synopsis on e-bike project

8/18/2019 Synopsis on E-bike Project

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Table of contents:

Abstract 1

Introduction 2

History 3

Legal status 5

Market penetration 7

Technical details 8

Motor 8

attery !

"ontroller 1#

Health bene$its 11

%n&iron'ental e$$ects 11

%(pected cost 12


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Abstract

An electric bicycle, also known as an e-bike or booster bike, is a bicycle with anintegrated electric motor which can be used for propulsion. There are a great variety of e-bikes available worldwide, from e-bikes that only have a small motor to assist therider's pedal-power (i.e., pedelecs) to somewhat more powerful e-bikes which tendcloser to moped-style functionality all, however, retain the ability to be pedalled by therider and are therefore not electric motorcycles. !-bikes use rechargeable batteries andthe lighter varieties can travel up to "# to $" km%h (& to " mph), depending on thelaws of the country in which they are sold, while the more high-powered varieties canoften do in ecess of *# km%h ("+ mph). n some markets, such as ermany, they aregaining in popularity and taking some market share away from conventionalbicycles, while in others, such as hina, they are replacing fossil fuel-

powered mopeds and small motorcycles.

/epending on local laws, many e-bikes (e.g., pedelecs) are legally classified as bicyclesrather than mopeds or motorcycles, so they are not sub0ect to the more stringent lawsregarding their certification and operation, unlike the more powerful two-wheelers whichare often classed as electric motorcycles. !-bikes can also be defined separately andtreated as a specific vehicle type in many areas of legal 0urisdiction.

!-bikes are the electric motor -powered versions of motori1ed bicycles, which have beenaround since the late &2th century.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedelechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pedalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcycleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcycleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_bicyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedelechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pedalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcycleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcycleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_bicyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle


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INTRODUCTION

The idea of a motorized bicycle isn't a recent conception and has beenaround for over a century. Until 1895, the electrical bicycle created its placein history. That year, Oden!olten "as ranted U.#. $atent 55%,%&1 for a

po"ered bicycle "ith a si(pole brush(and(commutator )* hub motormounted "ithin the rear "heel. The bi+e itself had no ears and thereforethe motor may dra" up to 1- "ith a 1 battery. #ince then, theconception of the electrical bi+e became possible and sensible. !ecause theyears proress, additional and additional electrical bi+es "ere made "ithvaried drivin mechanisms. The electrical bicycle o/ers a cleaner various totravel short(to(moderate distances instead of drivin a patrol0diesel(po"eredautomotive. The value of crude has multiplied consider over the past fe"years and it loo+s to be no turnin bac+. The electrical bicycle could be aproect "hich "ill promote each cleaner technoloy also as a lesserdependence on oil. it' ll run on clean po"er "ith the 2eibility to rechare the

battery three separate "ays3 throuh the 1% -* "all supply, by eneratinpo"er throuh the pedals of the bicycle,dynamo and by solar(cell enerativepo"er. 4ashionable electrical bicycles interate many inventionsfromtechnoloy and style, sinicantly "ithin the past year.

History)n the &+2s, electric bicycles were documented within various 3.4. patents. 5or eample, on $& /ecember &+2#, 6gden 7olton 8r. was granted 3.4. 9atent ##",":& for a battery-powered bicycle with ;-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (/) hubmotor mounted in the rear wheel.< There were no gears and the motor could draw up to& amperes (A) from a &-volt battery.

Two years later, in &+2:, =osea >. ?ibbey of 7oston invented an electric bicycle (3.4.9atent #2,":") that was propelled by a ;double electric motor


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A bike e@uipped with an after market electric hub motor conversion kit, with the battery

pack placed on the rear carrier rack

7y &+2+ a rear-wheel drive electric bicycle, which used a driving belt along the outsideedge of the wheel, was patented by athew 8. 4teffens. Also, the &+22 3.4. 9atent

":, by 8ohn 4chnepf depicted a rear-wheel friction ;roller-wheel< style drive electricbicycle. 4chnepf's invention was later re-eamined and epanded in &22 by .A.>ood 8r. with his 3.4. 9atent $,*$&,22*. >oodBs device used * fractional horsepower motorsC connected through a series of gears.

