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API6399D (capstone) The Economics & Politics of Canadian Defence

Binyam Solomon and Srdjan Vucetic Winter 2017

COURSE OUTLINE

Timetable: W14:30 - 17:30

Any questions sent by email should receive a response within two business days or during the following class if taken place within the 48 hours following receipt of the email. Note that the professor reserves the right not to answer an email if the level of language used is inadequate. COURSE DESCRIPTION

Canadian defence is shaped, and shapes, a myriad of economic and political factors located both within and outside Canada. This course covers the application of economic theory and empirics plus a selection of approaches in the study of international relations and Canadian politics. The course has no requirement. OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

This capstone course is intended to help those who wish to work in or around the Canadian defence sector to (1) develop competence in communicating matter of defence politics, economics and policy, and to do so, (2) through exploration of a variety of pertinent subjects and assignments. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of the course, students should have the ability to understand and evaluate the major concepts, theories, policy issues and empirical work related to the study of the economics and politics of Canadian defence. These include, but are not limited to defence as a public good, the demand for military expenditures, alliances and coalitions, peacekeeping, and civil-military relations. Policy issues include the financing and management of defence, arms trade regulations, and defence procurement risks/uncertainties. Empirical problems such as data availability and evaluation are also addressed. The basics of regression analysis are discussed throughout the course along with the interpretation of statistical results.

Office hours: Vucetic: W13h30-14h30, FSS6020; svucetic@uottawa.ca Solomon: by appoint. BINYAM.SOLOMON@forces.gc.ca Course Website: https://srdjanvucetic.wordpress.com/teaching/

Faculté des sciences sociales | Faculty of Social Sciences

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TEACHING & ASSESSMENT METHODS

We meet once a week for three hours and the class will emphatically not be a lecture, so be ready to discuss the assigned readings (bring them to class, or at least your notes). There are 3 sources for the reading assignments below (1) the websites (URL’s are included and can be accessed though any campus-networked computer; (2) the Morisset Library; (3) the password-protected course website at https://srdjanvucetic.wordpress.com/api

RAW COURSE SCORE & WEIGHT

SHORT ESSAYS (2X20%) - 40%

GROUP ASSIGNMENTS (3X20%) - 60%

FINAL COURSE MARKS

90-100 (A+), 85-89 (A), 80-84 (A-),

75-79 (B+), 70-74 (B), 66-69 (C+)

For graduate students, all grades below the alphanumeric C+ (66%) are failing failing failing failing grades.

For substantive meanings behind these numbers and letters, please consult

http://www.etudesup.uottawa.ca/Default.aspx?tabid=1807&monControl=Examens

Grading is designed to offer a number of occasions for evaluation, without any one being decisive for the final grade. First, consistently informed participation reflecting regular, close reading of the material is expected. Second, each student may be asked to make an oral presentation on a mutually agreed upon topic. Third, students will compose short texts of a variety of types, giving them the opportunity to improve their competence in written expository expression for the professional requirements of public policy and related areas. (Several experienced practitioners of the relevant skills will participate in classes during the course). Written work consists of two short essays and three group assignments. All written work must be emailed to both professors on/before due date and/or at the beginning of class, depending on instructions. Please include your last name and course code & section in the subject and make sure your attachment is a .doc or .docx, not PDF (this helps with comments). The word counts in the following are maxima (add 15% to the length condition if you’re writing in French). Quality written work can be less than specified length without jeopardizing grades. Short Essay #1: Why couldn’t Canada be like Australia, Canada’s long-standing Five Eyes and ABCA ally and “strategic cousin”, and maintain a relatively healthy defence budget regardless of the health of the overall economy? Conversely, what about New Zealand, also a Five Eyes/ABCA ally, and give up on all combat aircraft? Or Iceland, a fellow NATO ally, and abolish its standing military altogether? For that matter, closer to Canada’s North American home, there is Mexico, a country with decidedly inward-oriented military activities. USE one of these points of comparison and discuss Canada’s defence policy. Short Essay #2: In Canada, politics is regional and defence, by its nature, is national. Is this why defence spending is low in Canada? Short essay=800 words exclusive of bibliography, references and/or foonotes. An “A” range essay will: 1) have an argument that is relevant to the above questions/statements (An argument = assertion + explanation + evidence); 2) be analytical, not descriptive; 3) properly cite all borrowed ideas within the text (any citation style will do). Due 24h before class via email. Group Assignment #1: Briefing Note & PowerPoint Deck: A new minister of National Defence has been appointed and she will be briefed on current and upcoming files concerning the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and the Department of National

