symposium programmegr-final a

8/9/2019 Symposium Programmegr-final A

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(CIPO)

27 1 2012

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(, /)Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont (, CIPO)Michael Ursinus (, CIPO)


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Shirine Hamadeh (), Marie-Carmen Smyrnelis, IkTamdoan

(. 29, 14.30, . 1)

Flesh and Mud:Innovative Approaches to the Study of Early Modern Ottoman Cities

This panel seeks to explore innovative approaches to the study of Ottoman cities in the 18

th

andearly 19thcenturies. In particular, it seeks to bring together the social and the spatial dimensionsof a city, and address questions relating to everyday urban experiences that are often explored by

privileging either the social or the physical environment. The panel consists of four historicallygrounded, geographically diverse case studies (Adana, Istanbul, Izmir, and Kandiye) that togetherraise such issues as the reproduction of urban and communal identities in the physical fabric, the

processes by which landmarks acquire meanings for and in their surrounding social andphysical environments, moral regulations of spaces and geographies of social behaviors. Byhighlighting the intrinsic overlap between cities social and physical fabrics, each paper bringsabout broader questions about method and source material with regard to the study of earlymodern Ottoman cities.

Antonis Anastasopoulos problematizes the notion of buildings as landmarks, byfocusing on the mosque of El-Hac Ali Paa, in Kandiye. He examines the mosque as both abuilding and a social/religious institution by questioning its patrons initial motives and themosques relation to the social and physical space of its own neighborhood. Marie-CarmenSmyrnelis also refers to the neighborhood as a framework of inquiry, but one which is implicitlycalled into question through an examination of the varied forms of social interaction among theinhabitants of Izmir. Arguing for a more complex notion of coexistence of the different ethnic,confessional, and national groups, she explores the ways in which this coexistence was inscribedin the space of the city. Shirine Hamadeh focuses on the less desirable segments of urban

population, the single men (bekr) of Istanbul, to explore the mechanisms by which thisintrinsically instable population, mostly perceived as delinquent, integrated in the citys social

and spatial fabrics and forged ties with the normative realms of neighborhood and public life. Theviolence inherent to practices of delinquency is the central theme of Ik Tamdoans paper,which investigates cases of bodily violence in Adana and probes the nature of relations thatconnected aggressors and aggressed. Tamdoan is concerned with mapping out acts of violencespatially and temporally and questioning the likelihood of inherent connections between violenceand urban space and time.

(), Elif Bayraktar Tellan, Hasan olak, (. 27, 16.30, . 3)

The Orthodox Patriarchates as Ottoman Institutions:15thto 18thCenturiesThe Orthodox Patriarchates in the Ottoman Empire have attracted extensive attention inscholarship. Early 20th-century research incorporated the fate of the Orthodox patriarchateswithin the discourse about the treatment of non-Muslims in a Muslim polity. One of the primeaims of this endeavor was to compare the handling of the other among early modern states.Following this train of thought, the Patriarchs and their role in Ottoman society were trapped in

between two extremes: the image of the Patriarch as an ethnarch and that of a tax farmer. Bothextremes have done damage to our efforts to fully comprehend the institutional position, dutiesand responsibilities of the representative of the Patriarchate. Moreover, in an effort to support orrefute the distorted caricature offered by these two frameworks we have failed to discuss how thePatriarchate as an Ottoman institution was established and evolved over time.

This panel aims at modifying the pitfalls of the previously used frameworks. ThePatriarchate is seen as what it was, an Ottoman institution headed by an appointed member of the


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Ottoman elite, the Patriarch. As other Ottoman institutions, it would be nave to expect that itremained unchanged over time. These precise changes are the theme of this panel viewed not asrandom whimsical results of the sultanic omnipotence, as scholarship still argues, but instead as

parallel reflections of Ottoman societal evolutions.Eugenia Kermeli is proposing to look beyond the empty term of tolerance with regard to

the position of Ottoman Orthodoxzimmis. She will utilize Ottoman jurisprudential work from the

mid 15th

to the early 18th

centuries in an effort to depict that changes in the status andresponsibilities of the Patriarch is a reflection of Ottoman societal and ideological developments.Phokion Kotageorgis utilizing tayin defterlerifrom the second half of the 17thcentury is going toreaddress issues concerning the procedure of the bishops appointments, the updating of thestates registers regarding the ecclesiastical officials and the relation between thepikeamountand the demographic capacity of the provinces. Elif Bayraktar Tellan using unknown berats ofthe first half of the 18thcentury will discuss the changes the Patriarchate underwent as part of alarger transformation of the Ottoman administration and society in the 18th century. She willfocus on the de jureexpansion of the judicial role of the Patriarch and his increasing role as anintermediary. Finally, Hasan olak will readdress Runcimans suppositions on the role of theOrthodox Patriarchate in Istanbul as intermediary of the Eastern Patriarchates. Using berats of

Eastern Patriarchs he will suggest that the active presence of the Eastern Patriarchates in Istanbulwas not the result of their domination by the Great Church, but of cooperation between theOttoman central administration and lay and ecclesiastical leaders of the Ottoman Orthodox.

(), Aimee Genell, Andrew Arsan, E. Attila Aytekin(. 1, 14.30, . 9)

The Ottoman Empire in the Age of Colonialism:Fragmented Sovereignty and Provincial Lives

This panel is an attempt to trace the multifaceted character of sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire

in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Particular emphasis will be placed on the numerousprovincial worlds individual, communal, or regional. It will be argued that during the periodin question these worlds were reshaped and transformed through a dialectical relationship amongthe provinces, the Ottoman regime, and the world around them. Attending in this way to thenotion of sovereignty, the panel aims to highlight the influential role played by real and imaginedOttoman provinces in contesting and reshaping the imperial center. The discussion will addresscommunalities and differences between the Ottomans and other contemporary empires; or,

between the 19th century and earlier periods. Thus, by moving among legality, modernity,tradition, and intimate space the panelists will try to uncover the blurry lines between theregional and the universal through the careful study of a number of specific examples from Crete,Cyprus, Egypt, and Lebanon.

The broader methodological goal of this approach is to initiate a dialogue betweenOttoman and Postcolonial Studies; or/and Europe and the Arab world. In an attempt to delineatelate Ottoman sovereignty as a diverse yet specific historical construction, the panelists willaddress and question some main concepts such as: absolute authority and foreign intervention;the rights and responsibilities of the sovereign versus the rights and responsibilities of the people;the secular and religious grounds of imperial notions of sovereignty; the multiple meanings of thedomestic; and the similarities and differences between European colonialism and the Empire ofthe Sultans. Through the discussion of all of the above, it becomes imperative to consider the

profound impact of the diverse Ottoman provincial realities on the making of the multipleconcepts of sovereignty in an imperial universe shared as it was contested.


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A. Nkhet Adyeke (), Nuri Adyeke, Mehmet Ali Demirba, Melike Kara(. 27, 16.30, . 9)

Yeni Kaynaklar ve Yeni YaklamlarlaOsmanlEgemenliinde Girit ve Sonras

Trkiyede yeni bulunan Mbadele arivi iinde yer alan Girit evrak Girit konusundaki

al

malara yeni a

l

mlar salam

t

r. Bu arivde nemli bir k

sm

Hanya, Kandiye ve Resmoyaait olmak zere eriyye sicilleri ve nfus defterleri mevcuttur. Ariv bu haliyle Giritteraklionda Vikelea Ktphanesinde bulunan belgelerin de tamamlaycsdr.

Panelimizde yer alan bildiriler arlklolarak bu yeni bulunan kaynaklara dayalolarakhazrlanmtr. Giritin Osmanlegemenlii altnda oluturulan idari ve sosyal yaants iinden

belli bal sosyal, ekonomik, hukuksal ve demografik olgular konu balklar olarakbelirlenmitir. Bu konu balklaraltnda yeni ortaya kan kaynaklarn saladverilerle gerekAdada Mslman Gayr- Mslim ilikilerine gerekse Osmanl kurumlarna yeni bak alargetirilmesi hedeflenmektedir.

Panelimizin ilk bildirisi olan Resmo Manastr Vakflar, Osmanl vakf sistemi iindeGayr-Mslim Vakflarnn tespit edilmesi iin nemli bir rnek olguyu ele alacaktr. Vakflarn

idari boyutu olduu kadar sosyal ve ekonomik boyutu da ele alnacaktr. Cizye uygulamasnailikin bildiri ise Adadaki Gayr- Mslim cemaatin sosyo-ekonomik durumlarnn tespitiasndan nem tamaktadr. Cizye uygulamas18. yzyl boyunca nemli deiimlere uramve bu durum toplumsal yaknmalara yol amtr. ufa hakknn kullanmna ilikin bildiriolduka nemli bir hukuksal olguyu ele almtr. Osmanlda zel mlkiyet haklar iinde azrastlanr bir uygulama olan ufa hakk ilgin bir ekilde 19. yzyln ortalarna Kandiyesicillerinde karmza kmaktadr. Bu ilem ayn zamanda ekonomik ve sosyal yapya ilikinveriler de salamaktadr. Son olarak 19. yzylda Giritin demografik yapsnn en belirleyicietkenlerinden olan g olgusu erevesinde Giritten Kuzey Afrikaya g eden Mslmanlarzerinde durulacaktr. Bu corafyaya tanan Girit Mslmanlarvarlklarnve Girit kimliklerini

bu gn dahi srdrmektedirler. Bu nedenle Kuzey Afrikaya giden guruplarn incelenmesi

tarihsel olduu kadar gncel bir boyut da tamaktadr.Sonu olarak tm bu bildiriler Adadaki sosyal ve ekonomik yaantnn temel talar

konusunda yeni verilerle bakalarsalayacaktr.

Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont (), Faruk Bilici, Jean-Charles Ducene(. 29, 14.30, . 7)

Regards de la cartographie ottomaneLintrt des Ottomans lgard des pays situs sur leurs frontires et au-del a longtemps tsous-estim. En fait, lexament, la curiosit manifeste en ce domaine par plusieurs auteurs

turcs du XVIe

et du XVIIe

sicle apparat en tous points digne dattention, dautant plus quonnen trouve nulle part lquivalent cette poque dans le monde extrieur lEurope. Nous nousattacherons ici des exemples relatifs deux de ces auteurs. Dune part, Pr Res et son Livredes choses de la mer (1521-1526), vaste description nautique des ctes et des les de laMditerrane, fonde sur lexprience personnelle de lauteur et des documents nautiqueseuropens. Chaque chapitre de cet ouvrage est accompagn dune carte. Dautre part, Evliyeleb, voyageur qui parcourut en tous sens le territoire ottoman et les pays adjacents pendantune quarantaine dannes. Il apparat quoutre sa relation en dix volumes, on lui doit des cartes

prsentant un rel intrt.


