Syngenesis and Epigenesis in the Formation of Mineral Deposits

A Volume in Honour of Professor G. Christian Amstutz on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday with Special Reference to One of His Main Scientific Interests

Edited by A. Wauschkuhn C. Kluth R.A. Zimmermann

With 335 Figures and 6 Plates

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

Professor Dr. ARNDT WAUSCHKUHN

Dr. CORNELIA KLUTH

Dr. RICHARD A. ZIMMERMANN

Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut

der Universitiit Heidelberg

1m Neuenheimer Fe1d 236 6900 Heidelberg, FRG

ISBN-13:978-3-642-70076-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-70074-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-70074-3

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: Syngenesis and epigenesis in the formation of mineral deposits. Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Ores - Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Geochemistry­Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Wauschkuhn, A. (Arndt), 1941- . II. Kluth, C. (Cornelia), 1932- . III. Zimmer­mann, R.A. (Richard A.), 1930- . QE390.S89. 1984. 553.1. 84-26698.

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© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1984 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

2132/3130-543210

Preface

The papers in this volume are dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Christian Amstutz by his colleagues, friends, and students on the occasion of his 60th anniversary. The authors of this book - the theme was restricted to syngenesis and epigenesis in the formation of mineral deposits - wish to honour with their articles a scientist who has contributed to, and substantially promoted the understanding of the genesis of mineral deposits in the last decades. The majority of the articles deal with strata-bound depos­its, thus reflecting one of his main scientific interests.

In the tradition of his professors, Paul Niggli and Paul Ramdohr, G.C. Amstutz has maintained an open and active interest in many fields of earth science. His numerous papers have triggered a remarkable number of new ideas and investigations in a variety of fields, and the "happy marriage" of economic geology with sedimentology is cer­tainly one of his main successes, starting with the first Symposium on Sedimentology and Ore Genesis at the Sixth International Sedimentological Congress at Delft in 1963.

In the second part of the 1950s, Professor Amstutz initiated the reinterpretation of the genesis of the Mississippi Valley deposits. He focused attention on the fact that, for scientific interpretations, the quantity of observations as well as the selection range of the objects observed must be as complete as possible. In his classical 1959 mono­graph Syngenese und Epigenese in Petrographie und Lagerstiittenkunde (English translation published in the International Geology Review in 1961), he attracted atten­tion to the relations between the minerals - ore minerals as well as rock-forming minerals - and the rocks in whlch they occur. As a consequence, the sequence of questioning in genetic analyses was turned around. He suggested that the first question should be, "When did the minerals crystallize?". The answer can often be given by geometrical observations on different scales, as he has demonstrated, and he insisted that all scales be investigated before a genetic model is proposed. When the time prob­lem has been solved, the possibilities answers to the second question, "Where did the ore matter come from?", are often limited and the question itself can be answered more easily. In other words he insisted on a separation of the time question from the space question and, for this purpose, introduced the now well-known syn/epi, endo/exo matrix.

The importance of geometric patterns for the solution of genetic problems was demonstrated by G.C. Amstutz not only for ore genesis, but also for petrologic prob­lems in a great number of publications. In many of his articles he showed that the incorporation of the country rock into geological investigations can often solve the

VI Preface

problem of syngenesis and epigenesis in the formation of mineral deposits better than a study of the ores alone.

During the past 30 years of teaching he has directed over forty theses on the topic of ores in sediments, and many of his working hypotheses are now used in most ore provinces in sediments. We consider that it is timely that his dedication to a modern approach in ore genesis and to teaching inductive methods of research should be honored with this volume.

In view of the comprehensive title of the book, the contents are subdivided into four parts. Except for the first part, the articles are grouped according to the country rock of the mineral deposits or mineral occurrences. For reasons of simplicity, the divisions of the metamorphic equivalents were integrated into the corresponding chap­ters on nonmetamorphic ores and rocks. Nature is, of course, not as simple as man­made classifications, established for purposes of teaching or as working hypotheses. For example, the country rocks, in some occurrences, change more or less gradually, and the papers on such rock sequences would fit at least into one other division of this volume. We hope that none of the authors will disagree drastically with our clas­sification. With regard to the subject index we would like to say that it could cer­tainly be enlarged much more, but we hope that we have compiled it in enough detail to provide a satisfactory guide for the reader.

To the publisher we wish to express our cordial thanks for the patient assistance in ensuring the high technical quality of the book.