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Defence (DND). The Assistant Deputy Minister (ADM) for policy will be briefing the minister and he has identified the 2014 Wales Summit Declarations to be one of the key files that the minister needs to be briefed on. Specifically, the Wales Summit declaration number 14 that recommends NATO member states to spend about 2% of gross domestic production (GDP) on defence expenditures and 20% of the defence expenditures to be spent on or allocated to capital or equipment expenditures. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm As a group of analysts in the policy shop you are tasked to write a briefing note on: a. The current situation in Canada in terms of defence expenditures including any projections that stems from recent federal budgets or other government communiques. b. Including discussions on Canada’s relative ranking in NATO within the context of the Wales Declaration and c. Any policy relevant academic literature and its associated recommendations on alliance collaboration. In addition the ADM wants to have access to the following information, in addition to the briefing note: a. There are differing numbers both nationally and internationally on Canada’s defence spending. What are the main differences and how are they reconciled? i. Which one should he use when briefing and why? ii. The relative magnitude of defence expenditures in comparison to discretionary spending and overall Federal spending? iii. What has been the trend of the above since 1990? 2000? 2008? iv. According to NATO, what has been Canada’s equipment expenditure since 2000? b. This information should be included in a PowerPoint Deck. Additional Material to Use for the Assignment: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_71296.htm?selectedLocale=en http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no1/doc/fetterly-eng.pdf The briefing note should not exceed 1,000 words (font size 12 and max. 1.5 spacing). The PowerPoint Deck should not exceed 20 slides. Due 24h before class via email in Week 5, followed by the group PowerPoint presentation in class. Group Assignment #2: Policy Memo & Press Release: One of last year’s big political controversies involving the Trudeau government was the “Saudi Arms deal”—an arrangement to sell $15-billion worth of light-armoured vehicles to human rights-abusing Saudi Arabia. A key moment in the controversy was the release of a heretofore secret Global Affairs Canada memo by the Justice Department in April 2016 that showed that Stéphane Dion, Minister of Foreign Affairs, approved the sale on March 21 of the same year—contradicting the government’s line that export permits for the deal were authorized by Stephen Harper’s Conservative government. The memo: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/static/politics/saudi/saudi-memo.pdf Using the resources available on the Internet or elsewhere, select, summarize, analyze and provide alternative Saudi Arms Deal policy memos to Minister Dion. Group 1 will provide a memo recommending approval for export permits, and Group 2 will provide a memo recommending disapproval. Unlike the actual Global Affairs Canada memo, this one will focus on “responsive media lines”—collecting the facts and preparing appropriate information to be offered to the mass media. To that end, each group will also write a press release, taking the recommended position and advocating it.

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The format of the alternative memos should follow the style of the GAC memo linked above (summary, font size 12, single-space etc.), but should not exceed 5 pages. The press release should be 500 words, and can be appended to the memo. Due 24h before class via email in Week 12. Memos & press releases will be discussed in class. Group Assignment #3: Analyzing Defence White Papers: The government of Canada is slated to publish a Defence White Paper sometimes in early 2017, and this will give us an opportunity to closely analyze both the document itself as well as its reception in the Canadian and international mass media. Identifying and prioritizing key Canadian Armed Forces tasks and roles for the next 10 to 20 years, this document is the culmination of a long process of review—one that began two years after the 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy was published by the previous government. It also builds on a public consultation process that took place between April and July 2016. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the 2017 White Paper via a compare-and-contrast with analogous documents published by Australian, British and French governments in recent years—the 2016 Australian Defence White Paper, the 2015 National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review , and the 2013 Livre blanc français de la défense (also available in English). While each of these countries’ has a unique strategic outlook and unique defence forces, similarities on security and defence matters exist—hence their participation in the same alliance system. As a group of analysts you are tasked to identify key similarities and differences across these four documents focusing on a) concepts of national interests, values, security and strategy; b) matching capability plans with funding envelopes and other resources; c) detailing opportunities and challenges (risks, threats); and d) the length of time horizons. On how to evaluate this particular genre of government writing, see: Joel Sokolsky and Joseph Jockel, “A Defence Review? Not Really Necessary: But if Canada necessarily must...”, CDA Institute Analysis, April 2016. Available at www.cdainstitute.ca/images/Analysis/Sokolsky_Jockel_Analysis_April_2016.pdf Kim Richard Nossal, “The World We Want? The Purposeful Confusion of Values, Goals and Interests in Canadian Foreign Policy,” Paper prepared for the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute (now Canadian Global Affairs Institute), 2004. Available at http://www.cdfai.org.previewmysite.com/PDF/The%20World%20We%20Want.pdf Good comparative analysis must beyond simple summaries, and ask searching questions of each document with respect to how well the presentation develops, what it is trying to achieve and how well it achieves it. The analysis must be 4,000 page max, 12-pt font, 1-inch margins. Due Week 13, 24h before class via email, followed by the group PowerPoint presentation in class.

