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SYLLABUS TITLE ANTH 620H Human Ecology (Theory or Method) TIME 10:30-11:45 a.m., TTh, Spring Semester 2009 PLACE 329 Saunders Hall, University of Hawai`i @ Manoa INSTRUCTOR Dr. Les Sponsel, Professor Director, Ecological Anthropology Program Office: 317 Saunders Hall Office hours: 3:00-5:00 p.m. TTh by appointment Office phone: 956-8507 Email: sponsel@hawaii.edu Homepage: http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel ORIENTATION Ecological anthropology explores how culture influences the dynamic interactions between human populations and the ecosystems in their habitat through time. The primary approaches within ecological anthropology are cultural ecology, historical ecology, political ecology, and spiritual ecology. This sequence of approaches reflects the historical development of the subject, largely since the 1950’s. By now ecological anthropology is a mature topical specialization that crosscuts the five subfields of contemporary anthropology. It has its own separate unit within the American Anthropological Association called the Anthropology and Environment Section (http://www.eanth.org); journals (Human Ecology, Journal of Ecological Anthropology, Ecological and Environmental Anthropology); textbooks and anthologies; publisher’s series; specialists, programs, and courses; listserv with more than 1,000 subscribers (see E & A Section website to subscribe); and so on. (See http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecological_anthropology). This class, 620H, is the graduate core course for the Ecological Anthropology Program (see EAP on the instructor’s homepage at http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel). Ideally, the prerequisite for 620H is 415 Ecological Anthropology. Those who have not taken 415 may request the instructor’s consent. However, for some background they are strongly

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advised to read Patricia K. Townsend’s Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 2009, Second Edition). Auditors are not allowed. This time the seminar pursues a systematic and penetrating critical analysis of theory and method in ecological anthropology in historical perspective from its early 20th Century roots to the present, but organized around the sequence of primary approaches to ecological anthropology. Unfortunately, there is no single textbook conveniently available for such a survey, thus a combination of texts together with seminar reports is necessary to adequately survey this subject. Each student is required to research one historical and one contemporary contributor to ecological anthropology for two seminar papers each summarized for the class with a PowerPoint presentation. Among the historical figures (most deceased) are Alfred L. Kroeber, Clark Wissler, Frank G. Speck, Julian H. Steward, Gregory Bateson, Fredrik Barth, Roy A. Rappaport, Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Marvin Harris, John W. Bennett, Robert M. Netting, Harold C. Conklin, Eric R.Wolf, and Darrell A. Posey. Several historical personages beyond anthropology have also been particularly influential including Thomas Robert Malthus, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Charles Darwin, John Wesley Powell, George Perkins Marsh, Karl Marx, C. Daryll Forde, Carl O. Sauer, Eugene Odum, and Howard Odum. Contemporary figures include, but are not limited to, Janis B. Alcorn, Kelly Alley, Michael Alvard, Eugene N. Anderson, Shankar Aswani, William Balee, Daniel Bates, Brent Berlin, John H. Bodley, J. Peter Brosius, Robert Carneiro, David Casagrande, Carole Crumley, Philippe Descola, Michael R. Dove, Darna L. Dufour, Roy F. Ellen, Arturo Escobar, James Fairhead, Harvey Feit, Walter Goldschmidt, Thomas N. Headland, Robert Hitchcock, Ake Hultkrantz, Tim Ingold, Allen Johnson, Barbara Rose Johnston, Arne Kalland, John Knight, Conrad Kottak, Shepard Krech III, J. Stephen Lansing, Melissa Leach, Richard B. Lee, Henry T. Lewis, Paul Little, Bonnie J. McCay, Luisa E. Maffi, Kay Milton, Emilio F. Moran, Gary Nabhan, Virginia D. Nazarea, Richard Nelson, Bernard Nietschmann, Benjamin S. Orlove, Rajindra Puri, Laura Rival, Eric Ross, Eric Alden Smith, Susan C. Stonich, Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Paige West, Bruce Winterhalder, and Andrew P. Vayda. The above lists are representative, but not necessarily exhaustive. For example, with only a few exceptions, the individuals identified are cultural anthropologists. Ecologically oriented archaeologists and biological (physical) anthropologists are largely ignored simply because there are other courses available on the history of those subfields and time is very limited for this seminar. A special class project in anticipation of the Department’s 75th anniversary will be conduced to research and co-author a brief history of the development of ecological

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anthropology at UHM through surveying the work of associated faculty and staff including Gregory Bateson, Henry T. Lewis, Richard A. Gould, Leonard Mason, Richard K. Nelson, A. Terry Rambo, Michael R. Dove, Jefferson Fox, Gerald Martin, Bion Griffin, and Douglas Yen. Each student should selected one of the above individuals to research and then distribute by email a brief report (a text of one page typed single spaced and accompanying bibliography) in advance of the special seminar on this topic. Later the instructor will draft a composite essay, and then this will be revised through contributions by each student. In several cases, the individual for this special report may be the same as either the historical or contemporary scholar. When the instructor is informed of each student’s topical and regional interests, then he can help provide information and advice to assist in the selection of appropriate individuals. For each individual researched, most relevant for this seminar is information on the individual’s personality, intellectual biography and development, a time line, theoretical and methodological orientations, topical and regional teaching and research specializations, contributions and limitations, publications and other professional activities, and key primary and secondary sources. The historical, social, cultural, and political context of the individual should also be discussed. FORMAT The research for these two papers should be based on reading as much as possible published by and about each of the two scholars investigated (see the attached Appendices for resources). For the contemporary scholar, the student should also try to conduct an email interview. Such an interview might also be conducted for a historic scholar, if a student of that individual is available, such as Richard Wilk for Robert Netting, Kenneth Good for Marvin Harris, or Peter Brosius for Roy Rappaport. Finally, building on relevant aspects of the two previous exercises, each student will use a PowerPoint presentation to summarize a research proposal or report for the seminar. (See attached guidelines for a research proposal in Appendix II). Some possible topics for this report include biodiversity conservation, biophilia, diversity principle, ecolinguistics, “ecologically noble savage”, environmental justice, global warming, landscape ecology, land and resource conflicts, mining, and sacred places as protected areas. Each of the three regular seminar papers should be about five pages single-spaced exclusive of the bibliography. Follow carefully the style of the American Anthropologist. Include an abstract, introduction, discussion, and conclusion. Insert subheadings, notes, and references cited. Circulate your paper to the seminar participants one week in advance as an email attachment to allow others the opportunity to read it and formulate comments and questions for the next seminar discussion.

