sustaining educational and economic momentum in africa

8/9/2019 Sustaining Educational and Economic Momentum in Africa

1/66

] O Q F K A G I N ] O Q N B I M U G U L Q I O . 7 2

[hl illk jor doidlrtlk gdtbois to protldt Gjrbdgs lkudgtboi mgbis oj thl fgst

kldgkl gik to prlvlit thgt thl ldoio`bd kowituri dgusls g rlplgt oj thl

lkudgtboi kldfbil lxplrblidlk bi thl 7285s gik 7225s> gik

[hl drbtbdgf rofl oj strgtlmbd ko`lstbd pofbdbls, auttrlsslk ay g `orl dgtgfytbd

usl oj lxtlrigf gbk, to hlfp lisurl hofbstbd gik sustgbigafl klvlfop`lit oj thl

lkudgtboi sldtor g`bkst thl dhgfflimls oj thl durrlit ldoio`bd kowituri.

Doijlrlidl pgrtbdbpgits wlfdo`lk thl lvlit gik gpprldbgtlk thl tb`lfbilss oj thl

topbds slfldtlk jor kbsdussboi gik thl doivlibim oj aoth `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik`bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi gs nly igtboigf gdtors jor gkkrlssbim thlsl bssuls. [hly

gppfguklk thl qugfbty oj thl prlslitgtbois ay thl bivbtlk suacldt lxplrts gik thl jgdt

thgt thl ormgibzlrs grrgimlk thl promrg` to `gxb`bzl gdtbvl pgrtbdbpgtboi bi thl

kbgfomul ay `bibstlrs bi thlbr rofls gs prlslitlr, dhgbr oj slssbois, or kbsdussgit. Bi thbs

`giilr, thl doijlrlidl gdhblvlk oil oj bts nly oacldtbvls, whbdh wgs to drlgtl g joru`

jor suastgitbvl kbgfomul `gbify g`oim thl `bibstlrs.

Qgtboigfl Jor gik Dgpgdbtbls Illklk to Lxlrdbsl Ttroimlr Cobit UofbtbdgfFlgklrshbp

Ovlr thl fgst ;5


9/66

vbbb ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

aoth `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi jro` TuaTghgrgi Gjrbdg gs wlff gs thosl

jro` Iorth Gjrbdg to kbsduss prlssbim bssuls plrtgbibim to lkudgtboi gik trgbibim. [hgt

aoth mroups oj `bibstlrs jouik bt usljuf to gttlik summlsts bi btslfj gi uiklrstgikbim

gòim thl `bibstlrs oj thl stroim ùtugf bitlrklpliklidl altwlli lkudgtboi

klvlfop`lit gik ldoio`bd mrowth gik oj thl illk jor cobit pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp to

lisurl gfbmi`lit altwlli igtboigf oacldtbvls gik strgtlmbls jor lkudgtboi gik thl

ldoio`y.

[hbs lihgidlk uiklrstgikbim oj ùtugf klpliklidl gik cobit rlspoisbabfbty

`gibjlstlk btslfj gt thl doijlrlidl bi kbjjlrlit wgys3

Oi thl sbkl oj lkudgtboi `bibstlrs, thl kbsdussbois gdniowflkmlk thl illk jor

thl lkudgtboi sldtor to arlgn out oj thl sbfo `litgfbty so`ltb`ls kbspfgylk

ay lkudgtboi pofbtbdbgis gik spldbgfbsts. Gwgrlilss oj thbs illk wgs rljfldtlk

bi stgtl`lits sudh gs3 (b) thl b`portgidl oj lvbklidlagslk lkudgtboi aukmlt

proposgfs to custbjy thlbr rlqulst wbthbi thl doitlxt oj thl movlri`litsovlrgff klvlfop`lit prborbtbls gik aukmlt doistrgbits> (bb) thl illk to gfbmi

lkudgtboi gik trgbibim promrg`s òrl dfoslfy to fgaor `grnlt kl`giks> (bbb)

thl b`plrgtbvl oj alttlr doorkbigtboi gòim thl `bibstrbls whbdh ojtli shgrl

rlspoisbabfbty jor lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bssuls gik altwlli thlsl `bibstrbls

gik l`pfoylrs> gik (bv) thl aliljbts oj mrlgtlr pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi to

dgpturl ldoio`bls oj sdgfl gik jostlr syilrmy bi thl grlg oj lkudgtboi,

trgbibim gik rlslgrdh.

Oi thl sbkl ojjbigidl `bibstlrs,thl kbsdussbois showlk g kllp gpprldbgtboi oj

thl juikg`litgf rofl oj lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bi igtboigf klvlfop`lit.

Gttlstbim to thbs vblw grl sudh stgtl`lits plrtgbibim to thl joffowbim3 (b) thl

ùftbjgdltlk rofls pfgylk ay lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bi shgpbim thl òrgf,

lthbdgf gik sodbgf vgfuls oj sodblty, bi prlpgrbim youim plopfl jor

l`pfoy`lit gik dbtbzlishbp, gik bi jostlrbim ùtugf rlspldt, sodbgf dohlsboi

gik dufturgf bitlmrgtboi bi thl sodblty> (bb) thl mrowbim b`portgidl oj

niowflkml gik biiovgtboi gs krbvlrs oj ldoio`bd mrowth, gik thl rofl oj

snbffs klvlfop`lit bi ligafbim Gjrbdgi douitrbls to alttlr do`pltl bi gi

bidrlgsbimfy do`pltbtbvl mfoagf ldoio`y> gik (bbb) thl illk jor gklqugtl

juikbim oj tldhibdgf gik vodgtboigf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim ([ZL[), bidfukbim

promrg`s aliljbtbim thl bijor`gf ldoio`y. To`l oj thl `bibstlrs grmulk thgt

gi ljjldtbvl pofbdy to gkkrlss uil`pfoy`lit gòim youth rlqubrls g

sbmibjbdgit ovlrhguf oj movlri`lits aukmltgry pofbdbls jor trgbibim gs wlff gs

klvlfop`lit oj òkls oj dojbigidbim ay l`pfoylrs gik othlrs.

Bi short, bitlrvlitbois gt thl doijlrlidl rljfldtlk g mrowbim ùtugf uiklrstgikbim

gòim thl `bibstlrs oj thl rgtboigfl jor lxlrdbsbim stroim cobit flgklrshbp bi klgfbimwbth thl `giy fbingmls altwlli lkudgtboi gik thl ldoio`y. G jlw oj thl pgrtbdbpgits

rlspoiklk to thl ormgibzlrs lidourgml`lit to kbsduss whlthlr lxbstbim bistbtutboigfdgpgdbty, `ldhgibs`s gik gddouitgabfbty grrgiml`litsgrl bi pfgdl to lxlrdbsl sudhcobit flgklrshbp. Howlvlr, tb`l doistrgbits prlvlitlk gi biklpth kbsdussboi oj thlsl

bssuls.


10/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg bx

[hl Illk jor Doidlrtlk Gdtbois to Urotldt Lkudgtboi Mgbis kurbim thl Drbsbs

[hlrl wgs arogk gmrll`lit gòim `bibstlrs oi thl illk g`bkst thl durrlit drbsbs jor

doidlrtlk gdtbois to protldt thl lkudgtboigf mgbis oj thl fgst kldgkl gik, alyoik thgt,

to lisurl thgt bivlst`lits bi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim doitbiul to aubfk g stroimjouikgtboi jor juturl klvlfop`lit. [hbs gmrll`lit spgis slvlrgf gspldts, aut òst

rljlrlidls wlrl `gkl to thl illk to `btbmgtl thl fbnlfy ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi

lkudgtboi aukmlts3

[hl grkuousilss oj thl jbigidbgf dhgfflimls to protldt thl mgbis towgrks

\ibvlrsgf Urb`gry Lkudgtboi (\UL) whbfl gfso `gigmbim thl prlssurl oi

sldoikgry lkudgtboi gik gkvgidbim rljor`s to lxpgik gik b`provl [ZL[

gik tlrtbgry lkudgtboi.

[hl fbnlfbhook oj fb`btlk (or bikllk rlkudlk) spgdl jor ko`lstbd juikbim jor

lkudgtboigs g rlsuft oj thl procldtlk sfowkowi bi ldoio`bd mrowth.

[hl gkklk rbsn oj rlkudlk lxtlrigf support gs thl mfoagf ldoio`bd drbsbs

wlgnlis pofbtbdgf support jor gbk bi koior douitrbls, bidfukbim gbk provbklk throumh

thl Lkudgtboi jor Gff Jgst [rgdn Bibtbgtbvl (J[B). Iotgafy, whbfl lxtlrigf gbk jor

lkudgtboi hgs rbsli sbidl 1555, òst koiors grl uiklrklfbvlrbim oi thlbr pgst

do``bt`lits gik thlbr pflkmls bi rldlit ylgrs hgvl stgmigtlk or kldfbilk.

[hl gkkbtboigf vufilrgabfbty oj douitrbls thgt klplik hlgvbfy oi gbk.\idlrtgbitbls

gaout thl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi gbk vofu`ls wbff rlkudl gbk prlkbdtgabfbty gik

lxgdlragtl pofbtbdgf rbsns, lspldbgffy bi douitrbls whlrl g fgrml shgrl oj thl

aukmlt jor tlgdhlr sgfgrbls bs pgbk out oj gbk jfows.

[hl spldbgf dhgfflimls oj postdoijfbdt douitrbls bi òabfbzbim thl ko`lstbdrlsourdls rlqubrlk to rlaubfk thlbr lkudgtboi systl`s, bi sldurbim klplikgafl

jfows oj lxtlrigf gbk to jgdbfbtgtl suddlssjuffy thl trgisbtboi to plgdl, bidfukbim

throumh lkudgtboi promrg`s thgt pfgy g pgrtbdufgrfy b`portgit rofl bi thbs

prodlss.

[hljgbrfy mook trgdn rldork oj ljjldtbvl usl oj lkudgtboi gbk bi Gjrbdg,gs gttlstlk ay

thl rlmbois sofbk mgbis bi lkudgtboigf dovlrgml ovlr thl fgst kldgkl. [hbs

rldork shoufk hlfp `gbitgbi lxtlrigf support jor thl sldtor kurbim thl drbsbs.