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John J. Curry (), Nabil Al-Tikriti, Gnhan Breki, Kahraman akul(. 1, 11.30, . 1)

Shifts in Ottoman Political and Intellectual Mentalitiesover the Course of the Early Modern Period

The early modern period of Ottoman history, spanning from around 1500 to 1800, required the

Ottoman political and intellectual elites to confront a context of rapid change across a far-flungnetwork of territories, along with the growing geographical range of European powers and theiragents. The result was that Ottoman political elites and intellectuals continually sought innovativenew strategies and ideas to better help the Empire cope with the growing list of challenges to itslong-term stability.

This panel seeks to uncover the nature of the mentalities, attitudes and ideas of Ottomanstatesmen and intellectuals through both the introduction of new types of historical sources andnovel approaches to already established ones. The first presentation will examine a nearly-forgotten treatise presented to Sultan Selim I by Idris-i Bitlisi, which gives insight onto theevolution of Ottoman political thought during a period in which the Empire was facing down thethreats of civil war and hostile powers on its frontiers. Following that, a second presentation will

examine a similar period of political transition in a time of crisis by analyzing the novel strategiesemployed by late 16th and early 17th-century sultans to balance the growing power of factionspresent at the imperial court.

The final two papers will address Ottoman political and intellectual reactions to thegrowing influence and power of European states. One of these papers will study the intersection

points between one of the greatest Ottoman intellectuals of the 17thcentury, Katip elebi, and theEuropean and Muslim geographical works from which he drew the material for his massive andunfinished geographical compendium. In particular, the lengthy chapters on the regions of theIndian Subcontinent prove especially fruitful in unpacking Katip elebis methodology ofscholarship and his attitudes toward both European and Muslim others. Meanwhile, the final

presentation will examine how Ottoman thinkers could develop potentially different attitudes

toward programs of European-inspired military and political reform with the key variable beingthe particular political figure or group that was engaging in it. In this case, the policies of TipuSultan in the Indian Subcontinent were viewed positively, whereas ahin Giray, closer to theOttoman center, received censure.

In sum, the panel as a whole hopes to demonstrate how new sources and novel approachesto Ottoman historical works can better illuminate critical shifts in Ottoman perceptions abouttheir political culture and the wider world around them.

Cafer ifti (), Seher Boykoy, Nuran Bayram, Yusuf Ouzolu(. 29, 11.30, . 5)

1837-1923 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticiliive pekli Dokumaclk Sektrnn Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu

Panelin ana hedefi, 1837-1923 dneminde Bursadaki kozaclk ve ipekli dokumaclk sektrnntarihsel kaynaklardan elde edilecek veriler ile deiimini ortaya koymak ve analiz edebilmektedir.Bu dnemin balangc Bursada ilk ipek fabrikasnn kurulmas ile ortaya kar, fabrikalamasreci ile devam eder. lgili dnemde Avrupa finans kapitalinin yatrmlarile kentte kurulan oksayda fabrika, kozadan ipek ekimini gerekletirerek Avrupadaki dokuma fabrikalarna ipeikullanmak zere gnderir. Bu gelimeler yabanc sermayedarn uygun fiyatl ve kaliteli ipeiAvrupa dokuma piyasasna temin etmek gibi d taleplere baldr. D talebin etkisiyle ortayakan bu durum, Bursa gibi ipekiliin merkezi olan Osmanlehrindeki toplumsal hayata sosyalve ekonomik adan nemli deiiklikler getirecektir. ehir halknn fabrikalarda ii olarakalmalar (zellikle kadnlarn), alanlarn Avrupal sermayedar ve rnek yabanc iilerle


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tanmalar, idisiplinlerini almalarve ikonusundaki yaantlarngrmeleri, sosyal deiimeetki eden bazrneklerdir.

lgili periyotta yaanan nemli bir gelime de kozaclk faaliyetini derinden etkileyenPebrine (Karataban) adl ipekbcei hastaldr. 1860larda Osmanl sahasna da giren buhastalk, 20 yla yakn bir zaman iin Bursada koza reticilerine ve onlara balretim yapanfabrika sahiplerine ciddi skntlar yaatmtr. Ancak Osmanl Devletinin 1875 ylnda

moratoryum ilan etmesi sonrasnda kurulan Dyn-Ummiyye dresi ile, ipekilik sektr iindeiimin yeni bir safhasbalamtr. 1881 sonrasnda Dyn-Ummiyye dresinin ipek rgelirlerini toplama hakkn zerine almas ve bu gelirleri maksimum dzeye karma arzusu,Bursada durma noktasna gelen koza reticilii iin yeni bir sayfa amtr. Osmanlhkmetinin ve Dyn-Ummiyye dresinin ortak abas ile Bursada koza yetitiriciliininfenn usllerle yaplmas iin eitim verecek olan okullar alarak, koza reticilii bilimseleitimle yaplr hale gelmitir.

1908-1923 yllar II. Merutiyetin ilan, Balkan Savalar, I. Dnya Sava, OsmanlDevletinin sonu ve Trkiye Cumhuriyetinin kuruluunu iine almaktadr. 1908 ylna kadarBursada sadece ipek eken ve iplik reten fabrikalar varken, imdi ipekli dokuma sreci defabrikalama srecine girilmitir. Ancak nce Balkan Savalarve ardndan I. Dnya Savagibi

sosyal hayat ve ekonomiyi olumsuz ynde etkileyen yllara girilmesi, tm retim ve ticarifaaliyet alanlarnda grld gibi ipekilik sektrn de olumsuz ynde etkilemitir. 1908-1913yllarnda Bursada be ipekli dokuma fabrikas almtr. Ancak Balkan Harpleri ve I. DnyaSavasebebiyle Bursada ipekilik sektr yeni bir durma sreci yaamtr. I. Dnya Savannkmasve OsmanlDevletinin bu savata Fransann iinde yer ald tilaf blouna karolansafta yer almas, Lyona ipek iplii ve koza ihracnn durmasna neden olarak, Osmanl ipekretimi ve ticaretini byk lde geriletmitir. 1923 ylndan itibaren sektr yenidencanlandrlmve ipek ihra edilmeye balanmtr.

Gkhan Yavuz Demir (), Nurcan Abac, Zeynep Drtok Abac, Erturul Uzun(. 29, 14.30, . 9)

Hikayelerimiz ve Adaletin Mmknl:Osmanlmparatorluundan Trkiye Cumhuriyetine

Adalet HikayeleriDisiplinlerarasbir yaklamla literatrdeki edebiyat ve hukuk ilikisini teorik bir erevede elealmay hedefleyen bu panelin temel tezi edebiyatn hukuka bir zeyl olmad, aksine hukukun

bizatihi bir edeb tr olduudur. Hukuk edeb bir tr olduunu unutup bilim olma sevdasnadtnde adaletin nndeki asl engel halini mi almaktadr sorusunun izi, Osmanl hukuksistemi ve modern Trkiye Cumhuriyeti hukuk sistemindeki yarg srelerindeki adaletaraylarngerek davalar zerinden anlatan bildirilerce srlecektir.

zellikle Batlaratrmaclarn genelde slam zelde de Osmanl hukukunun ifahi/szedayal doas nedeniyle Dou toplumlarnn pozitif ve modern hukuka geite baarszolduunu ngren bir bak as mevcuttur. Hukukun kendisinin edebi bir tr olduunu nesren bu yaklam, hukuk sistemlerinin farkllamasna yol atdnlen, hukukun kaynannilahi kurallar ve gelenekle, rasyonel akl ya da toplumun ihtiyalarna dayand argmannkendisini yeniden tartmaya aar. Bu yaklamla nerdiimiz panelde adaletin tesis edilmesrecinde iki hukuk sisteminin birbirinden farklolmaktan ok birbirinin devamolduu gzlernne serilmeye allacaktr.

Hukuk durumlar her zaman ok boyutlu atan hikyelere gre anlalabilir. Bu yzden,hikyenin olmadyerde adalet mmkn deildir. Modern hukukta, davalnn bir hikyesi vardr.

Dava srecinde anlat

lan hikyelerin yorumlar

ndan, okunmas

ndan, ve yeniden yaz

lmas

ndanina edilen yeni bir hikye vardr artk. Yoksa yargca her duruma uygun doru ve adil bir karar


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fsldayan yasa metni yoktur. Yarg, dava boyunca dinlediklerinden yorumlayarak yenidenyazdhikyenin nda yasa metninde kararnarar ve bulur.

Hukuk olarak hukukun karsnda edeb bir tr olarak hukuku savunmak; hukukhikyeleri edeb hikyelerle eitlemektir. Bu eitlemenin kabulyle, Osmanl ve TrkiyeCumhuriyeti mahkemelerinden dava hikayelerinin benzerlii ve yarglama srecindekadnn/yargcn ina edilen tahkiyeler zerinden adaleti tesis etme abalarna rnekler

sunulacaktr.lkin Nurcan Abac Osmanl hukukunun kaynaklarndan bahsettikten sonra, haklatrmakurumu olarak Osmanl mahkemesinin ileyii zerinde duracak ve yemin etme ile yemindenkanma rnekleri sunacaktr. kincileyin Zeynep Drtok AbacBursa kadsicillerinden seilendava rneklerinde, davac-davalve ahitlerin ifadelerinin, hikaye etme ve hikayeyi desteklemeabalarnn, davann karara balanmasndaki belirleyici roln Sosyal A Analizi ynteminikullanarak anlamaya alacaktr. Daha sonra Erturul Uzun, Trkiye Cumhuriyetimahkemelerinde karar almada cinsellik ve ahlak ilikisi erevesinde, hakimin deer yarglarnnyerini, Osmanl mahkemelerindeki uygulamalarla benzerlii asndan deerlendirecektir. Sonolarak panelin dzenleyicisi Gkhan Yavuz Demir, hukuk ile adalet ayrmndan bahsedecektir.Dier panelistlerin sunduu dava hikayelerinin hukukun ededi bir tr olduu iddiasasndan

ne ifade ettiini gsterir genel teorik bir deerlendirme yapacaktr.Panelimiz adalet arayna dair hikyelerin dnden bugne geit resmini izlemeyi

amalamaktadr.