Important dates and activities, at a glance:

WHAT? WHERE? HOW? WHEN?

Short Essay 1 Via email February 9, 2017

Short Essay 2 Via email March 8, 2017

Group Assignment 1 Via e-mail + discuss in class February 15, 2017

Reading Week No class February 22, 2017

Group Assignment 2 Via e-mail + discuss in class March 22, 2017

Group Assignment 3 Via e-mail + discuss in class April 14, 2017

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INSTRUCTORS, GUEST SPEAKERS & OTHER HUMAN RESOURCES

Binyam Solomon is Senior Defence Scientist, Centre for Operational Research and Analysis (CORA) at Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC). Previous he has serves Team Leader, Defence Economics Team and Chief Scientist for DRDC CORA. He is an Adjunct Professor at Carleton University and Royal Military College. Srdjan Vucetic is Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa. Ferry de Kerckhove is Senior Fellow at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa. He served as Canada's High Commissioner to Pakistan, plus Ambassador to Indonesia and to Egypt. Was the personal representative of the Prime Minister for la Francophonie. Tom Ring is Senior Fellow at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa. He has worked in several federal departments over his 40-year career, including the Canadian Coast Guard, Heritage, Human Resources Development, and the Privy Council Office. Most recently, he served as Assistant Deputy Minister (Acquisitions) at Public Works, and Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs) at DND. Jill Sinclair is Senior Fellow at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa. She was Executive Director, External Engagement and Partnerships, at the Canadian Defence Academy of the Department of National Defence, She also served Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet for Foreign and Defence Policy at the Privy Council Office and held multiple positions in the Department of Foreign Affairs. Col. Ross Fetterly has 32 years of service with the Canadian Armed Forces and is currently the Royal Canadian Air Force Comptroller and Business Planner. An Ottawa-based scholar-practitioner, his primary research focus has been on defence resource management, focusimh on capacity building and reform of defence institutions. Thomas Juneau is Assistant Professor at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa. Prior to joining the University of Ottawa, he worked for the Department of National Defence from 2003 to 2014. Meghan O’Keefe is a lobbying consultant with Hill/Knowlton in Ottawa and a GSPIA graduate. She specializes in issues of defence and government procurement. Peggy Mason is President of the Rideau Institute, an Ottawa-based think tank. She served as Canada’s Ambassador for Disarmament from 1989 to 1995, and has long been involved in many aspects of UN peacekeeping training. From 2002-2012 she was a Senior Fellow at The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton. Craig Stone: Craig Stone is the director of academics at the Canadian Forces College and the associate dean of arts at the Royal Military College of Canada. Following 29 years in the Canadian military, Mr. Stone works in the areas of strategic resource management on the economic impact of defence expenditures in Canada. Catherine Liston-Heyes is Associate Professor and former Director of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa. Her research is motivated by and anchored in public policy questions and controversies, incl. defence.

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Philippe Lagassé is the Barton Chair in International Affairs at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University. He is a member of the Independent Review Panel for Defence Acquisition. Steve Saideman is the Paterson Chair in International Affairs at Carleton University. His research interests focus on the causes and consequences of intervention into intra-state conflicts as well as civil-military relations. Elinor Sloan is Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science at Carleton University and is a former defence analyst with the Department of National Defence. She works on Canadian/US defence policy and military procurement. David Perry is Senior Analyst & Fellow with the Canadian Global Affairs Institute. He was previously Senior Security and Defence Analyst of the Conference of Defence Associations Institute, where he authored multiple publications related to defence budgeting, transformation and procurement.