Tor@ue sensors and power controls were developed in the late &22s. 5or eample,Takada Dutky of 8apan filed a patent in &22: for such a device. n &22" Eector 4ervices?imited offered and sold an e-bike dubbed Fike. The bicycle included Gid batteriesthat were built into a frame member and included an +# g permanent-magnet motor./espite the Fike, in &22" hardly any commercial e-bikes were available.

9roduction grew from &22$ to "* by an estimated $#H. 7y contrast, according to

ardner, in &22# regular bicycle production decreased from its peak &: million units.4ome of the less epensive e-bikes used bulky lead acid batteries, whereas newer models generally used Gi=, Gid, and%or ?i-ion batteries, which offered lighter, denser capacity batteries. 9erformance variesC however, in general there is an increase inrange and speed with the latter battery types.

7y "& the terms e-bike, power bike, IpedelecI, pedal-assisted, and power-assistedbicycle were commonly used to refer to e-bikes. The terms Ielectric motorbikeI or Ie-motorbikeI refer to more powerful models that attain up to + km%h (# mph).

n a parallel hybrid motori1ed bicycle, such as the aforementioned &+2: invention by

=osea >. ?ibbey, human and motor inputs are mechanically coupled either inthe bottom bracket, the rear wheel, or the front wheel, whereas in a (mechanical) serieshybrid cycle, the human and motor inputs are coupled through differential gearing. n an(electronic) series hybrid cycle, human power is converted into electricity and is feddirectly into the motor and mostly additional electricity is supplied from a battery.

7y ": e-bikes were thought to make up & to " percent of all two-wheeled vehicleson the streets of many ma0or hinese cities . A typical unit re@uires + hours to chargethe battery, which provides the range of "# to $ miles (* to *+ km), at the speed of around " km%h.

E-bikes with power-on-demand only

4ome e-bikes have an electric motor that operates on a power-on-demand basis only.n this case, the electric motor is engaged and operated manually using a throttle, whichis usually on the handgrip 0ust like the ones on a motorbike or scooter. These sorts of e-bikes often, but not always, have more powerful motors than pedelecs do.

>ith power-on-demand only e-bikes the rider can

&. ride by pedal power alone, i.e. fully human-powered.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_belthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_belthttps://www.google.com/patents/US627066https://www.google.com/patents/US627066https://www.google.com/patents/US3431994https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedelechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_brackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-tim-johnson-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_belthttps://www.google.com/patents/US627066https://www.google.com/patents/US627066https://www.google.com/patents/US3431994https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_horsepower_motorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_controlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedelechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_brackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-tim-johnson-9


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". ride by electric motor alone by operating the throttlemanually.

$. ride using both together at the same time.

9lease note that some power-on-demand only e-bikes can hardly be confused with, let

alone categori1ed as, bicycles. 5or eample, the Noped is a term used by the inistryof Transportation of 6ntario for e-bikes which do not have pedals or in which the pedalshave been removed from their motorised bicycle. These are better categorised aselectricmopeds or electric motorcycles.

3Legal status

Country/jurisdiction

Type of e-bike

Sp

eed

limit,

km

/h

mp

h

W

attli

mi

t

Wei

ghtlimi

t,

kg

Ag

elim

it

Dem

ands

license

plate

s

Allo

ed

onbike

path

s

!efer

ences"

footno

tes

Australia Pedelec 25 15.

5 250 None

Non

e No Yes

Australia hand-throttle Non

e

No

ne 200 None Non

e No Yes

Canada hand-throttle 32 20 500 None Vari

ous No

Varies

from

munic

ipal b-

la!s

China "n#no!n 30 1$.

5 None

20 Non

e No Yes %&&&'

(uropean

"nionAlso

Pedelec 25

)10*

1+.

1

250 None Non

e

No Yes ,15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorcyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-15


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Country/ju

risdiction

Type of e-

bike

Sp

eed

lim

it,

km/h

m

p

h

W

att

li

mi

t

Wei

ght

limi

t,

kg

Ag

e

lim

it

Dem

ands

licen

se

plates

Allo

ed

on

bike

paths

!efer

ences

"

footno

tes

includin/

Nor!a

Notincludin/

"

onon

none allo!ed ,1%&&'

4srael Pedelec 25 15.

5 250 30 1 No Yes

Ne!

6ealand Pedelec

Non

e

No

ne 300 None

Non

e No Yes

Nor!a speed pedelec 5 2$ 500 None Non

e Yes No ,1+%&'

"nitedindom

pedelec 2+.5 1+.