Muammer Demirel (), Fatih Demirel, Hatip Yldz, Mehmet Salih Erkek(28, 11.30, . 9)

Osmanlda Eitim ModernlemesiOsmanl mparatorluunda, 18. yzylda ncelikle askeri alanda reformlar balatlm, budorultuda, orduya eitimli subaylar kazandrmak amacyla, 1775 ylnda Mhendishane-i Bahr-

i Hmayun ve 1795 ylnda Mhendishane-i Berr-i Hmayun kurulmutur. Bylece OsmanlDevletindeki ilk eitim modernlemesi giriimi askeri alanda olmutur. Sultan II. Mahmuddneminde kurulan Mekteb-i Harbiye, Mekteb-i Tbbiye ve Mzka-i Hmayun modern askerieitim kurumlardr. Sultan II. Mahmud saltanatnn son dnemlerinde, bir taraftan maarif merkeztekilatnn kuruluadmlarnatarken dier taraftan sivil alandaki ilk modern eitim kurumlarolan Rdiye mektepleri, Mekteb-i Maarif-i Adliye ve Mekteb-i Ulum- Edebiyye-i Adliyeyiisimleri ile tesis edilmitir. Tanzimat dneminin ilk yllarnda sivil eitim kurumlarilk, orta veyksek olmak zere kademe olarak tasarlanm; ilkretimi sbyan mekteplerinin, ortaretimirdiyelerin, yksek retimi ise almasplanlanan darlfnunun oluturmaskararlatrlmtr(1846). Rdiyelerin almaya balamasyla birlikte bu okullara retmen yetitirmek iin 1848ylnda Darlmuallimin-i Rdi adyla ilk retmen yetitiren kurum almtr. 1859 ylnda

Maarif Nezareti kurulduu gibi, dnem ierisinde Mekteb-i Mlkiye, Mahrec-i Aklam, Mekteb-iSultani gibi baka eitim kurumlarda almtr.

Osmanl eitim modernlemesinde dnm noktalarndan birisi 1869 tarihli Maarif-iUmumiye Nizamnamesidir. Bu nizamname ile retim kurumlariin bir hiyerari oluturulduugibi hangi okullarn nerelerde alacada belirlenmitir. Ancak nizamname hkmlerinin tamanlamyla uygulanmas Sultan II. Abdlhamid tarafndan salanmtr. Yeni usulde retimyapan sbyan mektepleri lke geneline yaylm, bu okullarda derslere girecek retmenleryetitirmede yetersiz kalnnca da darlmuallimin-i sbyanlar vilayetlerde de almaya

balanmtr. Modern eitim kurumlaryla birlikte retim yntemleri ve uygulamalarndakigelimelere paralel olarak okullardaki dllendirme ve cezalandrma usullerinde de gelimelerolmutur. Elbette ki gelimelere paralel olarak, rencilerden, retmenlerden, okulalanlarndan, velilerden vb. kaynaklanan adli problemlerde ortaya kmtr.

Bu panel erevesinde, merkez tekilat (maarif nazrlar), vilayetlerde retmenyetitirme, modern eitim kurumlarnda ilenen sular ile dllendirme sistemi konular ele


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alnmak suretiyle Osmanl eitim modernizasyonu sreci eitli ynleriyle aklanmayaallacaktr.

Hikari Egawa (), Michinori Hatayama, Yoshio Kajitani, Shigeru Kakumoto, MariaKosugi, Halit Ramazan Kubilay, lhan ahin, Takahiro Tomita, Mahito Usui, Koji Yoshikawa

(. 27, 16.30, . 1)The Importance of Interdisciplinary Research

Connecting Historical, Anthropological, Information,and Engineering Sciences Based on the Case Studyof Spatial-Temporal GIS (DiMSIS-EX) Application

It is well known that on March 11, 2011, we had the Eastern Japan (Tohoku) Earthquake andTsunami disaster. This earthquake unfortunately demonstrated the importance to look back intohistorical events, because this disaster resembles another Tsunami disaster of about 1000 yearsago. In August and November 1999, Dzce in Turkey was struck by big earthquakes twice.Although after these experiences some meetings were held about the history of earthquakes

during the Ottoman and modern period in Turkey, there has been no interdisciplinary or long-term historical analysis relating to this subject. On the other hand, the local administration of thecity of Dzce was very quick at undertaking recovery from the earthquakes. Now, more than tenyears after the earthquakes, the city has been redeveloped and it is difficult to find any scars. Inthe context of the recovery and redevelopment of Dzce, DiMSIS-EX (Disaster ManagementSpatial Imformation System-Expansion) has been used for processing a lot of information.Originally, DiMSIS-EX was a spatial-temporal GIS, which was made practicable during theKobe earthquakes in 1995. Because of its special feature of spatial-temporal GIS, it has alreadystarted to be used for historical analysis. In countries with frequent earthquakes, such as Japan,Turkey or Greece, it is necessary for the safety of the cities to analyze from both a historical and acurrent urban planning point of view. The object of this panel is to make clear the effect of usingDiMSIS-EX for interdisciplinary research connecting historical, anthropological, information,and engineering sciences. We believe that this system will be used to analyze culture in thefuture. The 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake disaster is also mentioned by our panelists.

M. Akif Erdoru (), Ali Efdal zkul, Ersin Glsoy (28, 11.30, . 1)

Eastern Mediterranean Islands under Ottoman RuleIn this panel, three panelists who are experts in Ottoman history will present papers about theadministrative, commercial and population situations of eastern Mediterranean islands underOttoman rule, more specifically Cyprus and Crete. All three papers are mainly based on Ottoman

archival documents from Turkey and Cyprus. We believe that our papers will provide newinformation about these islands.

M. Metin Hlag (), Glbadi Alan, mer Kl, Gkhan Bolat(28, 9.30, . 1)

OsmanlDevletinin Srgn Politikasve Akdeniz AdalarTarih boyunca hrriyeti kstlaycbir ceza olarak kullanlan srgn, insanlarn farklsebeplerle

bulunduklar yerden alnarak baka bir yerde mebbet veya geici sre zorunlu ikamete tabitutulmalardr. Bazen iskn bazen cezalandrma amacyla hemen her devlet tarafndan tatbik

edilen srgn uygulamas, OsmanlDevletinde de etkin olarak kullanlmtr.Srgn, Osmanlhukuk sisteminde farklceza eklini tanmlamtr. Birincisi iskn ve

yerletirme karldr. Devlet, kendi egemenlii altnda yaayan topluluklardan bir ksmn


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gnlllk esasna gre belirli program ve kurallar erevesinde deiik sebeplerle yerleikolduklarblgelerden alp ngrd baka blgelere yerletirmitir.

Ancak zamanla devlet, srgn yerlerine insanlarn kolayca gitmelerini salamaktazorlanmaya balam, neticede ahaliden allmdzenlerini bozarak gnll srgn gidenlerinsaylarnda nemli azalmalar olmutur. Bylece ilk devirlerde grlen iskna ynelik kitleselsrgn cezas yerini, 1699dan itibaren airetlerin zor kullanlarak lke iinde iskn edilmesi

ekline dnmtr. Bylece srgn, ilk dnemlerdeki gnlllk esasna dayanan iskan veyerletirme anlamnkaybetmive airetlere uygulanan bir cezalandrma ekli olmutur.Yine devletin iskn ve yerletirme politikas erevesinde, srgn gndermek

mecburiyetinde kalan yerleim yerleri, isiz veya topluma zararl kimseleri semeyi tercihetmilerdir. Bylece srgn kelimesi, ikinci bir anlama daha brnmve birey olarak sulularncezalandrlmas eklini almtr. Neticede srgn, Osmanl hukuk sisteminde ky ve ehirhalknn aralarnda yaamasnistemedikleri sabkallar, hrszlar, fahieleri ve yaramaz kiileri,iinde yaadklartoplumdan uzaklatrmak iin uygulanan bir ceza olmutur.

nc anlamyla srgn, politik sular iin kullanlmaya balanmve mekn deitirmeyoluyla idare merkezinden uzaklatrma eklini almtr.

zellikle 19. yzyldan itibaren, daha ok bakent stanbuldan ynetime muhalif olan

etkili ve yetkili grevlilerin zararlolduklargerekesiyle gnderilmesi ekliyle uygulanm vemuhalifleri sindirme politikasolarak bavurulan bir devlet politikashaline gelmitir.

Geni topraklara sahip Osmanlda, cezalandrma amal srgnlerde sulular, kendiyerleim yerlerinden uzaklara gnderilmilerdir. Firar etmesinden korkulan, halkn gvenliinitehdit eden, halkla iletiim kurmasndan endie edilen kimseler, kamas zor olan yerleregnderilmilerdir. dare merkezinden uzak, yaam artlarbirbirine benzer ve etrafsularla evriliolmasndan dolaydoal olarak srgn edilen kiilerin kamasnn engellendii Akdeniz adalarRodos, Girit, Kbrs, Sakz, Midilli srgn cezalar iin tercih edilen yerler olmulardr.Ancak adalar, ilenen sularn trleri ve suu ileyenlerin zellikleri asndan, cezannuygulamasnda bazfarkllklara tabi olmulardr.

almamzda OsmanlDevletinin bir ceza ekli olarak uygulamolduu ve sulularnAkdeniz adalarna gnderdii srgn, Babakanlk OsmanlArivi belgeleri nda ele alnacakve almada u sorularn cevaplararanacaktr:

Osmanlda uygulanan ceza srgnlerinin sebepleri nelerdir? Ceza srgnlerinin gnderildikleri yerler hangi kstaslar dikkate alnarak belirlenmektedir

ve srgn yerlerinin zellikleri nelerdir? Bu erevede Akdeniz adalarnn srgn yeri olarak nemi nedir?