Fine Print 1. Late submissions of assignments are not tolerated. University regulations require

all absences from exams and all late submissions due to illness to be supported by a medical certificate (In the event of an illness or related complications, only the counseling service and the campus clinic [located at 100 Marie-Curie] may issue valid certificates to justify a delay or absence). Exceptions for other “serious situations” are not guaranteed – notify the professor(s) as soon as possible and in writing if a religious holiday etc. forces your absence during an evaluation. Reasons such as travel, work and errors made while reading the exam schedule are not accepted; the professor(s) reserves the right to reject any non-medical reason put forth.

2. There will be a penalty for tardiness: 10% for the first day, thereafter 5% for each day overdue.

3. You will be judged on your writing and presentation abilities. It is recommended to take the appropriate measures to avoid mistakes.

4. Re-marking requests will be considered for one week after the assignment is returned if and only if an explanation of why the original mark is not justified is made in writing.

5. New and additional readings might be announced at the end of class and/or through Bb, which are to be read before the subsequent class meeting(s). Changes to the syllabus necessitated by the circumstances of the class may be made at the professor(s)’s discretion. If/when there are any changes, the professor(s) will make an appropriate announcement in class, on Bb and/or in an email sent to all students’ uOttawa e-mail accounts (as maintained by the registrar’s list) prior to class time.

6. Any questions by email should receive a response within two business days or during the following class if taken place within the 48 hours following receipt of the email. Further, any questions by email must use uOttawa email address, as per the official policy (effective July 2012). And last, the professor(s) reserves the right not to answer an email if the level of language used is inadequate.

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COURSE SCHEDULE (Jan 9-April 8, 2017)

Scroll below for smaller calendar 1 (Jan 11) Introduction No readings for today. 2 (Jan 18) Does Canada Need Defence? (Short Essay No1 due) Defence Policy Review Public Consultation Paper, April 6, 2016 http://dgpaapp.forces.gc.ca/en/defence-policy-review/consultation-paper.asp Recommended: R.J. Sutherland, “Canada’s Long-term Strategic Situation,” International Journal 17 (Summer 1962). Nils Orvik, “Canadian Security and ‘Defence Against Help’,” International Perspectives (May/June 1983). Philippe Lagassé and Paul Robinson, “Reviving Realism in the Canadian Defence Debate,” Martello Paper No. 34 (Kingston: Queen’s Centre for International Relations, 2008), esp. pp. 13-39. Donald Barry and Duane Bratt. Defense Against Help: Explaining Canada-U.S. Security Relations. American Review of Canadian Studies 38 (1), 2008, 63-89. David S. McDonough, ed., Canada’s National Security in the Post-9/11 World: Strategy, Interests, and Threats, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. Kim Richard Nossal, “Defending Canada,” in Duane Bratt and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy: Classic Debates and New Ideas. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2015. 3rd ed., 295-307. C. Leuprecht and Joel J. Sokolsky, “Defense Policy ‘Walmart Style’: Canadian Lessons in ‘not-so-grand’ Grand Strategy”, Armed Forces & Society 41(3) (2015), 541-562. 3 (Jan 25) Managing Defence: Institutions, Actors & Processes Guest Lecture by Tom Ring, GSPIA Thomas J. Ring, “Civil-Military Relations in Canada: A ‘Cluster Theory’ Explanation,” M.A. thesis, Royal Military College of Canada (2009). http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/002/MR53135.PDF Recommended: Douglas L. Bland, “A Unified Theory of Civil-Military Relations,” Armed Forces and Society 26/1 (1999); and Douglas Bland, The Administration of Defence Policy in Canada, 1947 to 1985 (Kingston: Ronald P. Frye and Company, 1987).

