sweepoviruses cause disease in sweet potato and related ipomoea spp.docx

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    Sweepoviruses Cause Disease in Sweet Potato andRelated Ipomoea spp.: Fulflling Kochs Postulates or a

    Divergent !roup in the !enus "egomovirus.

    #$stract

    Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and related Ipomoea species arefrequently infected by monopartite begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus,family Geminiviridae), known as sweepoviruses. nlike ot!ergeminiviruses, t!e genomes of sweepoviruses !ave been recalcitrant torendering infectious clones to date. "!us, #oc!$s postulates !ave notbeen full%lled for any of t!e viruses in t!is group. "!ree novel species ofsweepoviruses !ave recently been described in Spain& Sweet potato leafcurl 'anarote virus (S'*'a+), Sweet potato leaf curl Spain virus

    (S'*S+) and Sweet potato leaf curl *anary virus (S'**a+). ere wedescribe t!e generation of t!e %rst infectious clone of an isolate(-S&/'&BG01&12) of S'*'a+. "!e clone consisted of a completetandem dimeric viral genome in a binary vector. Successful infection byagroinoculation of several species of Ipomoea (including sweet potato)and 3icotiana bent!amiana was con%rmed by *4, dot blot andSout!ern blot !ybridiation. Symptoms observed in infected plantsconsisted of leaf curl, yellowing, growt! reduction and vein yellowing."wo varieties of sweet potato, 5Beauregard$ and 5romesa$, were infectedby agroinoculation, and symptoms of leaf curl and interveinal loss of

    purple colouration were observed, respectively. "!e virus present inagroinfected plants was readily transmitted by t!e w!ite6y Bemisiatabaci to I. setosa plants. "!e progeny virus population present inagroinfected I. setosa and sweet potato plants was isolated and identityto t!e original isolate was con%rmed by sequencing. "!erefore, #oc!$spostulates were ful%lled for t!e %rst time for a sweepovirus.

    Introduction

    Geminiviruses are a diverse group of plant viruses wit! circular single7stranded 83/ genomes t!at are c!aracteried by t!eir unique, geminateparticle structure. 9our genera !ave been described, w!ic! di:er ingenome organiation, !ost range and insect vector ;=. It

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    is vegetatively propagated and t!erefore prone to virus accumulation.?ver >1 viruses are known to infect sweet potato, from t!e genera*arlavirus, 3epovirus, *ucumovirus, -namovirus, "ospovirus,Ipomovirus, otyvirus, *rinivirus, Begomovirus and *avemovirus ;0,@=.

    Sweet potato leaf curl disease was %rst reported in "aiwan and Aapan;,2,C=, and a similar disease was also observed in Israel ;D=. "!esereports indicated t!at t!e causal agents were w!ite6ytransmittedgeminiviruses. "!e %rst completely sequenced Begomovirus infectingsweet potato was Sweet potato leaf curl virus (S'*+), described in t!eS/ ;E,@=. "!is uniquegroup clusters separately from t!e rest of t!e begomovirus species andappears to belong to a branc! distinct from t!e ?ld and 3ew Forldgroups. "!is branc! seems to represent one of t!e earliest points ofdivergence wit!in t!is genus ;,>2=. ?btaining infectious begomovirus clones is arelatively easy process t!at !as been simpli%ed in various ways followingt!e development of t!e rolling circle ampli%cation (4*/) met!odologyusing w>E 83/ polymerase ;>C,>D,>E=. 3evert!eless, t!e genomes ofsweepoviruses !ave been recalcitrant to rendering infectious clones todate ;

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    Results

    / dimeric S'*'a+ clone is infectious to 3. bent!amiana, sweet potatoand ot!er Ipomoea species by agroinoculation 9ollowing t!emet!odology developed by 9erreira et al. ;>D= to clone begomovirus

    genomes following partial digestion of 4*/ products, we obtained atandem dimeric clone in pBluescript S#() corresponding to t!e genomeof S'*'a+, isolate -S&/'&BG01&12 (BG01), w!ic! was designatedp8I7BG017C.

