swiss day presentation on us program - iea 4e · pdf fileheat and power residential water...

1 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov

The Parker Ranch installation in Hawaii

Swiss Day Presentation on US Program

US Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards and Energy Star Labels

20 May 2011

Mark Friedrichs

United States Department of Energy

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy


US Building Energy Use and Carbon Emissions

38% of U.S. Carbon Emissions

72% of U.S. Electricity Consumption

54% of U.S. Natural Gas Consumption

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

(Qua

ds)

Total U.S. Energy Consumption

Industry &

Transportation

997 MMTC

(62%)

Buildings

610 MMTC

(38%)

21%

18%

33%

28%

Industry

Residential

Commercial

Transportation

Sources: BED 2009; AEO 2010

39% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption


EERE Technologies – Potential Carbon Abatement

Coal power

plants – CCS

rebuilds with

EOR

Coal power plant –

CCS new builds

with EOR

2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.80.6

100

150

0.4

-100

-150

-200

-250

50

-50

Cost$2005/ton CO2e

0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.00.2 2.42.2 2.60.8

VolumeGt/year

0

Source: December 2008 analysis conducted by EERE with McKinsey using

2008 DOE technology performance projections; mid-range case

EERE Energy efficiency

EERE Transport

EERE Power

DOE Nuclear/CCS

Cars fuel economy packages

Light trucks fuel economy packages

Cars Hybridization

Light Trucks Hybridization

Residential electronics

Commercial

electronics

Residential buildings – lighting

Residential buildings –

new shell improvements

Commercial

LED

Commercial

buildings –

New shell

improvements

Commercial

buildings –

CFL lighting

Biofuels cellulosic

Control systems

Commercial buildings – combined

heat and power

Residential

buildings –

Shell retrofits

Power plant

conversion

efficiency

improvements

Industry –

combined

heat and

power

Residential

water heaters

Industrial

process

improvement

Coal mining -

CH4

Hydro-

thermal

Enhanced

geothermal

systems

Manufacturing -

HFCs

Existing hydro

efficiency

gains

Existing hydro capacity

increases

Natural gas and petroleum

systems management

Residential windows

new build

Nuclear

Cars Plug-In

Hybridization

Afforestation -

pastureland

Solar CSP

Land-based

wind

Reforestation

New hydro in

existing dams

Biomass

cofiring

Afforestation –

cropland

Distributed

PV

Commercial

HVAC

equipment

efficiency

Coal power

plant – CCS

new builds

Industry – CCS

new builds on

carbon-intensive

processes

Offshore wind

Coal power

plant – CCS

rebuilds

Residential

HVAC

equipment

efficiency

Coal-to-gas

existing plants

Car Hydrogen

Fuel Cell

Vehicles

28

10

17

9

1421

Industrial

TransportPower

DOE Nuclear/CCS

Non-DOE

Buildings

Technology Share of Abatement Volume

%

Coal power

plants – CCS

rebuilds with

EOR

Coal power plant –

CCS new builds

with EOR

2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.80.6

100

150

0.4

-100

-150

-200

-250

50

-50

Cost$2005/ton CO2e

0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.00.2 2.42.2 2.60.8

VolumeGt/year

0

Source: December 2008 analysis conducted by EERE with McKinsey using

2008 DOE technology performance projections; mid-range case

EERE Energy efficiency

EERE Transport

EERE Power

DOE Nuclear/CCS

EERE Energy efficiencyEERE Energy efficiency

EERE TransportEERE Transport

EERE PowerEERE Power

DOE Nuclear/CCSDOE Nuclear/CCS

Cars fuel economy packages

Light trucks fuel economy packages

Cars Hybridization

Light Trucks Hybridization

Residential electronics

Commercial

electronics

Residential buildings – lighting

Residential buildings –

new shell improvements

Commercial

LED

Commercial

buildings –

New shell

improvements

Commercial

buildings –

CFL lighting

Biofuels cellulosic

Control systems

Commercial buildings – combined

heat and power

Residential

buildings –

Shell retrofits

Power plant

conversion

efficiency

improvements

Industry –

combined

heat and

power

Residential

water heaters

Industrial

process

improvement

Coal mining -

CH4

Hydro-

thermal

Enhanced

geothermal

systems

Manufacturing -

HFCs

Existing hydro

efficiency

gains

Existing hydro capacity

increases

Natural gas and petroleum

systems management

Residential windows

new build

Nuclear

Cars Plug-In

Hybridization

Afforestation -

pastureland

Solar CSP

Land-based

wind

Reforestation

New hydro in

existing dams

Biomass

cofiring

Afforestation –

cropland

Distributed

PV

Commercial

HVAC

equipment

efficiency

Coal power

plant – CCS

new builds

Industry – CCS

new builds on

carbon-intensive

processes

Offshore wind

Coal power

plant – CCS

rebuilds

Residential

HVAC

equipment

efficiency

Coal-to-gas

existing plants

Car Hydrogen

Fuel Cell

Vehicles