[hl dgff ay so`l `bibstlrs jor (b) biiovgtbois bi lkudgtboi jbigidbim, bidfukbim

l`phgsbzbim thl bidrlgsbim rofl pfgylk ay prbvgtl provbklrs bi `giy

douitrbls bi sldoikgry gik, lspldbgffy, tlrtbgry lkudgtboi, gik (bb) g sbmibjbdgitrllvgfugtboi oj thl movlri`lits aukmltgry prborbtbls wbth rlspldt to thl support jor

[ZL[.

[hl Drbtbdgf Qofl oj Ttrgtlmbd Ko`lstbd Uofbdbls gik @orl Dgtgfytbd \sl ojGbk

@giy `bibstlrs uiklrfbilk thl drbtbdgf rofl oj strgtlmbd ko`lstbd pofbdbls gik oj stroim

pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp to mubkl lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit. Tlvlrgf klsdrbalk thl promrlss bi

thlbr owi douitrbls bi puttbim bi pfgdl thl rlqubrlk jrg`lworn. Iotgafl lxg`pfls

bidfukbim lisurbim thgt lkudgtboi pofbdbls, promrg`s gik aukmlts grl bitlmrgf pgrts oj

Uovlrty Qlkudtboi Ttrgtlmbls gik oj `lkbu`tlr` lxplikbturl jrg`lworns. To`l

`bibstlrs gfso rlportlk promrlss bi bidrlgsbim thl rlsourdls klvotlk to lkudgtboi.


11/66

x ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

Rlt thl kbgfomul gfso hbmhfbmhtlk thl wbkl kbvlrsbty gòim douitrbls, aoth bi thl

prodlss oj pofbdy jorùfgtboi gik bi thl qugfbty oj thl pofbdbls thl`slfvls. @orlovlr,

gs oil `bibstlr put bt, mook pofbdbls, gik pfgis ko iot ildlssgrbfy trgisfgtl bito

ljjldtbvl b`pfl`litgtboi. Gfso, slvlrl aukmlt doistrgbits `gnl jor kbjjbduft trgklojjs

altwlli thl illks oj `bibstrbls rlspoisbafl jor lkudgtboi gik trgbibim gik thosl oj

othlr `bibstrbls. Niowflkml gik snbffs grl ildlssgry aut iot sujjbdblit3 thly ùst al

do`pfl`litlk ay dgpbtgf bivlst`lits bi `giy othlr sldtors gs wlff gs wbth

bitlrvlitbois thgt kltlr`bil doikbtbois thgt gjjldt mrowth, jor lxg`pfl, thl douitrys

`gdro gik sodbopofbtbdgf stgabfbty, thl qugfbty oj thl ausbilss livbroi`lit, thl gabfbty

to gttrgdt jorlbmi kbrldt bivlst`lit (JKB) gik thl foss oj tgflit throumh argbi krgbi.

Tlvlrgf `bibstlrs gfso iotlk thgt snbff shortgmls bi so`l grlgs ojtli dolxbst wbth

mrgkugtl uil`pfoy`lit bi othlr grlgs gik thgt òrl illks to al koil to alttlr `gtdh

trgbibim suppfy wbth fgaor `grnlt kl`giks.

Bi short, whbfl thlrl wgs doislisus oi thl drbtbdgf rofl oj strgtlmbd ko`lstbd

pofbdbls gik oj stroim flgklrshbp, thlrl wgs gfso rldomibtboi thgt drgjtbim thl rbmht

pofbdbls gik prgdtbdbim trgisjor`gtbvl flgklrshbp rl`gbi g wornbipromrlss. To`l

`bibstlrs gdniowflkml thgt vbsboigry pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp jodusbim oi pofbdbls bi

lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bi thl `lkbu` to foimtlr` doufk hlfp Gjrbdgi douitrbls `gnl

thl trgisbtboi jro` g survbvgf to g mrowth ldoio`y. Bi thbs rlmgrk, thl `bibstlrs

rgbslk slvlrgf doidlris rlqubrbim urmlit gttlitboi3

]bthbi thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim sldtor3 Tustgbigafl pgthwgys jor thl

klvlfop`lit gik jbigidbim oj [ZL[> thl dhgffliml oj rgpbkfy mrowbim youth

popufgtbois gik dostljjldtbvl `lgsurls to lqubp thl` wbth snbffs jor mgbijuf

l`pfoy`lit, gik thl illk to gkkrlss slvlrl shortgmls oj trgbilk tlgdhlrs gik,bi so`l slttbims, thl vlry fow sgfgrbls pgbk to tlgdhlrs.

Outsbkl thl lkudgtboi sldtor3[hl sfow promrlss bi rlkudbim jlrtbfbty flvlfs whbdh

b`pfbls doitbiulk hbmh popufgtboi mrowth gik hlgvy jbsdgf aurklis oi thl

wornbim popufgtboi to iurturl gik lkudgtl thl youim. To`l `bibstlrs iotlk

thgt g root dgusl oj thl proafl` bs ilmfldt oj jl`gfl lkudgtboi bi thl pgst

whbdh fljt g flmgdy oj hbmh jl`gfl bffbtlrgdy rgtls gik nlpt jlrtbfbty rgtls hbmh

tokgy. ]lgn bistbtutboigf dgpgdbty hgs b`plklk thl b`pfl`litgtboi oj lvli

mook pofbdbls> gik sfow ldoio`bd mrowth hgs slrbousfy doistrgbilk lkudgtboi

aukmlts gik thl l`pfoy`lit opportuibtbls jor sdhoof flgvlrs.

[hl `bibstlrs gfso lxpforlk thl bklg oj provbkbim stroim pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp

wbthout pofbtbdbzbim thl lkudgtboi klagtl. [hl Tbimgporl @bibstlr oj Jbigidlbivbtlk to

thl Doijlrlidl gs kbstbimubshlk mulst splgnlrl`phgsbzlk thgt lkudgtboi pofbdy

dhobdls ildlssgrbfy grl hbmhfy pofbtbdgf. Howlvlr, bt bs possbafl to fb`bt pofbtbdbzgtboi

ay òibtorbim gik lvgfugtbim thl b`pgdt oj gftlrigtbvl pofbdbls gik nllpbim thl

lfldtorgtl bijor`lk. [hl oacldtbvl shoufk al to drlgtl g vbrtuous pofbtbdgf dydflto support

lkudgtboi, whlrlay sofbk lvbklidl bijor`s thl klòdrgtbd prodlss gik hlfps òvl

lkudgtboi doidlris hbmhlr up oi thl pofbtbdgf gmlikg.

Gs rlmgrks gdtbois to proòtl òrl strgtlmbd usl oj lxtlrigf gbk bi thl lkudgtboi

sldtor, oify g jlw `bibstlrs do``litlk spldbjbdgffy oi thbs gspldt. @ost oj thl`bibstlrs joduslk bistlgk oi thl illk jor òrl gbk, gik jor douitlrdydfbd usl oj gbk to

`btbmgtl thl b`pgdt oj thl durrlit drbsbs oi ko`lstbd lkudgtboi juikbim. [hbs jodus bs


12/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg xb

doisbstlit wbth thl `giilr bi whbdh lxtlrigf lkudgtboi gbk ojtli bs kbsdusslk bi

bitlrigtboigf jorg. [hl tliklidy bs to kbsduss thl vofu`l oj gbkrgthlr thgi whlrl gbk dgi

hgvl thl stroimlst dgtgfytbd b`pgdt oi thl lkudgtboi sldtor. Bt proagafy gfso rljfldts g illk

jor òrl worn to dfgrbjy qulstbois sudh gs3

[hl gkkbtboigfbty oj gbk3[o whgt lxtlit kols (gik shoufk) gbk jor lkudgtboi

flvlrgml gkkbtboigf ko`lstbd jbigidbim jor lkudgtboi, rgthlr thgi suastbtutl jor

ko`lstbd ljjort to òabfbzl igtboigf rlsourdls to jbigidl bivlst`lits bi thl

sldtor? Bi thbs rlmgrk, so`l wbff grmul thgt lvli bj gbk jor lkudgtboi kols iot

lxpgik thl lkudgtboi aukmlt, bt gt flgst gffows thl douitry to shbjt bts owi

rlsourdls to othlr vbtgf sldtors, thus hgvbim g posbtbvl klvlfop`lit b`pgdt.

[hl juimbabfbty altwlli ko`lstbd gik lxtlrigf juikbim3]hgt typl oj gbk bs fbnlfy

to prokudl thl stroimlst dgtgfytbd b`pgdt bi g mbvli douitry doitlxt? To`l wbff

grmul thgt ko`lstbd gik lxtlrigf jbigidbim grl juffy juimbafl gik thgt thlrl bs

thlrljorl io illk jor pgrtbdufgr gttlitboi to thl usl oj gbk, gpgrt jro` lisurbimthgt bt bs uslk ljjbdblitfy whlrlvlr bt bs klpfoylk. Othlrs grmul thgt ko`lstbd

gik lxtlrigf juikbim grl iot juffy juimbafl bi doitlxts oj hbmh gbk klpliklidy

gik slvlrl aukmlt doistrgbits> gik thgt igtboigf aukmlt prodlssls grl ojtli

sudh thgt ko`lstbd juikbim jor dlrtgbi hbmhb`pgdt promrg`s woufk iot al

juiklk bj gbk bs iot klsbmigtlk to thl`.

[hl gpproprbgtl drbtlrbg jor gbk gffodgtboi gòim douitrblsgik thl agfgidl altwlli

plrjor`gidlagslk gik illksagslk gbk. How shoufk gbk al gffodgtlk bi

vblw oj thl prospldts oj kbjjlrlit douitrbls bi gttgbibim thl Lkudgtboi jor Gff

mogfs ay 157


13/66

xbb ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

woufk slrvl gs g usljuf stgrtbim pobit jor dfoslr doffgaorgtboi gòim thl`slfvls gik

wbth thlbr lxtlrigf pgrtilrs.