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Sokolsky, J.J and D. Middlemiss (1989) Canadian Defence: Decisions and Determinants Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. Kim Richard Nossal, “Rationality and Non-rationality in Canadian Defence Policy,” in David B. Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown, eds. Canada’s International Security Policy (Scarborough: Prentice Hall Canada Inc., 1995), 351-364. Patrick Lennox, “From Golden Straitjacket to Kevlar Vest: Canada’s Transformation to a Security State,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 40:4 (2007), 1017-1038. Chris Dunn, “Democracy in the 21st Century: Canada Needs a War Powers Act”, Canadian Parliamentary Review (2007), pp. 2-3 Daniel Gosselin, “Hellyer‘s Ghosts: Unification of the Canadian Forces is 40 Years Old” Parts I and II, Canadian Military Journal 9 (2) 2009 6-15, and Ibid. 9 (2) 2009, 6-16. 4 (Feb 1) The Nature, Aim and Scope of the Economics of Defence Martin C. McGuire (2010) Agenda for Defense and Peace Economics, Defence and Peace Economics, 21:5-6, 529-534. Economic Focus: Commons sense Economist, July 31, 2008 Recommended: D.L. Braddon and Keith Hartley (2011) The Handbook on the Economics of Conflict, Edward Elgar, Chapter 1. McGuire Martin C (2007) Economics of Defense in a Globalized World in eds. K. Hartley and T. Sandler Handbook of Defence Economics Volume 2 London and New York: Elsevier (Chapter 21) 5 (Feb 15) Alliances (Group Assignment #1 due) “Who runs the world: Wrestling for Influence.” Economist July 3, 2008. A.D. Crosby (1997). A middle-power military in alliance: Canada and NORAD. Journal of Peace Research 34 (1) 37-52. T. Sandler and H. Shimizu (2014) NATO Burden Sharing 1999–2010: An Altered Alliance. Foreign Policy Analysis 10(1), 43–60. John Alexander (2015), “Canada‘s Commitment to NATO: Are We Pulling Our Weight?”

Canadian Military Journal 15 (4): 4-11. Recommended: Archibald MacMechan. “Canada as a Vassal State.” Canadian Historical Review 1:4 (1920), 347-353. Joel J. Sokolsky, “A Seat at the Table: Canada and Its Alliances,” Armed Forces and Society 16 (Fall 1989).

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T. Sandler and Keith Hartley The Economics of Alliances: the Lessons for Collective Action Journal of Economic Literature September 2001

Sandler, T. (1993) The Economic Theory of Alliances: A survey Journal of Conflict Resolution 37 (3). Hartley, K. and B. Solomon (2009); NATO and the Financial and Economic Crisis NATO Defence College Research Paper n 52 - October 2009 http://www.ndc.nato.int/research/series.php?icode=1 Howard G. Coombs with Richard Goette, “Supporting the Pax Americana: Canada’s Military and the Cold War,” in Bernd Horn, ed. The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2006), pp. 265-296. S. Vucetic “Bound to Follow? The Anglosphere and U.S.-led Coalitions of the Willing, 1950-2001,” European Journal of International Relations Vol. 17, No. 1 (2011), pp. 27-49 Saideman, Stephen M., and David P. Auerswald. 2012. Comparing Caveats: Understanding the Sources of National Restrictions upon NATO’s Mission in Afghanistan. International Studies Quarterly 56: 1 (2012), 67-84. 6. (Feb 22) Reading Week 7. (Mar 1) The Demand for & the Determinants of Defence Expenditures Smith, Ron (1995). The demand for military expenditure, in: Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler (ed.), Handbook of Defense Economics, Vol 1, chapter 4, pages 69-87, Elsevier. Solomon, B (2005) The demand for Canadian defence expenditures Defence and Peace Economics 16(3) 171-189. Nikolaidou, E. (2008) The Demand for Military Expenditure: Evidence from the EU15 (1961-2005). Defence and Peace Economics, 19(4), pp.273-292. Recommended Chapters from Sokolsky, J.J and D. Middlemiss (1989) Canadian Defence: Decisions and Determinants Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch. Military Cost Benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice Edited by F. Melese, A. Ritcher and B. Solomon New York: Routledge. Chapter 1. 8. (Mar 8) The Production and Supply of Defence Military Cost Benefit Analysis: Theory and Practice Edited by F. Melese, A. Ritcher and B. Solomon New York: Routledge. Chapters 2 and 5. Solomon, Binyam. “Defence Specific Inflation: A Canadian Perspective.” Defence and Peace Economics 14, no. 1 (2003): 19–36.