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A fourth paper is required as well in connection with the Department’s 75th anniversary, as indicated previously. Several telephone interviews may be conducted during the class with selected ecological anthropologists on the mainland, depending on class interests and the availability of the individual. It may be feasible to incorporate some local faculty as visitors in the seminar for special topics as well. OBJECTIVES This course has the following eight objectives with related learning outcomes: 1. explore and become familiar in general with the intellectual history of ecological anthropology during the 20th century to the present, including the evolution of its more important ideas, questions, problems, issues, and trends; 2. explore and become familiar in depth with two or three ecological anthropologists whose work is of special relevance to your own interests; 3. provide background on specific theories and methods useful for the development of an individual research proposal or report; 4. explore and become familiar with key print and internet resources available on the subject and accumulate a composite bibliography as well as a list of the interests and contributions of the more important individuals; 5. assemble a compilation of brief papers on the intellectual biography of key historical and contemporary ecological anthropologists that may be used in subsequent teaching; 6. contribute to researching and co-authoring a brief essay on the history of the development of ecological anthropology at UHM which will be posted on the Department website under the Ecological Anthropology Program. 7. practice giving brief professional presentations with PowerPoint; and 8. receive friendly and constructive but critical feedback for your own professional improvement from the instructor and fellow students. Anthropology students may use the exercises in this course to develop one or more chapters for an M.A. thesis or a Ph.D. dissertation, or for one or more papers for Plan B of the M.A.

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GRADING The course grade will be based on class participation in facilitating the discussion of assigned reading (20%); the 75th anniversary report (5%); and the three presentations (historical scholar, contemporary scholar, and research proposal or report) (25% each). The instructor’s grading is based on your demonstration of graduate level quantity and quality of scholarship as displayed in the various venues indicated above under “Format” as well as on producing clear, concise, analytical, critical, substantial, and relevant presentations. See below the section on guidelines for PowerPoint presentations (Appendix I). TEXTBOOKS As previously mentioned, there is no adequate single comprehensive textbook for this seminar. Therefore, four books are required for every student to read thoroughly and carefully to discuss in class in detail: Crumley, Carole L., ed., 2001, New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Dove, Michael R., and Carl Carpenter, eds., 2008, Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Ellen, Roy, 1982, Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social Formations, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press. Russell, Diane, and Camilla Harshbarger, 2003, GroundWork for Community-Based Conservation, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Instead of reading each of these books in sequence, chapters from each are integrated around the main approaches to ecological anthropology and other topics. There will be a division of labor among seminar participants by chapters to serve as facilitators of the seminar discussion of these books and thereby promote active learning. SUMMARY This seminar explores the origin and evolution of the intellectual history of ecological anthropology through the 20th century to the present. It is based on a combination of discussions of assigned readings with each chapter led by a student facilitator, and on three fairly short papers plus a very brief fourth paper augmented by PowerPoint summaries.

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This evolving syllabus is subject to adjustments according to class interests, experience, suggestions, criticisms, and negotiations throughout the semester following the considerations in Robert Redfield’s essay (“Said to the Students in 240 at the Last Class Meeting December 6, 1957,” The Social Uses of Social Science: The Papers of Robert Redfield, Margaret Park Redfield, ed., 1963, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, volume II, pp. 74-76). ______________________________________________________________________________ See the attached Appendices for further information: Appendix I. PowerPoint Guidelines page 12 II. Research Proposal Guidelines 13 III. Chronology 17 IV. Textbooks 21 V. Background Research 23 VI. Periodicals for Literature Search 26 VII. Internet Resources 27 VIII . Working Bibliography 28 IX. Publisher’s Series 39 ____________________________________________________________________________ SCHEDULE JANUARY 13 T ORIENTATION: students, instructor, syllabus E Preface, C Intro, RH Ch. 1, and http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecological_anthropology 15 Th OVERVIEW: DC Preface & Intro, and David G. Casagrande, 2004, “Professional and Academic Perspectives of Ecological Anthropology,” The Environmental Education Directory http://www.enviroeducation.com/interviews/david-casagrande/

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Recommended reading: Shirly Ortner, 1984, "Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties," Comparative Studies in Society and History 26:126-166. June Helm, 1962, "The Ecological Approach in Anthropology," American Journal of Sociology 17:630-639. Recommended websites for reference: Anthropological Theories http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/anthros.htm Cultural Ecology (Catherine Marquette) http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/eco.htm Recommended videos: “Shackles of Tradition” [Franz Boas, series “Pioneers in Social Anthropology”] 52 min., VHS 4372 “Franz Boas: 1852-1942” 58 min., VHS 247 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 T CULTURAL ECOLOGY: E 1-3, DC 1, 3-4 22 Th continued: DC 5-10 Recommended reading: Frederik Barth, 2007, “Overview of Sixty Years of Anthropology,” Annual Review of Anthropology 36:1-16. Michael L. Burton, et al., 1986, "Natural Resource Anthropology," Human Organization 45(3):261-269. Recommended video: “Fredrik Barth: From Fieldwork to Theory” 56 min., VHS 21442; and on Marvin Harris http://www.voicenet.com/~nancymc/marvinharris.html

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 T ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: RH 4-6, E 4-8 29 Th continued: C 5, DC 11-14, 16 Recommended reading: Andrew P. Vayda and Roy A. Rappaport, 1968, "Ecology: cultural and non-cultural," in Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 477-497. Benjamin S. Orlove, 1980, "Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 9:235-273. Recommended video: “Off the Verandah [Bronislaw Malinowski] 52 min., VHS 4402 ____________________________________________________________________________ FEBRUARY 3 T ETHNOECOLOGY: RH 7, C 1-3 5 Th continued: E 9, DC 21, 23 Recommended reading: Harold C. Conklin, 1998, “Language, Culture, and Environment: My Early Years,” Annual Review of Anthropology 27:xiii-xxx. Justin M. Nolan, 2006, “Ethnoecology,” Encyclopedia of Anthropology, H. James Birx, ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 2:846-848. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 T Reports 12 Th continued --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 T HISTORICAL ECOLOGY: C 4, 10 19 Th continued: DC 2, 15, 17, 22

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Recommended reading: William Balee, 2006, “The Research Program of Historical Ecology,” Annual Review of Anthropology 35:75-98. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 T Reports 26 Th continued ____________________________________________________________________________ MARCH 3 T POLITICAL ECOLOGY: C 6-8, 11 5 Th continued: DC 18-21 Recommended reading: Paul E. Little, 1999, "Environmentalists and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a New Millennium," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:253-284. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 T Reports 12 Th continued --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 T SPIRITUAL ECOLOGY: C 9, RH 7, DC 13, and http://www.eoearth.org/article/Religion_nature_and_environmentalism http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sacred_places_and_biodiversity_conservation 19 Th continued L.E. Sponsel, 2007, “Spiritual Ecology: One Anthropologist’s Reflections,” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 1(3):340-350. B.A. Byers, R.N. Cunliffe, and A.T. Hudak, 2001, “Linking the Conservation of Culture and Nature: A Case Study of Sacred Forests in Zimbabwe,” Human Ecology 29(2):187- 212.