Lgdh oj thl thrll gmlidbls thgt ormgibzlk thl Doijlrlidl dgi tgnl joffow up

`lgsurls to hlfp strlimthli thbs doffgaorgtboi. [hl two klvlfop`lit agins dgi ko so

ay lisurbim thgt lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bssuls grl routbilfy put bito thl arogklr

doitlxt oj igtboigf strgtlmbls jor mrowth gik povlrty rlkudtboi rgthlr thgi trlgtlk

jro` thl plrspldtbvl oj thl sldtor gfoil. GKLG, jor bts pgrt, dgi doitbiul to pfgy g

flgkbim rofl, bi doffgaorgtboi wbth bts `làlr gmlidbls gik bts douitlrpgrts gòim

Gjrbdgi `bibstrbls oj lkudgtboi, bi jostlrbim doitbiulk kbgfomul gik flgribim oi thl

nly bssuls rgbslk gt thl doijlrlidl. GKLGs hgs g fgukgafl trgdn rldork ovlr thl pgst

757< ylgrs bi thbs rlmgrk gik dgi tgnl prbkl bi hgvbim hlfplk lirbdhlk pofbdy kbgfomul

oi nly bssuls gjjldtbim thl lkudgtboi bi Gjrbdg. [hbs gdhblvl`lit rljfldts thl ljjort

`gkl ovlr thl ylgrs, lspldbgffy wbthbi thl GKLG pgrtilrshbp, to proòtl thbs typl oj

kbgfomul. Ay lxtlikbim thl kbgfomul to bidfukl `bibstlrs oj jbigidl, thbs Doijlrlidl

hgs `gkl g hbmhfy vgfugafl doitrbautboi to gi oimobim prodlss oj lihgidbim thl

qugfbty oj lkudgtboi kldbsboi`gnbim bi Gjrbdg.

Iotl

7 Gpplikbx 7 provbkls thl fbst oj pgrtbdbpgits, gik Gpplikbx 1 provbkls thl promrg` oj thl

doijlrlidl.


14/66

7

T L D [ B O I 7

Qgtboigfl gik Oacldtbvl

hl Doijlrlidl aroumht tomlthlr ;; Gjrbdgi `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi

jro` 18 Gjrbdgi douitrbls (Gpplikbx 7 provbkls g fbst oj thl pgrtbdbpgits) jor g

strudturlk kbgfomul oi sustgbibim Gjrbdgs ldoio`bd gik lkudgtboigf promrlss bi thl

durrlit doitlxt oj g mfoagf ldoio`bd sfowkowi. Qlprlslitgtbvls oj Gjrbdgs nly

rlmboigf bistbtutbois gik klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs pgrtbdbpgtlk gs oaslrvlrs.7

Gjrbdgi douitrbls hgvl gdhblvlk fgukgafl promrlss kurbim thl fgst kldgkl towgrks

thl Lkudgtboi jor Gff (LJG) mogfs jor 157< thgt wlrl gmrllk bi Kgngr bi 1555,

pgrtbdufgrfy wbth rlmgrk to \ibvlrsgf Urb`gry Lkudgtboi (\UL). [hbs promrlss rljfldts

thl do`abilk b`pgdt oj slvlrgf jgdtors, iotgafy dourgmlous lkudgtboi rljor`s,

suastgitbgffy bidrlgslk puafbd jbigidbim oj lkudgtboi`gkl possbafl fgrmlfy ay

sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth gik bidrlgslk pofbtbdgf prborbty jor lkudgtboigik mrlgtlr

bijfows oj lxtlrigf gbk jor lkudgtboi. [hl `o`litu` `gy al clopgrkbzlk, howlvlr, ay

thl durrlit worfkwbkl ldoio`bd kowituri. [bmhtlibim ko`lstbd aukmlts gik lxtlrigf

gbk doufk bidrlgsl thl kbjjbdufty oj sustgbibim pofbdy rljor` gik strgtlmbd bivlst`lits,thlrlay puttbim gt rbsn thl hgrk woi mgbis oj thl fgst tli ylgrs. [hly doufk gfso

uiklr`bil Gjrbdgs ljjorts to klvlfop postagsbd lkudgtboi gik trgbibim gik klfgy

gdhblvl`lit oj nly mogfs oj thl Gjrbdgi \ibois Tldoik Kldgkl jor Lkudgtboi bi Gjrbdg

(155: 157


15/66

1 ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

pofbtbdgf flgklrshbpto protldt thl lkudgtboi mgbis oj thl pgst kldgkl whbfl jostlrbim gkyig`bd gfbmi`lit altwlli thl lkudgtboi sldtor gik igtboigf mogfs jor sodbgf gik

ldoio`bd promrlss gik how thly dgi ko bt. [o thbs lik, thl Doijlrlidl promrg`(Gpplikbx 1) wgs ormgibzlk grouik slvli bitlrrlfgtlk thl`ls, gs su``grbzlk alfow.

Iotl

7[hl GKLG ]ornbim Mroup oi Do``uibdgtboi jor Lkudgtboi gik Klvlfop`lit (]MDO@LK)

ormgibzlk g trgbibim sl`bigr jor Gjrbdgi courigfbsts to dobidbkl wbth thl doijlrlidl jor thl

courigfbsts to kbssl`bigtl bijor`gtboi oi thl doijlrlidls rgtboigfl gik outdo`ls bi thl Gjrbdgi

Urlss. @orl thgi sbxty grtbdfls puafbshlk bi Grgabd, Limfbsh, Jrlidh gik Uortumulsl dgi al jouik

oi thl ]MDO@LK wlasbtl.


16/66

4

T L D [ B O I 1

Tu``gry oj Urlslitgtboisgik Kbsdussboi

hl Doijlrlidl oplilk bi thl gjtlriooi oj Cufy 7 hbmh

popufgtboi mrowth> poor lkudgtboi qugfbty> shrbinbim aukmlts gik bidrlgslk

kl`gik jor postprb`gry lkudgtboi. [o suddlssjuffy gkkrlss thlsl dhgfflimls,

thl prbvgtl sldtor hgs g rofl to pfgy, lspldbgffy bi postprb`gry lkudgtboi.

Qgpbk liroff`lit mrowth hgs ojtli lroklk qugfbty, lspldbgffy oj hbmhlr

lkudgtboi. Bi thl 72:5s, Gjrbdg hgk slvlrgf rlputgafl uibvlrsbtbls. [o rlaubfk

tlrtbgry gik sdblitbjbd dgpgabfbtbls bs urmlit3 Io igtboi dgi suddllk bi tokgys

do`pltbtbvl gik niowflkmlagslk ldoio`y wbthout thgt dgpgabfbty. G stgrtbim

pobit `gy al to bivlst bi uibvlrsbtbls thgt hgvl thl gabfbty to slrvl gs dlitlrs oj

lxdlfflidl bi sdblidl gik rlslgrdh. \ibvlrsbtbls gfso illk to klvlfop `orlbiiovgtbvl wgys oj doffgaorgtbim wbth thlbr douitlrpgrts bi othlr douitrbls.

Jbigidbim oj hbmhlr lkudgtboi bs g worfkwbkl proafl`, gik Gjrbdgi douitrbls

[


17/66

; ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

illk to klvlfop jbigidbim strgtlmbls bidfukbim dfgrbjbdgtboi oj thl rofl oj

prbvgtl sldtor provbsboi. [hl GjKA hgs gkoptlk g ilw Hbmhlr Lkudgtboi,

Tdblidl gik [ldhiofomy Ttrgtlmy gs g agsbs jor bidrlgslk support jor thbs

sldtor.

[o gkkrlss dgpgdbty gik qugfbty doistrgbits gt gff flvlfs rlqubrl `lgsurls bi

`giy grlgs bidfukbim flvlrgmbim thl usl oj tldhiofomy, bidfukbim bijor`gtboi

gik do`ùibdgtboi tldhiofomy (BD[) òrl ljjldtbvlfy. [hbs bs gi grlg oj

pgrtbdufgr bitlrlst to thl GjKA. Tuddlss gfso rlqubrls thgt puafbd bivlst`lit bi

lkudgtboi bs slli bi doitlxt wbth bivlst`lits bi othlr sldtors. Jor lxg`pfl,

wgtlr gik sgibtgtboi grl b`portgit jgdtors bi lisurbim liroff`lit gik

rltlitboi oj mbrfs. Gfso, thl jbrst @bffliibu` Klvlfop`lit Mogf (@KM 7) bs to

rlkudl povlrty ay hgfj, gik lkudgtboi pfgys g drbtbdgf rofl bi gdhblvbim thbs

mogf. Aut bi thl foim tlr`, thl rlgf povlrty jor tokgys Gjrbdgi dhbfkrli bs to al

bsofgtlk jro` thl worfk kul to fgdn oj niowflkml. ]l gff illk to worntomlthlr to sustgbi thl promrlss gdhblvlk bi thl fgst kldgkl bi rlkudbim thbs

bsofgtboi. [hus, thl b`portgidl oj thbs doijlrlidl.

Joffowbim thl Nlyiotl gkkrlss, thl Dhgbr ojjlrlk doidfukbim rl`grns pobitbim out

thgt whbfl thl jbigidbgf drbsbs drlgtlk kbjjbduftbls, bt gfso ojjlrlk g mofkli opportuibty

jor jrlsh thbinbim. Thl l`phgsbzlk thl b`portgidl oj prlvlitbim rlvlrsgfs oj thl

promrlss thgt Gjrbdgi douitrbls hgvl gdhblvlk, oj protldtbim thl sbzl gik prlkbdtgabfbty

oj aukmlts jor lkudgtboi, oj lisurbim thgt splikbim oi lkudgtboi prokudlk flgribim

outdo`ls, oj biiovgtbvl pgrtilrshbp wbth thl prbvgtl sldtor jor slrvbdl klfbvlry, oj

rlvlrsbim thl kldfbil oj tlrtbgry lkudgtboi bi `giy Gjrbdgi douitrbls, gik oj bivlstbim

bi Gjrbdgs hu`gi dgpbtgf to hlfp thl doitbilit rlkudl bts klpliklidl oi do`òkbtblsto krbvl mrowth. Thl gjjbr`lk thl ]orfk Agins do``bt`lit to support Gjrbdgi

douitrbls bi thlbr ljjort to b`provl lkudgtboi gt gff flvlfs gs pgrt oj thlbr strgtlmy to

gddlflrgtl ldoio`bd mrowth. Thl strlsslk thl b`portgidl jor Gjrbdg oj thl thl`ls to al

klagtlk kurbim thl Doijlrlidl. [hl doijlrlidl thli gkcourilk jor thl kgy.

