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BUAD 310g – Applied Business Statistics Syllabus – Fall 2018

Course Description The focus of this course is on various statistical techniques and their applications that will enable students to perform and explain statistical analysis of data so they can make sound business decisions and critically evaluate statistical reports or findings. You will learn to think critically about how statistics is used by others and how it impacts your day-to-day life and career. No mathematical background beyond high school algebra is required for an understanding of the material. Course Learning Objectives You will explore and describe data, examine sampling distributions, make estimations, test hypotheses, perform simple and multiple regression analysis, and build models using extensive software applications both independently and collaboratively. These applications will guide you to:

1. Explain the concepts of descriptive statistics and use sample statistics to make inferences about population characteristics

2. Recognize different models of statistical processes such as hypothesis testing and linear and multiple regression

3. Explain statistical processes and choose which process to use for particular data analysis applications

4. Interpret statistical results as a basis for decision making 5. Use applicable statistics software 6. Collaborate effectively to use statistical analysis to address business challenges 7. Communicate your interpretation of the results of statistical analysis logically and

persuasively 8. Become a proficient user of Excel

These course-level objectives support the six Marshall Program Learning Goals to varying degrees. Details may be found in the appendix of this syllabus. Required Materials The loose-leaf bound hard copy of the course textbook, Applied Statistics in Business and Economics (6th Edition) by David Doane and Lori Seward, is available at the USC bookstore. Alternatively, you can purchase an electronic version of the textbook from the McGraw-Hill Web site. After you have purchased a book, you must register with McGraw-Hill’s Connect in order to have access to the homework, which will be administered online. Registration with Connect requires an access code which comes with the purchase of the book. More details are provided on page 7 below. I recommend that you do not buy a used copy of the text unless you are sure it comes with a license to use Connect. Otherwise, you will end up paying more than you would for a new copy from the USC book store that will come with a license for Connect.

Professor:

Dr. Jacob Bien

Lecture Room:

HOH EDI (Hoffman - Edison Auditorium) ACC (Accounting) 205 Discussion Room:

Office: Email:

Bridge 307H jbien@usc.edu

Office Hours: Tues 3:00 – 4:00PM Wed 2:30 – 3:30PM

Marshall Review Sessions:

Wed 6:00PM – 8:00PM (starts Sept. 5; JFF lower level)

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Prerequisites and/or Recommended Preparation No mathematical background beyond high-school algebra is required. Course Notes The slides for the course and other handouts will be posted on the course Blackboard site. If you would like hard copies of the slides, it will be your responsibility to print them out. Please check the Blackboard site and your email daily for class preparation materials or instructions. Software For the discussions/application sessions, students are required to bring a laptop with Microsoft Excel software. Mac users need to have either the Mac version of Excel 2016 or they can use the PC version by installing Boot Camp (free from Apple) - or other Windows emulation software for Mac - and Windows, or by using the Marshall Virtual Lab. Students can take advantage of the free version of Office 365 that USC provides to students, which includes MS Excel 2016. The free Microsoft USC Office Suite can be downloaded from http://itservices.usc.edu/officestudents/. In addition, the Analysis ToolPak add-in is also required, which can be accessed in the PC environment by clicking on File/Options/Add-ins/Go, checking Analysis ToolPak and clicking OK. The procedure is similar for Macs. Grading Your final grade will be determined as follows:

Component of Grade % of Grade

Homework * 10.0% Application Exercises ** 10.0% Application Exam 20.0% Midterm Exam 20.0% Final Exam 35.0% Engage-Integrate 5.0%

Note that there is no mandated curve or hard target for the distribution of class grades. Historically, grades for the class have averaged between 3.0 and 3.1. * There are 11 homework assignments, each based on a maximum score of 100% if the assignment is submitted before the due date and time. Late submissions will be accepted, but there will be a deduction of 5% for each day a submission is late. The best 10 scores out of 11 will be used to calculate the average for this component of the course grade. ** There are 11 weeks when application exercises will be due. The two lowest scores will be dropped when calculating the average for this component of the grade. While accuracy will count, grades will be more a reflection of effort put in than accuracy of the answers.