28

10

17

9

1421

Industrial

TransportPower

DOE Nuclear/CCS

Non-DOE

Buildings

Technology Share of Abatement Volume

%

Energy efficiency

measures represent most

of the no-cost options

BTP believes opportunities

for Buildings are even

greater than predicted


Strategies

R&D

- Advance innovative technologies for appliances, equipment, and

products

- Integrated buildings approaches

Market Priming

- Pull new products, practices

and services into market faster

at scale - Technical support to ENERGY

STAR / new higher tier

Codes & Standards

- Leverage market priming and advanced technologies

- Broaden coverage and update frequently to capture savings opportunities

Increasing Energy Efficiency (Metrics)

Nu

mb

er o

f U

nit

Sal

es


US Building Energy Efficiency Priorities

• More stringent product efficiency standards; stronger

enforcement; more products

• Stronger, more widely used building codes

• Incentives for efficiency and renewable energy

investments

• Building rating and labeling systems

• Stronger ENERGY STAR program

• Enhanced research

Buildings and Appliances


Appliance and Equipment Standards – Upgrade and


Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Energy Star Labels

US Minimum Energy (and Water) Efficiency Standards:

• 45-50 different product categories

• Residential, Commercial and Industrial

• Remaining opportunities

– TV’s and Other Electronic Equipment

– Other Commercial and Industrial Equipment

– Regular updates of existing standards

US Energy Star labels (high efficiency/performance products):

• About 60 products

• Mainly energy using products purchased by consumers

• Some commercial products and some building types or components

• Remaining opportunities: mainly regular updates


Standards and Labeling Development Processes

For Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards:

• Legislative or Regulatory pathways

• US Congress enacts new energy laws every 3-10 years (last 2007)

• Regulatory process based on existing laws, but can result in new or

updated efficiency standards

Regulatory process for new or updated standards:

• Takes 2-3 years

• Costs $1-3 million per product technology, market, economic and

environmental analysis

• 2-3 opportunities for public review and comment

Energy Star process new or updated labeling-specifications:

• Less than one year; much lower cost

• Web-based review and comment


Criteria for Setting Standards

Maximum Energy Efficiency that is Technologically Feasible

and Economically Justified

Economic Justification: Benefits must exceed burdens, considering:

• Net National Benefits

• Impacts on Consumer Life Cycle Costs

• Impacts on Manufacturers

• Impacts on Competition

• Impacts on Energy Security/Reliability

• Impacts on the Environment, including estimates of monetary value

of benefits from reducing CO2 and other emissions

• Other factors


Recent Progress

• DOE has issued eight energy conservation standards since

President Obama took office that established or amended standards

for:

1. 14 Products with standards prescribed by 2007 energy law

2. Ranges and Ovens

3. GSFL and IRL Lamps

4. Commercial Package Boilers and Very Large Commercial Package AC & HP

5. Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines

6. Commercial Clothes Washers

7. Small Electric Motors

8. Heating Products (water heaters, direct heating equipment, pool heaters)

• Between 2010 and 2030 the eight appliance standards issued since

the Obama administration took office could save consumers over

$261 billion dollars off their utility bills, which is more than what

residential consumers spend on energy bills for an entire year.


Future Progress

DOE is scheduled to complete final rules for another 12 products over the next 10 months

• Twelve Products with Final Rules in 2011 Refrigerators

Microwave Ovens

Residential Furnaces and Mobile Home Furnaces

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

Clothes Dryers (Residential)

Room Air Conditioners

Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (Residential)

Battery Chargers

External Power Supplies (Class A)

ER, BR, and Small Diameter Incandescent Reflector Lamps

Residential Clothes Washers

Dishwashers

• The standards that will be issued in the next 15 months (9 rulemakings, 12 appliances) could save consumers approximately the same amount as the eight final rules issued to date.


US Standards Enforcement Program has gone from $0 to $10

million per year in just three years

•The Appliance Standards verification testing program will ensure the integrity and

effectiveness of energy usage standards.

Accurate energy usage labeling

Energy performance that meets or exceeds the minimum energy usage

standards

•The verification and enforcement program will test a statistically significant

number of basic models and verify manufacturer certifications of the efficiency or

energy use ratings of their appliances.