Ovlr thl ilxt 7.< kgys, thl Doijlrlidl gmlikg (Gpplikbx 1) wgs ormgibzlk

grouik thl joffowbim slvli thl`ls3

(b) Uofbtbdgf flgklrshbp to alttlr gfbmi lkudgtboi gik ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit>

(bb) @utugf gddouitgabfbty oj `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi jor

lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit>(bbb) Lkudgtboi prborbtbls bi g dhgfflimbim livbroi`lit>

(bv) Tnbffs klvlfop`lit jor ldoio`bd mrowth bi TuaTghgrgi Gjrbdg>

(v) UgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim3 ]hgt bs thl sdopl gik

whgt grl thl agrrblrs?

(vb) Urborbtbls jor lkudgtboi jbigidl gik lxtlrigf gbk to support Gjrbdgs

klvlfop`lit bi thl do`bim ylgrs> gik

(vbb) Urlssbim oi g`bkst thl mfoagf drbsbs3 Ilxt stlps to sustgbi Gjrbdgs

lkudgtboi gik ldoio`bd ò`litu`.

[hl rlst oj thbs sldtboi wbff su``grbzl thl prlslitgtbois gik kbsdussbois uiklr lgdh oj

thlsl slvli thl`ls.


18/66

(bb) douitry plrspldtbvls ay two Gjrbdgi

`bibstlrs oj jbigidl oi lxplrblidls wbth flvlrgmbim lkudgtboi jor mrowth gik igtboigf

klvlfop`lit> gik (bbb) g pgilf kbsdussboi gik kbgfomul wbth thl pgrtbdbpgits oidouitry plrspldtbvls oi gfbmibim lkudgtboi to ldoio`bd gik othlr igtboigf

klvlfop`lit mogfs.

Urlslitgtboi ay thl Bivbtlk Kbstbimubshlk Mulst Tplgnlr

[hbs slssboi wgs dhgbrlk ay H.L. G. @O[THLNMG, @bibstlr oj Agsbd Lkudgtboi, TouthGjrbdg. H.L. [hgr`gi THGI@\MGQG[IG@, @bibstlr oj Jbigidl, Tbimgporl, wgsthl kbstbimubshlk mulst splgnlr. Hbs prlslitgtboi provbklk gi lxdlfflit lxg`pfl oj

nllpbim g sbùftgilous jodus oi lkudgtboi gik oi ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit. Litbtflk

Bivlstbim bi g NiowflkmlAgslk Todblty3 Lgst Gsbgs Lxplrblidl, thl prlslitgtboi joduslk oi

Tbimgporls strgtlmy jor lkudgtboigf klvlfop`lit bi thl doitlxt oj dhgimbim igtboigf

gik mfoagf dbrdu`stgidls ovlr thl fgst gfòst jbjty ylgrs. Gt lgdh stgml oj klvlfop`lit,

Tbimgporls flgklrs `gkl kbjjbduft trgklojjs whosl duùfgtbvl b`pgdt wgs to

G


19/66

: ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

trgisjor` thl lkudgtboi systl` bito oil oj thl alst plrjor`bim systl`s bi thl worfk

tokgy. Tbimgporls lxdlfflidl bi lkudgtboi bs oil rlgsoi jor thl douitrys lxtrgorkbigry

ldoio`bd promrlss ovlr thl pgst jlw kldgkls.

[hl Tbimgporl lxplrblidl bs bi `giy rlspldts sb`bfgr to thgt oj slvlrgf othlr wlff

plrjor`bim Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls, so`l oj whbdh wlrl jor`lr dofoibls gik wlrl gt g

flvlf oj ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit sb`bfgr to òst oj Gjrbdg gt thl tb`l oj biklpliklidl.

[hlrljorl, whbfl igtboigf pofbdbls ùst gfwgys jbrst gik jorlòst al rootlk bi igtboigf

dbrdu`stgidls, thl pofbdy dhobdls `gkl to gkkrlss thl dhgfflimls lidouitlrlk ay `giy

Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls grl oj mrlgt rlflvgidl to Gjrbdgi douitrbls.

Bi hbs prlslitgtboi, thl @bibstlr joduslk oi (b) thl rofl oj lkudgtboi bi

trgisjor`bim Tbimgporl jro` g klvlfopbim to g klvlfoplk douitry, (bb) lkudgtboi

jbigidbim> gik (bbb) flssois flgrilk thgt `gy al usljuf to othlr douitrbls.

Qofl oj Lkudgtboi

[hl Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls suddllklk bi drlgtbim g vbrtuous dbrdfl altwlli lkudgtboigik ldoio`bd mrowth. Bi Tbimgporl, thbs prodlss wlit throumh thrll phgsls to rljfldt

dhgimbim igtboigf gik bitlrigtboigf doikbtbois3

Uhgsl 7 (72 gik

klvlfop`lit oj thl uibvlrsbtbls. Gfso, gjtlr hgvbim gdhblvlk uibvlrsgf prb`gry

gik fowlr sldoikgry lkudgtboi kurbim thl jbrst survbvgf phgsl, thl jodus

iow shbjtlk to qugfbty b`provl`lit.


20/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg =

Uhgsl 4 (722:prlslit)3 Biiovgtboikrbvli. Mfoagfbzgtboi gik tldhiofombdgf

gkvgidls dgusl rgpbk dhgimls bi thl do`pltbtbvlilss oj igtbois. Ldoio`bd

mrowth bs iow bidrlgsbimfy kltlr`bilk ay biiovgtboi gik gppfbdgtboi oj ilw

bklgs, lspldbgffy bi g douitry klvobk oj igturgf rlsourdls. [o support thbs

niowflkml gik biiovgtboi krbvli ldoio`y rlqubrlk Tbimgporl to shbjt to gi

gabfbtykrbvli lkudgtboi strgtlmy gb`lk to òtbvgtl Tbimgporlgis to

doitbiugffy gdqubrl ilw niowflkml gik snbffs gik klvlfop g spbrbt oj

biiovgtboi, litlrprbsl, gik rbsntgnbim. Tdhoofs grl lidourgmlk to aubfk oi

ibdhl strlimths, thl bklg albim thgt lvlry sdhoof dgi al gaovl gvlrgml bi

so`lthbim. [hl strgtlmy gfso mbvls mrlgtlr l`phgsbs to tlrtbgry lkudgtboi3 25

plrdlit oj gi gml dohort doitbiuls alyoik sldoikgry lkudgtboi (whbdh liks

gt mrgkl 75) oj whbdh twothbrks ko prgdtbdlorblitlk trgbibim gt thl post

sldoikgry flvlf, gik gaout oilthbrk lgris uibvlrsbty klmrlls.

Lkudgtboi Jbigidl

Tbimgporl hgs gfwgys mbvli hbmh prborbty to lkudgtboi, iow 1< plrdlit oj totgf

movlri`lit lxplikbturls. ]hbfl lkudgtboi splikbim (4.< plrdlit oj MKU) bs alfow thl

OLDK gvlrgml (

Hbmh prborbty to tlgdhlr trgbibim gik òtbvgtboi, bidfukbim do`pgrgtbvlfy hbmhsgfgrbls gik mlilrous bislrvbdl trgbibim opportuibtbls>

Gffowbim uibvlrsbtbls to dhgrml rlgfbstbd jlls so thgt thly dgi rldrubt thl alst

jgdufty. Movlri`lit provbkls aursgrbls jor `bkkfl gik fow bido`l jg`bfbls>

gik

Gttrgdtbim prbvgtl juikbim jor uibvlrsbty likow`lits jgdbfbtgtlk ay thl

movlri`lit provbkbim koffgrjorkoffgr `gtdhbim juikbim jor koigtbois.

Flssois Flgrilk

[hl @bibstlr l`phgsbzlk thrll `gbi flssois3

Ttgy rlflvgit to thl fgaor `grnlt3 Urgdtbdlorblitlk tldhibdgf lkudgtboi gt thl

postsldoikgry flvlf (gjtlr Mrgkl 75 bi thl Tbimgporl systl`) rl`gbis dlitrgf

gfso bi g niowflkmlagslk ldoio`y> gvobk `bs`gtdh oj snbffs> nllp stroim

jodus oi sdblidl gik tldhiofomy, wbth lqugf pgrtbdbpgtboi oj `gfl gik jl`gfl>

gik `gxb`bzl fbingmls altwlli trgbibim bistbtutls, pofytldhibds, uibvlrsbtbls,

rlslgrdh bistbtutbois gik bikustry.

@lrbtodrgdy gik do`pltbtboi hlfp rgthlr thgi hbiklr thl poor3 Tlfldtboi bito

sldoikgry gik tlrtbgry lkudgtboi strbdtfy agslk oi plrjor`gidl lihgidls

sodbgf òabfbty, provbklk thgt sdhoofs bi poor ilbmhaorhooks rldlbvl thl sg`l

`bibù` thrlshofk oj rlsourdls gs lfslwhlrl, gik spldbgf juikbim bs gvgbfgafl

to lxposl stuklits jro` poor jg`bfbls to opportuibtbls outsbkl thl sdhoof. Gs g

rlsuft oj thbs gpprogdh thl alst stuklits gt thl lik oj prb`gry lkudgtboi


21/66


rlprlslit gff sodbgf strgtg, wbth thl top 7 plrdlit do`bim jro` :; plrdlit oj thl

douitrys sdhoofs gik thl top < plrdlit do`bim jro` 2= plrdlit oj thl sdhoofs.