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Class Attendance & Participation You are expected to attend all lectures and discussion (a.k.a. application) classes. During the application sections, you will be actively engaging in applying the concepts we have been learning in lecture to real data situations and practicing the important business skill of working effectively in a team. You are required to attend the specific discussion section that you are enrolled in. I realize that sometimes unavoidable conflicts may arise—e.g., a job interview that cannot be rescheduled or you get sick. To accommodate such occurrences, I automatically drop the lowest two scores out of the 11 assignments. Thus, if there are up to two weeks in which you have to miss your discussion, you will receive a 0 on those missed assignments, but this will not affect your final score. If you do miss such a class, be sure to do the assignment (for no credit) on your own and review the solution set when it is posted. If you have questions, please feel free to ask me in office hours. Keeping up with the material is important for doing well on the application exam. With prior approval from me, I may allow you to attend a different discussion for credit in a particular week, but this will be on a case-by-case basis and there are no guarantees as it will depend on the ability of the classroom to accommodate a certain number of students. Please keep these requests infrequent. The application (discussion) section of the class makes up 30% of the course grade, composed of two parts: (1) There will be 11 graded application exercises. The lowest two grades will be dropped and the average of the remaining 9 scores will count for 10% of the course grade. (2) There will be one application exam, done individually, counting for 20% of the course grade. Communication Certain concepts in this class are challenging, and I am very happy to go over a concept multiple times. In fact, when you ask me a question about a concept we’ve covered in class, that’s a helpful way for me to know which ideas I should be devoting more time to. If you feel uneasy bringing up your questions in lecture, please be sure to take advantage of my office hours. If you are unable to attend my office hours, you may e-mail me to schedule a time for us to meet briefly. While I am accessible by e-mail, if your question requires a longer explanation rather than a short answer, email is not the best way to go – please talk to me during office hours, and I will be happy to answer your question. If you do send me an email, be sure to include the number of your discussion section. I will try my best to respond within 48 hours. Technology Support A wealth of information on the technology used in this course (Blackboard, Excel, etc.) can be found at https://uscmarshall.service-now.com/kb_view_customer.do?sysparm_article=KB0000136. Loaner laptops can be arranged through https://itservices.usc.edu/spaces/laptoploaner/. Technology Policy Laptops may be used in the lecture, but only if their use is related to what is being discussed in class, such as going over PPT slides or working on a specific problem. Using a laptop for email, social media, work for other classes, etc. is strictly prohibited. Students found to be violating this policy will be asked to leave the lecture hall. Use of other personal communication devices, such as cell phones, is considered unprofessional and is not permitted during lecture or discussion sessions. Video recording is not permitted; audio recording is not allowed unless prior permission has been obtained from the instructor. Use of any recorded or distributed material is reserved exclusively for the USC students registered in this class. Homework You will access your assignments and submit the answers online using McGraw-Hill’s Connect. There will be 11 homework assignments. Due dates for each homework assignment are in the tentative course schedule on page 8. An assignment that is submitted after the due date will have a reduced maximum score as indicated in the footnote on the previous page.