    *omplete sequencing of t!e insert of t!is clone s!owed

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    forms (supercoiled, linear and open circular) (9ig. 0). 3one of t!eagroinoculated I. purpurea plants became infected. In an attempt toinfect I. purpurea wit! t!e BG01 isolate, vines of t!is species weregrafted wit! scions of agroinfected I. nil plantsM alt!oug! no symptomswere observed, two out of %ve grafted I. purpurea plants became

    infected wit! S'*'a+, as s!own by Sout!ern blot analysis (9ig. 0).S'*'a+ isolate BG01 is transmissible by B. tabaci

    "o test t!e transmissibility of t!e cloned S'*'a+ isolate by B. tabacibiotype H, an eKperiment was carried out using one agroinfected I.setosa plant. "!e progeny of t!e infectious S'*'a+ clone present in t!isplant was readily transmitted to I. nil and I. setosa test plants ("able gene (tryptop!an to cysteine).

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    Figure %. Strateg& to generate the inectious dimeric clone o

    SP'C'a() pDI*+"!,-++"I/. 0#1 !enetic map o SP'C'a() isolate2S:*al:"!,-:-3) showing the "am4I restriction site used togenerate a tandem dimeric clone ater partial digestion o theRC# product o$tained rom an inected plant. 0"1 DimericSP'C'a( cloned in p"luescript SK051 in 2. coli 0pDI*+"!,-+1.0C1 Dimeric SP'C'a( cloned in the $inar& vector p"I/%3 in #.tumeaciens 0pDI*+"!,-++"I/1.doi:%-.%,%67ournal.pone.--8,83.g--%

    Discussion

    "!e availability of infectious clones for plant viruses !as proved to be apowerful molecular tool for studying aspects of t!eir biology, beingessential for functional analysis of viral genes and t!eir role inreplication, pat!ogenesis and transmission. Infectious clones !ave alsobeen used to facilitate t!e screening of germplasm for virus resistance."!e agroinoculation of viral clones using binary vectors is a !ig!lyeNcient process, and is widely used to infect plants wit! begomovirusesand ot!er members of t!e family Geminiviridae ;01,0,00,0@,0=,t!e use of clones wit! duplicate copies of t!e sequences involved in t!einitiation of replication generally increases infectivity;0

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    digestion of t!e 83/ obtained after rolling circle ampli%cation wit!p!age >E 83/ polymerase ;>D,>E=.

    8espite t!e availability of relatively simple met!odology for generatinginfectious clones of begomoviruses, w!ic! !as been successfully applied

    to a large number of species, infectious clones were not obtained for anyof t!e monopartite begomoviruses t!at infect Ipomoea spp., known assweepoviruses. "!erefore, #oc!$s postulates could not be demonstratedfor observed diseases putatively attributed to t!ese viruses. "o ourknowledge, at least two unsuccessful attempts to ac!ieve infectivityfrom cloned sweepovirus 83/ !ave been reported. "!us, t!e clonedgenomic 83/ of Sweet potato leaf curl Georgia virus (formerly Ipomoealeaf curl virus) obtained after eKcision from t!e plasmid vector and invitro circulariation, was not able to infect any of t!e >C I. nil plantsinoculated using electric disc!arge particle acceleration ;2=. owever,direct cause7e:ect for symptoms or yield losses associated wit!