[hl systl` bs oify gs mook gs bts tlgdhlrs3 [hl nly jodus oj Tbimgporls strgtlmy

hgs alli to trgbi, klvlfop gik òtbvgtl tlgdhlrs gik prbidbpgfs ay (b) `gnbim

tlgdhbim g projlssboi oj dhobdl (tlgdhlrs do`l jro` thl top 45 plrdlit oj lgdh

dohort)> (bb) trgbibim juturl tlgdhlrs jor suacldt lxplrtbsl, iot cust plkgmombdgf

snbffs> (bbb) provbkbim bitlisbvl bislrvbdl trgbibim gik klvlfop`lit throumh

vgrbous grrgiml`lits, bidfukbim worn gttgdh`lits bi thl prbvgtl sldtor,

sgaagtbdgfs jor tlgdhlrs gik prbidbpgfs, gik sdhofgrshbps jor mrgkugtl stukbls>

(bv) pgybim `grnlt rgtls alidh`grnlk giiugffy oi thl prbvgtl sldtor gik

suacldt to giiugf plrjor`gidl gpprgbsgf oj tlgdhlrs> gik (v) proòtboi ay

`lrbt, iot ay sliborbty3 youimlst prbidbpgfs gppobitlk bi thlbr `bk45s, thl

ofklst grouik gml (bb) provbkbim rlsourdls

jor sdhoofs to dusto`bzl thlbr promrg`s gddorkbim to thlbr stuklits illks (topkowi

support jor aottoùp bibtbgtbvls)> (bbb) shblfkbim lkudgtboi jro` pofbtbds3 Lkudgtboi

rljor`s tgnl tb`l gik shoufk iot al krbvli ay shorttlr` pofbtbdgf dydfls> gik (bv)

doisdbous ljjort ay thl movlri`lit to lisurl gfbmi`lit altwlli lkudgtboi gik thl

ldoio`y.

Douitry Ulrspldtbvls ay [wo Gjrbdgi @bibstlrs

[hl `bibstlrs oj jbigidl oj \mgikg, H.L Lphrgb` NG@\I[\, gik oj Tlilmgf, H.LGakoufgyl KBOU, `gkl short prlpgrlk stgtl`lits oi thlbr douitrbls plrspldtbvls oiflvlrgmbim lkudgtboi jor mrowth gik igtboigf klvlfop`lit. Bi thl arbljbim provbklk

ay thl ormgibzlrs, thl `bibstlrs hgk alli bivbtlk to rljfldt oi thl joffowbim3 (b) thl

strlimth oj pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp jor lkudgtboi> (bb) thl systl`s, prodlssls gik gmlidbls

lstgafbshlk to lisurl thgt pofbdbls grl b`pfl`litlk ljjbdblitfy gik gkgptlk

prgm`gtbdgffy to bidorporgtl lxplrblidl mgbilk gs wlff gs to lisurl gfbmi`lit ovlr

tb`l altwlli lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit gik ldoio`bd mrowth> (bbb) thl trgklojjs thlbr

`bibstrbls hgvl to `gnl altwlli lisurbim thgt thl lkudgtboi sldtor mlt thl rlsourdls

illklk to klvlfop thl snbffs rlqubrlk to sustgbi ldoio`bd mrowth, gik rlspoikbim

strgtlmbdgffy gik jgbrfy to thl do`pltbim kl`giks oi thl movlri`lits fb`btlk aukmlt>gik (bv) thl lxtlit to whbdh thlbr douitrbls grl jgdbim slvlrl bàgfgidls bi thl fgaor `grnlt

wbth shortgmls jor dlrtgbi typls oj snbffs dolxbstbim wbth hbmh uil`pfoy`lit jor othlr

snbffs dgtlmorbls.

Bi hbs prlslitgtboi litbtflk Zbsboi jor thl Juturl jor \mgikg @bibstlr Ngùitu

lxpfgbilk hbs douitrys vbsboi jor klvlfop`lit gik thl strgtlmbls gik rogk`gp albim

put bi pfgdl to rlgfbzl bt3

Zbsboi3[rgisjor`bim \mgikgs ldoio`y jro` oil prlko`bigitfy poor, agslk

oi suasbstlidl gmrbdufturl, to g òklri, do`pltbtbvl gik bikustrbgfbzlk

ldoio`y. Nly bikbdgtors3 (b) MKU plr dgpbtg bidrlgsls jro` \T$ ;;5 to gt flgst

\T$255 (aldo`bim g `bkkflbido`l douitry)> (bb) Hu`gi Klvlfop`lit

Bikbdgtor rbsls jro` 5.;2 (\mgikg rginlk 7


22/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 2

Ttrgtlmbls3[o gdhblvl thbs vbsboi, \mgikg illks to b`provl bts hu`gi dgpbtgf

gik bts doitrbautboi to mrowth, bidrlgsl thl shgrl oj bikustry gik

`giujgdturbim bi MKU gik thl shgrl oj `giujgdturbim bi totgf lxport>

òklribzl gmrbdufturl ay bidrlgsbim prokudtbvbty gik klvlfopbim gmro

prodlssbim jgdbfbtbls> bitlisbjy bijrgstrudturl klvlfop`lit> gik b`provl

gddlssbabfbty to slrvbdls. Jor lkudgtboi, thbs `lgis thgt \mgikg illks g fgaor

jordl thgt bs hbmhfy fbtlrgtl, thgt `gstlrs sdblidl gik tldhiofomy gik thgt hgs

thl gabfbty to gppfy thbs niowflkml to biiovgtl gik sofvl proafl`s.

Uofbdy b`pfbdgtbois3 Jor lkudgtboi to `gnl bts doitrbautboi rlqubrls mook

pofbdbls gik do``bttlk flgklrshbp gs wlff gs g sldtorwbkl strgtlmy gik

aukmlt prborbtbzbim rlslgrdh, lkudgtboi gik snbffs klvlfop`lit. [o klvlfop

gik b`pfl`lit sudh g strgtlmy rlqubrls g dfoslr kbgfomul altwlli thl

lkudgtboi gik jbigidl `bibstrbls gik mrlgtlr rldomibtboi thgt lkudgtboi bs gi

bitlmrgf pgrt oj thl ldoio`bd mrowth gmlikg, gik thgt jor lkudgtboi to juffydoitrbautl, bt ùst al pgrt oj g do`prlhlisbvl, ùftbsldtorgf gpprogdh to

klvlfop`lit.

@bibstlr Ngùitu doidfuklk ay prosbim thrll qulstbois jor rljfldtboi ay thl

pgrtbdbpgits3

@bibstry oj Lkudgtboi3]hgt strgtlmy gik promrg`s woufkyouproposl jor our

douitry to gdhblvl thbs vbsboi> how woufk you splik thl rlsourdls kbjjlrlitfy

to gdhblvl thlsl mogfs?

Urbvgtl sldtor/dbvbf sodbltygs aliljbdbgrbls oj bivlst`lits bi hu`gi dgpbtgf, whgt

doitrbautbois dgi you `gnl to hu`gi dgpbtgf klvlfop`lit? Lxtlrigf pgrtilrs3 Grl you wbffbim to lxtlik your support to gff lkudgtboi

flvlfs?

[hl prlslitgtboi ay @bibstlr KBOUl`phgsbzlk thgt3

[hl doijlrlidl wgs vlry tb`lfy, mbvli thl mrowbim b`portgidl oj niowflkml

jor ldoio`bd mrowth gik thl potlitbgffy ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi

lkudgtboi jbigidbim. [hl b`portgidl oj lkudgtboi bs wlff rldomibzlk ay

Tlilmgf whbdh klvotls ;5 plrdlit oj bts aukmlt to thbs sldtor. [hl plrbok 722


23/66


oj jbvl pro`bsbim mrowth sldtors. [hl vbsboi bs thgt ay 157

provbkbim lvlryaoky wbth tlxtaoons> slfldtboi to soumhtgjtlr lfbtl sdhoofs

agslk oi `lrbtodrgdy> lisurbim l`pfoy`lit jor thosl trgbilk> gik thl dhobdloj Limfbsh gs thl `gbi fgimugml oj bistrudtboi. [hbs fgst dhobdl hgk alli

pofbtbdgffy kbjjbduft bi thl almbiibim, aut hgs turilk out to al gi lxdlfflit


24/66


dhobdl mbvli thl b`portgidl Limfbsh hgs mgbilk gs thl bitlrigtboigf fgimugml

oj ausbilss, so`lthbim thly hgk iot rlgfbzlk whli thl dhobdl wgs `gkl.

Othlr douitrbls (jor lxg`pfl, Aurnbig) grmulk jor thl aliljbts oi abfbimugf

lkudgtboi, aut uiklrfbilk thgt thlrl grl `giy prlrlqubsbtls jor suddlss (jor

lxg`pfl, gvgbfgabfbty oj wlfftrgbilk, abfbimugf tlgdhlrs).

Dlitrgf rofl oj tlgdhlrs3 Tlvlrgf splgnlrs iotlk wbth bitlrlst thl b`portgidl

mbvli bi Tbimgporl to tlgdhlrs bidfukbim thlbr hbmh flvlf oj prlslrvbdl trgbibim

gik gddlss to bislrvbdl snbffs upmrgkbim, opportuibtbls jor gttgdh`lit to

bikustry to mgbi lxplrblidl gik, lspldbgffy, thlbr do`pgrgtbvlfy hbmh sgfgrbls.

Howlvlr, bt wgs gfso iotlk thgt Tbimgporl dgi gjjork thlsl pofbdbls gt bts

prlslit flvlf oj ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit. Kurbim thl survbvgfkrbvli stgml,

tlgdhlrs wlrl qubtl poorfy trgbilk gik rlùilrgtlk. Gfso, thl tlgdhlrs

plrjor`gidl bs lvgfugtlk giiugffy, gik hgvbim slrvlk bi kbjjbduft sdhoofs bs

pgrt oj thl rlqubrl`lit. Gfso, tlgdhlrs bi kbjjlrlit dfustlr sdhoofs shgrllxplrblidl.