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Application Exercises You will use Excel for data-analysis and problem solving in the application (discussion) section of this course. The exercises are constructed in order to lead you through key topics introduced in lectures and the textbook. Your conclusions must explain the quantitative findings through a real-world business perspective. You will complete the assignments during the session with an assigned set of teammates. There are no make-up sessions for a missed application session (see the section “Class Attendance & Participation” for more on attendance policies). Calculators are not allowed in the application sessions. There is no need for a calculator in the application sessions since you will be able to use Excel, which is much more powerful than a calculator and less prone to errors. Midterm Exam, Applications Exam, and Final Exam The midterm exam will be given in the lecture section of the course on the date shown in the course schedule (page 8). You may bring a single handwritten sheet (both sides) containing formulas to the midterm and you will be allowed two handwritten sheets (both sides) for the final exam. The Application Exam will be in a similar format to the weekly applications and cover material learned during those sessions. No make-ups of tests will be given. You will receive a grade of zero for each missed test unless you have a written excuse from your doctor or the professor has granted you an exception. The final examination will take place on Saturday, December 8, 2018, 2:00-4:00 pm for all BUAD 310 sessions. Note that 310 has what USC calls an exception final, as it does not take place at the regularly listed time. The final exam is comprehensive (this is inevitable in a Statistics course) but greater emphasis will be given to the material taught later in the semester. You cannot be exempted from this final under any circumstances. The final exam will NOT be given at any other time. Note that according to the USC Office of Academic Records and Registrar, “No student in a course with a final examination is permitted to omit the final examination or take the final examination prior to its scheduled date, and no instructor is authorized to permit a student to do so. No student is allowed to re-take a final examination or do extra work in a course after the semester has ended for purposes of improving his or her grade.” Engage-Integrate The “Engage-Integrate” component makes up 5% of your course grade. This component will be earned primarily through completing “micro-assignments.” The micro-assignments will be more varied, sporadic, or open-ended than homework assignments. Examples of micro-assignments I might assign: read a statistics-related news article or watch an online video and then write a two-sentence response; apply something we’ve learned to a real-world context; find some data online and analyze it in Excel. The hope is that micro-assignments will be a fun way to interact with the course material in a less structured way that will encourage you to connect what we are learning to your life and other interests. Micro-assignments are different in nature from homework. For example, if you don’t do a micro-assignment, it will not have negative consequences on your ability to do well on exams. (This is in contrast to homework and application assignments, which gives practice on material you will be expected to know on exams.) The number of micro-assignments varies each semester, but you can expect roughly 20-30. Collaboration Policy Discussion of homework and application problems is permitted and encouraged; however, each student (or team, in the case of application exercises) is required to prepare and submit his or her solutions, including computer work, independently. Collaboration of any sort on tests and exams is prohibited and will result in a 0 on that exam. I take violations of this rule very seriously and potential cheating issues will be brought to the administration for further penalties.

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Add/Drop Process The last day to register and add classes is September 7, 2018. For more information, such as the deadline to drop a class without a mark of “W” on your transcript, visit https://classes.usc.edu/term-20183/calendar/

Academic Integrity and Conduct Plagiarism – presenting someone else’s ideas as your own, either verbatim or recast in your own words – is a serious academic offense with serious consequences. Please familiarize yourself with the discussion of plagiarism in SCampus in Part B, Section 11, “Behavior Violating University Standards” https://policy.usc.edu/scampus-part-b/. Other forms of academic dishonesty are equally unacceptable. See additional information in SCampus and university policies on scientific misconduct, http://policy.usc.edu/scientific-misconduct. Discrimination, sexual assault, and harassment are not tolerated by the university. You are encouraged to report any incidents to the Office of Equity and Diversity http://equity.usc.edu or to the Department of Public Safety http://adminopsnet.usc.edu/department/department-public-safety. This is important for the safety of the whole USC community. Another member of the university community – such as a friend, classmate, advisor, or faculty member – can help initiate the report, or can initiate the report on behalf of another person. The Center for Women and Men http://www.usc.edu/student-affairs/cwm/ provides 24/7 confidential support, and the sexual assault resource center webpage http://sarc.usc.edu describes reporting options and other resources. Students with Disabilities USC is committed to making reasonable accommodations to assist individuals with disabilities in reaching their academic potential. If you have a disability which may impact your performance, attendance, or grades in this course and requires accommodations, you must first register with the Office of Disability Services and Programs (www.usc.edu/disability). DSP provides certification for students with disabilities and helps arrange the relevant accommodations. Any student requesting academic accommodations based on a disability is required to register with Disability Services and Programs (DSP) each semester. A letter of verification for approved accommodations can be obtained from DSP. Please be sure the letter is delivered to me as early in the semester as possible. DSP is located in GFS (Grace Ford Salvatori Hall) 120 and is open 8:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. The phone number for DSP is (213) 740-0776. Email: ability@usc.edu. Marshall Academic Resources: The Marshall Office of Undergraduate Advising & Student Affairs offers free weekly Core Review Sessions, along with additional “Cracking the Core” workshops, as a supplement to classroom instruction. Marshall Peer Academic Leaders (PALs) assist students in understanding and clarifying difficult concepts covered in class that week, but core review sessions are effective only if students regularly attend class and actively engage in the process of thinking critically about the course content. Marshall Academic Resources are available for core courses that are traditionally challenging in the business major curriculum. The sessions are a drop-in, group study format and are free to students. For more information, please visit https://www.marshall.usc.edu/current-students/marshall-academic-resources/core-review-sessions-schedule The BUAD 310 review sessions this semester are on Wednesdays 6-8pm in JFF Lower Level, beginning on September 5. I encourage you to make use of this resource.