Last but not least, we want to express our thanks to Professor Amstutz, who sup­ported us in connection with scientific questions during our own research and the editorial work. He received the original version of the papers on the occasion of his birthday symposium in February 1983. The editors hope that the delay in publication, caused by "ex ogene tic and endogenetic" hurdles, is well compensated by the editorial efforts, staged in close cooperation with the authors and the publisher.

December 1984 A. Wauschkuhn

Contents

Part I General Observations on Syngenesis and Epigenesis

Textures of Ore Minerals and Their Genetic Significance

Genetic Significance of Ore Fabric: Some Examples from the Apuseni Mountains Ore Deposits C. Lazar (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3

Syngenetic and Epigenetic Textures of Manganese Oxide Ores in the Supergene Weathering Zone S.J.Kim ........................... : ..................... 12

Chalcopyrite-Sphalerite Textures in Some Spanish Syngenetic and Epigenetic Deposits: Guadarrama Mountains, Aznalcollar, and La Union J.L. Amor6s, J.A. Lopez, R. Lunar, J. Martinez, J. Sierra, and E. Vindel (With 14 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18

Iron Sulfides in Sedimentary Rocks. Some Occurrences in Romania G. Uduba~a (With 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28

Sedimentary Pyrite from Pb-Zn Deposits of the Zawar and Rajpura-Dariba Regions and Its Bearing on the Genesis of Base Metal Sulfides D.S. Chauhan (With 8 Figures) ................................... 36

Observations on the Morphology and Texture of Pyrite from Amjhore, Bihar, India N.G.K. Nair and A. Ray (With 12 Figures) ........................... 43

Ore Microscopy of the Silver Minerals in the Epigenetic Ag-W-Sn Deposits in the Silver Mine District, Southeastern Missouri, U.S.A. R.D. Hagni (With 14 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52

VIII Contents

Contributions of a Regional Character

Mineral Deposits in Relation to the Global Tectonic Megacycles T.P. Trurnit (With 12 Figures) ................................... 62

Strata-Bound Deposits of Argentina M.K. de Brodtkorb and A. Brodtkorb (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92

Syngenesis and Epigenesis in Strata-Bound Metamorphosed Precambrian Sulfide Deposits of India A.M. Patwardhan and S.S. Oka (With 12 Figures) ...................... 102

Sulfide Minerals in Coal with Emphasis on Australian Occurrences DJ. Swaine (With 1 Figure) ..................................... 120

Geochemical Investigations and Their Genetic Significance

On the Isotopic Composition of Carbon in Epigenetic Graphites F.Y. Chukhrov, L.P. Ermilova, and L.P. Nosik ........................ 130

Sampling Chaotic Variation, an Essay into Scientific Methodology for Geochemical Prospecting GJ. Neuerburg ............................................. 138

Part II Ores Associated with Clastic Sediments and Their Genetic Origin

Ores in Shales

Ore Flats in the Zechstein Copper-Bearing Shales of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline in Lower Silesia, Poland Cz. Haranczyk (With 8 Figures) .................................. 153

Synmetamorphic Uranium Mineralization in the Needle Lake-Keefe Lake Area, Wollaston Fold Belt, Saskatchewan, Canada E. von Pechmann, A. Hohndorf, and V. Voultsidis (With 7 Figures) .......... 160

Zell am Ziller, a Syngenetic Old Paleozoic Gold Deposit in the Innsbruck Quartz Phyllite Belt O. Schulz (With 1 Figure) ...................................... 170

Reflections on the Origin of Sparry Magnesite Deposits W. Siegl (With 2 Figures) ....................................... 177

Contents

Ores in Sandstone

Characteristics and Problematics of the Metallogenesis of Proterozoic Vein-Like Type Uranium Deposits

IX

FJ. Dahlkamp ............................................. 183

Copper Mineralization at the Shackleton Mine, Zimbabwe: Syngenetic or Epigenetic? H.V.R. von Rahden and J.J. de Wet (With 3 Figures) .................... 193

Criteria on Syngenesis and Epigenesis of Lead-Zinc Ores in Triassic Sandstones in Germany H.W. Walther (With 3 Figures) ................................... 212

Study of Manganese Nodules from the Malvinas (Falkland) Plateau, South Atlantic Ocean C.R. Cortelezzi, G. Esposito, and R. Iasi (With 3 Figures) ................. 221

Manganiferous Grits from Southeastern New South Wales, Australia E.R. Segnit (With 10 Figures) ................................... 228

Ores in Conglomerates

Nickel-Cobalt Sulfides in Precambrian Gold and Uranium-Bearing Quartz-Pebble Conglomerates of South Africa R. Saager and T. Oberthiir (With 13 Figures) .......................... 237