Othlr possbafl flssois jro` Tbimgporl3 Bi gkkbtboi to thl rofl oj souik pofbdy,

vbsboigry flgklrshbp, gik mook tlgdhlrs, slvlrgf splgnlrs summlstlk othlr

possbafl flssois rlflvgit to thlbr douitrbls bidfukbim thl rofl oj `lrbtodrgdy,

thl `gtdhbim oj puafbd juiks to prbvgtl doitrbautbois bi jbigidbim hbmhlr

lkudgtboi, gik thl dgpgdbty iot oify to klvlfop aut to b`pfl`lit pofbdbls.

Ugrtbdbpgits gfso jouik thl stgmls oj klvlfop`lit bitlrlstbim gik usljuf jor

thlbr owi sbtugtboi.

Gkkbtboigf do``lits jro` vgrbous pgrtbdbpgits bidfukl thl joffowbim3

\ftb`gtlfy, thl qugfbty oj thl plopfl bs thl limbil oj klvlfop`lit, gik thl

dgpgdbty to dhgiml bs dfoslfy rlfgtlk wbth thl popufgtbois flvlf oj lkudgtboi

gttgbi`lit. [hl flvlf oj lkudgtboi oj òthlrs bs pgrtbdufgrfy b`portgit.

Jbigidl `bibstlrs do``litlk thgt so`ltb`ls sldtor `bibstlrs ko iot

sujjbdblitfy gpprldbgtl thl fbingmls gik trgklojjs altwlli bivlstbim bi

kbjjlrlit sldtors, jor lxg`pfl, thl b`portgidl jor lkudgtboi oj bivlst`lits bi

hlgfth, wgtlr gik sgibtgtboi. Gfso, bi `giy douitrbls, thlrl bs gi b`portgit

`bs`gtdh altwlli thl typl oj trgbibim provbklk gik thgt kl`giklk ay thl

`grnlt. @orl illks to al koil ay lkudgtboi gik trgbibim `bibstrbls to gkcust

outputs to fgaor `grnlt kl`giks gik to lisurl thgt gkkbtboigf rlsourdls grlbivlstlk òrl ljjldtbvlfy.

Bi `giy Gjrbdgi douitrbls, thl prbvgtl sldtor bs stgrtbim to rlspoik to kl`gik

jor lkudgtboi. Jor lxg`pfl, \mgikg hgs iow òrl prbvgtl thgi puafbd

uibvlrsbtbls.

Mook pofbdbls grl b`portgit, aut grl oj fbttfl hlfp bj g douitry fgdns thl

dgpgdbty to b`pfl`lit thl`. [hl dgpgdbty to b`pfl`lit bs ojtli thl `gbi

doistrgbit bi gkvgidbim pofbtbdgf rljor` bi Gjrbdg.

Jbigffy, slvlrgf splgnlrs oaslrvlk thgt g hbmh klmrll oj doorkbigtboi altwlli

`bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi bs uido`òi gik thgt thl slisl oj shgrlkrlspoisbabfbty jor lkudgtboi bs ojtli wlgn. [hlsl bssuls grl gkkrlsslk bi thl ilxt pgrt

oj thl doijlrlidl gmlikg.


25/66

71

D H G U [ L Q 1

@utugf Gddouitgabfbtyoj @bibstlrs oj Jbigidl

gik oj Lkudgtboi

Oil nly flssoi jro` douitrbls whbdh hgvl alli suddlssjuf bi gfbmibim bikbvbkugfs

lkudgtboigf gspbrgtbois gik thl igtbois wbklr oacldtbvls jor sodbgf, pofbtbdgf gik

ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit bs thl drudbgf b`portgidl oj stroim igtboigf pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp.

[o lxlrdbsl sudh flgklrshbp rlqubrls dfosl dooplrgtboialtwlli thl `bibstrbls oj jbigidl

gik oj lkudgtboi, gik bistbtutboigf dgpgdbty bi thlsl `bibstrbls to proòtl lvbklidlk

agslk kbgfomul oi promrg`s gik aukmlts. [hl ilxt slssboi oi thl doijlrlidls

promrg` wgs klsbmilk to stbùfgtl g kbgfomul oi how thbs shgrlk rlspoisbabfbty bs

hgikflk.

Urlpgrlk Urlslitgtbois ay @bibstlrs

[hl slssboi do`prbslk oil prlslitgtboi ay g `bibstlr oj lkudgtboi, H.L. @grblOkbflAOINO\IMO\ jro` Aurnbig, gik oil ay g `bibstlr oj jbigidl, H.L. Gthgigsl@G[LIKG NRLF\ jro` KQD. [hl slssboi wgs dhgbrlk ay @s. Slbiga LFAGNQB,Zbdl Urlsbklit, GjKA. [hl arbljbim provbklk ay thl ormgibzlrs summlstlk thgt thl

`bibstlrs bidfukl do``lit oi thl joffowbim qulstbois3

Kols thl @bibstry oj Lkudgtboi hgvl thl tldhibdgf dgpgdbtyillklk to prlpgrl

lvbklidlagslk lkudgtboi aukmlt proposgfs gs agsbs jor suastgitbvl

doisuftgtbois wbth thl @bibstry oj Jbigidl oi why thl rlqulst jor rlsourdls bscustbjblk wbthbi thl arogklr doitlxt oj igtboigf lkudgtboi prborbtbls gik aukmlt

doistrgbits? Tb`bfgrfy, kols thl @bibstry oj Jbigidl hgvl thl tldhibdgf dgpgdbty

illklk bi thl jblfk oj lkudgtboi gik snbffs klvlfop`lit to limgml bi sudh

doisuftgtbois?

[o whgt lxtlit grl lxbstbim bistbtutboigf `ldhgibs`s gafl to jgdbfbtgtl sudh

doisuftgtbois gs wlff gs wbth othlr nly lkudgtboi stgnlhofklrs sudh gs

l`pfoylrs gik tlgdhlrs, to lisurl thgt thl pofbdbls gkoptlk gik thl rlsourdls

gffodgtlk rljfldt thl whofl movlri`lits pofbdbls gik prborbtbls jor hu`gi

dgpbtgf klvlfop`lit?

[o whgt lxtlit bs lxbstbim gddouitgabfbty grrgiml`litsjor lxg`pfl, throumhòibtorbim ay thl movlri`lit or pgrfbg`litgafl to lisurl thgt, wbthbi thl

movlri`lits aukmlt doistrgbits, lkudgtboi rldlbvls thl rlsourdls illklk to


26/66


`llt igtboigf lkudgtboi oacldtbvls, gik thgt thlsl rlsourdls grl uslk

ljjbdblitfy?

]hgt grl thl `gbi bssuls jgdlk ay thl two `bibstrbls bi thlbr bitlrgdtboi wbth

klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs oi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim `gttlrs?

[hl prlslitgtboi ay @bibstlr AOINO\IMO\ joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3

@utugf gddouitgabfbty `ldhgibs`s3 Lkudgtboi bs g hbmhprborbty sldtor bi

Aurnbig. [hbs bs rljfldtlk bi nly pofbdy stgtl`lits sudh gs thl Uovlrty

Qlkudtboi Ttrgtlmy gik lkudgtboi pofbdy kodu`lits. [hlrl grl gfso slvlrgf

doorkbigtboi `ldhgibs`s bidfukbim g òibtorbim do``bttll jor thl tli ylgr

lkudgtboi promrg` dhgbrlk ay thl Urb`l @bibstlr gik cobit suplrvbsboi oj thl

promrg` ay thl movlri`lit gik bts lxtlrigf pgrtilrs. [hlrl bs gfso

doffgaorgtboi altwlli thl lkudgtboi gik jbigidl `bibstrbls gt kbjjlrlit stgmls

bi thl giiugf aukmlt prlpgrgtboi prodlss. [hbs hlfps lisurl thgt aukmlt

dhobdls rljfldt igtboigf prborbtbls. [hl klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs support thlsl

prborbtbls, doitrbautbim bi 1552 gaout 1; plrdlit oj thl ovlrgff lkudgtboi

aukmlt.

@gbi proafl`s3[hl drbsbs hgs flk to g rlkudtboi bi lxtlrigf aukmlt support, gik

kldfbil bi gbk prlkbdtgabfbty gs slvlrgf jbigidbim gmrll`lits grl likbim.

Qbmbkbty bi thl prodlkurls oj so`l pgrtilrs bs gfso g proafl`. Bitlrigffy, wlgn

jbigidbgf `gigml`lit dgpgdbty gt thl kldlitrgfbzlk flvlf doistrgbis

b`pfl`litgtboi.

@gbi dhgfflimls3How to `btbmgtl thl ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi lkudgtboi

so gs to `gbitgbi bts doitrbautboi to ldoio`bd mrowth? Ugrt oj thl rlspoislrlsbkls bi lisurbim ljjldtbvl gppfbdgtboi oj mook movlrigidl prbidbpfls bi thl

lkudgtboi sldtor> gik `gnbim surl thgt thl kldlitrgfbzgtboi oj lkudgtboi bs

tgnli gklqugtlfy bito gddouit kurbim thl aukmlt prlpgrgtboi prodlss.

Illk to `gbitgbi promrlss3[hl lkudgtboi promrlss `gkl ay Gjrbdgi douitrbls bi

rldlit ylgrs ùst al protldtlk kurbim thl drbsbs. Alyoik thl drbsbs, douitrbls

ùst doitbiul to bivlst bi thl lkudgtboi sldtor gs g vbtgf jouikgtboi jor thl

juturl.

[hl prlslitgtboi oj @bibstlr @G[LIKG NRLF\ joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3

B`pgdt oj thl jbigidbgf drbsbs3[hl drbsbs hgs g `gcor b`pgdt oi puafbd jbigidbimwhbdh wbff gjjldt òst sldtors bidfukbim lkudgtboi gik posls g slrbous rbsn to

thl gttgbi`lit oj thl @KMs, lspldbgffy bi postdoijfbdt douitrbls whlrl thl

doistrgbits oi lkudgtboi juikbim bs pgrtbdufgrfy slvlrl. Bi turi, thbs `lgis g

rbsn to thlsl douitrbls arogklr klvlfop`lit prospldts, doisbklrbim thl nly

rofl lkudgtboi pfgys bi jgdbfbtgtbim thl trgisbtboi jro` doijfbdt to plgdl gik bi

hlfpbim thl douitrbls arlgn thl vbdbous dydfl whlrl fgdn oj lkudgtboigf gik

l`pfoy`lit opportuibtbls flgk to hoplflssilss gòim youth, limliklrbim

ilw doijfbdts.