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Support Systems Student Counseling Services (SCS) - (213) 740-7711 – 24/7 on call Free and confidential mental health treatment for students, including short-term psychotherapy, group counseling, stress fitness workshops, and crisis intervention. https://engemannshc.usc.edu/counseling/ National Suicide Prevention Lifeline - 1-800-273-8255 Provides free and confidential emotional support to people in suicidal crisis or emotional distress 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org Relationship & Sexual Violence Prevention Services (RSVP) - (213) 740-4900 - 24/7 on call Free and confidential therapy services, workshops, and training for situations related to gender-based harm. https://engemannshc.usc.edu/rsvp/ Sexual Assault Resource Center For more information about how to get help or help a survivor, rights, reporting options, and additional resources, visit the website: http://sarc.usc.edu/ Office of Equity and Diversity (OED)/Title IX compliance – (213) 740-5086 Works with faculty, staff, visitors, applicants, and students around issues of protected class. https://equity.usc.edu/ Bias Assessment Response and Support Incidents of bias, hate crimes and microaggressions need to be reported allowing for appropriate investigation and response. https://studentaffairs.usc.edu/bias-assessment-response-support/ Student Support & Advocacy – (213) 821-4710 Assists students and families in resolving complex issues adversely affecting their success as a student EX: personal, financial, and academic. https://studentaffairs.usc.edu/ssa/ Diversity at USC – https://diversity.usc.edu/ Tabs for Events, Programs and Training, Task Force (including representatives for each school), Chronology, Participate, Resources for Students Class Notes Policy Notes or recordings made by students based on a university class or lecture may only be made for purposes of individual or group study, or for other non-commercial purposes that reasonably arise from the student’s membership in the class or attendance at the university. (Recall that video recording is not permitted; audio recording is not allowed unless prior permission has been obtained from the instructor.) This restriction also applies to any information distributed, disseminated or in any way displayed for use in relationship to the class, whether obtained in class, via email or otherwise on the Internet, or via any other medium. Actions in violation of this policy constitute a violation of the Student Conduct Code, and may subject an individual or entity to university discipline and/or legal proceedings. Emergency Preparedness/Course Continuity: In case of a declared emergency if travel to campus is not feasible, USC executive leadership will announce an electronic way for instructors to teach students in their residence halls or homes using a combination of Blackboard, teleconferencing, and other technologies.

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McGraw-Hill’s Connect McGraw Hill’s Connect is an online learning system where you can: • Access two electronic versions of your textbook – a static eText that you can annotate and highlight, and an

adaptive reading experience with personalized quizzes, called SmartBook. • Complete homework assignments and practice assignments directly from your textbook, complete with tutorial

videos, guides, and additional resources. • Study more efficiently with a personalized study plan and exercises that match your book.

Before You Begin: To register for Connect, you need:

þ A Connect student access code (packaged with your new text if you purchase a hard copy at the

bookstore, or available for purchase with a major credit card when registering with McGraw-Hill

online)

þ Access to your BUAD 310 course in Blackboard

þ A valid email address Student Registration:

• Registration options- o Connect Student Access Code - bundled with the package at the bookstore. o Purchase Connect directly online - Allows full access to Connect and SmartBook/LearnSmart. o Get courtesy access – Two-week full Connect access.

• Go to the Assignments folder in Blackboard and click “Homework 1.” This will take you to the registration screen. Follow the prompts to register. Here’s a video walking you through the process: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s_2L8TxGyA&feature=youtu.be but note that from blackboard you will go to Assignments rather than Content.

• Create your McGraw-Hill Connect Account and Complete Your Registration. Once your registration is complete, a Confirmation page appears. You will also receive this information by email. You are now ready to access your resources! To access your Connect assignments:

• Click on any Connect assignment from within your Blackboard course (they will appear when assigned).

• Connect will automatically open directly to that assignment. Once you complete an assignment and select “Submit,” your grade will automatically flow to your Blackboard grade book.

• Always access your Connect assignments through Blackboard! If you access directly through McGraw-Hill, your grades may not sync over.

