi (2004) performed a standing castration in 12

camels 24 to 28 months of age without complication. After administration

of a low doses of xylazine for sedation and butorphanol tartrate for

analygesia, the patient is placed in stocks and castration was performed

as per routine. Advantages of this technique include the lack of need for

general anesthesia or casting which may result in medical problems or

injuries.

Tyagi and Singh (2006) described dermoid cysts in the camel.

These cysts are often located above the jugular furrow in this species.

Some cases cauterisation of the cavity. However, wherever feasible, the

cyst should be completely and carefully excised without rupturing the

capsule. They also reported that saddle sores and pedestal injuries are

common in camels. Treatment in both cases is done on general principles

of wound care. The pedestal wounds heal slowly. The sternal pad injuries

are relatively more difficult to treat because of their peculiar location.

Bengoumi et al (2007) reported two kinds of cutaneous abscesses

in camels; lymphadenitis and skin abscesses. Of all the cases observed,

lymphadenitis represents 63% and affects especially camels less than 6

months old. The mortality was estimated to 18% of sick animals and it

concern essentially generalised abscesses in young camels with

septicaemia called locally “Douda”. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in

91% of lymphadenitis cases and in 88% of skin necrosis cases.

Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were

detected in association with Staphylococcus arueus. Staphylococcus

arueus was sensitive to spiramycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, florphenicol

and marbofloxacine, slightly resistant to erythromycin, penicillin G,

spiramycin and oxytetracyclin and resistant to oxacillin and lincomycin.

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The treatment includes a local drainage and disinfection. The use of

injected antibiotics is highly recommended in generalised abscesses. The

eradication of this disease must include tick infestation controls.

Gahlot et al (2007a) a recorded mandibular fractures, abscess and

gangrene of soft palate, laceration at commissure, and nostrils, salivary

and buccal fistula, lacerations of eyelids, cornea and rupture of eyeball

and otitis externa in camels. Majority of surgeries were performed by

securing the camel in sternal recumbency under xylazine sedation and

local infiltration of anaesthesia or nerve block. Surgical procedures used

were interdental wiring, reinforced brass rod Interdental wiring, resection

of soft palate, commissurorrhaphy, ligation of Stenson’s duct and repair of

buccal fistula, blepharoplasty, enucleation, corneal suturing, tarsorrhaphy

and Zepp’s operation. Majority of these treatments were developed in the

clinic and were successfully performed on clinical cases. The etiology,

clinical signs and postoperative care are also discussed.

Gahlot et al (2007b) reported treatments of various affections of

camels i.e. subcutaneous infiltration of urine, necrosis of penis,

abscesses, laceration of sheath, scrotal bite injuries and gangrenous tail.

The surgical procedures performed were amputation of penis,

circumcision, drainage of sheath abscess, castration, removal of fibroma

and amputation of tail. Majority of these surgery were performed in sternal

or lateral recumbency under xylazine sedation and local infiltration of

nerve block. The aetiology, clinical signs and postoperative care were

discussed.

Gahlot et al (2007c) diagnosed a prepucial abscess in a male

camel aged 5 years having a history of retention of urine since last 24

hours. Clinical examination revealed a swelling on lateroventral aspect of

sheath and there was an inversion of sheath together with external

prepucial orifice. Animal was sedated with injection Xylazine 150 mg

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intravenously and local anaesthesia was infiltrated at proposed site of

incision over the sheath. A mid-ventral incision was given over the sheath

reaching up to the prepucial cavity. Thick caseated pus with necrosed

tissue was removed from the prepucial cavity, which was constricted

carnically. The micturition was taking place through external urethral

opening that was left open after a through debridement. The skin incision

was closed to its two-third length and the prepucial cavity was flushed

daily with warm normal saline and povidone iodine solution. Penis was

allowed to hang out through the new opening. Post-operatively, injection

Streptopenicillin 5 gm intramuscularly was given for one week and

injection Phenylbutazone 3 gm was given intramuscularly for 3 days. The

flushing of prepucial abscess was done daily.

Gahlot et al (2007d) reported two male adult dromedary camels

having a history of swelling on the lateral aspect of the neck. Absence of

pain was revealed during clinical examination of swelling. Swelling was

fluctuating in nature. Coffee coloured fluid was obtained on the exploratory

puncture. These were diagnosed as sebaceous cysts. Surgico-therapeutic

management was done. Both the camels were sedated with xylazine.

After aseptic preparations of site, the cyst were removed intact by giving

elliptical incision and skin was apposed with horizontal mattress sutures

and a bandage was applied as protective covering and a standard

postoperative follow up included injection of oxytetracycline 1500 mg i.v.,

phenylbutazone 3000 mg i.v. and local application of fly repellant ointment

was given to the animal. The sutures were removed on 12th postoperative

day in both cases. An uneventfully recovery occurred in both the cases.