Gbor Krmn (), Robert Born, Ovidiu Cristea, Radu G. Pun (. 29, 9.30, . 5)

The Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire

between Loyalty and the Crusading IdealThe tributary states of the Ottoman Empire never really enjoyed the status of a specific unit ofresearch: their histories were either discussed in a very general manner or in the frameworks ofthe national historiographies of individual tributary states, without references to the other politicalentities which have been in similar conditions. As a part of developing a research initiative oflarger scope, this panel seeks to address key concepts in the history of tributary states: the co-operation and conflict with the Ottoman overlord, the assistance received from and resistanceoffered to the Ottoman Empire. The four participants of the panel shall address in pairs thehistory of Transylvania and Moldavia/Wallachia, and that of co-operation and conflictrespectively, thereby creating an ample forum for comparisons.


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Tijana Krstic (), Derin Terziolu, Nir Shafir (. 29, 16.30, . 1)

Contextualizing the Kadzadelis:Politics of Religion and Networks of Piety

in the 17th-Century Ottoman EmpireContrary to the established literature that treats the Kadzadeli movement as a phenomenon

stemming exclusively from developments in the 17th

-century Ottoman Empire, recent researchhas begun to uncover and highlight its relationship to the turn towards piety and Sunnitizingtrends reaching back to the mid 16th century, arguing that the Kadzadelis constitute only achapter in a longer history of the Ottoman experience of confessionalization. By situating theKadzadelis in a longue dure of religious trends in the early modern Ottoman Empire, recentstudies have pointed to a more complex both socially and politically arena of Ottomanreligious politics in which the fiery mosque preachers who became the trademark of theKadzadeli movement constituted only one set of players. The initiative for religious reform bygraduates of provinical medreses and the mosque preachers in Istanbul who led them, waschallenged both from above by the sultans and various imperial elites, and laterally, by variousreligious scholars and intellectuals, resulting in a multifocal and multidirectional debate on the

nature of Sunni orthodoxy and orthopraxy. This debate spanned not only Muslim communitiesfrom Bosnia to Mecca but also had its cross-communal dimensions that allow one to analyzereligious politics in early modern Europe and early modern Ottoman (and Safavid) Empire withinthe same analytical framework.

This panel looks into the social networks that shared religio-political values, either alongthe lines of what came to be identified as the Kadzadeli agenda or against it. In this way the

papers highlight the complex nature of the debate on religious orthodoxy and the contributions ofmyriad actors from the Chief Harem Eunuch to various sultans, eyhlislams and kads tomosque preachers stemming from Rumeli and eminent religious scholars and mystics from

beyond the Lands of Rum to its articulation. By analyzing different social and classbackgrounds of the participants in the debate, the panel proposes both to expand the discussion on

religious politics in the 17th-century Ottoman Empire beyond the Kadzadelis and to nuance theunderstanding of this still largely elusive group whose ideological (and other) homogeneity, aswell as the nature of its relationship with the rest of society, is more often assumed thandemonstrated.

Paolo Maggiolini (), Francesco Mazzucotelli (. 29, 16.30, . 9)

Re-Thinking Center and Periphery in the Ottoman Polity:Catholic Dignitaries and the Ottoman Public Administration

in the Second Half of the 19thCenturyCatholic subjects in the Ottoman Empire are usually understood through the institutional prism ofthe millet system, the politicization of communal identities during the Tanzimat era (Makdisi2000), or their uneasy standing vis--vis the policy of interventionism of all the major European

powers of that time (Farah 2000).Less known is the standing of Catholic dignitaries who, in the 19 th century, attained

significant roles or prerogatives in the Ottoman system, either as a result of their rank astraditional landlords in peripheral regions, or because of their ascendance to the upper echelons ofthe imperial public administration. Rather than marginal oddities, the cases that we consider inthis panel call for a significant reconsideration of the complexity of the Ottoman social and

political fabric: these stories of social mobility and the power relations that they describe actually

account for dynamics of state versus society and center versus periphery that are moremultifaceted than it is often assumed.


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From this vantage point, the papers in this panel analyze local political systems andbalances of power, and assess them within the framework of the Tanzimat, their actualimplementation in peripheral regions, and the notions of citizenship that they tried to mold(Inalcik 1993; Zubaida 2005).

Competing narratives and discourses of modernity and identity, as well as theadvancement of notions of homogeneous national states along ethnic or ethno-sectarian lines

(Roudometof 1999) are also investigated.

Hseyin Mumal (), Salih K, Yunus nce, Ahmet Dnmez (. 29, 11.30, . 9)

Statesmen and the Public in the Ottoman Empireduring the Modernization Process:

Four PortraitsOur panel will present four different portraits by four different researchers. Three researchers ofthe group of statesmen will examine those together with various examples of soldiers, officialsand diplomats of the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, a researcher of the common people will

examine three different identities of the reayaclass. The first of these three portraits in the classof the statesmen will show M. Reshid Pasha as an example of an Ottoman diplomat. M. ReshidPasha, during his time as ambassador in Europe, had the opportunity to see the Ottoman Empireand its problems from the point of view of an external observer. This caused a differentiation

between Mahmud II and Reshid Pasha on the issue of reform understanding. The second exampleof an administrator is R. Mehmed Pasha from the military class. The process of changes in theOttoman army was influenced by R. Mehmed Pasha who commanded the armies of the old andnew style, and his work was reflected in the results of the process of changes which took place inthe Ottoman army. The third example, Ayan Sleyman Bey of Konya, is from the managerialadministrative class. For many years Sleyman Bey served the modernization process, and thestate received a variety of services from him during that period. However, after the end of the

reign of Mahmud II and his centralizing policies everything changed, and his managerial actionswere questioned by theMeclis-i Vl. Lastly, the fourth researcher, giving various examples, willdisplay how the public perceived the process of modernization.

Zeynep Ouz (), , nver Rstem, Satoshi Kawamoto(. 29, 11.30, . 1)

Transcending Typologies:The Orchestration of Public and Private Spaces

in Multifunctional Ottoman BuildingsOttoman architecture has traditionally been studied within a typological framework that seeks to

place the extant buildings squarely into distinct groups, often with over-neat or simplistic results.Despite recent efforts to broaden, redefine, or juxtapose separate typological categories, worksthat explore the ways in which multiple functions could be combined in a single building remainrare. This panel will bring together papers that discuss buildings from different periods andgeographies of the Ottoman Empire which share a similar orchestration of public and privatespaces through the multiplicity of functions they perform. As well as creating a broad forum forthe analysis of multifunctional buildings that defy the conventional typological categorizations,the panel will also explore the more specific ways in which the activities of different patrons andthe demands of varying locales and periods affected the development of the buildings in question.

Dimitris Loupis discusses the administrative functions which were combined with thoseof the provision of food and dwelling in the imarets erected in the newly conquered cities ofKomotini in 1370s and Genitsa in the early 15 th century. Patronized by Gazi Evrenos, these


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buildings appear to have served as centers around which new settlements grew. Focusing on thesame period, Zeynep Ouz discusses the development of the so-called royal box in the royal

zaviyecomplexes commissioned by Murad I (r. 1362-1389), and Bayezid I (r. 1389-1402) in theearly Ottoman capital of Bursa. In his paper, Satoshi Kawamoto argues that the provenance of thecolonnaded courtyard of the mid 15th-century erefeli Mosque in Edirne should be sought in

palatial architecture of the same century. Finally, nver Rstem discusses the apparent

reemergence of the royal box in the mosques of 17th

and 18th

-century Istanbul, and considers thecombination of palatial and religious functions in these mosques as the result of new modes ofkingship and architectural expression that prevailed in the final centuries of the Ottoman Empire.

With its broad chronological span and four related but distinct topics, this panel willconstitute an ambitious and thought-provoking addition to a growing body of revisionistscholarship that seeks to examine Ottoman architecture in its proper, and frequently overlapping,contexts.

Blent zdemir (), Yksel Nizamolu, Deniz Gner, Eftal Irkatal(28, 9.30, . 9)

The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire:Aspects of World War I

The bullet fired at Sarajevo set in a blaze the jealousies and economic feuds that had beensmouldering for centuries, and caused a general war such as had never been known in the historyof mankind. Millions of men of every race and creed hurled themselves at one another for overfour years, and destroyed the cultivation and labor of centuries, shedding oceans of blood.

There is absolutely no doubt that the First World War was mainly a war betweenEuropean states. On general principle, it was far more important for the Ottoman Empire tomaintain its state of peace and tranquility than to seek excuses to enter the war. On the otherhand, once the world war had begun, it was difficult and even perilous for the Ottoman Empire to

remain inactive and unprepared. In view of this necessity Ottoman government orderedmobilization on the 2ndAugust, 1914, in order to assume an attitude of Armed Neutrality.

In the first months of the war, the clashes on the Franco-German borders turned into atrench war and remained in this state for the following four years. At this time Germany wasmaking strenuous efforts to bring the Ottoman Empire into the war on Germanys side. From theend of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire had come under the military and commercialinfluence of Germany. The Ottoman Empire, although not militarily or financially powerful,would, by entering the war on the side of Germany, spread the war over a much widergeographical area and would ease the pressure on Germany in Europe.

World War I for the Ottoman Empire was formally ended by the Treaty of Svres (August10, 1920). This was the peace treaty between the Entente (Allies) and Associated Powers and theOttoman Empire. As at Versailles, the Allies dictated the terms, dismembering the Empire.Several new states were to be created under the terms of the Svres Treaty.

There is no doubt that the legacy and effects of World War I on the Middle East, Balkansand Caucuses are still valid. Recent events, such as the so-called Arab Spring in the MiddleEast, put World War I under discussion. In some circles the idea of a new Ottomanism is beinguttered. At this junction of time it is important to reconsider some aspects of World War I and theend of the Ottoman Empire.


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Nilay zok-Gndoan (), David Gutman, Seda Altu(. 1, 11.30, . 5)

On the Frontiers of Ottoman Studies:Exploring the Limits of the State

in the Post-Tanzimat Ottoman EmpireThis panels goal is to contribute to recent scholarship that consciously questions the categories

employed in the study of the post-Tanzimat Ottoman Empire. Whether portrayed as hegemonic ordialectic, the assumption of a dichotomous relationship between state and society remains at theheart of Ottoman political and social history. Perhaps, nowhere is the dichotomous portrayal of anOttoman state-society relationship more prevalent than in the telling of the history of Istanbuls

policies in the so-called peripheries. This state-society divide, overlaid on the imagined (yetvirulent) center-periphery divide, remains chronically embedded in the fabric of late 19 th andearly 20th-century history writing. Part of the reason for its intransience is what the historianFrederic Cooper (2011) criticized as the linearity of imperial history when told as a uniformmarch towards the centralized nation-state.