Tech Support & FAQ:

Call: (800) 331-5094

Email & Chat: www.mhhe.com/support Monday - Thursday ● 24 hours

Friday ● Until 6:00 PM Saturday ● 7 AM - 5 PM Sunday ● Until 9:00 PM

(All times Pacific)

Training & Tutorials: connectstudentsuccess.com

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The schedule below shows the topics covered each week in lecture and the corresponding reading assignments from the text book. The sections in the Reading Assignments include some topics that you are not responsible for. These topics are indicated in the Exclusions column. The reading and homework must be done in Connect and completed by 11:59 PM of the second Sunday after the topic is covered in lecture. For example, if the topic “Probability (continued) & Random Variables” is covered in lecture on Thursday, September 6, Sections 5.4 and 5.5 of the book (not including the topics listed in the Exclusions column) must be read by the end of the day Sunday, September 16. The schedule for the Application (discussion) sessions is on the next page. The schedule of lectures might be revised slightly during the semester, but the dates for the Midterm, Application and Final exams are fixed.

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The schedule of Application (discussion) sessions is shown below.

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Appendix I

Undergraduate Program Learning Goals

According to the AACSB, the Learning Goals state how the degree programs demonstrate the Marshall mission. Learning Goals should be broad statements, describing the goal of learning as well as the outcome. Accordingly, below the goal is what Marshall intends the students should be and the outcome further describes students’ application and transfer of knowledge. The goals should express expectations that reflect the depth and breadth of student knowledge and skills that are sustainable foundations for life-long learning in support of their professional and personal development.

1. Our graduates will have an understanding of the key business areas and their interplay to effectively manage different types of modern enterprise.

2. Our graduates will have a global mindset demonstrating an understanding of the interplay of local, regional, and international markets, and economic, social and cultural issues.

3. Our graduates will demonstrate critical thinking skills, decision-making, and problem-solving abilities to strategically navigate complex demands of business environments.

4. Our graduates will demonstrate leadership skills aspiring to be sensible, future-oriented leaders and innovators.

5. Our graduates will demonstrate ethical reasoning skills, understand social, civic, and professional responsibilities and aspire to add value to society.

6. Our graduates will be effective communicators in speaking and writing to facilitate information flow in organizational, social, and intercultural contexts.

Learning objectives associated with each learning goal: 1. Learning goal: Our graduates will have an understanding of the key business areas and their reciprocity to effectively manage different types of modern enterprise.

• Studentswillgainfactual,conceptual,procedural,andmetacognitiveknowledgeofthefollowingareas:Accounting,finance,marketing,management&organizationalbehavior,operationsandinformationmanagement,andentrepreneurship.

• Studentswillintegratedisciplinaryknowledgetodevelopageneralmanagementperspectiveandknowhowtotailorittodifferenttypesofmodernenterprise.

• Studentswillunderstandandutilizecurrenttechnologyinalldisciplines.2. Learning goal: Our graduates will have a global mindset demonstrating an understanding of the

interplay of local, regional, and international markets, and economic, social and cultural issues.

• Students will understand the complexities of business in the global economy and society, including its local, regional and global impact.

• Students will understand the different markets such as product, capital, commodity and

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factor, labor and global markets. • Students will apply theories, models, and frameworks to analyze those markets. • Students will have knowledge of the role of the legal, regulatory, competitor, financial, and

consumer environments on business. • Students will have knowledge of other cultures and their implications for business practice. • Students will be able to adapt behavior and business practices to diverse business

environments and cultures. 3. Learning goal: Our graduates will demonstrate critical thinking skills, decision-making, and

problem-solving abilities to strategically navigate complex demands of business environments.

• Students will gather, categorize, analyze, interpret, and evaluate relevant qualitative and

quantitative information. • Students will critically question problems, competing priorities and points of view in situations

characterized by ambiguity and/or uncertainty. • Students will apply analytic tools and frameworks of business disciplines to create and defend

well---reasoned conclusions and solutions based on relevant criteria and standards. • Student will develop abstract ideas and design novel conceptual frameworks based on facts

and theories. 4. Learning Goal: Our graduates will demonstrate leadership skills aspiring to be informed,

sensible, future-oriented leaders and innovators.

• Students will recognize the intricacies of individual and organizational group behaviors and demonstrate leadership skills at all levels in organizations, such as team leadership, departmental leadership, executive leadership, and entrepreneurial leadership.

• Students will demonstrate the ability to be creative and innovative thought-leaders. 5. Learning goal: Our graduates will demonstrate ethical reasoning skills, understand social,

civic, and professional responsibilities and aspire to add value to society.