Patel et al (2007) recorded systemwise disorders related to camels

on the basis of case history, diagnosis and daily treatment records of sick

animals. The result indicated that the frequency of clinical disorders mainly

wounds, musculoskeletal system and neoplasm was higher. The per cent

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of different clinical disorders observed system wise were wound 60.33%,

sinus/ fistula/ abscess 2.88%, gangrene 1.20% and neoplasm 6.73%. In

wounds, mainly the affections in nostrils, chest pads and limbs are

involved. Squamous cell carcinoma and fibrosis with granulation tissue

were also observed. In eye affections most common were lacerations and

wounds.

Wernery et al (2007) reported that literature on fungal diseases in

camelids is scarce. Few papers deal with dermatophytosis (ringworm)

which is mainly caused by Microsporum or Trichophyton spp. Dermal

candidiasis in dromedaries is very rare. Two 3 week old dromedary

calves developed severe skin lesions over the entire body with hair loss

and severe crusty thickening of the skin. The calves were vaccinated twice

against ringworm. Candida albicans was repeatedly cultured from skin

scrapings. Histology of skin biopsies revealed numerous pseudo-hyphae

infiltrating the skin along the hair follicles. Despite intensive treatment, the

lesions did not heal until a year later, when the dromedary calves changed

their fur. The physical condition of the dromedary calves was affected;

they were smaller and weighed less than calves in the same age group.

Zaitoun (2007) surveyed skin diseases of dromedary camels in

different locations of south Egypt. Forty-one (1.83%) of the examined

camels showed signs of contagious skin necrosis. Prevalence of CSN was

found increased as the age of animal increased till 5.5 years and

thereafter decreased gradually by further increase in the age. CSN was

non sex-linked disease and it was more prevalent in hot months. Camels

skin diseases were more prevalent in irrigated areas than desert lands of

south Egypt. However, there was no significant variation in susceptibility of

camels located in irrigated and desert areas to CSN. Staphylococcus

aureus was the predominant isolated bacteria. Haemoprotozoal

examinations indicated that 60.98% of the diseased camels with CSN

11

were harbouring Trypanosoma evansi in their blood. Role of trypanosome

was discussed. Faecal analyses were insignificant.

11. Proposed plan of work

Present study will be done on the clinical cases of dromedary

camels manifesting skin affections and presented in the Surgery Clinic of

Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology.

The affections of skin of dromedary camels will be diagnosed by

clinical examination and shall be categorised regionwise. These cases

having skin affection will be created on the general lines of principles. An

analysis of treatment given and recovery trend of these cases will be

done.

12. Facilities Existing

All the facilities required to undertake the proposed work are

available in the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology and

Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal

Science, Bikaner.

13. Location of area of work

The entire work will be carried out in the Department of Veterinary

Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science,

Bikaner.

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14. Literature cited

Bengoumi, M.; Ramiche, A. and Bahaddou, A. (2007). Skin abscesses in

the dromedary camel in the south of Morocco. Camel Conf-Book,

International Camel Conference, Feb. 16 – 17, College of

Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner P. 67.

Boue, A. (1945). Fibromatosis du dromadaire. Arch de l’Inst. Pasteur

d’Alger 23 : 277 – 278.

Cheema, A.H. (1983). Skin lesions in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Proceeding 6th Conference Biological aspects of Saudi Arabia 633

– 645.

Cross, H.E. (1917). The camel and its disease. London, Baillier. Tindal &

Cox. Cited by Shabaan (1979).

Dioli, M. and Stimmelmayr, H.J. (1992). The one-humped camel (Camelus

dromedarius) in eastern Africa. A pictorial guide to disease, health

care and management. P. 212 – 213.

Fowler, M.E. (1992) Anaesthesia and surgery in camels Proc. 1st Int.

Camel Conf., Feb. 2 – 6, Dubai (UAE), 341 – 346.

Gahlot, A.K. (2007). Camels of Rajasthan-a journey from Ganga Risala to

Rajasthan canal and beyond. Camel Conf-Book, International

Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal

Science, Bikaner.

Gahlot, T.K. (1984). Surgical management of deep punctured wound of

foot in camel. Indian J. Vet. Surg. 5 : 140 – 142.

Gahlot, T.K. (2000). Selected Topics on Camelids. The Camelid

Publishers, Bikaner, India. pp 1 – 614.

Gahlot, T.K.; Dudi, P.R.; Purohit, N.R.; Sharma, C.K.; Bishnoi, P. and

Purohit, S. (2007a). Surgeries of head and neck region of

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dromedary camel in India. Camel Conf-Book, International Camel

Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal

Science, Bikaner. P. 66.

Gahlot, T.K.; Dudi, P.R.; Sharma, C.K.; Jhirwal, S.K.; Palecha, S.; Bishnoi,

P. and Purohit, S. (2007b). Surgeries of urogenital system, rectum

and tail of dromedary camel in India. Camel Conf-Book,

International Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of

Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. P. 69.

Gahlot, T.K.; Rathore, V.S. and Singh, V. (2007c). Retention of urine due

to prepucial abscess in a camel. Camel Conf-Book, International

Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal

Science, Bikaner. P. 70.