•If a product that has been tested fails verification testing for the minimum energy

usage standard, DOE will follow the enforcement regulations as stated in the Code

of Federal Register.

Verification Testing and Enforcement


Long-term savings are set by pace of innovation

Projected US energy consumption in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors, under 3 scenarios: base case, accelerated rulemaking case, and adding ongoing innovation.

• BTP analyzed the impact of mandatory and discretionary standards on US energy consumption in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors.

• The accelerated rulemakings case shows the impact from all these standards.

• The continuing-innovation case assumes standards are updated every 7 years with similar benefits. This would require continuing technology innovation.

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Re

s/C

om

/In

d E

ne

rgy U

se

(q

ua

ds

)

Year

Base Case

Impact of 2010-2017 Accelerated Rulemakings

Continuing Innovation/Activity Case

14 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov -- --

How fast can Energy Use and LCC

sustainably decline over the long term?

LCC = (1+b) * P ; i.e. LCC declines w/Price and

(1/UEC)*dUEC/dt = -a/(1+b) ; i.e. Energy declines are related to price declines

Under economic optimization LCC, Price and UEC are all

“relative”

LCC is life-cycle cost of a product,

P is quality-adjusted first cost,

UEC is the unit energy use of a product,

b is the negative price elasticity w.r.t. energy use

(i.e. b = -[(dP/P)/(dUEC/UEC)]); and

a is the annual average unregulated quality-adjusted equipment price

decline relative to the price of energy.


We came to this conclusion by studying refrigerators

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025

En

erg

y U

se

(k

Wh

/yr)

o

r R

ea

l P

ric

e in

(2

00

9$

)

Year shipped

Annual Energy Use, Volume, and Real Price of New Refrigerators

1978 CA Standard

1980 CA Standard

1987 CA Standard 1990 NAECA Standard

1993 DOE Standard

2001 DOE Standard

2014 Consensus Proposal

Refrigerator Adjusted Volume

50-year Declining Real Price Trend

1978 CA Standard

1980 CA Standard


1993 DOE Standard

2001 DOE Standard




1978 CA Standard

1980 CA Standard


1993 DOE Standard

2001 DOE Standard




1978 CA Standard

1980 CA Standard


1993 DOE Standard

2001 DOE Standard




Ad

juste

d V

olu

me

(cu ft)


These improvements have not increased costs –

In fact, they’ve accelerated decline in life cycle cost

R² = 0.9642

R² = 0.7763

$100.00

$1,000.00

$10,000.00

10 100 1000

Ref

rige

rato

r LC

C in

Re

al D

olla

rs (

20

09

$)

US Cumulative Refrigerator Shipments (millions)

Pre-Standards

Historical Standards 1978-2010


In Europe, we can watch the efficiency/cost curve

change over time

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Euro

pe

an R

efr

ige

rato

r Pri

ce (E

uro

s--n

om

inal

)

Annual Energy Use (kWh/year)


Historically in the US we see differences in energy vs. equipment price trends

0.125

0.250

0.500

1.000

2.000

4.000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Major Household Appliances Electricity Natural Gas

Water and Sewer Small Appliances Lamps, Clocks and Fixtures

Tools, hardware and supplies Gasoline


This difference in historical price indices for electricity and electronics equipment is even bigger

0.001

0.004

0.016

0.063

0.250

1.000

4.000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Televisions ElectricityAudio Equipment Information Processing EquipmentPhotographic Equipment


We can also calculate what might happen with a small

change in economic optimization

0

700

1400

2100

2800

3500

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Ene

rgy

Use

(kW

h/y

ear

)

Re

frig

era

tor

Co

st in

Re

al D

olla

rs (

20

09

$)

Year

Life-Cycle Cost


International Initiatives

• Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment initiative

• APEC ESIS appliance and equipment efficiency standards and labeling-related activities

• 4E Implementing Agreement [SSL annex; Mapping and Benchmarking]

• US-EU energy efficiency standards and labeling cooperation

• Increased emphasis on assessment of non-U.S. test procedures and efficiency in regulations development process

22 | Building Technologies Program eere.energy.gov 22

Contact and Additional Information

[email protected]

• Additional Web based information for: Appliances and Commercial Equipment Standards -

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards

Notices and Rules -

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/notices_rules.html

The history of the reports to congress can be seen at –

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/schedule_setting.html

mailto:[email protected]

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards





swiss day presentation on us program - iea 4e · pdf fileheat and power residential water...

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