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Binyam Solomon An Economics Perspective on a Defence Industrial Policy,” in Claxton Papers 12. 2010: Canadian Defence Industry at a Crossroads? Claxton Papers series, Kingston: Queens University, 2010, pp. 17-26

Recommended Solomon, Binyam. “Chapter 6: The Defence Industrial Base in Canada,” in The Public Management of Defence in Canada, edited by Craig Stone, Toronto: Breakout Educational Network, 2009, pp. 111-139

Solomon, B., P. Chouinard, and L. Kerzner. The Department of National Defence Strategic Cost Model: Volume 2 — Theory and Empirics. DRDC-CORA-TR-2008-03, Ottawa, October 2008.

McDonough, Lawrence. “The-demise-of-Canada’s-armed-forces-both-exaggerated-and-ongoing.” Policy Options, (April 2004): 31-37. 9 (Mar 9) How Ottawa Spends on Defence (Short Essay No2 due) Guest talk: TBD J. Craig Stone and Binyam Solomon, “Canadian Defence Policy and Spending,” Defence and Peace Economics 16 (2005). David Perry, “A Return to Realism: Canadian Defence Policy After the Great Recession,” Defence Studies 13/3 (2013); one more piece by Perry TBA. Recommended: John M. Treddenick, “The Defence Budget,” in David B. Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown, eds. Canada’s International Security Policy (Scarborough: Prentice Hall Canada Inc., 1995), 413-454. Douglas L. Bland, ed. Canada Without Armed Forces? (Kingston: School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, 2004). LCol Ross Fetterly and Mjr Richard Groves, Accural Accounting and Budgeting in Defence, Claxton Paper 9, Defence Mangagement Studies, School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, 2008. Peter Jones and Philippe Lagassé, “Rhetoric versus Reality: Canadian defence planning in a time of austerity,” Defense & Security Analysis 28/2 (2012). 10 (March 15) Defence Procurement Guest: Col. Ross Fetterly (ret’d), CAF/DND and/or Craig Stone, RMC Craig Stone, “Defence Procurement and Industry (Ch4),” in David S. McDonough, ed. Canada’s National Security in the Post-9/11 World: Strategy, Interests, and Threats (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012), 73-97. Alastair Edgar, “Growth Pains or Growing Strains: The Limits of Neighbourliness and the Politicization of Canada-US Defence Industry Integration,” Canadian Foreign Policy 8/2 (2001).

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Franck, R., and F. Melese. “Defense Acquisition: New Insights from Transaction Cost Economics.” Defense & Security Analysis 24, no. 2 (2008): 107–128. Recommended Alan S. Williams, Reinventing Canadian Defence Procurement: A View from the Inside (Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006). Dan Ross, “So Defence Procurement is broken again – or is this just normal?”, On Track 18(2) (2014), 35-36. S. Vucetic and A. Tago, “Why Buy American? The International Politics of Fighter Jet Transfers”, Canadian Journal of Political Science 48(1), 2015. Charles Davies, Vimy Paper: Competition in Defence Procurement: The Popular Choice, But Not Always the Right One. Ottawa: CDA Institute, 2015. 11 (Mar 22) Recruitment & Retention (Assignment 2 due)

Donna Winslow, “Canadian Society and Its Army,” Canadian Military Journal (Winter 2003- 2004). http://www.journal.forces.ca/engraph/Vol4/no4/pdf/military-socio_e.pdf

Sokri, A. A Socio-Economic analysis of Military Attrition: The Case of Non-Commissioned Members of the Canadian Armed Forces http://pubs.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/BASIS/pcandid/www/engpub/DDW?W%3DSYSNUM=537714

S. von Hlatky, S and C. Leuprecht, “Women as Professional Soldiers: Canadian Values on the Front Line,” On Track (CDA Institute) 20: 2 (2015), 7-10. http://www.cdainstitute.ca/images/on_track/On_Track_Fall_2015_articles/On_Track_20.2_-_Hlatky_Leuprecht.pdf

Recommended (incl. for the literature for the assignment) Donna Winslow and Jason Dunn, “Women in the Canadian Forces: Between Legal and Social Integration,” Current Sociology 50 (5) 2002: 641-667. Golding, H.L.W., and G.E. Cox. Design and Implementation of AIP. Center for Naval Analyses, 2003. http://www.cna.org/research/2003/design-implementation-aip.