Gahlot, T.K.; Rathore, V.S.; Purohit, S. and Singh, V. (2007d). Surgico-

therapeutic management of sebaceous cyst in a camel. Camel

Conf-Book, International Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College

of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. P. 113.

Leese, A.S. (1927). A Treatise on the one Humped Camel in Health and

Disease : Stamford, Haynes and Son.

Monteverde, G. (1935). Rass Econ. Colon. 23 : 490 – 505 and 606 – 619.

Cited in Veterinary Bulletin (1937) 7 : 482.

Patel, S.S.; Parikh, P.V.; Patil, D.B.; Kelawala, N.H.; Patil, V.N. and Jhala,

S.K. (2007). Survey of surgical affections in camels 1996 – 2007.

Camel Conf-Book, International Camel Conference. Feb. 16 – 17,

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner. P. 73.

Purohit, N.R. and Chouhan, D.S. (1992) wound healing in camels. Proc.

1st Int. Camel Conf., Feb. 2 – 6, Dubai (UAE). 365 – 370.

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Purohit, N.R.; Choudhan, C.S.; Dudi, P.R. and Vyas, U.K. (1989). Dermoid

cysts in camels. Brit. Vet. J. 1145 : 89 – 90.

Purohit, N.R.; Chouhan, D.S.; Choudhary, R.J. and Deora, K.S. (1989).

Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle in a camel. Brit. Vet. J. 145 :

293.

Qureshi, S.; Kataria, A.K. and Gahlot, T.K. (2002). Bacterial microflora

associated with wounds and abscesses on camel (Camelus

dromedarius) skin. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 9 (2) :

129 – 134.

Radwan, A.I.; El-Magawry, S.; Hawari, A.; Al-Bakairi, S. and Rebleze, R.

(1988). Corynaebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in camels

(Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia : First report. Eleventh

Symposium on the Biological Aspects of Saudi Arabia. Abstract

Page 172.

Ramadan, R.O. (1994). Surgery and Radiology of the Dromedary Camel.

King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 1st Edn. pp 1 – 360.

Ramadan, R.O. and El Hassan, A.M. (1980). Fibrous epulis in a one-

humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Zbl. Vet. Med. A 27 : 675 –

677.

Ramadan, R.O. and El Hassan, A.M. (1989). Tumours and tumour-like

lesions in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). J. Egypt.

Vet. Med. Ass. 49 : 741 – 754.

Ramadan, R.O.; El Tayeb, F.M. and Ismail, O.E. (1984). Foot lesions in

camels. Equine Pract. 6 : 31 – 37.

Singhvi, N.M. and Bhargava, A.K. (1971). Complications of wound healing

in camels. J. Remont and Vet. Corps 10 : 37 – 40.

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Tibary, A and Anouassi, A. (2004). Standing castration in camels

(Camelus dromedarius). Journal of Camel Practice and Research.

11 (2) : 125 – 127.

Tyagi, R.P.S. and Singh, J. (2006) Ruminant surgery, A textbook of the

surgical diseases of cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep and goats 8th

edition, CBS publishers and distributors 4596/1 A, 11-Daryaganj,

New Delhi-110002. P. 143, 144.

Wernery, U.; Kinne, J. and Nagy P. (2007) Candida dermatitis in camel

calves – A case report. Camel Conf-Book, International Camel

Conference. Feb. 16 – 17, College of Veterinary and Animal

Science, Bikaner. P. 113.

Yousif, H.A., El Sebaie, A.; Taha, M.M. and Makady, F. (1987).

Lymphosarcoma in a dromedary. Vet. Med. Rev. 1 : 68 – 71.

Zaitoun, A.M.A. (2007). Contagious skin necrosis of dromedary camels in

south Egypt. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 14 (2) : 125

– 132.

(Hansraj Zindoliya)

16

College of Veterinary and Animal Science,

Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,

Bikaner

CERTIFICATE

The members of Advisory committee of Hansraj Zindoliya met on 16/04/2009 in which the candidate presented in the form of seminar. The synopsis of his research work entitled “Clinical Studies on Surgical Affection of Skin of Camel (Camelus dromedarius)” to be carried out for M.V.Sc. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. After discussion, the committee has recommended the synopsis for approval.

S.No

Name Designation P.G. code No.

Signature

1. Dr. P.R. Dudi (Major Advisor)

Assistant Professor Dept. of Vety. Surg. & Radiology

43/2002-37-02-16

2. Dr. T.K. Gahlot(Member)

Associate Professor & Head Dept. of Vety. Surg. & Radiology

PGS/RCA-5367-91

3. Dr. Rakesh Mathur(Member)

Assistant Professor Dept. of Vety. Anatomy

54/2005-31-04-03

4.Dr. D.K. Bihani (Dean, PGS Nominee)

Assistant Professor Dept. of Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Jurisprudence

96-36-03-68

No. VSR________/2009 Date : __/__/2009

I have examined the above synopsis and recommended that it may be approved.

(T.K. Gahlot)Head

Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science,

Bikaner

The synopsis is hereby approved / not approved / to be revised

DEANPost Graduate Studies

Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan)

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