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    sweepovirus infection could not be demonstrated eKperimentallybecause infectious clones were not available. In preliminary eKperimentscarried out wit! t!e S'*'a+ infectious clone (our unpublis!ed results),alt!oug! no signi%cant di:erence was observed in total yield, S'*'a+7infected sweet potato 5Beauregard$ plants reduced t!e yield of Aumbo

    plus SP< class roots, w!ereas t!ey increased t!e yield of 'arge cannerand Small canner classes, w!ic! are smaller and !ave less commercialvalue. *on%rmation of t!ese results would reinforce t!e need to controlsweepovirus infection in sweet potato by incorporating speci%c diagnosistests into sweet potato virus indeKing protocols "!e practice carried outby farmers in some countries, w!ereby t!ey select symptomless vinecuttings to propagate material from genotypes t!at !ave virusresistance, or rogue symptomatic plants from %elds in an attempt toreduce viral disease ;@>,@0=, can be compromised by asymptomaticsweepovirus infections ;0=.

    "!e progeny of t!e infectious S'*'a+ clone was successfullytransmitted by B. tabaci biotype H and B from agroinfected I. setosaplants to !ealt!y I. nil, I. setosa and sweet potato 55romesa$$ plants,demonstrating t!at a fully biologically active genome molecule wascloned. /lt!oug! transmission assays were conducted wit! @1L1w!ite6ies per plant, t!e transmission rate to sweet potato plants wasvery low, as found in ot!er studies. It !as been suggested t!at suc! lowtransmission rates may be a re6ection of t!e low amino acid sequence

    identity between t!e coat protein of sweepoviruses and t!ose of ot!erbegomoviruses ;@@=. S'*+ isolates from "aiwan and Aapan weretransmitted by B. tabaci only w!en a !ig! number of insects were usedper plant ;,C=.

    In contrast, !ig! rates of transmission (1L21J) of a sweepovirus isolateassociated wit! Ipomoea crinkle leaf disease in Israel were obtained wit!batc!es of 1 w!ite6ies per test plant, w!ereas t!e transmissioneNciency was >1L01J w!en using

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    agroinoculation and induced symptoms in 3. bent!amiana, I. nil, I.setosa and two cultivars of sweet potato, 5Beauregard$ and 5romesa$."!e cloned virus was also transmissible by two biotypes of B. tabaci, andt!e viral progenies present in infected I. setosa and sweet potato plantswere identical to t!e originally inoculated virus. Symptoms similar to

    t!ose observed in naturally infected sweet potato plants were observedin eKperimentally infected plants, t!us #oc!$s postulates were ful%lledfor t!e %rst time for a disease caused by a sweepovirus belonging to aunique divergent group of t!e genus Begomovirus infecting sweet potatoand ot!er Ipomoea spp.

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    Figure 8. S&mptoms o$served in plants agroinected with theclone pDI*+"!,-++"I/ o SP'C'a(. 0#1 !rowth reduction) lea

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    curling and vein &ellowing in I. nil. 0"1 !rowth reduction)&ellowing) lea curling and vein &ellowing in I. setosa. 0C1!rowth reduction) &ellowing and lea curling in /. $enthamiana.0D1 'ea curling in sweet potato cv. 9"eauregard. 021 'oss opurple pigmentation in sweet potato cv. 9Promesa. S&mptoms

    were recorded at , da&s 0#;C1 and months 0D)21 post+inoculation. 4) health& control plants.doi:%-.%,%67ournal.pone.--8,83.g--8

    Figure ,. Southern $lot anal&sis o SP'C'a( inected plants.D/# was isolated rom I. nil 0lanes %;81) /. $enthamiana 0lanes

    ,;112 and !as since been maintained in our laboratory byperiodical transmission by B. tabaci biotype H in I. nil. "!e inoculated I.nil plant s!owed vein yellowing and leaf curling symptoms. "!ecomplete nucleotide sequence of isolate BG01 !as been described

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    previously ;D=.Brie6y, about 2 mg of ampli%ed 83/ was digested wit! @ of BamI,w!ic! cut at a single site in t!e viral genome, in a %nal volume of 21 m'at 0Cu* for

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    'eaf samples (1L@&11 rpm at room temperature for min. /ftercentrifugation at >1111 g at @u* for min, t!e supernatant (, @11 m')was recovered, miKed wit! 1.D volumes of isopropanol and centrifugedat >1111 g at @u* for E> () (E7**O"/GGG""*G/G*"+"G""*GG 70E) and />E0 (7) (E7"""/""//""8""4"G*G//"*70E) ;