3 250 0 1 No Yes ,1$

"nited

indom

hand-throttle ta

ndemor triccle

2+.5 1+.

3 250 0 1 No Yes

"nited

7tates hand-throttle 32 20 +50 None

Non

e No Varies %&&&'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle


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(J) Allowed on bike paths when electric systems are turned off (JJ) !-bikes are illegal inthis region (JJJ) 4ome regions have special regulations, see corresponding entryunder !lectric bicycle laws.

!-bikes and electric scooters in a speciali1ed shop in 7ei0ing in "+.

!-bikes are very common in hina, with an estimated fleet of &" million in early "&.

Market penetration

!-bike usage worldwide has eperienced rapid growth since &22+. t is estimated thatthere were roughly &" million e-bikes in hina in early "&, and sales are epandingrapidly in ndia, the 3nited 4tates of America, the Getherlands, and 4wit1erland. A totalof :, e-bikes were sold in !urope in "&, up from ", in ": and #,units in "2.

Today, hina is the world's leading producer of e-bikes. According to the data of thehina 7icycle Association, a government-chartered industry group, in "* hina's

manufacturers sold :.# million e-bikes nationwide, which was almost twice the year "$ salesC domestic sales reached & million in "#, and & to &+ million in ".

Market predictions

9ikeKesearch, a for-profit market research firm, released a report in "& whichincluded market analysis and forecasts for electric two-wheel vehicles. They concludedthat, IThe worldwide electric two-wheel vehicle market is expected to grow at acompound annual rate of 9% through 2016 and that a lack of a well-defined retail

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China


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channel hampers faster adoption in North !merica and "urope#I 9ikeKesearch alsoforecasted that worldwide sales of e-bikes, e-motorcycles, and e-scooters will reachmore than * million between "& to "&, and hina will continue to dominate theworld market, with more than 2#H of sales during this period. !-bikes sales areepected to have the largest share with #H of the market.

=owever, the ?os Angeles Times reported that e-bike sales in the 3.4. have slowed in"& compared to "2. This could be due to a slowing economy.

Technical details

Motors and drivetrains:

The two most common types of hub motors used in electric bicycles are brushed andbrushless. There are many possible types of electric motori1ed bicycles with severaltechnologies available, varying in cost and compleityC direct-drive and geared motor units are both used. An electric power-assist system may be added to almost any pedalcycle using chain drive, belt drive, hub motors or friction drive. 7?/hub motors are a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_hub_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_hub_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor


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common modern design with the motor built into the wheel hub itself and the stator fiedsolidly to the ale and the magnets attached to and rotating with the wheel. The bicyclewheel hub is the motor. The power levels of motors used are influenced by availablelegal categories and are often, but not always limited to under :# watts.

Another type of electric assist motor, often referred to as the mid-drive system, is

increasing in popularity. >ith this system, the electric motor is not built into the wheelbut is usually mounted near (often under) the bottom bracket shell. n more typicalconfigurations, a cog or wheel on the motor drives a belt or chain that engages with apulley or sprocket fied to one of the arms of the bicycle's crankset. Thus the propulsionis provided at the pedals rather than at the wheel, being eventually applied to the wheelvia the bicycle's standard drive train.

Batteries

!-bikes use rechargeable batteries, electric motors and some form of control. 7atterysystems in use include sealed lead-acid (4?A),nickel-cadmium (Giad), nickel-metalhydride (Gi=) or lithium-ion polymer (?i-ion). 7atteries vary according to the voltage,total charge capacity (amp hours), weight, the number of charging cycles beforeperformance degrades, and ability to handle over-voltage charging conditions. Theenergy costs of operating e-bikes are small, but there can be considerable batteryreplacement costs. The lifespan of a battery pack varies depends on the type of usage.4hallow discharge%recharge cycles will help etend the overall battery life.

Kange is a key consideration with e-bikes, and is affected by factors such as motor efficiency, battery capacity, efficiency of the driving electronics, aerodynamics, hills andweight of the bike and rider. 4ome manufacturers, such as the anadian 7ionL or

American !M(manufactured by !lectric otion 4ystems), have the option of using regenerative braking, the motor acts as a generator to slow the bike down prior tothe brake pads engaging. This is useful for etending the range and the life of brakepads and wheel rims. There are also eperiments using fuel cells. e.g. the 9=7. 4ome

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-drive&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_brackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_brackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranksethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BionX&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E%2B&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHB_(bicycle)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-drive&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_brackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranksethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BionX&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E%2B&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHB_(bicycle)


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protection. 7ikes with a pedal assist function typically have a disc on the crankshaft featuring a ring of magnets coupled with a =all sensor giving rise to a series of pulses, the fre@uency of which is proportional to pedaling speed. The controller uses pulse width modulation to regulate the power to the motor. 4ometimes support isprovided for regenerative brakingbut infre@uent braking and the low mass of bicycles

limits recovered energy. An implementation is described in an application note for a ">, "* E 7rushless / (7?/) motor.