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Christopher Hakkenberg, 2008, “Biodiversity and Sacred Sites: Vernacular Conservation Practices in Northwest Yunnan, China,” Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 12(1):74-90. Recommended video: “Strange Beliefs” [Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard] 57 min., VHS 4372 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 T ***** Spring Recess ***** 26 Th continued --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 T MISCELANEOUS: E 10-12 ____________________________________________________________________________ APRIL 2 Th continued: C 5, 12-13, DC 24 Recommended reading: Conrad P. Kottak, 1999, "The New Ecological Anthropology" American Anthropologist 101(1):23-35. J. Stephen Lansing, 2003, “Complex Adaptive Systems,” Annual Review of Anthropology 32:183-204. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 T Reports 9 Th continued --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 T METHODS: RH 8-11 16 Th continued: 12-14, 16

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Recommended reading: Vayda, Andrew P., 1996, "Methods and Explanations in the Study of Human Actions and their Environmental Effects," Jakarta, Indonesia: CIFOR/WWF Special Publication, pp. 1-44. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 T APPLIED: DC 24, RH 2-3, 15 23 Th continued: C 7, 11-13 Recommended reading: Barbara Rose Johnston, 1995, "Human Rights and the Environment," Human Ecology 23:111-123. Benjamin S. Orlove, and Stephen B. Brush, 1996, “Anthropology and the Conservation of Biodiversity,” Annual Review of Anthropology 25:329-352. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28T Research proposals and reports 30Th continued ____________________________________________________________________________ MAY 5 T continued 14 Th FINAL EXAMINATION 9:45-11:45 a.m. Continued if needed ____________________________________________________________________________

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APPENDIX I. POWERPOINT GUIDELINES Contents Any report should incorporate substantial contents. However, the report also needs to be clear and concise. Drafting an outline first will help. Identify three to five main points near the beginning of your report and repeat them again near the end in order to reinforce your message. Keep the presentation focused on these main points. Package your information and ideas in a way that will attract and maintain the attention of your audience. Your opening statement is most important in this regard. A personal story or anecdote can be useful to set the stage. Oral Communication The most interesting and important ideas will not be effectively communicated to your audience unless they are delivered skillfully. The main skills in oral communication are to attract and hold the attention of your audience from the outset; vary your voice to avoid a monotone; maintain eye contact with the entire audience during your talk; judiciously use appropriate body language such as facial expressions and hand gestures; and identify and emphasize your main message(s) near the start and again at the close of your presentation. You need to repeatedly rehearse your presentation to be sure that you can confidently and comfortably deliver it within the time period available. Repeatedly rehearsing in front of a few of your acquaintances and getting their constructive feedback can help a lot. (A handout is available with more detail on oral communication skills). PowerPoint Limit the number of frames in your PowerPoint to about one frame for every one to two minutes according to the time available. For example, use about a dozen frames if you have only 15 minutes for your presentation, or about two dozen frames if you have a half of an hour. When you start developing your PowerPoint presentation, select a frame design and color combination that best reflect your subject matter. Be sure to use a strong contrast in the colors of the text and background. For instance, it is easy for your audience to read something like a yellow text on a dark blue background, or vice versa. Avoid using light colors for both text and background. Use a bold font in the largest size that will fit on the frame. The goal is to design the PowerPoint so that it can be easily read by the audience without straining. It should also be aesthetically pleasing. Limit the text on each frame of the PowerPoint to a few key words or phrases avoiding too much detail. The text is simply a guide to help your memory as speaker and an outline for the audience to help them follow the main points of your talk. Do not read the text on each frame to your audience; they are literate and will be more actively engaged in your presentation if they read the text on each frame for themselves. Instead, explain the key words and phrases on each frame to elaborate on the main points outlined. If you use a quote, then ask the audience to read it for themselves in order to involve them more actively in the presentation. Use a few striking but relevant illustrations or images for most frames, but not necessarily on every one of

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them. Carefully selecting images that are the most relevant and of the highest quality greatly enhances your PowerPoint. Images may be found at http://www.google.com, http://www.yahoo.com, http://www.flickr.com, and possibly on the department, faculty, or other website of the individual or subject of inquiry. Sometimes special effects or gimmicks with PowerPoint such as animation can enhance a presentation, but if they are not handled very carefully then they may be distracting for the audience, especially in a short presentation. Your primary goal is to inform your audience, rather than dazzle them with your technological skills and in the process sacrifice your message. Video segments may be useful, if you have time and if they can be accessed easily and quickly (e.g., http://www.YouTube.com). However, usually it is most convenient to simply use a video tape or DVD set beforehand at the appropriate place to begin the segment you wish to show, instead of inserting the video clip in your PowerPoint beforehand and then during your talk waiting for the download when you wish to show it. CD/USB You should bring your PowerPoint file on a CD, USB, or other external storage device that can be installed easily and quickly in the computer provided in the meeting room, rather than wasting time installing your laptop, trying to download the PowerPoint from your email, or some other venue. Be sure to test and rehearse with any equipment in advance in order to avoid any frustration with technical problems for you and your audience. ____________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX II. RESEARCH PROPOSAL GUIDELINES While there is considerable mysticism about research, actually it is nothing more than simply pursuing the answer to a specific question about a particular topic. In turn, a research proposal is primarily an action plan to find the answer. Whether your proposal is for a graduate committee, grant funds, a research permit, or some other purpose, basically you are selling an idea; that is, doing something that is interesting and important to attract the time and resources of others. It must also demonstrate that you are competent to successfully conduct the research. Accordingly, everything must be done to communicate as clearly, concisely, and convincingly as possible. The entire process is made far easier as well as much more efficient and effective, if, at the very outset, you can identify as clearly and concisely as possible a question to pursue within a particular topic and/or area. That primary question may in turn be divided into a set of several secondary questions, and each of those into a set of tertiary questions. At some stage, one or more of these questions may be formally stated as hypotheses to actually test with data.

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Most research proposals include the following items, whether or not they are explicitly identified by subheadings. However, some authors, supervisors, granting agencies, and others may have their own specifications. Depending on the item, about two to four pages (typed, double-spaced) should be sufficient. About 15-20 pages are necessary for a solid proposal. Remember, the more a busy reviewer has to read, the less their interest and approbation! You have to strike a balance in providing information which is sufficient but not excessive. Title Page What is the topic? Who are the researchers and where are they located? On a separate title page are usually listed the title and subtitle of the research project; the name, institutional affiliation, address and other contact information (telephone, FAX, email, webpage) for the investigator(s); and the exact date. Abstract What are the three to five most important points to inform the reader about your research project? About one page containing a paragraph on each point should be sufficient. The abstract is the single most important part of a research proposal, because it sets the stage for the reader and may be the only part that is actually read carefully. It may also be published by a granting agency. Furthermore, writing a good abstract will facilitate writing the remainder of the proposal, although the abstract should be revised afterward. Introduction What is so interesting and important about this topic? What are some of the most important questions remaining to be answered or subtopics yet to be explored? The first sentence and paragraph of the introduction are especially critical and should be carefully crafted because they are likely to either attract or repel the reader. Background and Theory