Blomberg, S.B., et al. Where Have All the Heroes Gone? A Self-Interested, Economic Theory of Heroism. Claremont McKenna College, Robert Day School of Economics and Finance, Working Paper no. 2008-1 (2008).

Congressional Budget Office. Military Compensation: Balancing Cash and Noncash Benefits, 16 January 2004. http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/49xx/doc4978/01-16-dodcompensation.pdf. (link only)

Brian Bow, “Parties and Partisanship in Canadian Defence Policy,” International Journal 64, (1), 2008: 67-88.

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Jean-Christophe Boucher, 2010. Evaluating the “Trenton Effect”: Canadian Public Opinion and Military Casualties in Afghanistan (2006–2010). American Review of Canadian Studies 40 (2): 237-258.

Don Munton, “Defending the Canadian Public,” Canadian Military Journal (Autumn 2003). http://www.journal.forces.ca/engraph/Vol4/no3/public_e.asp

Srdjan Vucetic, “Who Framed the F-35? Government-Media Relations in Canadian Defence Procurement,” International Journal 71:2 (June 2016), 231-258.

Denis Stairs, “The media and the military in Canada: Reflections on a time of troubles,” International Journal 53 (Summer 1998).

Lane Anker, “Peacekeeping and Public Opinion,” Canadian Military Journal (Summer 2005). http://www.journal.forces.ca/engraph/Vol6/no2/PDF/04-Public_e.pdf

Claire Turenne Sjolander, and Kathryn Trevenen, “Constructing Canadian Foreign Policy: Myths of Good International Citizens, Protectors, and the War in Afghanistan,” in J. Marshall Beier and Lana Wylie, eds., Canadian Foreign Policy in Critical Perspective (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2010), 44-57.

Cesar Jaramillo, “Ten Facts about Canada‘s Arms Deal with Saudi Arabia,” OpenCanada, September 25, 2015. https://www.opencanada.org/features/ten-facts-about-canadas-arms-deal-with-saudi-arabia/

12 (Mar 29) CF Ops: domestic, continental, international Robert W. Murray and John McCoy, “From Middle Power to Peacebuilder: The Use of Canadian Forces in Modern Canadian Foreign Policy,” American Review of Canadian Studies 40/2 (2010). V. Bove and R. Smith (2011) The Economics of Peacekeeping in the Handbook on the Economics of Conflict: Edited by D. Braddon and K. Hartley. Northampton, MA USA: Edward Elgar (Chapter 10). P. Whitney Lackenbauer. “The Military as Nation-Builder: The Case of the Canadian North,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 15/1 (Summer 2013). 1-32. Thomas Juneau, Canada’s Policy to Confront the Islamic State. Calgary: Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. May 2015. Also see: Ann Griffiths, Another Take on ‘Canada’s Policy to Confront the Islamic State’ by Thomas Juneau, Canadian Global Affairs Institute. June 2015, online. Recommended: Durch, W.J. (1993) Paying the Tab: Financial Crisis. In The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis, edited by W. J. Durch. Pennsylvania: Macmillan Press 39-59. Parai, L (2006) A Note on the Economics of Standby Versus Standing Peacekeeping Forces Defence and Peace Economics, Volume 17, Number 5, p. 413-419(7) Sean Maloney, “Domestic Operations: The Canadian Approach,” Parameters 27 (1997).

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http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/97autumn/maloney.htm & Ibid., Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, 1945-1970 (St. Catherine’s: Vanwell, 2003). http://www.jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/522/509/ D. Morton, “ ‘No More Disagreeable or Onerous Duty’: Canadians and Military Aid to the Civil Power,” in David B. Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown, eds. Canada’s International Security Policy (Scarborough: Prentice Hall Canada Inc., 1995), pp. 129-152. P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Yale Belanger. Eds., Blockades or Breakthroughs? First Nations Confront the Canadian State, 1970-2007. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2014., pp.1-50, and “A Bridge Too Far? The Oka Crisis” (pp. 166-221. Eric Wagner, “The Peaceable Kingdom? The National Myth of Canadian Peacekeeping and the Cold War.” Canadian Military Journal 7:4 (2006/2007). Walter A. Dorn, “Canadian Peacekeeping: Proud Tradition, Strong Future,” Canadian Foreign Policy 12/2 (2005). LCol Ross Fetterly, “The cost of peacekeeping: Canada,” Economics of Peace and Security Journal 1/2 (2006). Michael Byers, “After Afghanistan: Canada‘s Return to UN Peacekeeping,” Canadian Military Journal 13 (1) 2012: 33-39. Eric Lehre, At What Cost Sovereignty? Canada-US Military Interoperability in the War on Terror (Halifax: Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, 2013). 13 (April 5) Group Assignment #3; presentation and discussion.