Through three case studies, from three different parts of the post-Tanzimat OttomanEmpire, these papers undertake a study in the complexity of the relationship between the

multitude of state actors, representatives, intermediaries and the heterogeneous Ottomanpopulation. Nilay zok-Gndoan examines how land relations in the province of Kurdistan inthe Tanzimat-era Ottoman Empire were constantly redefined, challenged, and negotiated among amultiple of actors. These actors included the central and provincial governors, various segmentsof notables, and sharecropping producers. Taking the case study of the village of Palu, she adoptsa bottom-up approach to the study of Ottoman state-making from the frontiers of the state controlto the imperial center of administration. Seda Altuhighlights the construction and redefinition ofethno-religious identities and affiliations in the post-Tanzimat empire by focusing on the Beshiridistrict in Diyarbekir, inhabited by Kurds and various eastern Christian communities. Morespecifically, her paper deals with how existing ethno-religious differences resonated with theurban vs. rural, and tribal vs. settled divisions within the local community, and explores the

impact of Ottoman policies of centralization on ethno-religious affiliations. David Gutman,through the prism of migration and migration control of Ottoman Armenians, highlights thedialectical process that shaped state making and social control in the periphery in the finaldecades of the Ottoman Empire and the forces from below that helped to mold and delimit these

processes.

Minna Rozen (), Eyal Ginio, , Shai Srougo(. 29, 9.30, . 1)

The Lower Classes of Ottoman Salonica (Thessaloniki)

during the 18th

-19th

CenturiesThe aim of the proposed panel is to offer a comparative view of the accelerated increase of thelower classes among the Muslims, Christians and Jews of Salonica in the course of the 18ththrough the 19th century, their negotiations with the ruling classes of their respectivecommunities, and the repercussions of their religious difference on their status inside theircommunities and outside, vis--vis the Ottoman ruler.

Eyal Ginio offers a view based on the Ottoman sicils of the shaping of networks ofmigration used by Christian and Muslim villagers who came to Salonica during the 18 thcentury,and discusses their significance vis--vis local authorities, as well as the local urban populations.Evanghelos Hekimoglou uses Ottoman tax registers and Greek communal archives to stressmigration into Salonica as one of the parameters which played a role in the increase of thenumber of Christian pauper and poor families in Salonica. He traces the process of acceleratedconcentration of capital in the hands of a small number of families, and points out that the refusalof this elite group to take upon itself the financial burden of opening modern schools for the


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children of the entire community led to an internal strife which lasted from the 1880s through thelast moments of the Ottoman period. Minna Rozens paper complements that of Hekimoglou.Based upon Hebrew Rabbinical literature, Ladino and French newspapers, as well as Europeanarchives, she portrays a community, whose founders were poor and destitute (1492), but managedto prosper under the Ottoman government. In the course of the 17ththrough the 18th century anaccelerated process of concentration of capital in the hands of a few families took place. Because

of the dependence of the community on the Ottoman ruler, whose associates these leadingfamilies were, the Jewish lower classes found it difficult to express their discontent in politicalterms and negotiate their cut of the communal cake. They transformed their stringency intochanges in their social and religious behaviors. Shai Srougos paper, based upon Britishdiplomatic reports, travelogues, post-WWII memorial literature in Hebrew, and Greek press,seals the panel. Although at face value it deals with a very specialized group, the Jewishstevedores in the port of Salonica, in fact, it unifies elements from the other three papers; thecontinued migration from the war-stricken Balkans to Salonica as a potential source of manpowerfor the port, who competed with the Jewish dockers, and the religious difference as a factor whichworked in favor of the Jewish dockers and against the newcomers.

Henning Sievert (), Johann Bssow, Astrid Meier (. 27, 14.30, . 1)

Peripheries Utilising the Centre:Imperial and Local Politics

in Arab Provinces of the Ottoman EmpireThe panel aims at re-evaluating the centre-periphery paradigm and its often inherent top-downapproach to local politics and administration by reversing the perspective and investigatingwhether the centre could be used as a resource by local forces. Taking this perspective enables usto integrate local politics into the imperial framework without privileging either side.

Overarching administrative structures were utilised by resourceful local individuals and

personal networks across various localities to influence decision-making or to tip the balance in apower struggle that would otherwise have been confined to the local level. Imperial bureaucratsand officers, for their part, became involved locally, sometimes in conflict with their officialobligations, while on other occasions, local knowledge might as well have been appreciated onthe imperial level. Instead of presupposing either the prevalence or ineffectiveness of a coherentstate apparatus pitted against either faithful or increasingly alienated notables, the contributionsassembled in this panel will address the interdependence of imperial as well as local structuresand actors within translocal political dynamics. These dynamics, and the utilising of imperialstructures, took various forms in different places and were also changing over time. Therefore,the three papers investigate cases from various peripheries (Northern and Southern Syria, theArab Peninsula and Libya) from the 17th/18thas well as from the 19th/20thcenturies. Comparingthese different contexts will hopefully shed new light onto the development from early modernto modern political relations within the empire.

Amy Singer (), Suna aaptay, Heath Lowry (28, 14.30, . 9)

From Byzantine Adrianople to Ottoman EdirneEdirne has attracted only sporadic interest as a topic in Ottoman history. Most of the existingresearch on the city is clustered around the Ottoman conquest of the city in the second half of the14thcentury, the building of the Selimiye, and the losses and reconquests of the city in the 19 thand early 20thcenturies. The narrative of the citys early Ottoman occupation and development isincomplete and uncertain, reflecting the general status of Ottoman historical writings and therelative lack of sources on the empire: truly problematic in the 14th century and becomingincreasingly more promising in the 15th. Even given the limitations, there are still sources,


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including remnants of buildings and narrative and documentary sources, that allow us to exploreand understand more fully the nature of Adrianople at the time it was conquered and how it

became Edirne.This panel proposes to examine this transitional process, beginning with a study of late

Byzantine Edirne, and including three papers each taking up an aspect of the citys earlyOttomanization. The papers rely heavily on the physical evidence of buildings, and also draw on

non-Ottoman and non-Byzantine accounts to help supplement the lacunae in these sources. Whilebuildings are at the core of each paper, the individual approaches of each scholar differ, as theirprincipal approaches include archaeology, the history of art and architecture, and social andeconomic history.

As a collective endeavor, the panel is an early step in a larger project to attract attention tothe study of Edirne in an effort to mirror the importance of the city in Ottoman history. Edirne

played a unique role as a frequent imperial residence through the early 18thcentury, as one of thechief military bases for Ottoman expeditions into the Balkans, as a key bulwark in the defense ofthe imperial capital at Istanbul and simultaneously as a gateway eastward to the Ottoman capitaland to the Balkans. In its own space, Edirne was an important site of commerce, manufacturingand intellectual activity, and the home of large populations of Christians and Jews alongside the

majority Muslims.

Arno Strohmeyer Christine Vogel (), Peter Burschel, Harriet Rudolph(28, 14.30, . 1)

The Appeal of Signs:Symbolic Practices of Western Diplomats at the Sublime Porte

(16th 18thCenturies)Historical research on early modern diplomacy, for a long time done under the auspices ofhistorism and history of events, undergoes a dynamic change. The adoption of approaches of

cultural sciences and historical anthropology broadens the perspective and creates new fields ofresearch, e.g. interculturality of diplomacy, perceptions of the other and microhistorical networks.Therefore, typical sources of diplomatic history (correspondence, reports, instructions, etc.) areseen with different eyes, for instance as egodocuments. A crucial point of this new diplomatichistory is the historization of the meaning of politics and its consistent contextualization.Focusing on the symbolic dimension of political communication, early modern ceremonies andrituals are no longer dismissed as a typically baroque or a typically oriental fondness ofextravagance and pomposity. Instead, it is now widely acknowledged that the manifestation of

political ideas, concepts and systems in acts of performance was absolutely essential tocontemporaries. As a consequence, the symbolic dimension of diplomatic practice has becomeone of the main topics of current research on international relations in the early modern period. Inthe limelight are ritualized interactions, questions of ceremony, figurative languages and thetheatrality of political communication.

These new perspectives have mainly been applied to the early modern court society in(Western) Europe and to the relations between European powers, assuming that Europe was

partly formed by a common symbolic language and a common culture of ritual. It is only veryrecently that historians have started to broaden their scope and investigate the performance ofsymbolic communication in intercultural relations. As a classical area of early modern diplomatichistory, Ottoman-European relations lend themselves particularly well to this new approach.

On the basis of four historical case studies, the panel investigates the political meaning ofsymbolic interactions between Ottomans and Europeans and its material fundaments. In

accordance with the wide range of new diplomatic history, the topic is seen from differentperspectives. Common features are the analyses of similar phenomena (precedence, banquets,clothes, facial expressions, gestures, etc.) and their embedding in different systems of cultural


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reference. In the focus of attention are diplomats of France and the Habsburg Monarchy traditionally a friendly and a hostile power respectively, which offers interesting opportunities ofcomparison.

The panel consists of speakers from Germany and Austria, specialized in early modernEuropean history. Each of them is highly qualified in diplomatic history and has done research onthe relations of European powers with the Ottoman Empire in recent years. Therefore, the panel

tries to intensify the contacts between European history in general and Ottoman studies.