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What background does the reviewer need to have presented, or to recognize that you have, in order to be able to assess the project, or to be convinced of its merit? What are the gaps or deficiencies in what is already known about the subject? How will this approach differ or add something new? What anthropological paradigms (conceptual frameworks) and theory or theories (general or abstract statements) will guide the collection, interpretation, and analysis of the data? The background includes a survey of what is already known about the topic as revealed by a review of the most relevant literature. This section should not try to discuss everything that has ever been written, but only adequately survey the publications that are clearly indispensable. Any question or topic is potentially quicksand, and graduate student proposals are often far too ambitious, reflecting more a lifetime career in research than a readily manageable project within a year or two. One way to reduce a project to something manageable is to frame it as a series of progressive stages, realizing that the first stage alone would be sufficient for a thesis or dissertation if time runs out. Question and/or Problem Statement What do you really want to find out most of all about a topic? What are the most important questions (primary, secondary, tertiary) to adequately explore this topic? How can these be framed as a basic problem statement? A question or problem may be a completely new idea, a contradiction to an old idea, a new approach to it, or address previous deficiencies or gaps. Methods What are the best ways to find answers to the research question(s)? Among the various methods that could be applied in data collection, analysis, and interpretation, which are the most appropriate and most feasible with the resources you have available? (Here resources include training, skills, funds, time, and so on). Several different methods may be complementary in providing more thorough data and perspectives on the selected topic than any single method alone. Also, ideally, triangulation can

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be applied; that is, using several different independent methods to collect the same data and cross-check one another's data. Significance Why should anyone really care about this project beyond your own curiosity? In particular, why should anyone invest money, time, expertise, or other assistance in this project? What are its potential theoretical, methodological, and/or practical benefits? What will its contributions be to you, the hosts (community, institution, and country), science, the profession, and the public? What will be the final tangible product(s) such as publications? (If a thesis or dissertation, include a table of contents, perhaps as an appendix). Next to the abstract, this may well be the most important section of the proposal, because this is the last part of the text read and where the author closes the sale on the key idea(s). Schedule How will time be allocated in pursuing the answers to the questions posed for the research project? Is this allotment really adequate and practical? For a one-year project, a monthly breakdown of research activities in outline form is most desirable. Budget How will money be allocated in pursuing this research? Will this amount be adequate and practical? Be prepared to receive less funding than requested! The budget may include travel, housing, subsistence, equipment (durable goods), supplies, assistant fees and gifts, honoraria for co-investigators, and many other kinds of items.

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Accurate estimates of major cost items and a brief justification are necessary, such as for a camera or laptop. (Usually the justification for each major expense is placed in a footnote). Also, it should be specified that after the end of the project expensive items of equipment will be donated to the community or host institution rather than retained for personal use. (Many granting agencies require account records including receipts to demonstrate how the money was spent). Appendices What kinds of additional information may be helpful to a reviewer which better fit after the main text of the proposal? Appendices may incorporate such things as sample questionnaires; a regional map locating the study site(s); personal statement of professional responsibility or ethics including safeguards for human subjects; a copy of a national research permit; general "To Whom It May Concern" letters of introduction and support from supervisors and/or others; and a curriculum vita or resume (short version of CV). References Cited or Bibliography What books, articles, and other publications have been cited in the text of the proposal? Are any additional ones needed? Full and accurate bibliographic citations should be given. You can not cover the relevant literature exhaustively, but should include indispensable items. Also, citations should include the most recent literature. ____________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX III. CHRONOLOGY 1926 Clark Wissler (1870-1947) publishes The Relations of Nature to Man in

Aboriginal America, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, the cultural area approach anticipating some aspects of cultural ecology. 1934 Daryll Forde (1902-73) publishes Habitat, Economy and Society, a pioneering work in the direction of cultural ecology. 1938 Julian H. Steward (1902-72) publishes classic ethnographic and cultural ecology

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field study Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Socio-political Groups, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 120.

1939 Alfred L. Kroeber (1876-1960) publishes Cultural and Natural Areas of Native

North America, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, the culture area of historical particularism approach anticipating some aspects of cultural ecology.

1946 Julian H. Steward begins long period of teaching at Columbia University in which

he influences many students with his ideas about multilinear evolution and cultural ecology. (Previously he taught at the University of Michigan in 1928, the University of Utah in 1930, and the University of California at Berkeley in 1933-34).

1952 Julian H. Steward moves to teach at the University of Illinois at Urbana until his

death in 1972. 1953 Eugene P. Odum (1913-2002), the "father of modern ecology," publishes

Fundamentals of Ecology, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, the classic textbook on biological ecology which endured for a decade without any competitors.

1953 Marston Bates (1906-1974) publishes historic review "Human Ecology" in

Anthropology Today, Alfred L. Kroeber, ed., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 700-713.

1953 Marvin Harris (1927-2001) teaches at Columbia University from 1953 until 1980

when he moves to the University of Florida to teach until his retirement in 2000. 1955 Julian H. Steward publishes collection of essays Theory of Culture Change: The

Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, with classic outline of cultural ecology. (See Clemmer et al., 1999, Kern 2003, Manners 1964, J.C. Steward and R.F. Murphy 1977, Sponsel 1997a).

1958 Fredrik Barth publishes "Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat,

North Pakistan," American Anthropologist 58:107-189, a pioneering application of the ecological principles from biology of niche, symbiosis, and competitive exclusion.

1960 Andrew P. Vayda joins faculty at Columbia University where he taught until 1972

when he moved to Cook College at Rutgers University contributing to the development the program in human ecology until his retirement in 2003 (see Ellen 2004).

1963 Clifford Geertz publishes Agricultural Involution, Berkeley, CA: University of

California Press, a pioneering work in the historical ecology of a colonial system.

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1964 Festschrift edited by Robert Manners, Process and Pattern in Culture: Essays in

Honor of Julian Steward, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1965 Roy A. Rappaport (1926-1997) joins the faculty of the University of Michigan

where he taught until his death. 1968 Roy A. Rappaport publishes Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of A

New Guinea People, generally recognized as the most influential field study in ecological anthropology applying principles from systems analysis and biological ecology, and also a precursor of spiritual ecology. A second edition in 1984 includes an extensive Epilogue in which he responds to criticisms. (See Messer and Lambek 2001).

1968 Andrew P. Vayda and Roy A. Rappaport publish "Ecology: cultural and non-

cultural," in Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 477-497, which critiques Steward's cultural ecology and launches ecological anthropology as a new approach.

1969 Establishment of the Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society at the

University of Illinois at Urbana 1969 Andrew P. Vayda edits Environment and Cultural Behavior, Garden City, NY:

Natural History Press, a historical collection of reprinted and original essays in cultural ecology.

1972 The interdisciplinary journal Human Ecology was founded and initially edited for

its first five years by Andrew P. Vayda. 1976 John W. Bennett, 1976, publishes a collection of his mostly theoretical essays,

The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon Press, and develops the pivotal concept of the ecological transition foreshadowing historical ecology.

1977 Robert M. Netting (1934-95) publishes Cultural Ecology, Prospect Heights, IL:

Waveland Press, the first textbook on this subject. It is organized around types of subsistence economies which has been the most common organizational principle at least since Forde 1934 book (see Wilk and Stone 1998).

1977 Donald L. Hardesty publishes Ecological Anthropology, New York, NY: John

Wiley, a substantial textbook organized around the applications of ecological principles from biology to the anthropological study of human-environment interactions.