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    hite& transmission o the virus progen& rom agroinectedplants

    "ransmission eKperiments were carried out using B. tabaci biotypes H, B

    and S from !ealt!y populations maintained in insect7proof screen cages("able L0 newly developed leaves. /fter a transmission period of @D !,

    t!e plants were sprayed wit! *on%dor >1 'S (Imidacloprid >1 J) and/tominal D

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    Batata (Ipomoea batatas) y especies de Ipomoea relacionadas confrecuencia son infectadas por monopartita begomovirus (gVneroBegomovirus, familia Geminiviridae), conocido como sweepoviruses. /diferencia de otros geminivirus, los genomas de sweepoviruses !an sidorecalcitrantes a prestar clones infecciosos !asta la fec!a. or lo tanto,

    los postulados de #oc! no !an sido cumplidos por cualquiera de los virusde este grupo. "res nuevas especies de sweepoviruses se !an descritorecientemente en -spaWa& batata leaf curl virus de 'anarote (S'*'a+),patata dulce leaf curl virus de -spaWa (S'*S+) y camote leaf curl viruscanario (S'**a+). /quX describimos la generaciUn del primer cloninfeccioso de un aislamiento (-S&/'&BG01&12) de S'*'a+. -l clonconsistiU en un genoma viral dimVrico completa en tndem en un vectorbinario. -Kitosa infecciUn por agroinoculation de varias especies deIpomoea (incluida la patata dulce) y 3icotiana bent!amiana fuecon%rmada por *4, dot blot e !ibridaciUn Sout!ern blot. 'os sXntomasobservados en las plantas infectadas consistieron en enrollamiento

    foliar, amarillamiento, reducciUn del crecimiento y coloraciUn amarillentade la vena. 8os variedades de camote, YBeauregardY y YromesaY, fueroninfectadas por el agroinoculation, y los sXntomas de enrollamiento foliarintervenal pVrdida de coloraciUn pZrpura observaron y,respectivamente. 'os virus presentes en las plantas de agroinfectedfcilmente fue transmitido por la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci a plantasI. setosa. 'a poblaciUn de virus progenie presente en plantas deagroinfected I. setosa y camote fue aislada y el aislante original laidentidad fue con%rmada por secuenciaciUn. or lo tanto, los postuladosde #oc! se cumplieron por primera ve para un sweepovirus.

    Introduccin

    Geminivirus son un grupo diverso de virus de plantas con genomas de/83 monocatenario circulares que se caracterian por su estructuraZnica, geminada partXcula. *uatro gVneros se !an descrito, que sediferencian en la organiaciUn del genoma, rango de !ospederos einsecto vector ;

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    w!ite6ytransmitted geminivirus. -l primero completamente secuenciadoBegomovirus infectante batata era batata virus de enrollamiento de la!o[a (S'*+), descrito en los -.e.u.u. ;E,E=. Sin embargo, los genomas de sweepoviruses !an sidorecalcitrantes a prestar clones infecciosos !asta la fec!a ;D= para clonar begomovirus genomasdigestiUn parcial de los productos 4*/, obtuvimos un clon en tndem

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    dimVrico en pBluescript S#() correspondiente al genoma de S'*'a+,aislar -S&/'&BG01&12 (BG01), que fue seWalado p8I7BG017C.