Different Populations of Gold Particles as Outlined by Their Silver Content: A Regional Investigation in the Precambrian Kimberley Reef Placer of the East Rand Goldfield/Witwatersrand/South Africa W. Hirdes (With 5 Figures) ..................................... 247

Summary of the Present View of the Nature and Genesis of the Cornish Stanniferous Placers of SW England K.F.G. Hosking and G.S. Camm (With 8 Figures) ....................... 260

Part III Ores Associated with Carbonate Rocks and Their Genetic Origin

Geochemical Investigations and Their Genetic Significance

A Nonsteady State Model for Dolomite, Evaporite, and Ore Genesis K.J. Hsii (With 4 Figures) ...................................... 275

x

Migration of Fluids During Diagenesis: An Ore-Forming Process in Carbonate Rocks

Contents

Y. Fuchs (With 3 Figures) ...................................... 287

Geochemical Indicator Parameters of Lead-Zinc Ore Deposits in Carbonate Rocks E. Schroll (With 4 Figures) ..................................... 294

Geochemistry of Minor Elements in Host Rocks of the Fankou Pb-Zn Deposit, South China X. Song .................................................. 306

Electron Microprobe Investigation of the Dolomitization and Its Relationship with the Sulfide Mineralizations in the Polymetallic Deposits Confined to the Triassic Calcareous Sediments in the Western Balkan J. Minceva-Stefanova (With 1 Figure and 2 Plates) ...................... 317

Fluid Inclusion Studies in Fluorite at Milpo Mine (Atacocha District), Central Peru M. Gunnesch and H. Jaksch (With 7 Figures and 1 Plate) ................. 328

Iron Preconcentration in Stromatolites/Oncolites: An Example from the Lower Permian of the Central Alps C. Cannizzaro, I. Venerandi Pirri, and P. Zuffardi (With 8 Figures) ........... 342

Pb-Zn-Bearing Carbonate Rocks

Sedimentary and Diagenetic Features in the Sulfide-Bearing Sedimentary Dikes and Strata of Lower Ordovician Dolomites, Decaturville, Missouri, U.S.A. R.A. Zimmermann and A.C. Spreng (With 20 Figures and 3 Plates) ........... 350

Strata-Bound Low Temperature Pb-Zn-Ba±F Deposits in Carbonate Rocks of Western Asia: Geotectonic Setting and Main Metallogenic Features S. Jankovic (With 3 Figures) .................................... 373

Geology and Mineralization of the Ozbak-Kuh Mine and the Genesis of the East Iran Pb-Zn Deposits J.G. Haditsch (With 12 Figures) .................................. 391

Syngenetic and Epigenetic Ores in SW Sardinia: Examples from the Malacalzetta (Iglesias) Mining Area M. Boni (With 4 Figures) ....................................... 401

The Sasa Lead-Zinc Deposit (Macedonia/Yugoslavia) and Its Position in the Serbian-Macedonian Ore Province W. Tufar and l. Strucl (With 16 Figures) ............................ 412

Contents XI

Syngenesis and Epigenesis at the Largentiere (Ardeche, France) Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit J. Bouladon (With 2 Figures) .................................... 422

The Lithology and Mineralization of Upper Silesian Zinc-Lead Ore Deposits H. Gruszczyk and M. Basta-Grzywacz (With 1 Figure) ................... 431

Paleokarstic Lead{Zinc)-Fluorite Deposits in Shallowing Upward Sequences in the Triassic of the Alpujarrides (Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain) J.M. Martin, J. Torres-Ruiz, N. Velilla, and P. FenoH Hach-All (With 10 Figures) .. 438

The Atacocha District, Central Peru: Some Metallogenetic Aspects K.A. Gunnesch and A. Baumann (With 5 Figures) ...................... 448

Strata-Bound and Stratiform Iron Sulfides, Sulfur, and Galena in the Miocene Evaporites, Ranga, Red Sea, Egypt (With Special Emphasis on Their Diagenetic Crystallization Rhythmites) M.M. El Aref (With 11 Figures) .................................. 457

S6-Hg-W-Bearing Carbonate Rocks

First Occurrence of a Strata-Bound Sb-W-Hg Deposit in the Spanish Hercynian Massif A. Arribas and P. Gumiel (With 13 Figures) .......................... 468

Ore-Controlling Factors in the Hg-Sb Province of Southern Tuscany, Italy D.D. Klemm and N. Neumann (With 6 Figures) ........................ 482