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1979 Marvin Harris publishes Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture, New York, NY: Random House, which systematically develops his cultural materialist research strategy and thoroughly critiques alternatives (see Murphy and Margolis 1995).

1979 Emilio F Moran publishes Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological

Anthropology, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, the first textbook on ecological anthropology aimed at an integration and synthesis of biological and cultural aspects of human-environment interactions within a biome framework.

1981 Leslie E. Sponsel hired to development the Ecological Anthropology Program at

the University of Hawai`i 1982 Roy F. Ellen publishes Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of

Small-Scale Social Formations, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, which remains the best history of the development of theory and method in ecological anthropology.

1987 Leslie E. Sponsel publishes "Cultural Ecology and Environmental Education"

Journal of Environmental Education 19(1):31-42, the first inventory of teaching approaches and resources for the subject (cf. Balee 1996).

1996 Anthropology and Environment Section established as a unit within the American

Anthropological Association, now with 517 members listed in the 2003-2004 AAA Guide.

1995 David Kinsley publishes Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-

Cultural Perspective, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, the first textbook on spiritual ecology (see Sponsel 2001, 2007).

1996 Listserv established for Ecological and Environmental Anthropology based at the

Department of Anthropology of the University of Georgia. (By 2008, the number of subscribers reaches well over a thousand).

1997 Student periodical Georgia Journal of Ecological Anthropology started

publication at the Department of Anthropology of the University of Georgia 1998 William Balee edits Advances in Historical Ecology, New York, NY: Columbia

University Press, a benchmark set of essays on this relatively new approach. 1999 Conrad P. Kottak publishes "The New Ecological Anthropology" American

Anthropologist 101(1):23-35, which perceptively summarizes recent developments including new methods (long-term, multiscalar, linkages, comparison, team, etc.); shift in emphasis toward political ecology and more

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engaged research (applied, policy, advocacy); and focus on critical practical issues (neocolonialism, biodiversity conservation, environmental justice, etc.)(cf. Little 1999, Sponsel 1995:279, 1997b).

2000 Patricia K. Townsend publishes Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to

Policies, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, emphasizing applied aspects of ecological anthropology (cf. Moran 1996).

2001 Carole Crumley edits New Directions in Anthropology and Environment:

Intersections, Thousand Oaks, CA: AltaMira Press, which includes seminal essays on new research frontiers such as historical, political, and spiritual ecology.

2003 Helaine Selin edits Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment

in Non-Western Cultures, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, a benchmark inventory on the subject.

2008 Michael R. Dove and Carol Carpenter edit Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2009 Anthropology and Environment Section of the AAA includes 566 members and its Eanth listserv includes 1,341 subscribers. ____________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX IV. TEXTBOOKS 1969, Andrew P. Vayda, ed., Environment and Cultural Behavior, Garden City, NY: Natural History Press. 1976, John W. Bennett, 1976, The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon Press. 1977, Donald L. Hardesty, Ecological Anthropology, New York, NY: John Willey and Sons. 1977/1996, Robert M. Netting, Cultural Ecology, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. 1979/1993, Roberto A. Frisancho, Human Adaptation and Accommodation, Ann Arbor, Michigan Press.

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1979/2000, Emilio F. Moran, Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1980, Gary Klee, ed., World Systems of Traditional Resource Management, New York, NY: John Wiley and Co. 1981, Michael A. Jochim, Strategies for Survival: Cultural Behavior in an Ecological Context, New York, NY: Academic Press. 1982, Roy F. Ellen, Environment, Subsistence and System: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social Formations, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1982/1995, Bernard Campbell, Human Ecology: The story of our place in nature from prehistory to the present, New York, NY: Aldine Publishing Co. 1985, Alison Richard, Primates in Nature, San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman. 1991, Daniel G. Bates, and Fred Plog, Human Adaptive Strategies, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1992, Eric Alden Smith, and Bruce Winterhalder, eds., Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. 1993, Kay Milton, ed., Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology, New York, NY: Routledge. 1996, Daniel G. Bates, and Susan H. Lees, eds., Case Studies in Human Ecology, New York, NY: Plenum Press. 1996, Kay Milton, Environmentalism and Culture Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology in Environmental Discourse, New York, NY: Routledge. 1998, Alan H. Goodman and Thomas L. Leatherman, eds., Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 1998, Edward J. Kormondy, and Daniel E. Brown, Fundamentals of Human Ecology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1999, Charles L. Redman, Human Impact on Ancient Environments, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. 2000, Stephen Molnar, and Iva M. Molnar, Environmental Change and Human Survival: Some Dimensions of Human Ecology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

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2000, Karen B. Stier, Primate Behavioral Ecology, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 2000, Patricia K. Townsend, Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies, Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 2001, Carole Crumley, ed., New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Intersections, Thousand Oaks, CA: AltaMira Press. 2001, Daniel G. Bates, Human Adaptive Strategies: Ecology, Culture and Politics, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 2003, Gerald G. Marten, Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development, Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications. 2004, Mark Q. Sutton and E.N. Anderson, Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development, Thousand Oaks, CA: AltaMira Press. 2005, Nora Haenn and Richard Wilk, eds., The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living, New York, NY: New York University Press. 2006, Emilio F. Moran, People and Nature: An Introduction to Human Ecological Relations, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2008, Michael R. Dove and Carole Carpenter, eds., Environmental Anthropology: A Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2009, Patricia K. Townsend, Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies, Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press (Second Edition). ____________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX V. BACKGROUND RESOURCES Adams, William Y., 1998, The Philosophical Roots of Anthropology, Stanford, CA: Leland Stanford Junior University Center for the Study of Language and Information Publications (especially Chapter 3 “Primitivism”).

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Amit, Vered, ed., 2004, Biographical Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY: Routledge. (Contains entries on several ecological anthropologists including Fredrik Barth, Gregory Bateson, Brent Berlin, Harold Conklin, Philippe Descola, C. Daryll Forde, Marvin Harris, Richard Lee, Robert M. Netting, Roy A. Rappaport, Frank Speck, Leslie Sponsel, Julian H. Steward, Andrew Vayda, Leslie A. White, Clark Wissler, and Eric Wolf). Ref GN20 .B56 2004 Barfield, Thomas, ed., 1997, The Dictionary of Anthropology, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. (Articles on C. Daryll Forde, Marvin Harris, Alfred L. Kroeber, Audrey I. Richards, Julian Steward, Leslie A. White, as well as on cultural materialism, ecological anthropology, Marxist anthropology, materialism, original affluent society, systems theory, world system theory). Ref GN307 .E525 1997 Barnard, Alan, and Jonathan Spencer, eds., 1996, Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY: Routledge. (Articles on cultural materialism, culture, ecological anthropology, emic and etic, nature and culture, environment, and other topics as well as very brief biographies). Ref GN307 .E525 1996 Barnett, Stanley R., 1997, Anthropology: A Student’s Guide to Theory and Method, Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. Birx, H. James, ed., 2006, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, volumes 1-5. (Articles on Franz Boas, Marvin Harris, Alfred L. Kroeber, Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, Roy Rappaport, Julian H. Steward, Andrew Vayda, Leslie A. White, Clark Wissler, Eric Wolf, and other ecological anthropologists as well as on adaptation, Daniel G. Bates, cultural ecology, culture, culture area, determinism, ecology, ethnoecology, etics, functionalism, materialism, nature, positivism, religion and environment, and superorganic). Ref GN11 .E63 2006 (http://www.sagepub.com) Borofsky, Robert, ed., 1994, Assessing Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. (Chapters by Marvin Harris, Roy Rappaport, Eric Wolf, Andrew Vayda, Fredrik Barth, Conrad Kottak including their own intellectual autobiographical sketches). Bramwell, Anna, 1989, Ecology in the 20th Century: A History, New Haven CT: Yale University Press. Coates, Peter, 1998, Nature: Western Attitudes Since Ancient Times, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Dove, Michael R., and Carol Carpenter, eds., 2007, Environmental Anthropology: A Reader, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing [in press]. Glacken, Clarence J., 1967, Traces on a Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought From Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley, CA: University of