$ontrollers for rushed motors 7rushed motors are also used in e-bikes but arebecoming less common due to their intrinsic lower efficiency. ontrollers for brushedmotors however are much simpler and cheaper due to the fact they don't re@uire hallsensor feedback and are typically designed to be open-loop controllers. 4omecontrollers can handle multiple voltages. 48V 75! Electric "cooter "peed

Controller /esigned for *+ Eolt / electric scooter and bike motors up to :# >atts. aimumcurrent $ Amps. 3nder Eoltage protection *& Eolts. urrent limiting feature preventscontroller and motor damage due to over-current conditions. 3nder voltage protectionfeature prevents over-discharge and etends battery life. ompatible with all standard$-wire variable speed hall-effect throttles.

Health benefits

!-bikes can be a useful part of cardiac rehabilitation programmes, since healthprofessionals will often recommend a stationary bike be used in the early stages of these. !ercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes can reduce deaths in peoplewith coronary heart disease by around ":HCand a patient may feel safer progressingfrom stationary bikes to e-bikes. They re@uire less cardiac eertion for those who haveeperienced heart problems.

Environmental effects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_shafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_shafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakehttp://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_shafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_shafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakehttp://www.zilog.com/docs/z8encoremc/appnotes/AN0260.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_sensorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_sensor


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!-bikes are 1ero-emissions vehicles, as they emit no combustion by-products. =owever,the environmental effects of electricity generationand power distribution and of manufacturing and disposing of (limited life) high storage density batteries must betaken into account. !ven with these issues considered, e-bikes are claimed to have asignificantly lower environmental impact than conventional automobiles, and are

generally seen as environmentally desirable in an urban environmentThe environmental effects involved in recharging the batteries can of course beminimised. The small si1e of the battery pack on an e-bike, relative to the larger packused in an electric car , makes them very good candidates for charging via solar power or other renewable energy resources. 4anyo capitali1ed on this benefit when itset up Isolar parking lots,I in which e-bike riders can charge their vehicles while parkedunder photovoltaic panels.

The environmental credentials of e-bikes, and electric % human powered hybridsgenerally, have led some municipal authorities to use them, such as ?ittle Kock,

Arkansas with their &avecrest electric power-assisted bicycles or loverdale,alifornia police with 'ap e-bikes. hinaBs e-bike manufacturers, such as Linri, are nowpartnering with universities in a bid to improve their technology in line with internationalenvironmental standards, backed by the hinese government who is keen to improvethe eport potential of the hinese manufactured e-bikes. N*$O

7oth land management regulators and mountain bike trail access advocates haveargued for bans of electric bicycles on outdoor trails that are accessible to mountainbikes, citing potential safety ha1ards as well as the potential for electric bikes to damagetrails. A study conducted by the nternational ountain 7icycling Association, however,found that the physical impacts of low-powered pedal-assist electric mountain bikesmay be similar to traditional mountain bikes.

A recent study on the environment impact of e-bikes vs other forms of

transportation found that e-bikes are about

• &+ times more energy efficient than an 43E

• &$ times more energy efficient than a sedan

• times more energy efficient than rail transit

• and, of about e@ual impact to the environment as a

conventional bicycle.

6ne ma0or concern is disposal of used lead batteries, which can cause environmentalcontamination if not recycled.

There are strict shipping regulations for lithium-ion batteries, due to the safety reason. nthis regard, the ?i5e96* lithium-ion battery is much safer than conventional ?io6"?ithium-ion battery.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_storage_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_modulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mountain_Bicycling_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_storage_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_modulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mountain_Bicycling_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery


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6pected *ost3

7otor( s. 50(

*onverter( s. %0(

*ontroller( rs 15

*hasis and body( rs 5

!attery( rs

Total( rs 15

synopsis on e-bike project

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