sveučilište u zagrebu fakultet elektrotehnike i …...ceestructhealth radionica, v. lešić...

dr.sc. Vinko Lešić

Sveučilište u Zagrebu

Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva

This project is

cofinanced by the

European Union.

Kvarovi generatora i motivacija

Upravljanje otporno na kvarove generatora

Utjecaj na sustav vjetroagregata

Smanjenje vibracija pri upravljanju momentom generatora

Zaključak

23.03.2015. CEEStructHealth radionica, V. Lešić 2

4 23.03.2015. CEEStructHealth radionica, V. Lešić


Source: J. Ribrant 2007. (Swedish wind turbines 2000.-2004.)


Gearbox concept and direct-drive

Source: J. Ribrant 2007. (Swedish wind turbines 2000.-2004.)

Electric machines failure frequency in wind turbines is

about 10 times greater than in industry applications

◦ harsh environment

◦ frequently varying operating conditions

In industry applications:

◦ 35% of faults - stator related (e.g. insulation degradation)

◦ 30% of induction machine faults - rotor related (cage)

Wind turbines are placed on hardly reachable, remote

locations

Lots of expensive monitoring and control equipment is

already installed great opportunity for diagnostics

and control system interventions

CEEStructHealth radionica, V. Lešić 8 23.03.2015.

Cage defects (squirrel-cage induction generator)

Stator insulation faults

Both kinds of faults can be related with instantaneous rotor flux linkage position


Cage defects (squirrel-cage induction generator)

Stator insulation faults

Both kinds of faults can be related with instantaneous rotor flux linkage position

Faults spread rapidly in normal operation



Healthy conditions Damaged rotor bar

G. Stojčić et. al., “Separating Inherent Asymmetries from High Sensitivity Rotor Bar Fault Indicator”, SDEMPED 2011


Rotor cage defect: Cyclic thermal stress,

bar-end-ring connection

Reduction of current flow through damaged cage part

Torque modulation with frequency

Stator insulation fault: Moisture, vibrations,

thermal stress, PWM supply

Reduction of current flow through damaged insulation part

Stator flux modulation with frequency sl2

e2

Cause:

Intervention:

Methodology:


Rotor cage defect: Cyclic thermal stress,

bar-end-ring connection

Reduction of current flow through damaged cage part

Torque modulation with frequency

Stator insulation fault: Moisture, vibrations,

thermal stress, PWM supply

Reduction of current flow through damaged insulation part

Stator flux modulation with frequency

Fast loop: Modulation of torque/stator flux

Slow loop: Optimal power production

sl2e2

Cause:

Intervention:

Methodology:


11_1 )( TTTetT nonfg

t

g

gf

t

g TTeTtT

222 )(


Mean torque = optimum torque

11_1 )( TTTetT nonfg

t

g

gf

t

g TTeTtT

222 )(


WT 700 kW


Cage defect simulated at t=50 s

Lowered rated speed


dSPACE 1103

Control cabinet

ControlDesk software


short circuit


short circuit

ik


short circuit dt

td

Zti sx

k

k

)(1)(

ik


short circuit dt

td

Zti sx

k

k

)(1)(

ik

FTCsx K

dt

td

)(


Healthy insulation

dt

tduCti sx

leak

)()(

J. Yang et. al., “An advanced stator winding insulation quality

assessment technique for inverter-fed machines”, TIA 2008.


Healthy insulation

Degraded insulation

dt

tduCti sx

leak

)()(

dt

td

Rtu

Rti sx

sxleak

)(1)(

1)(




Healthy insulation

Degraded insulation

dt

tduCti sx

leak

)()(

dt

td

Rtu

Rti sx

sxleak

)(1)(

1)(

FTCsx K

dt

td

)(




xessx tt sin)(

Generally:

xeessx t

dt

td

cos

)(


Option A – reduction of such that is kept below the imposed limit

es s


Option B – modulation of stator flux magnitude such that the imposed restriction is matched )(ts

FTCsx K

dt

td

)(

Triangular waveform of stator flux is achieved with FOC and current control loops:


)sin()(

xe

xe

e

FTCsx

t

tKt

e

xFTCsx tKt

)(

Triangular waveform of stator flux is achieved with FOC and current control loops:


)sin()(

xe

xe

e

FTCsx

t

tKt

e

xFTCsx tKt

)(

sqlsq

rd

r

msdlsd

iL

L

LiL

slnsl

rd konst

.


Periodic strengthening and weakening of machine flux in the air gap


sqpmg ipT 2

3 sqsdsqsdpmg iiLLpT

2

3


ssi

si

sd

sd

1

1

)(

)(*

sT

L

si

s

r

m

sd

rd

1)(

)(

kkk uxx BA 1

kk xy C

rd

sdix

*

sdiu

gfUHUUXXJ TT RCQRC

**

TfHU 1

2

1

minimise J

Cost function:

On-line control law:

****BQCRCA

TTTTxf 02

****BQCCB

TTH

Time-critical: sT s 200

- tracks reference )(tsd )(* tsd

rd

r

msdlsd

L

LiLy


Rotor cage defect fault-tolerant control


Blade root

Tower tip Blade root


Stator insulation fault-tolerant control


generator grid

generator side grid side

Field-oriented control

matlab

simplorer

Fault-tolerant control

Voltage-oriented control


THD increase from 2.51% to 2.95%


2

,

j

modoffsettl eLLL offsetl LL


2

,

j


Value

Location


2

,

j


)2cos( modoffsetld LLL

)2sin( modlq LL

Value

Location

dq model:


2

,

j


)2cos( modoffsetld LLL

)2sin( modlq LL

Value

Location

dq model:

offsetLmodL

)2cos()2cos( mod,mod, sseelld LLLL

)2cos()2cos( mod,mod, bbrr LL

)2sin()2sin( mod,mod, sseelq LLL

)2sin()2sin( mod,mod, bbrr LL

Stator anisotropy: ◦ Saturation saliency

◦ Slots anisotropy

Rotor anisotropy:

• Cage defects

• Bars anisotropy

e

s

r

b

e

esN

sl

slbN



Model

dt

diLikuu sd

asdasdsd

dt

diLiRuu

sq

asqssqsq

sqaemr

r

assd iLi

T

LLu

sdaemrasesq iLiLLu

r

sasa

T

LLRk

la LL

Conventional model


Model

dt

diLikuu sd

asdasdsd

dt

diLiRuu

sq

asqssqsq

r

sasa

T

LLRk

mrs

ld

lq

e

r

assqaes

ld

lq

sq

ld

lq

sd iLL

L

T

LLiLR

L

Lu

L

Lu

mrase

r

s

ld

lq

sdae

r

s

ld

lq

s

ld

lq

sd

ld

lq

sd iLLT

L

L

LiL

T

L

L

LR

L

Lu

L

Lu

Anisotropic model

ld

lq

ldaL

LLL

2

Estimation turned on at t=10 s


66% reduction 59% reduction

Constant load Dynamical load

Cyclic stress on the shaft causes material fatigue

MLife toolbox, developed by NREL


Considered generator faults can be suppressed by proper manipulation of variables that cause rapid fault spreading

The sooner the fault is detected, the more power is extracted with proposed methods

Methods offer additional reliability centered maintenance possibilities

Broad application in electrical drives


Projekte CEEStructHealth i Will4Wind sufinancira Europska unija kroz

Europski fond za regionalni razvoj.

Sadržaj ovog izlaganja isključiva je odgovornost autora i ona ne odražava nužno mišljenje Europske unije.

Dodatne informacije: http://act.rasip.fer.hr/


http://act.rasip.fer.hr/


Increase in 3rd harmonic

Sinusoidal current vs squared voltage increases iron losses by about 40%

Wind farm Installed power (MW)

Region Annual

production (GWh)

Wind turbine models Put in operation

VE Danilo 43 Šibensko-kninska županija 100 19 × Enercon E-82 – 2.3 MW 2014.

VE Vrataruša 42 Ličko-senjska županija 125 14 × Vestas V90 - 3 MW 2011.

VE Kamensko-Voštane 40 Splitsko-dalmatinska županija

114 14 × Siemens SWT-3.0-101 – 3 MW 2013.

VE Bruška (ZD2+ZD3) 36 Zadarska županija 122 16 × Siemens SWT-93 - 2,3 MW 2012.

VE Ponikve 34 Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija

100 16 x Enercon E-70 – 2,3 MW 2012.

VE Jelinak 30 Splitsko-dalmatinska županija

81 20 x Acciona AW-1500 – 1,5 MW 2013.

VE Pometeno Brdo 17.5 Splitsko-dalmatinska županija

30 15 × Končar KO-VA 57/1 – 1 MW +1 × Končar VA K80 – 2,5 MW

2012.

VE Trtar-Krtolin 11.2 Šibensko-kninska županija 28 14 × Enercon E-48 - 0,8 MW 2006.

VE Crno Brdo 10 Šibensko-kninska županija 27 7 × Leitwind LTW77 – 1,5 MW 2011.

VE Orlice 9.6 Šibensko-kninska županija 25 11 × Enercon (3 x E-48 – 0,8 MW + 8 × E-44 – 0,9 MW)

2009.

VE ZD 4 faza I 9.2 Zadarska županija 26 4 × Siemens SWT 93 – 2,3 MW 2013.

VE Velika Popina (ZD6) 9 Zadarska županija 26 4 × Siemens SWT 93 – 2,3 MW 2011.

VE Ravne 5.95 Zadarska županija 15 7 × Vestas V52 – 0,85 MW 2005.


DFIG WRSG SCIG PMSG Total 297.45 MW

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Danilo

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Vrataru%C5%A1a

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Kamensko-Vo%C5%A1tane



http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Bru%C5%A1ka

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Pometeno_Brdo

http://www.vjetroelektrane.com/hrvatska-i-regija/1217-vjetroelektrana-jelinak-u-probnom-pogonu

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Pometeno_Brdo

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Trtar-Krtolin



http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Crno_Brdo

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Orlice

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Velika_Popina

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Velika_Popina

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetroelektrana_Ravne_1


gfUHUUXXJ TT RCQRC

** TfHU 1

2

1


DC component

tItIIid 2sinsin2coscoscos

AC component

R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, P. Rodriguez, “Grid converters for photovoltaic and wind power systems”

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