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California Press (includes part introductions and chapter summaries). (For his summary of his book see Clarence J. Glacken, 1956, "Changing Ideas of the Habitable World," Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, William L. Thomas, Jr., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 70-92). Harris, Marvin, 1998, Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times, AltaMira Press. Harris, Marvin, 2000, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press (especially last two chapters). Levinson, David, and Melvin Ember, eds., 1996, Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. (Articles on adaptation, behavioral ecology, carrying capacity, cultural ecology, culture, emic/etic, environmental anthrpology, ethnobotany, ethnozoology, historical ecology, hunter-gatherer revisionism, Marxism, political economy, primitivism, pristine myth, regional analysis, scientific anthropology, sustainable agriculture, tragedy of the commons, world-systems theory, and worldview). Ref GN307 .E52 1996 Palmer, Joy A., ed., 2001, Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment, New York, NY: Routledge. GE40 .F54 2001 Sidky, H., 2004, Perspectives on Culture: A Critical Introduction to Theory in Cultural Anthropoology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall (especially Chapter 10 “Cultural Evolution Returns: Leslie White and Julian Steward,” and Chapter 14 “Scientific, Materialist, and Marxist Anthropology”). Sills, David L., ed., 1968, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York, NY: Macmillan and the Free Press. (Entries on Franz Boas, Alfred L. Kroeber, Frank G. Speck, John Wesley Powell, and Clark Wissler as well as on culture, cultural adaptation, culture areas, cultural change, cultural ecology, and cultural evolution). Ref H 40 .A2 I5 Smelser, Neil J., and Paul B. Baltes, editors-in-chief, 2001, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY: Elsevier. (Also available in Electronic Format). Ref H41 .I58 2001 Taylor, Bron, editor-in-chief, 2005, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, New York, NY: Continuum Press. (Contains articles on Gregory Bateson, Roy A. Rappaport, Geardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Ernst Haeckel, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Edward O. Wilson as well as on anthropologists, biodiversity, ecological anthropology, ecology and religion, ethnobtany, ethnoecology, noble savage, and traditional ecological knowledge). Ref BL65 .N35 2005 Worster, Donald, 1994, Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (Second Edition).

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____________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX VI. PERIODICALS FOR LITERATURE SEARCH *Available in Electronic Format online through the Hamilton Library Hawaii Voyager at: http://www.uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu Abstracts in Anthropology* GN1 .A37 Annual Review of Anthropology* GN1 .A623 Anthropological Literature REF Z5112 .A57 Current Contents: Social and Behavioral Sciences REF Z7163 .C77 Great Ideas Today AY59 .G7 Histories of Anthropology Annual GN 17 .H565 History of Anthropology Newsletter (archived online) http://anthropology.uchicago.edu/about/han/Default.htm History of Science Q125 .H629 Human Ecology GF 1 .H84 International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology REF Z7161 .I593 & .I594 Journal of the History of Biology QH305 .J64 Journal of the History of Ideas* B1 .J826 Reviews in Anthropology* GN1 .R4 ______________________________________________________________________________

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APPENDIX VII. INTERNET RESOURCES Annual Review of Anthropology (Available online through Hamilton Library Hawai`i Voyager/UH) http://www.uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu Anthropology and Environment Section (American Anthropological Association) http://www.eanth.org AnthroSource (Online archive of AAA periodicals for over a century, but need to be a member) http://www.aaanet.org The Anthropological Index Online (Royal Anthropological Institute) (This sources is for many purposes the most useful by far). http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/A1O.html Anthropological Theories http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/anthros.htm Birx, H. James, ed., 2006, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, volumes 1-5. Ref GN11 .E63 2006 (Also available online through the publisher’s website and/or Hamilton Library). (http://www.sagepub.com) Cultural Ecology (Catherine Marquette) http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/eco.htm Ecological Anthropology, etc (under Ecological Anthropology Program see “Overview” and “History 2") http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/Sponsel Encyclopedia of Earth (National Council for Science and the Environment) http://www.eoearth.org Google.com (Very useful for contemporary scholars). http://www.scholar.google.com Hamilton Library Hawai`i Voyager/UH http://www.uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu History of Anthropology Newsletter (archived online) http://anthropology.uchicago.edu/about/han/Default.htm

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National Academy of Sciences – Biographical Memoirs (Alfred Kroeber, George Perkins Marsh, Robert Netting, Eugene P. Odum, Richard Evans Schultes, Julian Steward, and Clark Wissler) http://www.nasonline.org David Price - Obituary Index from AAA American Anthropologist and Anthropology Newsletter http://homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/dprice/deadbook.htm Joseph B. Shead’s Bibliography of Ecological and Environmental Anthropology http://www.SheadProgramming.com/Anthro Leslie Sponsel’s homepage http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/sponsel Wikipedia (This can be very useful for references and website links on the subject, but the contents need to be checked against other sources for accuracy. It includes a very detailed entry on Darrell A. Posey). http://en.wikipedia.org ______________________________________________________________________________ APPENDIX VIII. WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY Status Reviews 1917, Robert H. Lowie, "Culture and Environment," Culture and Ethnology, New York, NY: McMurtrie, pp. 47-65. 1944, John W. Bennett, “The Interaction of Culture and Environment in the Smaller Societies,” American Anthropologist 46:461-478. 1953, Marston Bates, "Human Ecology," Anthropology Today, Alfred L. Kroeber, ed., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 700-713. 1962, June Helm, "The Ecological Approach in Anthropology," American Journal of Sociology 17:630-639. 1964, Marshall Sahlins, "Culture and Environment: The Study of Cultural Ecology," Horizons of Anthropology, Sol Tax, ed., Chicago, IL: Aldine, pp. 215-231. 1968, Julian H. Steward, "Cultural Ecology," International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences,