    SecuenciaciUn completa del parte movible de este clon demostrU laidentidad del nucleUtido ). 3inguna de las plantas de agroinoculated I. purpurea se infectaroncon S'*'a+. 'a infecciUn en todos los !osts antes mencionados,incluyendo plantas de camote asintomtica, fue con%rmada por!ibridaciUn de *4 y dot blot. /dems, anlisis de Sout!ern blot usandouna sonda al gen de la cepa BG01 * revelU la presencia de las formasvirales caracterXsticas de la infecciUn de begomovirus en agroinoculated

    I. nil, I. setosa, batata YBeauregardY y 3. bent!amiana plantas, es decir,/83 genUmico monocatenario y bicatenario replicativa /83 forma(circular superenrollado, lineal y abierta) (9ig. 0). 3inguna de las plantasde agroinoculated I. purpurea se infectU. -n un intento por infectar I.purpurea con la cepa BG01, vides de esta especie fueron in[ertadas conplantones de agroinfected I. plantas nulaM /unque no se observaronsXntomas, dos de cada cinco in[ertado I. purpurea plantas se infectaron

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    con S'*'a+, como se muestra por el anlisis de Sout!ern blot (9ig.0). S'*'a+ BG01 aislante es transmisible por B. tabaci

    ara probar la transmisibilidad de la cepa S'*'a+ clonada por B. tabacibiotipo H, un eKperimento se realiU utiliando un agroinfected I. setosaplanta. 'a progenie del clon S'*'a+ infeccioso presente en esta planta

    se transmite fcilmente a I. nil y setosa I. prueba de las plantas (tabla

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    estudio de los aspectos de su biologXa, siendo esencial para el anlisisfuncional de los genes virales y su papel en la replicaciUn, patogenia ytransmisiUn. *lones infecciosos tambiVn se !an utiliado para facilitar laevaluaciUn de germoplasma para resistencia al virus. -l agroinoculationde clones virales utiliando vectores binarios es un proceso muy

    e%ciente y es ampliamente utiliado para infectar a las plantas conbegomovirus y otros miembros de la familia Geminiviridae;01,0,00,0@,0=, el uso de clones con copiasduplicadas de las secuencias implicadas en la iniciaciUn de la replicaciUngeneralmente aumenta la infectividad;0D,>E=./ pesar de la disponibilidad de metodologXa relativamente simple para lageneraciUn de clones infecciosos de begomovirus, que !a sido aplicadocon VKito a un gran nZmero de especies, no se obtuvieron clonesinfecciosos por cualquiera de los begomovirus monopartita que infectanIpomoea spp., conocido como sweepoviruses. or lo tanto, no se podrXandemostrar los postulados de #oc! para enfermedades observadassupuestamente atribuidas a estos virus. / nuestro conocimiento, por lomenos dos fracasados intentos de lograr la infectividad de clonadosweepovirus /83 se !an divulgado.or lo tanto, el /83 genUmicoclonado de patata dulce !o[a curl virus de Georgia (anteriormenteIpomoea !o[a curl virus) obtenida despuVs de la supresiUn del vectorplasmXdico y circulariaciUn in vitro, no es capa de infectar a cualquierade los >C I. nil plantas inoculadas mediante descarga elVctricaaceleraciUn de partXculas ;

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    !o[a que se encrespa de camote en infecciones naturales en las plantasde que sweepoviruses como S'*+ ;E,2=. Sin embargo, directa causa7efecto para los sXntomas o las pVrdidasde rendimiento asociadas con la infecciUn del sweepovirus no se podrXandemostrar eKperimentalmente porque clones infecciosos no estabandisponibles. -n eKperimentos preliminares realiadas con el cloninfeccioso S'*'a+ (nuestros resultados inVditos), aunque no se observUninguna diferencia signi%cativa en el rendimiento total, batatainfectados S'*'a+ YBeauregardY plantas reduce el rendimiento delAumbo ms S P< clase raXces, mientras que aumentaron la producciUnde conservas grande y pequeWa olla para !acer conservas clases, queson ms pequeWas y tiene valor menos comercial. *on%rmaciUn de estosresultados reforarXa la necesidad de controlar la infecciUn sweepovirus

    en batata mediante la incorporaciUn de pruebas de diagnUsticoespecX%co en patata dulce virus indeKaciUn protocolos la prctica llevadaa cabo por los agricultores en algunos paXses, por el que se seleccionanesque[es de vid asintomticas para propagar material de genotipos quetienen resistencia al virus, o rogue plantas sintomticas de campos enun intento de reducir la enfermedad viral ;@>,@0=, puede versecomprometida por las infecciones asintomticas sweepovirus ;0=.