Part IV Ores Associated Directly with Magmatic Activity and Their Genetic Origin

Ores Associated with Intrusive Magmatic Activity

A Model Illustrating the Formative Process of the Podiform Chromite Deposits in Some Alpine Orogenic Terrains T. Bamba (With 4 Figures) ..................................... 507

Magmatic Rocks vs. Rest Fluids as Sources of Uranium Ore Fluids J.W. Gabelman (With 5 Figures) .................................. 519

Ores Associated with Extrusive Magmatic Activity

Syngenetic Models fur the Pyrite and Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Province of the East Carpathians H.G. Krautner (With 8 Figures) .................................. 537

XII Contents

On the Genesis of Some Manganese Deposits from Eastern Greece A.G. Panagos and S.P. Varnavas (With 3 Figures) ....................... 553

Red Island (NZ) and Its Submarine-Exhalative Mn-Fe Mineralization H.W. Kobe and 1.R. Pettinga (With 6 Figures) ......................... 562

Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of Sulfur in Oceanic Igneous Rocks C.W. Field, H. Sakai, and A. Ueda (With 4 Figures) ..................... 573

Contributions of a Regional Character

The Savage River Ore Formation Theories H.W. Matzatt(With 2 Figures) ................................... 590

"Tactites" Formed by Ca-AI Metasomatism on Amphibolites in the Serid6 Scheelite Province - NE Brazil H. Beurlen (With 14 Figures) .................................... 598

Syngenesis and Epigenesis of Ore Deposits Related to Calc-Alkaline Extrusive­Intrusive Complexes in Northern Chile 1.M. Oyarzun (With 1 Figure) ................................... 608

The Copani and the Patap Metallotect on the Western Side of Central Peru M. Cardozo and A. Wauschkuhn (With 12 Figures) ...................... 616

Subject Index ........................................... 647

Contributors You will find the addresses at the beginning of the respective contribution

Amoros, J.L. 18 Arribas, A. 468 Bamba, T. 507 Basta-Grzywacz, M. 431 Baumann, A. 448 Beurlen, H. 598 Boni, M. 401 Bouladon, J. 422 Brodtkorb, A. 92 Brodtkorb, M.K. de 92 Camm, G.S. 260 Cannizzaro, C. 342 Cardozo, M. 616 Chauhan, D.S. 36 Chukhrov, F.Y. 130 Cortelezzi, C.R. 221 Dahlkamp, F J. 183 de Wet, J.J. 193 El Aref, M.M. 457 Ermilova, L.P. 130 Esposito, G. 221 Fenoll Hach-Ali, P. 438 Field, C.W. 573 Fuchs, Y. 287 Gabelman, J.W. 519 Gruszczyk, H. 431 Gumiel, P. 468 Gunnesch, K.A. 448 Gunnesch, M. 328 Haditsch, J.G. 391

Hagni, R.D. 52 Haranczyk, Cz. 153 Hirdes, W. 247 H6hndorf, A. 160 Hosking, K.F.G. 260 Hsti, KJ. 27 5 Iasi, R. 221 Jaksch, H. 328 Jankovic, S. 373 Kim,SJ. 12 Klemm, D.D. 482 Kobe, H.W. 562 Kriiutner, H.G. 537 Lazar, C. 3 Lopez, J.A. 18 Lunar, R. 18 Martin, J.M. 438 Martinez, J. 18 Matzat, H.W.t 590 Minceva-Stefanova, J. 317 Nair, N.G.K. 43 Neuerburg, G.J. 138 Neumann, N. 482 Nosik, L.P. 130 Oberthtir, T. 237 Oka, S.S. 102 Oyarziin, J.M. 608 Panagos, A.G. 553 Patwardhan, A.M. 102

Pechmann, E. von 160 Pettinga, J.R 562 Rahden, H.V.R. von 193 Ray,A. 43 Saager, R. 237 Sakai, H. 573 Schroll, E. 294 Schulz, O. 170 Segnit, E.R. 228 Siegl, W. 177 Sierra, J. 18 Song, X. 306 Spreng, A.C. 350 Struc1, I. 412 Swaine, DJ. 120 Torres-Ruiz, J. 438 Trurnit, T.P. 62 Tufar, W. 412 Vdubal'a, G. 28 Veda,A. 573 Varnavas, S.P. 553 Veli1la, N. 438 Venerandi Pirri, I. 342 Vindel, E. 18 Voultsidis, V. 160 Walther, H.W. 212 Wauschkuhn, A. 616 Zimmermann, R.A. 350 Zuffardi, P. 342