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David Sills, ed., New York, NY: Macmillan, 4:337-344. 1968, Andrew P. Vayda and Roy A. Rappaport, "Ecology: Cultural and Non-cultural," Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James A. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 477-497. 1970, Joan M.W. Abbott, “Cultural Anthropology and the Man-Environment Relationship: An Historical Discussion,” Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 43:10-31. 1971, Robert McC. Netting, “The Ecological Approach in Cultural Study,” Addison-Wesley Modular Publications No. 6. 1971, Roy A. Rappaport, “Nature, Culture, and Ecological Anthropology,” Man, Culture and Society, Harry L. Shapiro, ed., New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp 236-267. 1973, Elvin Hatch, “The Growth of Economic Subsistence and Ecological Studies in American Anthropology,” Journal of Anthropological Research 29:221-243. 1973, James N. Anderson, "Ecological Anthropology and Anthropological Ecology" Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology, John J. Honigmann, ed., Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp. 179-239. 1975, Andrew P. Vayda and Bonnie J. McCay, "New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 4:293-306. 1980, Benjamin S. Orlove, "Ecological Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology 9:235-273. 1983, A. Terry Rambo, “Conceptual Approaches to Human Ecology,” Honolulu, HI: East-West Center Environment and Policy Institute Research Report No. 14. 1996, Emilio F. Moran, "Environmental Anthropology," in Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co., 2:283-389. 1996, Robert McC. Netting, "Cultural Ecology," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 1:267-271. 1996, Philip Carl Salzman, and Donald W. Attwood, 1996, “Ecological Anthropology,” Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, eds., New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 169-172. 1997, Leslie E. Sponsel, "Ecological Anthropology," The Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas Barfield, ed., Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 137-140.

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1997, Thomas N. Headland, et al., 1997. "Revisionism in Ecological Anthropology," Current Anthropology 38(4):605-630. 1999, Aletta Biersack, "Introduction: From the "New Ecology" to the New Ecologies," American Anthropologist 101(1):5-18. 1999, Conrad Kottak, "The New Ecological Anthropology," American Anthropologist 101(1):23-35. 1999, Paul E. Little, "Environmentalists and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a New Millennium," Annual Review of Anthropology 28:253-284. 1999, David J. Wilson, Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present: An Ecological Perspective, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Chapter 2 Theoretical Approach, Ch. 10 Toward a Scientific Paradigm in South Americanist Studies. 2002, Melissa Leach, and James Fairhead, “Anthropology, Culture, and Environment,” Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines, Jeremy McClancy, ed., Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 2004, Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Editors-in-Chief, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York, NY: Elsevier, Ltd. (numerous entries). 2005, Leah K. VanWey, Elinor Ostrom, and Vicky Meretsky, “Theories Underlying the Study of Human-Environment Interactions,” Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Human-Environment Interactions in Forest Ecosystems, Emilio F. Moran and Elinor Ostrom, eds., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Chapter 2, pp. 23-56. 2007, Leslie E. Sponsel, “Ecological Anthropology,” Encyclopedia of Earth http://www.eoearth.org. 2008, Bonnie J. McCay, “An Intellectual History of Ecological Anthropology,” Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Bradley B. Walters, Boonie J. McCay, Paige West, and Susan Lees, eds., Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Chapter 1, pp. 11-25. ______________________________________________________________________________ Festschrifts

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(These writing festivals by former students and colleagues of prominent scholars often include an introductory chapter providing a very useful intellectual biography and bibliography as well as subsequent chapters reflecting on specific topics of the individual’s life and work). Abbink, Jan, and Hans Vermeulen, eds., 1992, History and Culture: Essays on the Work of Eric R. Wolf, Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. Clemmer, Richard O., L. Daniel Myers, and Mary Elizabeth Rudden, eds., 1999, Julian Steward and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. Kuznar, Lawrence, and Stephen K. Sanderson, eds., 2008, Studying Societies and Cultures: Marvin Harris’ Cultural Materialism and Its Legacy, New York, NY: Paradigm Publishers. Manners, Robert A., ed., 1964. Process and Pattern in Culture: Essays in Honor of Julian H. Steward. Chicago, Il: Aldine Publishing Co. Messer, Ellen, and Michael Lambek, eds., 2001, Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Murphy, Martin F., and Maxine L. Margolis, eds., 1995, Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture, Martin F. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press (about Marivn Harris). Schneider, J., and R. Rapp, eds., 1995, Articulating Hidden Histories: Exploring the Influence of Eric R. Wolf, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Smith, Sheldon, and E. Reeves, eds., 1989, Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration of Political Economy, Adaptation, and Socionatural Regions, Boulder, CO: Westview Press (about John H. Bennett). Walters, Bradley B., Bonnie J. McCay, Paige West, and Susan Lees, eds., 2008, Against the Grain: The Vayda Tradition in Human Ecology and Ecological Anthropology, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ____________________________________________________________________________ Gregory Bateson Bateson, Gregory, 1972, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, New York, NY: Chandler Publishing Company/Ballantine Books.

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Gregory Bateson, 1979, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, New York, NY: Bantam Books, Inc. Bateson, Gregory, and Mary Catherine Bateson, 1987, Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred, New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company. Bateson, Mary Catherine, 2000, “Foreword,” Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. http://www.oikos.org/stepsintro.htm Bateson, Mary Catherine, website http://www.marycatherinebateson.com Brockman, John, ed., 1977, About Bateson, New York, NY: E.P. Dutton [“Curriculum Vitae of Gregory Bateson” pp, 248-249]. Carroll, Vern, and Rodney E. Donalds, 1982, “Bibliography,” American Anthropologist 84:387-394. Charlton, Noel G., 2008, Understanding Gregory Bateson: Mind, Beauty, and the Sacred Earth, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press [See detailed Table of Timeline Events and Publications on pp. 224-242]. Donaldson, Rodney E., 1991, Sacred Unity: Further Steps to an Ecology of Mind, New York, NY: HarperCollinsPublishers [“Bibliography of the Published Works of Gregory Bateson”, pp. 314-336]. Harries-Jones, Peter, 1995, A Recursive Vision: Ecological Understanding and Gregory Bateson, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press [“A Brief Biographical Chronology of Gregory Bateson” pp. xi-xiii]. Levy, Robert I., and Roy Rappaport, 1982, “Gregory Bateson 1904-1980,” American Anthropologist 84:379-387. Lipset, David, 1980, Gregory Bateson: The Legacy of a Scientist, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Oikos website http://www.oikos.org/baten.htm Rapport, Nigel, 2004, “Bateson, Gregory,” Biographical Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology, New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 37-39. Rieber, Robert, ed., 1989, The Individual, Communication, and Society: Essays in Memory of Gregory Bateson, New York, NY: Cambridge University.