    'a progenie del clon S'*'a+ infecciosa con VKito fue transmitida por B.tabaci biotipo B y H de plantas agroinfected I. setosa a sana I. nil, I.

    setosa y camote YY romesaYY plantas, demostrando que una molVculacompletamente biolUgicamente activo del genoma fue clonada. /unquese realiaron ensayos de transmisiUn con moscas blancas @1 L 1 porplanta, la tasa de transmisiUn a las plantas de patata dulce era muyba[a, como las encontradas en otros estudios. Se !a sugerido que talestasas de transmisiUn ba[a pueden ser un re6e[o de la identidad de lasecuencia de aminocido ba[a entre la proteXna de la cpsida desweepoviruses y los de otros begomovirus ;@@=. S'*+ aislamientos

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    procedentes de "aiwn y AapUn fueron transmitidas por B. tabaci sUlocuando se utiliaron un gran nZmero de insectos por planta ;,C=.

    -n contraste, las altas tasas de transmisiUn (1 L 21J) de una cepasweepovirus asociada a Ipomoea arruga !o[a enfermedad en Israel seobtuvieron con lotes de al 1 menos por planta, mientras que la e%cacia

    de la transmisiUn era >1 L 01J cuando se utilian

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    patata dulce C( L"eauregardL 0carriles ; >1 plantasagroinected con pDI*+"!,-++"I/ e I. purpurea 0carril 3 ; %-1planta inectada por in7erto. Carriles 8) & %-corresponden al #D/ digerido con "am4I. 'as posiciones estHnindicadas para la D/# genomic monocatenario 0ss1 & las ormas

    de #D/ replicativos $icatenario ?superenrollado 0SC1) lineal 0'in1& circular a$ierta [email protected]:%-.%,%6ournal.pone.--8,83.!--,

    *ateriales & mGtodos

    9uente de virus el aislante de la !o[a de camote de curl virus de'anarote (S'*'a+) utiliado en este estudio, -S&al&BG01&1E (BG01),fue obtenida de una planta de la patata dulce crece en /lgarrobo(provincia de aQlaga, sur de -spaWa) en >112 y desde entonces se !amantenido en nuestro laboratorio por transmisiUn periUdica de B. tabacibiotipo H en I. nil. -l inoculado I. nil planta mostrU la venaamarillamiento y !o[as que se encrespa los sXntomas. 'a secuencianucleotXdica completa del aislante de la BG01 se !a descritopreviamente ;

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    *lon p8I7BG017C7BI3 fue transferido a /grobacterium tumefacienscepas 'B/@@1@ y G+0@&11 rpm atemperatura ambiente durante minutos. 8espuVs de centrifugaciUn a>1111 g a @u* por min, el sobrenadante (, @11 m') se recuperU,meclado con 1,D volZmenes de isopropanol y se centrifugU a >1111 g a

    @u* durante 1 y @1 ppp. or !ibridaciUn de dotblot, < m' de /83 total eKtraXdo de las plantas inoculadas fue aplicada amembranas de nylon cargado positivamente (4oc!e) y cruado por!ibridaciUn con una sonda marcada digoKigenin sintetiada por *4 delclon p8I7BG017C. 'a inserciUn fue lanada desde el vector por digestiUn

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    con stI y RbaI y utiliada para ampli%car el gen proteXna (*) por *4con cebadores />E> () (E7**O"/GGG""*G/G*"+"G""*GG70E) y/>E0 (7) (E7"""/""//""8""4"G*G//"*70E) ;

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    de cXrculo rodante (4*/) con >E /83 polimerasa ("empli!i kit, G-ealt!care). n fragmento >D