Illk jor igtboigf strgtlmbls to gkkrlss b`pgdt oj drbsbs3 Bi gkkbtboi to Uovlrty

Qlkudtboi Ttrgtlmbls, douitrbls illk to lfgaorgtl igtboigf klvlfop`litstrgtlmbls thgt b`plrgtbvlfy illk to tgnl gkvgitgml oj thl rofl thl mfoagf

ldoio`y dgi pfgy gs gi limbil jor ldoio`bd mrowth gik povlrty rlkudtboi. Bi


27/66


28/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 7 (bb) thl illk jor niowflkmlshgrbim oi

mook prgdtbdls bi lisurbim sudh `utugf gddouitgabfbty> (bbb) thl rbsn oj iot rlgdhbim

`giy oj thl LJG mogfs bi 157


29/66

7:

D H G U [ L Q 4

Lkudgtboi Urborbtbls bi gDhgfflimbim Livbroi`lit

ldgusl oj jgdtors sudh gs thl `gcor lkudgtboi promrlss gdhblvlk sbidl 1555 gik thl

durrlit mfoagf ldoio`bd drbsbs, thl pofbdbls illklk kurbim thl fgst jbvl ylgrs oj thl1555157< plrbok to rlgdh thl 157< LJG mogfs wbff bi `giy rlspldt al qubtl kbjjlrlit

jro` thosl yblfkbim thl promrlss mgbilk sbidl 1555. [hl purposl oj thbs slssboi wgs to

hbmhfbmht thl `gbi jbikbims oj thl 1552 LJG Mfoagf @oibtorbim Qlport (M@Q) wbth

rlspldt to promrlss towgrks thl LJG mogfs, to lxpforl thl lvofvbim igturl oj thl

lkudgtboi pofbdbls illklk to `gbitgbi thl ò`litu` towgrks \UL, to mgfvgibzlpromrlss towgrk thl othlr LJG mogfs, gik to summlst wgys oj gfbmibim postprb`gry

lkudgtboi òrl dfoslfy to igtboigf mogfs jor ldoio`bd mrowth gik do`pltbtbvlilss.

[hl prlslitgtboi wgs `gkl ay Nlvbi ]gtnbis, Kbrldtor oj thl M@Q, joffowlk ayprlpgrlk bitlrvlitbois ay thrll `bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi hbmhfbmhtbim dhgfflimls jgdlk

ay thlbr douitrbls bi b`pfl`litbim LJG promrg`s. [hlsl jour bitlrvlitbois wlrljoffowlk ay oj kbgfomul wbth pgrtbdbpgits, bidfukbim g doidfukbim su``gry ay thl

slssbois dhgbr, H.L. Mlrgfkbil IG@BQL@AL AB[G@GSBQL, @bibstlr oj Lkudgtboi,\mgikg.

Uromrlss gik Dhgfflimls bi @lltbim thl LJG Mogfs bi g DhgimbimLivbroi`lit

@r. ]gtnbis prlslitgtboi joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3

Lkudgtboi jor Gff bs iot cust oil oj thl @KMs aut gfso pfgys g nly rofl bi

uifodnbim promrlss towgrks thl othlr @KMs gik, lspldbgffy, doitrbautlstowgrks rlkudbim lxtrl`l povlrty, dhbfk gik `gtlrigf òrtgfbty, gik

`gfiutrbtboi. Bi gkkbtboi, lkudgtboi hlfps gkvgidl klòdrgdy gik dbtbzlishbp,

gik aubfks snbffs illklk to do`pltl bi thl niowflkmlagslk mfoagf ldoio`y.

Tbidl 1555, lkudgtboi hgs alli g suddlss story, lspldbgffy thl promrlss towgrks

\UL. [hl promrlss bs lxpfgbilk ay slvlrgf jgdtors3 Ttroimlr flgklrshbp,

bidrlgslk gik òrl prlkbdtgafl jbigidbim, b`pfl`litgtboi oj nly gitbpovlrty

`lgsurls, òrl lqubtgafl rlsourdl gffodgtbois gdross rlmbois, gik b`provlk

movlrigidl. Howlvlr, thl dhgfflimls to gdhblvbim \UL rl`gbi kguitbim3 fgrml

iuàlr oj outojsdhoof dhbfkrli, hbmh kropout rgtls, fow qugfbty, slvlrl

tlgdhlr shortgmls, fow tlgdhlr òrgfl, gik kllpfy litrlidhlk bilqugfbtbls

gòim bido`l mroups. Alyoik prb`gry lkudgtboi, thlrl hgs alli rlfgtbvlfy

fbttfl promrlss towgrks thl othlr LJG mogfs.

A


30/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 7=

]hbfl lxtlrigf gbk jor lkudgtboi hgs bidrlgslk sbidl 1555, bi rldlit ylgrs,

do``bt`lits hgvl stgmigtlk or kldfbilk gik mfoagffy koiors grl slrbousfy

uiklrklfbvlrbim oi thlbr pgst do``bt`lits. [hl ldoio`bd drbsbs bi koior

douitrbls wlgnlis pofbtbdgf support jor gbk, bidfukbim jor thl J[B whbdh hgs g

fb`btlk support agsl, rlfybim oi g jlw koiors jor g hbmh shgrl oj bts support.

Qldlit procldtbois summlst slrbous kldfbil bi ldoio`bd mrowth bi TTG. Mbvli

thgt bidrlgslk lkudgtboi splikbim hgs alli g krbvbim jordl alhbik thl

promrlss towgrks \UL sbidl 1555, gik thl jgdt thgt plrhgps gs ùdh gs two

thbrk oj thl bidrlgsl bi lkudgtboi aukmlts wlrl lxpfgbilk ay gddlflrgtlk

ldoio`bd mrowth, thl sfowkowi bi mrowth doufk hgvl slrbous ilmgtbvl

b`pgdt oi lkudgtboi aukmlts. [hbs ilmgtbvl b`pgdt woufk al rlbijordlk ay

kldfbil bi prbvgtl splikbim rlsuftbim jro` rlkudlk houslhofk bido`l gik

rl`bttgidls.

[o protldt lkudgtboi mgbis kurbim thl drbsbs rlqubrls rlspoisls gt aoth thligtboigf gik bitlrigtboigf flvlf. Gt thl igtboigf flvlf, movlri`lits illk to

strlimthli thlbr do``bt`lit to povlrty rlkudtboi gik lqubty, òibtor dfoslfy

thl b`pgdts oj thl drbsbs oi aukmlts, sodbgf bikbdgtors, gik vufilrgafl mroups,

strlimthli thl propoor jodus oj jbsdgf pofbdbls, gik sdgfl up support jor sodbgf

protldtboi `lgsurls. Gt thl bitlrigtboigf flvlf,òrl gttlitboi illks to al mbvli

to hlfp lgsl aukmlt prlssurls bi TTG. [hbs rlqubrls stroim gik lgrfy gbk

rlspoisl, jor lxg`pfl, jroitfogkbim oj gbk doufk pfgy gi b`portgit douitlr

dydfbdgf rofl ay `btbmgtbim thl ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi ko`lstbd

aukmlts. Koiors doufk doisbklr gi lihgidlk rofl jor J[B gs g `ldhgibs` jor

douitlrdydfbdgf juikbim.

Ulrspldtbvls jro` thl [rlidhls oj B`pfl`litgtboi

@r. ]gtnbis prlslitgtboi wgs joffowlk ay thrll prlpgrlk prlslitgtbois jro` thl

`bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi jro`, rlspldtbvlfy, thl Dlitrgf Gjrbdgi Qlpuafbd (DGQ), H.L.Gàrobsl SG]G, Tgo [o`l gik Urbidbpl, H.L. Corml kl AO@ CLT\T gikQwgikg,H.L. Kgphrosg MGHGN]G.

Bi hbs prlslitgtboi, @bibstlr Sgwg l`phgsbzlk3

Kul to dbvbf uirlst, lkudgtboi bi DGQ hgs alli stgmigit jor gaout 7< ylgrs.

To`l promrlss hgs tgnli pfgdl rldlitfy thgins to rlsu`ptboi oj gbk uiklr J[B.Bj gbk wlrl to stop aldgusl oj thl ldoio`bd drbsbs, thbs woufk al g `gcor

sltagdn. Lvli iow, tlgdhlr pgy`lits rlfy hlgvbfy oi jlls pgbk ay pgrlits.

[hbs `lgis thgt gddlss oj dhbfkrli oj poor jg`bfbls, lspldbgffy mbrfs, bs slvlrlfy

doistrgbilk.

Uostdoijfbdt douitrbls sudh gs DGQ jgdl pgrtbdufgrfy kbjjbduft proafl`s bi

òabfbzbim thl rlsourdls rlqubrlk to rlaubfk thlbr lkudgtboi systl` gik stgrt

`gnbim up thl promrlss `bsslk bi thl plrbok oj dbvbf uirlst. [hlrljorl, mbvli

thl rofl lkudgtboi pfgys bi aubfkbim igtboigf uibty gik plgdl gs wlff gs bi

prokudbim thl snbffs illklk to rlstgrt thl ldoio`y, lkudgtboi illks spldbgf

gttlitboi ay thl movlri`lit gs wlff gs thl lxtlrigf pgrtilrs.

@bibstlr kl AO@ CLT\T l`phgsbzlk3


31/66


Qldomibzbim thl b`portgidl oj lkudgtboi jor igtboigf klvlfop`lit, hbs

douitry bibtbgtlk bi 1557 g do`prlhlisbvl rljor` prodlss bidfukbim

durrbdufu` rljor` gik tlgdhlr trgbibim, gik gaofbtboi oj kouaflshbjt tlgdhbim.