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Stuckrad, Kocku von, 2005, “Bateson, Gregory (1904-1980),” Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Bron Taylor, Editor-in-Chief, Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Continuum, 1:160. University of California at Santa Cruz – The Gregory Bateson Archive Wilder-Mott, C., and John H. Weakland, 1981, Rigor and Imagination: Essays from the Legacy of Gregory Bateson, New York, NY: Praeger. _____________________________________________________________________________ John W. Bennett Bennett, John W., 1969, Northern Plainsmen, Chicago, IL: Aldine. Bennett, John W., 1976, The Ecological Transition: Cultural Anthropology and Human Adaptation, New York, NY: Pergamon. Bennett, John W., 1993, Human Ecology as Human Behavior: Essays in Environmental and Development Anthropology, New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions. Smith, Sheldon, and E. Reeves, eds., 1989, Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration of Political Economy, Adaptation, and Socionatural Regions, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Wolfe, Alvin W., and Thomas Weaver, 2006 (March), “John W. Bennett (1915-2005), American Anthropologist 108(1):266-268. ______________________________________________________________________________ Marvin Harris Friedman, Jonathan, 1974, "Marxism, Structuralism, and Vulgar Materialism," Man 9(3):444-469. Harris, Marvin, 1964, The Nature of Cultural Things. New York, NY: Random House. Harris, Marvin, 1966, "The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle," Current Anthropology 7:51-66. Harris, Marvin, 1968, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture,

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New York, NY: Crowell (especially last two chapters). Harris, Marvin, 1974, Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture, New York, NY: Random House. Harris, Marvin, 1976, "History and Significance of the Emic/Etic Distinction," Annual Review of Anthropology 5:329-350. Harris, Marvin, 1977, Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Culture, New York, NY: Random House. Harris, Marvin, 1979, Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for the Science of Culture, New York, NY: Random House. Harris, Marvin, 1985, Good to Eat: The Riddles of Food and Culture, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Harris, Marvin, 1987, "Cultural Materialism: Alarms and Excursions," Waymarks, Kenneth Moore, ed. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 107-126. Harris, Marvin, 1994, "Cultural Materialism Is Alive and Well and Won't Go Away Until Something Better Comes Along" on pp. 62-74 and “Intellectual Roots” on pp. 75-76, Assessing Cultural Anthropology, Robert Borofsky, ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 62-76. Harris, Marvin, 1996, "Cultural Materialism," Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 1:277-281. Harris, Marvin, 1999, Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times, Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Harris, Marvin, and Eric Ross, eds., 1987, Food and Evolution: Towards a Theory of Human Food Habits, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Harris, Marvin, and Eric Ross, 1987, Death, Sex, and Fertility: Population Regulation in Pre-Industrial and Developing Societies, New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Job, Sebastian, 2006, “Cultural Materialism,” Encyclopedia of Anthropology, H. James Birx, ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 4:1549-1553. Johnson, Allen, 1995, "Explanation and Ground Truth: The Place of Cultural Materialism in Scientific Anthropology," Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture, Martin F. Murphy and Maxine L. Margolis, eds., Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, pp. 7-20. Kuznar, Lawrence, and Stephen K. Sanderson, eds., 2008, Studying Societies and Cultures:

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Marvin Harris’ Cultural Materialism and Its Legacy, New York, NY: Paradigm Publishers. Lett, James, 1996, “Emic/Etic Distinctions,” Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology, David Levinson and Melvin Ember, eds., New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co. 2:382-383. Margolis, Maxine L., 2006, “Marvin Harris (1927-2001),” Encyclopedia of Anthropology, H. James Birx, ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 3:1141-1145. Margolies, Maxine L., and Conrad Phillip Kottak, 2003 (September), “Marvin Harris (1927-2001),” American Anthropologist 105(3):685-688. Murphy, Martin F., and Maxine L. Margolis, 1995, "An Introduction to Cultural Materialism," Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture, Martin F. Murphy and Maxine L. Margolis, eds., Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, pp. 1-4. Murphy, Martin F., and Maxine L. Margolis, eds., 1995, Science, Materialism, and the Study of Culture, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. Price, Barbara J., 1982, "Cultural Materialism: A Theoretical Review," American Antiquity 47(4):709-741. Ross, Eric B., 1980, "Introduction," Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism, Eric B. Ross, ed., New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. xix-xxix. Sanderson, Stephen K., 1997, "Marvin Harris (1927- )," The Dictionary of Anthropology, Thomas Barfield, ed., Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, pp.232-233. Vayda, Andrew P., 1987, "Explaining What People Eat: A Review Article [Good to Eat by Marvin Harris]," Human Ecology 15(4):493-509. Also see: http://www.voicenet.com/~nancymc/marvinharris.html ______________________________________________________________________________ Roy A Rappaport Biersack, Aletta, 1999 (March), “Introduction: From the “New Ecology” to the New Ecologies,” American Anthropologist 101(1):5-18. (Other articles in this issue of the AA reflect on Rappaport too). Hart, Keith, and Conrad Kottak, 1999 (March), “Roy A. “Skip” Rappaport (1926-1997),

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American Anthropologist 101(1):159-161. Messer, Ellen, and Michael Lambek, eds., 2001, Ecology and the Sacred: Engaging the Anthropology of Roy A. Rappaport, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Rappaport, Roy A., 1971, "Nature, Culture, and Ecological Anthropology," Man, Culture and Society, Harry L. Shapiro, ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 237-267. Rappaport, Roy A., 1979, Ecology, Meaning, and Religion, Richmond, CA: North Atlantic Books (collection of most reprinted essays).. Rappaport, Roy A., 1984, Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Rappaport responds to critics of the first edition in 1968 of his classic ethnography in this second edition in the “Epilogue”on pp. 299-479). Rappaport, Roy A., 1994, “Humanity’s Evolution and Anthropology’s Future” on pp. 153-166 and “Intellectual Roots” on pp. 166-167, Assessing Cultural Anthropology, Robert Borofsky, ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Rappaport, Roy A., 1999, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Vayda, Andrew P., and Roy A. Rappaport, 1968, “Ecology, Cultural and Non-Cultural,” Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, James S. Clifton, ed., Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, pp. 476-497. ______________________________________________________________________________ Julian H. Steward Clemmer, Richard O., L. Daniel Myers, and Mary Elizabeth Rudden, eds., 1999, Julian Steward and the Great Basin: The Making of an Anthropologist, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press (especially the “Introduction” on pp. ix-xxii).. Hanc, Joseph Robert, 1981, "The Uses of Ecology: Historical and Scientific Arguments in the Work of Julian H. Steward," Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 13(1):59-75. Kerns, Virginia, 2003, Scenes from the High Desert: Julian Steward's Life and Theory, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

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Young, G.L., 1974, "Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept: A Critical Inquiry," in Advances in Ecological Research 8:1-105. APPENDIX IX. PUBLISHER’S BOOK SERIES AltaMira Press – “Environmental Anthropology” and “Globalization and the Environment” http://altamirapress.com Berghahn Books – “Studies in Environmental Anthropology and Ethnobiology” http://www.berghahnbooks.com Duke University Press – “New Ecologies for the Twenty-first Century” http://www.dukeupress.edu/ Left Coast Press, Inc. – “New Frontiers in Historical Ecology” http://www.lcoastpress.com Routledge – “Studies in Environmental Anthropology” http://www.routledgeanthropology.com University of Arizona Press – “Studies in Human Ecology” and “Society, Environment, and Place” http://www.uapress.arizona.edu University of Washington Press – “Culture, Pace and Nature: Studies in Anthropology and Environment” http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/ Other publishers have titles relevant to ecological and environmental anthropology but not a series focused on the subject, such as Island Press: http://www.islandpress.com.