Canada. Defence White Paper. 2017.

Australia. Defence White Paper, 2016.

UK. National Security Strategy & Strategic Defence and Security Review, 2015.

France. Livre blanc français de la défense, 2013.

Recommended :

Ferry de Kerckhove’s Vimy Papers 26, 27 and/or 28, "The Strategic Outlook for Canada”, and CDA Institute Research Fellow Charles Davies's 2016 comparison of some of the above defence papers (if publicly available).

N.B. Thanks to Jeff Collins and Philippe Lagassé, both NPISA,

for their input on this syllabus.

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Resources for You Mentoring Centre - http://www.sciencessociales.uottawa.ca/mentor/fra/ The goal of the Mentoring Centre is to help students with their academic and social well being during their time at the University of Ottawa. Regardless of where a student stands academically, or how far along they are in completing their degree, the mentoring centre is there to help students continue on their path to success. A student may choose to visit the mentoring centre for very different reasons. Younger students may wish to talk to their older peers to gain insight into programs and services offered by the University, while older student may simply want to brush up on study and time management skills or learn about programs and services for students nearing the end of their degree. In all, the Mentoring Centre offers a place for students to talk about concerns and problems that they might have in any facet of their lives. While students are able to voice their concerns and problems without fear of judgment, mentors can garner further insight in issues unique to students and find a more practical solution to better improve the services that the Faculty of Social Sciences offers, as well as the services offered by the University of Ottawa. Academic Writing Help Centre - http://www.sass.uottawa.ca/writing/ At the AWHC you will learn how to identify, correct and ultimately avoid errors in your writing and become an autonomous writer. In working with our Writing Advisors, you will be able to acquire the abilities, strategies and writing tools that will enable you to:

• Master the written language of your choice • Expand your critical thinking abilities • Develop your argumentation skills • Learn what the expectations are for academic writing

Career Services - http://www.sass.uottawa.ca/careers/ Career Services offers various services and a career development program to enable you to recognize and enhance the employability skills you need in today's world of work. Counselling Service- http://www.sass.uottawa.ca/personal/ There are many reasons to take advantage of the Counselling Service. We offer:

• Personal counselling • Career counselling • Study skills counselling

Access Service - http://www.sass.uottawa.ca/acces/ The Access Service contributes to the creation of an inclusive environment by developing strategies and implementing measures that aim to reduce the barriers to learning for students who have learning disabilities, health, psychiatric or physical conditions. Student Resources Centres - http://www.communitylife.uottawa.ca/en/resources.php The Student Resources Centres aim to fulfill all sorts of students needs.

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Academic Fraud Academic fraud is an act committed by a student to distort the marking of assignments, tests, examinations, and other forms of academic evaluation. Academic fraud is neither accepted nor tolerated by the University. Anyone found guilty of academic fraud is liable to severe academic sanctions. Here are a few examples of academic fraud:

• engaging in any form of plagiarism or cheating;

• presenting falsified research data;

• handing in an assignment that was not authored, in whole or in part, by the student;

• submitting the same assignment in more than one course, without the written consent of the professors concerned.

In recent years, the development of the Internet has made it much easier to identify academic plagiarism. The tools available to your professors allow them to trace the exact origin of a text on the Web, using just a few words.

In cases where students are unsure whether they are at fault, it is their responsibility to consult the University’s Web site at the following address: http://www.socialsciences.uottawa.ca/eng/writing_tools.asp « Tools for Writing Papers and Assignments ».

Persons who have committed or attempted to commit (or have been accomplices to) academic fraud will be penalized. Here are some examples of the academic sanctions, which can be imposed:

• a grade of « F » for the assignment or course in question;

• an additional program requirement of between 3 and 30 credits;

• suspension or expulsion from the Faculty.

Last session, most of the students found guilty of fraud were given an « F » for the course and had between three and twelve credits added to their program requirement.

For more information, refer to: http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/info/newsletter/fraud_e.html Sexual Violence