Mehmet Topal (), Meral Bayrak (Ferliba), Meryem Kaan Erdoan(. 1, 14.30, . 1)

Osmanldaresinde Bir Balkan ehri: RusukBugnk Bulgaristan snrlar iinde bulunan ve Tuna Nehrinin gney kysnda yer alanRusukun ne zaman kurulduu bilinmemekle beraber ilkalardan itibaren ehrin civarndayerleim yerleri olduu tespit edilmitir. Romallar dneminde (I-V. yzyllar) bu blgede birliman, hamam ve kale olduu, kalenin 12-14. yzyllar arasnda kinci Bulgar Devleti zamannda

da varl

n

devam ettirdii bilinmektedir. Rusenski Lom Nehrinin Tunaya dkld eskiaznda kayalk bir burun zerinde kurulan bu kale genibir krfezi koruma zelliine sahiptir.Osmanllarn Balkanlarda ilerlemeye balamasyla Bulgar topraklar yava yava

Osmanl hakimiyetine girmi ve 1388 ylnda andarl Ali Paa komutasndaki birlikler Tunakylarndaki kalelerin byk bir blmn ele geirmitir. Bu kaleler arasnda Rusuk Kalesi deyer almaktadr. Blgenin en nemli ehri bugnk Rusuktan 30 km. uzakta bulunan erven(ernovi) ehri olmakla beraber Osmanllarn blgeyi ele geirmesinden sonra burada yaayanlaryavayavaRusuk taraflarna yerlemeye balamtr. 15-16. yzyllarda Nibolu Sancanda(bazen Silistre Sancanda) yer alp zaman zaman ernovi Kazasna bal olarak grlenRusuk, 16. yzyln ikinci yarsnda artk pek ok adan gelime gstererek bir kaza merkezidurumuna gelmitir. Bu gelimeyi nfus alannda da grmek mmkndr. Nitekim 15-16.

yzyllarda Rusuk nfusu hem gayrimslimler hem de Mslmanlar lehine dzenli bir artgstermitir. Bu artmuhtemelen sistemli bir ekilde yrtlen iskan siyasetinin sonucudur.Kaynaklar, 16. yzyl ortalarnda Rusukta 6 Mslman mahallesine karlk 4

gayrimslim mahallesinin varlna iaret etmekte, nfusun Trkler lehine art gstermesineparalel olarak ehirde cami, mescit ve tekkeler ina edildiini ortaya koymaktadr. Ayndnemdeiskele ve pazar dikkate alndnda Rusukta ekonomik hayatn olduka canl olduu,Mslman tacirlerin yannda yabanclarn da ticaret yaptklargrlmektedir.

17. ve 18. yzyllarda da ticareti, gmr, tersanesi ve askeri adan bulunduu stratejikkonumu nedeniyle gelimeye devam eden ehirde oniki mahalle, alt han, dokuz byk cami,haffafhane, bedesten, saat kulesi, tersane, gmrk ve birok hamam olduu tespit edilmitir.zellikle Osmanllarn Avusturya-Macaristan ve Rusya ile yapt savalarda Rusuk, Tuna

Nehri kysnda bulunmasnedeniyle asker, gda ve mhimmat sevkiyatnda nemli bir s olarakkullanlmtr. 18. yzyln sonlarna doru nfusu yaklak 20.000e ulaan ehirde, yenisavunma sistemi ina edilmi, etrafsurlarla evrilmitir.

19. yzylda Rusuk, Osmanl Devletinde yaanan yenileme hareketlerinin uygulamamerkezlerinden biri olmutur. zellikle Mithat Paann ynetiminde 1864 ylnda kurulan TunaVilayetinin merkezi haline gelen ehirde, ilk vilayet matbaasile yerel gazete, slahhane, menafi-i umumiye sandklarve idare-i nehriye gibi pek ok yeniliin hayata geirildii yer olmutur.

Katlmclar aada belirtilen konularda yapacaklarsunumlarla Rusukun idari, kltrelve sosyo-ekonomik yaamna k tutmaya alacaklardr.


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Muhittin Tu(), Alaattin Akz, Doan Yrk, Mehmet Ylmaz(. 29, 9.30, . 9)

Ottoman Rural Life: The Sudiremi Subdistrict of KonyaThe subdistrict of Sudiremi was an important administrative unit in the Ottoman period becauseof Sille village, which is located in the subdistrict. Even today, it is very influential. Because ofits importance, the phases that this place went through in the historical process are veryimpressive. Sille, which is an important center of the subdistrict, 8 km away from Konya, is alsoone of the most important centers of early Christianity. The importance of Sille for Christianity

persisted in the Ottoman period. Here, Christians and Muslims lived together. As a natural result,theirs was a very tight relationship. How did they live together despite their different religious

backgrounds? What kind of relationship did they develop? How far do the social and economicdimensions of this relationship go? These problems and their solutions would be a good modelnot only for the society of that period, but also for modern society. In this panel, the panelists willcompare the population, settlement, economic and social relationships of the township ofSudiremi in the 16thand 19thcenturies and will try to examine these issues.

Nicolas Vatin (), Claudia Rmer, Michael Ursinus (. 1, 11.30, . 9)

Leshccetvolantes: diplomatique et valeur comme sourceLes registres (sicill) o taient nots les procs verbaux (ccet) des cadis ottomans se sontimposs dans les dernires dcennies comme des sources trs prcieuses pour lhistoire sociale delEmpire ottoman. Plus dun chercheur a galement t amen consulter des ccetvolantes,

procs verbaux sur papier libre remis sur sa demande lune des parties et portant signe de sonauthenticit la signature-formule et le sceau dun cadi ou nib. Pourtant, on sest peu interrogsur les particularits de ces ccetvolantes par opposition celles rassembles et archives dansles registres des tribunaux.

Une premire particularit est quelles sont conserves dans des fonds dfinis non plus parlmetteur, mais par le destinataire (famille, monastre, etc.). Elles constituent de ce fait desensembles trs cohrents par les questions traites et permettent notamment de suivre des cas oudes transactions dans la dure.

En second lieu, elles peuvent porter, outre la signature dun ou plusieurs cadi, desnotes ajoutes au cours du temps, soit par ladministration ottomane, soit par les intresss. Leurmise en page elle-mme peut se rvler symptomatique.

En consquence, les ccet volantes, principalement quand elles constituent desensembles un peu cohrents, se rvlent loccasion extrmement instructives sur le contexte desaffaires traites, au del de ce que la seule lettre du texte du procs verbal peut nous apprendre.

Elles fournissent galement des aperus indits sur les tches des cadis ottomans et la

faon dont ils sen acquittaient.Les communications prsentes dans cet atelier ne prtendent pas faire le tour dune vastequestion, mais en aborder chacune un lment, travers un cas particulier.

Tuba Vural (), Emine Koca, Fatma Ko, Beyhan Pamuk (28, 11.30, . 5)

OsmanlYenileme Dneminde Yaplan Klk Kyafete likinReformlar ve Klk Kyafet Deiimleri

Osmanllarda yenileme dnemi, son iki yz ylna damgasnvurmuen nemli sosyal, siyasal,dnsel, kltrel ve ekonomik dnm dnemi olarak bilinmektedir. Bir kltrn en nemli ve

kolayca grlebilir elerinden biri olan giyim, 18. yzyln balarndan itibaren Osmanldevletinde olumaya balayan kltrel deiim srecinde nemli bir e olarak gndemdekalmtr.


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Osmanllar gl olduklar dnemlerde kendilerini Batdan stn saymlardr. Ancak,gerileme dneminin balamasyla birlikte niin geri kalndsorusu ska sorulur olmutur. Soru,Batnn askeri stnl gsterilerek cevaplandrlmtr. Bu dnemde askeri yenilikler yaplmve te yandan, Bat uygarlnn kiinin refahna ynelik deerleri Osmanl idare snfnaszmtr. I. Mahmut (1730- 1754) ve III. Selim (1789-1807) dnemlerinde kyafet reformlaryaplm, II. Mahmut dneminde 1829da kyafet reformu sivil memurlarda iine almtr. Sark,

cbbe ve ayakkabnn yerini; redingotlar, pelerinler, pantolonlar ve siyah derili potinler almtr.Buna bizzat Sultanlar nc olmu, saraydan paalara ve dier tabakalara yaylmtr. Budnemde, giyim, ev eyas, parann kullanl, evlerin stili, insanlar aras ilikiler Avrupaiolmutur. Batl tarzdaki yaplanmay oluturmak iin uygulanan reform hareketleri ile18.yy.dan itibaren ynn Batya evirmiolan Osmanlmparatorluu, giyim kuam alanndada reformlar yapm, ancak bu alandaki modernleme abalartam olarak amacna ulaamamtr.Bu, tam anlamyla Trkiye Cumhuriyetinin kurulmasve Mustafa Kemal Atatrkn devrimleriile baarya ulamtr.

Panelde sunulacak olan drt alma ile; 17. yy. da balayan 18.ve 19. yy.da radikalekilde devam eden yenileme sreci ierisinde, Osmanl toplumundaki modernleme abalariinde, erkek giysilerine getirilen reform hareketlerinin daha sonra kadn giysilerine ne ekilde

yansd ve giysilerdeki batllama ynndeki deiimlerin farkl bak alar ile ortayakonulmasamalanmtr. Yz yllarca, birbiri ile benzer zellikler gsteren erkek ve kadn giyimkuamnda olduka nemli farkllklarn olumas sz konusu reformlar ile birlikte gndemegelmitir. Batmedeniyetinden neler alnd, bunlarn ne ekilde kullanldaklanarak, Douve Bat medeniyeti arasndaki deiimin, tr, biim, form, terzilik, kullanm ekli ve estetikzelliklerini inceleyerek deerlendirmek ve kltr tarihine katkda bulunulmaya allacaktr.

Bu balamda OsmanlYenileme Dneminde Klk Kyafete ilikin Reformlar ekildemi Yoksa zde mi Deiim Getirmitirbalkl almada; sz konusu reformlar kullanarakdeimeye alan bir toplumun, klk kyafet konusundaki yenilemede kltrnden ne kadar dnverebildii ve d grnmn ne kadar deitirebildii rneklerle anlatlmaya allacaktr.Osmanlda Yaplan Klk Kyafete liskin Reformlarn Kadn Giysilerinin Biimsel zelliklerineEtkileri ve Osmanlda Yaplan Klk Kyafete liskin Reformlarn Erkek Giysilerinin Biimselzelliklerine Etkileri balklikinci ve nc almada, sz konusu reformlarn kadn ve erkekgiysilerindeki etkileri tartlarak tr, biim, form, kullanm zellikleri ve estetik deerlerasndan deiikliklerin neler olduu zerinde durulacaktr. Osmanl Yenileme DnemindeKlk Kiyafete likin Reformlarn Malzeme Aksesuar Ve Sslenme zelliklerine Etkileri,ninakland drdnc almada, Bat medeniyetinin getirdii yeniliklerin giysi kumalarna,sslemelerine, aksesuarlarna ve balklara nasl yansd zerinde durularak dou ve batmedeniyeti arasndaki klk kyafet konusundaki etkileim alnanlar ve vazgeilenler asndandeerlendirilecektir.