• Students will understand and abide by professional codes of conduct. • Students will understand the importance of ethics across cultures. • Students will know how to apply ethical frameworks to assess appropriate courses of

conduct. • Students will recognize situations and issues that present ethical challenges and will be able

to develop solution approaches. • Students will understand businesses’ responsibilities to stakeholders and moral obligations to

society at large.

6. Learning goal: Our graduates will be effective communicators in speaking and writing to facilitate information flow in organizational, social, and intercultural contexts.

• Students will assess and characterize diverse communication goals and audience needs across cultures and utilize the appropriate oral or written form of communication as well as applicable media and technology.

• Students will understand interpersonal and organizational communication dynamics and implement effective internalandexternalorganizationalcommunication strategies.

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• Students will conduct research using a broad range of sources, synthesizing and judging the quality of collected informationandsupport their written or oral claims logically and persuasively.

• Studentswillwrite effectively in professional contexts and in all common business formats. • Students will create and deliver context specific presentations and/or lead meetings

individually or collaboratively.

APPENDIX II How BUAD310 Contributes to Student Achievement of Marshall’s Six Undergraduate Program Learning Goals

Goal Marshall Program Learning Goal Course Objectives that support this goal

1

Our graduates will demonstrate critical thinking skills so as to become future-oriented decision makers, problem solvers and innovators. Specifically, students will: 1.1 Students will understand the concepts of critical thinking, entrepreneurial thinking and creative thinking as drivers of innovative ideas (not explicit for this course). 1.2 Critically analyze concepts, theories and processes by stating them in their own words, understanding key components, identifying assumptions, indicating how they are similar to and different from others and translating them to the real world. 1.3 Be effective at gathering, storing, and using qualitative and quantitative data and at using analytical tools and frameworks to understand and solve business problems. 1.4 Demonstrate the ability to anticipate, identify and solve business problems. They will be able to identify and assess central problems, identify and evaluate potential solutions, and translate a chosen solution to an implementation plan that considers future contingencies.

4-8

2

Our graduates will develop people and leadership skills to promote their effectiveness as business managers and leaders in the 21st century’s evolving work and organizational structures. Specifically, students will: 2.1 Students will recognize, understand and analyze the roles, responsibilities and behaviors of effective managers and leaders in diverse business contexts e.g., functionally diverse, culturally diverse, geographically diverse, etc. 2.2 Students will understand factors that contribute to effective teamwork including how to elicit, manage and leverage diverse perspectives and competencies. 2.3 Students will recognize, understand, and analyze the motivations and behaviors of stakeholders inside and outside organizations (e.g., teams, departments, consumers, investors, auditors)

N/A

3

Our graduates will be effective communicators to facilitate information flow in organizational, social, and intercultural contexts. Specifically, students will: 3.1 Identify and assess diverse personal and organizational communication goals and audience information needs. 3.2 Understand individual and group communications patterns and dynamics in organizations and other professional contexts. 3.3 Demonstrate an ability to gather and disseminate information and communicate it clearly, logically, and persuasively in professional contexts.

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4 Our graduates will demonstrate ethical reasoning skills, understand social, civic, and professional responsibilities and aspire to add value to society. Specifically, students will: 4.1 Understand professional codes of conduct. 4.2 Recognize ethical challenges in business situations and assess appropriate courses of action.

N/A

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5

Our graduates will develop a global business perspective. They will understand how local, regional, and international markets, and economic, social and cultural issues impact business decisions so as to anticipate new opportunities in any marketplace. Specifically, students will: 5.1 Understand how local, regional and global markets interact and are impacted by economic, social and cultural factors. 5.2 Understand that stakeholders, stakeholder interests, business environments (legal, regulatory, competitor) and business practices vary across regions of the world.

N/A

6

Our graduates will understand types of markets and key business areas and their interaction to effectively manage different types of enterprises. Specifically, students will: 6.1 Demonstrate foundational knowledge of core business disciplines, including business analytics and business economics. 6.2 Understand the interrelationships between functional areas of business so as to develop a general perspective on business management. 6.3 Apply theories, models, and frameworks to analyze relevant markets (e.g. product, capital, commodity, factor and labor markets). 61.4 Show the ability to utilize technologies (e.g., spreadsheets, databases, software) relevant to contemporary business practices.

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