Filiz Yeniehirliolu (), Suat Alp, Nurdan Srbahan Kkhaskyl, Selda Alp(. 1, 9.30, . 9)

Artistic Encounters in Ottoman Art and Architecture:Zones of Acculturation

The impact of art and architecture as a means of visual culture and as end products ofacculturation within everyday life of the Ottomans has not been given much attention. The wordinfluence is generally considered to be sufficient when it comes to explain the various inputs inthe creation of art works or monuments. Influences coming from different cultures by the

presence of artists, by transfer of images and techniques, by different tastes and desires of art

patrons lead in general to the main description of these encounters. Yet there are also differentzones of cultural and artistic contacts not only between the Ottomans and the non-Ottomans butalso within the peoples of the Empire who might or might not have contacts with the non-Ottomans.


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These cultural and artistic zones of contact have their own network of associations. Theycan be formed within their own spheres of center and periphery relations and those can bedifferent from the political and administrative ones. Thus cultures are initially plural and havetheir own traditions but they are also open and porous when it comes to everyday life within a

plural society defined by regulations in an imperial state such as the Ottomans. Not onlyperception but reception is the key word in this acculturation which leads to double or triple

visual readings of art works or architectural monuments. Simultaneous translation of images isthere for the polyglot visual reader.Thus the four papers in this panel will try to demonstrate four different ways of this

acculturation in art and architecture in the Ottoman Empire. The first paper will discuss howcharacteristic features of 14th to 16th-century Mediterranean architectural features wereappropriated in Ottoman architecture, the second paper will discuss the contact zones in theBalkans, the third will show how the Ottoman painters themselves were in fact influential in thedissemination of Ottoman typed figures in European travel books, and the last paper willdemonstrate how in certain cases the presence of foreign artists and their works do not form away of acculturation with a given society at a given period.


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/...

[email protected]. 29, 14.30, . 1

A Mosque and Its Town Quarteror a Town Quarter and Its Mosque?

The Elhac Ali Paa Mosque and Quarter in Ottoman KandiyeKandiye (mod. Heraklion) was conquered by the Ottomans in 1669, following a long siege ofmore than twenty years. In 1700 the governor of the town, Elhac Ali Pa a, founded a mosque.This mosque, where the pasha was also buried, gave its name to the urban quarter around it.

The case of the Elhac Ali Paa mosque and quarter raises a number of factual andmethodological issues which apply to other similar urban cases as well. These may be dividedinto two sets of questions. The first has to do with the conditions of establishment of the mosque:the western part of the town of Kandiye had been hit hard by the war, and it is not known to whatextent it had recovered from the siege by 1700. Even though the foundation deed of the mosquesurvives in a 19th-century copy, it is unclear if the pasha sought to revive a damaged part of thetown near the economically important western gate of the walls, or if the revival of the quarter

preceded the decision to provide it with a mosque.The second set of questions pertains to the relationship between the mosque and the urban

quarter, and is connected to the first set: first of all, did Ali Paa mean the mosque to be themosque of the quarter or a monument of town-wide importance, since its position near one of themajor entrances to the city favoured it as a landmark? Furthermore, did the mosque in factdevelop into the centre of the quarter both as a monument and as an institution? In this respect, itis important to explore, for instance, the role that the imam of the mosque played in the privateand public affairs of the population of the Elhac Ali Paa quarter.

.


Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871-1931), un patriote ottoman controversEn 1899 parut Constantinople la Gographie historique de lAsie mineure, publie enkaramanlie. Lauteur Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871-1931), originaire du Pont-Euxin, choisit leurcriture pour communiquer avec un groupe de pairs, les turcophones chrtiens orthodoxes. Nous sommes des Orientaux () , dclare-t-il et par cette voie il se prsente et ilsidentifie une certaine catgorie de la population.

La Gographie historique constitue une uvre limites : situe dans un point detransition historique elle signale le passage du monde qui sen va au monde venir. De mme

lauteur ; Kalfoglou, en tant que personnage historique, ne correspond pas aux strotypes actuelset par consquent il ne peut pas tre class facilement suivant les catgories existantes. Qui estKalfoglou en ralit ? Un Grec ou un Ottoman ? Que signifie tre Grec ou Turc dans un monde

pr-national? Voici juste un chantillon de questions que le cas de Ioannis Kalfoglou implique.En effet la personnalit de Kalfoglou doit tre examine par rapport ltat idologique complexedtermin par la propagation du nationalisme et de la transition au monde des tats-nations.

N en 1871, Kalfoglou a vcu les trente dernires annes du 19me sicle en tant quechrtien orthodoxe turcophone citoyen de lEmpire ottoman, alors que les trente annes suivantesdans le vingtime sicle semble-t-il en quilibre il les a vcu orient vers lide nationalegrecque. Kalfoglou utilist au dbut sa langue maternelle, cest--dire le turc. Aprs la troisimedcennie de sa vie, il choisit le grec ainsi que le persan, le russe, le franais sans jamaisabandonner le turc. En ralit son lancement vers un horizon multiculturel et multiethnique,survenu au tournant du sicle, concide avec une intersection cardinale : sa migration et sa

participation active la lutte de libration du Pont-Euxin. Ainsi, lorthodoxe turcophone adopta


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effectivement la langue et lidologie grecques. Le cas de Ioannis Kalfoglou constitue une bonneraison pour traiter des questions de recherche thoriques et mthodologiques relatives laformation de lidentit nationale.

.


Ottoman Aqueducts in the Helladic Region:Architecture and Construction

The stabilization of the Ottomans conquest of the Helladic region combined with their increasingskills in the relevant structural techniques, led to the construction of numerous water projectsthroughout Greece, dated from the late 16thto the end of the 17thcentury.

In accordance with the stress placed by Muslim religion on issues of water, theseconstructions provided cities or towns with abundant water, either incorporating parts of earlieraqueducts or more frequently being totally new ones. The waqf institution contributed

significantly to the funding of many projects of that kind. The majority of these constructions arecharacterized by high technical expertise and they generally incorporate structural, architecturaland functional provisions clearly corresponding to the large Ottoman water supply works ofIstanbul which date back to the second half of the 16thcentury.

The Ottoman aqueducts are characterized by numerous arched water bridges which oftencombine pointed and regular arches in the same branch. At the cases where the construction risesquite high, up various solutions, like diminished width, buttresses etc, ensure the requiredstrength. The use of metal and wooden tensible strengthening elements is quite frequent, andmany traces of covered and underground conduits still survive. On the other hand, formations onthe sites of the water acquisition can be rarely found.

Many surviving monuments of that type cover most of the Helladic region, from Serres

and Kavala to Pylos, Crete and Kos. The various elements of their surviving parts, as well as themiscellaneous types of descriptions found in the written sources (maps, engravings, texts, old

photographs), testify not only similarities of these constructions but also their adjustment to therelevant terrain relief.

Numerous of these aqueducts were in use until the beginning of the 20th century, andtherefore incorporate remarkable techniques on repairs and improvements which kept themoperational.


Violence in the Early Modern Ottoman Empireand its Social Meanings

Violence was a common experience in the everyday life of early modern societies and an integralaspect of interpersonal relations in specific settings. For some people, such as soldiers, guards or

persons with policing authority, as of course brigands and pirates, inflicting violence was howthey earned a living. For others, such as children, apprentices or slaves, suffering violence was

part of the world order. For all, violence was inextricably linked to how authority was established or, conversely, challenged and power maintained or, conversely, subverted. This isespecially true in regard to the relationship between subjects and state: violent coercion andviolent punishment, from the corporal chastisement of wrong-doers to punitive expeditionsagainst unruly or rebellious populations, was part of how authorities enforced law and order; acts


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of violence, including riots and armed revolts, was part of how subordinates resisted authority orcontrol and tried to redefine their place vis--vis the state.

This paper seeks to explore the place and meanings of violence in the early modernOttoman Empire, as well as situate the Ottoman practices and experiences in the wider debate onearly modern violence. The paper focuses on the 17thand 18th-century Balkans and draws on a

broad range of sources that include kadi court records, rescripts in response to petitions,

chronicles and histories, hagiographies, and ego-documents. It discusses the forms of violence onrecord (outside organized warfare) and their uses. It also examines the logic that underlies the useof violence in specific settings, and its legitimacy, whether contested or not.

, (SOAS)


Transforming Urban Space in a Late Ottoman Port-City:The Ayasofya Mosque in Salonica

In 1890 a major fire ravaged the centre of Salonica. Among the damaged buildings wasAyasofya, a Byzantine church which had been turned into a mosque roughly a hundred yearsafter the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1430. After much deliberation and search for thenecessary funds, the Ottoman state assigned the operation to the young French archaeologistMichel de Tourneau, who, with the help of historian Charles Diehl, proceeded between 1907 and1909 to restore the 8th-century building, including its original Byzantine interior decorations.

The repairs on Ayasofya were only one of the many interventions made by the Ottomanauthorities on Salonicas centre, in an attempt to re-organise the cityscape according to newmodels of urbanism. These operations, in turn, were only part of the wide-ranging spatialtransformation experienced in the city between the 1860s and the end of Ottoman rule in 1912. Adiverse number of actors all sought to impose their own representations of urban space,

sometimes complementary and sometimes conflicting, effecting deep changes in the citys layout,its image, its institutional structures and its social life. In this context, space and itstransformation became a marker for elite or modern status, a commodity and source of profitand also a place of contestation.

Ayasofya is in this sense an iconic example: Its restoration involved the Ottomangovernment in Istanbul, its local representatives in the city, Muslim religiosity and religiousinstitutions, aspirations of different social and communal groups and the preconceptions ofEuropeans about the region, its history and its future. Based on Ottoman archives, bibliographyon archaeology and its history in the region and related entries in the local press, this paper aimsat unearthing the history of the buildings restoration and its impact on local society, as acomment to the history of late Ottoman Salonica as a whole.

. /...

[email protected]. 27, 11.30, . B

Revisiting Early Ottoman HistoryStudies in Ottoman history have developed well and vigorously during the last thirty years. Newaspects have been explored, new problems have arisen, new material has been found (e.g., innumismatics), new archives have been examined. The new studies have caused a need to re-examine the old historical works from Hammer up to now under the light of new writings.

This seems especially true with respect to the early Ottoman history which in the 1970s wentthrough lively discussions to decide whether to adhere to or reject theories about the foundationof the Ottoman state. Although we have not yet managed to reach a consensual solution in regard


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to this fundamental problem, we realize that various secondary and even marginal problems havebeen met with convincing answers.

[email protected], 9.30, . 5A Village Micro-Economy in the Hinterland of Selanik

between 1770 and 1845My research focuses on the structures of the rural economy in the hinterland of the city of Selanik(Thessaloniki) from the last quarter of the 18thuntil the middle of the 19thcentury. The area ofstudy is delimited by the jurisdiction of the judge of the local Islamic law court, within whichnevertheless multiple regions with distinct geographic, economic and cultural characteristics may

be discerned, while the impact of the urban economy is a factor that presumably also contributesstrongly to the formation of specific rural structures. In this context, both urban demand, andcommerce and strategies of investment, as well as specific regional characteristics, will be taken

into consideration for the study of the village economy of one settlement located within thedistrict but not in the immediate vicinity of the city, at the northern edge of the peninsula ofHalkidiki.

The settlement (Zagliver) is included in a revenue and expense register of 1768 belongingto the household of a local notable family, while in the middle of the 1770s a dispute appears to

be taking place between the villagers and the iftlik-owner on what seems to be the terms ofshare-cropping contracts. Related entries are also found at the local tax-allocation (tevzi)registers and at the series of the temettatregisters of 1844 as both a iftlikand ayrksettlement(mahalle). Lastly, oral tradition written down in the 1950s refers in detail to the same complaint

petitioning process as well as on different aspects of rural conditions in the region. In this context,the questions which will be set refer to agricultural practices, the degree of commercialization

and specialization of production, the economic and cultural relations with neighboringsettlements, social stratification within the village and the structure and perception of powerrelations as contested in 1775.

..., 3

[email protected] [email protected]. 1, 14.30, . 3

Levantine Architecture in Smyrna/Izmir:Tracing the Architectural Classification of its Residential Buildings

The city of Smyrna/Izmir is situated on the western coast of Anatolia, at a crossroad of differentcultures. During the late 18thand the beginning of the 19thcentury, at the time of socio-economicdevelopment in the Ottoman Empire, the city with its ethnically diverse population became asignificant multicultural centre.

European merchants coming from France, Italy, England, Germany, etc., the Levantines,inhabited the region, the Levant (many of them were also descendants of Genoese merchantsfrom Chios). The second half of the 19thcentury till 1922 (when the big destruction of the Greekand Armenian quarters occurred) was the period of intense Westernization. The citys urbanfabric was expanded to the former villages of Bornova, Buca, Goztepe and Karyaka, andimpressive large mansions were constructed, following the western morphological rules,reminding of English country houses and French chateaux.

The domestic architecture of Smyrna was formed under the influence of Western culture:by the end of the 19th century, the citys housing compound included, apart from the typicalTurkish houses of Anatolia, a big number of Levantine and Greek residences, reflecting a cultural


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mosaic of architectural trends. This was due not only to the ethnically mixed communities, butalso to the architects responsible for the buildings construction, many of whom had studiedabroad. One, two or three-storey buildings were constructed, with a symmetrical organization intheir faade and a closed wooden balcony (reminiscent of vernacular Anatolian konaks), often ina row, presenting similar architectural features in various styles. Levantine architecture ischaracterised by an amalgamation of trends, from Baroque to Neoclassicism, incorporating also

decorative elements, which stem from Art Nouveau. The result of this very remarkablecombination of forms allows us to speak of a special Eclecticism, with reference toNeoclassicistic forms, that can still be noticed today in Izmir.

The present paper will focus on the analysis and classification of the Izmir Levantinearchitecture, after concluding an in situdocumentation of its existing residential buildings.


The Ulemaand the Patriarch: Accommodation and ConflictScholarship on the role and function of the Orthodox Patriarchate in the Ottoman Empire has sofar concentrated on two main aspects, the famous millet theory that envisaged the Patriarch inthe role of an ethnarch as the sole representative of his milletor that presenting him as a meretax-farmer. The dichotomy of these two distinct and conflicting roles led research to concentrateon proving or disproving one side against the other. Another theoretical hurdle was yet anotherdichotomy between shariaand kanun this time. For primarily 20th-century ideological reasons,the Ottoman Empire was pictured as an idiosyncratic Muslim state where Islamic law was onlyused for legitimacy and was employed to justify the will of autocratic rulers.

This paper aims at going beyond both dichotomies. Using risales and fetvacollectionsfrom the mid 15thuntil the beginning of the 18thcentury, I will discuss the legal framework that

bound sultanic decisions vis--vis the Orthodox Church. Ottoman muftis, such as Molla Husrev,Ibrahim Halebi, ivizade Mehmed Efendi, Ebussuud Efendi, Abdurrahim Efendi, jurisprudentialworks were influential in formulating Ottoman ideology. Their shifting attitudes towards thePatriarchate and thezimmis resulted to and were a result of societal and ideological evolution thatin turn shaped the development of the Orthodox Patriarchate as an Ottoman institution.

[email protected], 9.30, . 3

Ottomanism and Notions of Empire on the Verge of its CollapseThe contested character of Ottomanism as an ideology that preoccupied friends and foes has beenone of the most debated aspects of the late Ottoman period. Especially, after 1908, with therestoration of the constitution, the re-emergence of the Ottomanist project was greeted withenthusiasm domestically and abroad. Yet, it soon became clear that, for a large part of theMuslim bureaucratic and military elite, Ottomanism was envisaged as a dynamic process ofcreating a new nation, dominated by and large by the Turkish element, while for most of the otherethno-religious groups, it entailed a necessary compromise, a solidarity based on political unitywhich would definitely not affect the cultural and ethnic specificities of the diverse populations.

Whatever the case, during these volatile years, members of almost every ethno-religiouscommunity, journalists, scholars or professionals, engaged whole-heartedly in the political

struggle that seemed to be opening new avenues for cooperation among the elites at least of thesecommunities and sincerely adhered to safeguarding the integrity of the Empire. Interestinglyenough, many of these individuals, who had already emerged as prominent figures within their


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particular communities, were going to play an important role in the post-Ottoman period in newcontexts dominated by their respective national aspirations. The purpose of this paper is todiscuss and reflect on such individuals who derive from among the non-Muslim communities,Greek-Orthodox, Jewish, Armenian and Sryani. My approach engages the use of biography, away of narrating the past that has recently re-emerged and has agreeably contributed tohighlighting not only the role of individuals in the making of history, as the traditional use of

biography had it, but also, by turning the table around and introducing subjectivity, the way thatbroader developments are experienced by still rather prominent individuals.

/...

[email protected], 11.30, . 3

Early Ottoman Diplomatics Revisited:An Order of theBeylerbeyof Rumeli in 1401

in Favor of the Athonite Monastery of Vatopedi

The paper will present an order of the beylerbeyof Rumeli in 1401, Hace Firuz ibn Abdullah,which confirms the revenues of the Athonite monastery of Vatopedi from its estate in Prosphori,near Mount Athos. The document was found recently in the Archives of the Vatopedi Monastery.

The paper will discuss: i) the content of the document, in the context of the protection thatthe Ottoman authorities had in certain cases offered to the monks of Mount Athos; ii) the

prosopography of the author of the document, Hace Firuz ibn Abdullah; iii) the diplomatics of thedocument, and especially the use of the peneof the beylerbeyHace Firuz ibn Abdullah in the

place of a tura, i.e., above the main part of the document. Finally, following a lively discussionon the internet list H-Turk on this document and its originality, I plan to revisit our knowledge ofearly Ottoman diplomatics and put this document, apparently the earliest known so far documentof an Ottoman beylerbey and one of the few Ottoman documents we have from the years before

the battle of Ankara, into the context of early Ottoman history.

T.E.I.

[email protected], [email protected]. 1, 14.30, . 5

Le thtre musical europen SmyrneLopra europen a pntr dans la cour ottomane depuis 1675, lorsque Giacomo Guerini,lassistant de lambassadeur vnitien a invit une troupe opratique Constantinople pour

prendre part aux festivits de la circoncision du prince Mustafa II. Mme si le projet na jamais

t ralis, les cours Europens savaient que les Turcs avaient commenc sintresser lopra.En 1839 le mouvement de loccidentalisation fut officiellement instaur par le sultan

Abdul Medjid. Ainsi, lopra est devenu la forme prfre du thtre au XIXe sicle, nonseulement Constantinople, mais aussi dans les autres villes ottomanes comme Ankara etSmyrne.Concernant le thtre musical Constantinople au XIXesicle beaucoup de recherchesont t ralises. Dans le cas de Smyrne, nous navons pas assez dinformations.

Pendant le XIXe sicle et avant la catastrophe de Smyrne la ville tait le port le plusimportant dans la Mditerrane orientale et le centre de la vie conomique et sociale. En 1900,Smyrne a atteint un pic de prosprit. Cependant, Smyrne ntait pas seulement un centrecommercial, mais galement une ville o diffrentes nationalits, cultures, religions taientrunies. La composition ethnique a eu des rpercussions sur le domaine culturel de Smyrne.Ainsi, nous y trouvons une riche activit thtrale.


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Le thtre musical europen a t introduit Smyrne par les troupes trangres quivoyageaient et qui ont contribu de manire dcisive llaboration de lidentit globale duthtre de la ville.

Cette communication fait partie dune recherche qui examine le thtre musical Smyrnedu XIXesicle 1922 afin de mettre en lumire lactivit artistique de la ville, qui reste inconnue nos jours. Plus particulirement, elle tudie les reprsentations de lopra et de loprette afin de

tirer de conclusions pour la vie artistique de la ville en fonction du cosmopolitisme. Puisque letemps est limit, nous avons comme but dexposer les reprsentations les plus importantes de lafin du XIXejusquau dbut du XXesi

symposium programmegr-final a

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