[hl jodus bs oi LJG, aut thlrl bs illk jor urmlit gttlitboi to postprb`gry

lkudgtboi (oify 7< plrdlit oj thl dohort do`pfltls sldoikgry lkudgtboi) gik

to lkudgtboi qugfbty.

[hl `bibstry oj lkudgtboi hgs mook dooplrgtboi wbth aoth thl `bibstry oj

jbigidl gik bts lxtlrigf pgrtilrs bi klvlfopbim gik b`pfl`litbim bts

lkudgtboi rljor`.

@bibstlr MGHGN]G l`phgsbzlk3

Qwgikg hgs gfrlgky alli trybim to flgri jro` Tbimgporls lxplrblidl. Oil oj

thl doistrgbits oi lxpgikbim lkudgtboi hgs alli thl doitbiulk vlry hbmh

popufgtboi mrowth rlsuftbim jro` thl jgbfurl to rgpbkfy rlkudl jlrtbfbty flvlfsgs koil bi Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls. Oil rlgsoi jor thbs bs thl fow gk`bssboi gik

hbmh kropout rgtl oj mbrfs bi thl pgst. [hl kurgtboi oj agsbd lkudgtboi hgs iow

alli lxtliklk to ibil ylgrs. Aut aldgusl oj thl shortgml oj jgdbfbtbls gik

tlgdhlrs, thbs hgs put lioròus prlssurl oi thl systl`, rlbijordlk ay thl jgdt

thgt `giy jor`lr kropouts iow wgit to rlliroff to aliljbt jro` thl lxtliklk

agsbd lkudgtboi dydfl.

Qwgikg stbff gb`s to gttgbi gff thl @KMs, gik to aldo`l gi gkvgidlk

ldoio`y ay 1515. Howlvlr, prb`gry lkudgtboi bs iot sujjbdblit to provbkl

thl snbffs illklk to do`pltl bi thl mfoagf, niowflkmlagslk ldoio`y. [hlrl

bs gi urmlit illk to lxpgik postprb`gry lkudgtboi gik, lspldbgffy, to jgsttrgdn thl rlilwgf gik klvlfop`lit oj [ZL[. [hl `gbi proafl` bs òabfbzbim

thl jbigidbim rlqubrlk to ko thbs whbfl gt thl sg`l tb`l protldtbim thl

promrlss `gkl towgrks \UL. Lkudgtboi bs aoth g rbmht gik gi bikbsplisgafl

toof gik dgtgfyst jor klvlfop`lit. Howlvlr, thl qulstboi bs how to jbigidl bt?

Doitbiulk support jro` thl klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs bs vlry b`portgit,

lspldbgffy kurbim thl kowituri. Aut thlrl bs g illk jor ilwthbinbim gik

biiovgtboi wbth rlspldt to lkudgtboi jbigidbim.

Kbgfomul gòim Ugrtbdbpgits

[hl jour bitlrvlitbois wlrl joffowlk ay gi gib`gtlk kbsdussboi gòim thl

pgrtbdbpgits.

[gizgibg jgdls stroim prlssurl oi sldoikgry lkudgtboi, mbvli thl douitrys

rgpbk promrlss towgrks \UL bi rldlit ylgrs gik thl fow lxbstbim dgpgdbty oj bts

sldoikgry sdhoofs. Tbidl 155:, thl movlri`lit hgs bidrlgslk bts ljjorts to

gkkrlss thbs proafl`, aut thl dhgfflimls grl kguitbim3 [hrll to jour tb`ls gs

`giy tlgdhlrs gs grl durrlitfy gvgbfgafl wbff al rlqubrlk, gik thlrl grl slvlrl

shortgmls oj tlxtaoons gik sdblidl fgas. Jbigidbim bs g `gcor proafl`,

lspldbgffy jor postprb`gry lkudgtboi. [gizgibg hgs stgrtlk to bitrokudl l

flgribim gs oil optboi to `gigml dosts aut thl klvlfop`lit oj postprb`grylkudgtboi dgi al lxpldtlk to posl `gcor dhgfflimls bi thl ylgrs to do`l.


32/66


Auruikbs promrlss towgrks thl 157< LJG tgrmlts bs slrbousfy doistrgbilk ay g

shortgml oj jbigidbim. [hl gaofbtboi oj sdhoof jlls rlsuftlk bi g `gcor

liroff`lit surml whbdh gmmrgvgtlk thl shortgml oj tlgdhlrs gik dfgssroo`s.

[lgdhlrs grl iow albim trgbilk oi thl coa. Kul to dgpgdbty doistrgbits, oify ;5

plrdlit oj prb`gry sdhoof mrgkugtls dgi gddlss sldoikgry lkudgtboi, thl

rl`gbibim :5 plrdlit hgvl io lkudgtboi opportuibtbls alyoik prb`gry sdhoof.

[hl movlri`lit hgs drlgtlk g `bibstry jor [ZL[ gik bs gpplgfbim to

klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs jor support.

Dg`lrooi uiklrfbilk thgt thl doistrgbits oi klvlfopbim lkudgtboi mols

alyoik jbigidbim. [hl douitry jgdls slvlrl shortgml oj trgbilk tlgdhlrs, gik

wlgn dgpgdbty jor pfgiibim, pofbdy klvlfop`lit, kgtg doffldtboi gik

`gigml`lit.

[hl Dlitrgf Gjrbdgi Qlpuafbd l`phgsbzlk gmgbi thgt postdoijfbdt douitrbls

hgvl spldbgf prlssbim illks, gik gpprldbgtl thl support rldlbvlk jro` J[B> @gfb strlsslk thl b`portgidl oj bivlstbim òrl bi BD[ gs g drossduttbim

bivlst`lit aliljbttbim gff sldtors.

Tgo [o`l gik Urbidbpl gfso strlsslk thl shortgml gs wlff gs hbmh dosts oj

sldoikgry sdhoof tlgdhlrs. [hly grl trybim to gkkrlss thl shortgml ay arbimbim

bi gs tlgdhlrs tldhibdgf plrsoiilf jro` othlr sldtors.

Bi su``bim up, thl dhgbr strlsslk thl dhgfflimls jgdlk bi `lltbim thl prlssurl oi

sldoikgry lkudgtboi, gik bi rljor`bim gik lxpgikbim [ZL[. [hlrl bs gfso g illk jor

òrl rlgfbs` gaout thl possbabfbty to rlgdh gff thl 157< LJG tgrmlts. Lvli bj mook

promrlss hgs alli `gkl ay `giy douitrbls towgrks \UL, thl promrlss towgrks so`l

oj thl othlr LJG tgrmlts hgs alli ùdh òrl òklst. Jbigffy, `giy b`portgit rljor`s

stbff illk to al `gkl bi postprb`gry lkudgtboi.


33/66

15

D H G U [ L Q ;

Tnbffs Klvlfop`lit jorLdoio`bd Mrowth bi Gjrbdg

hbs slssboi klgft wbth thl urmlit illk jor mrlgtlr gttlitboi to klvlfopbim thl snbffs

illklk to support ldoio`bd mrowth bi gi bitlrigtboigf doitlxt whlrl thl qugfbtyoj thl wornjordl pfgys gi bidrlgsbimfy b`portgit rofl bi kltlr`bibim douitrbls gabfbty

to do`pltl gik gdhblvl sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth. [hl slssboi do`prbslk (b) thrll

prlslitgtbois, (bb) bitlrvlitbois jro` thrll Gjrbdgi `bibstlrs, gik (bbb) g kbgfomul

g`oim pgrtbdbpgits. Lgdh oj thlsl thrll slm`lits bs su``grbzlk alfow. [hl slssboi

wgs dhgbrlk ay H.L. Tgioussb [O\QL, `bibstlr oj jbigidl, @gfb.

Urlslitgtbois

Thghbk R\T\J oj thl ]orfk Agin Bistbtutl `gkl g do`prlhlisbvl prlslitgtboi oiLdoio`bd Mrowth gik thl Qofl oj Tnbffs, jodusbim oi thl joffowbim thl`ls3

[hl lxplrblidl oj suddlssjuf douitrbls shows thgt lxportflk bikustrbgfbzgtboi

rl`gbis g mook alt, wbth thl stgtl tgnbim thl flgk bi klvlfopbim gik `gigmbim

bistbtutbois, gik pro`otbim do`pltbtbvlilss, `bib`bzbim doorkbigtboi

jgbfurls, gik `gbitgbibim souik `gdroldoio`bd pofbdbls. Aut

bikustrbgfbzgtboi illks to al uiklrpbiilk ay klvlfop`lit oj physbdgf

bijrgstrudturl, ko`lstbd sgvbims, souik jbigidbgf systl`s gik jorlbmi kbrldt

bivlst`lits (JKB) to gddlflrgtl tldhiofomy trgisjlr gik fbin up lxport

bikustrbls to mfoagf vgful dhgbis.

Bt bs klsbrgafl to trgisbtboi rgpbkfy jro` rlsourdlagslk gik fowtldh prokudts

to `lkbu` gik hbmhlrtldh `giujgdturbim. Urokudtbvbty mgbis grl gdhblvlkthroumh gmmfo`lrgtboi ldoio`bls bi `gcor uragi bikustrbgf dlitlrs gik

throumh niowflkml. [hlsl two jgdtors bitlrgdt to mlilrgtl bklgs gik

kbssl`bigtl tldhiofomy. Jor s`gff opli ldoio`bls, thlrl bs io oavbous

suastbtutl jor trgkl gs g sourdl oj kl`gik mrowth. Kgtg jor thl Qlpuafbd oj

Norlg> Tbimgporl> gik [gbwgi, Dhbig oi dhgimls ovlr thl fgst 15 ylgrs bi thl

top jbvl lxport bikustrbls bffustrgtl wlff thbs rgpbk shbjt jro` fowtldh, fgaor

bitlisbvl prokudts to hbmhlrtldh `giujgdturbim.

Lkudgtboi gik snbff klvlfop`lit pfgy vbtgf supportbim rofls bi thbs prodlss ay

klvlfopbim (b) g kbsdbpfbilk, fbtlrgtl gik trgbigafl wornjordl> (bb)

litrlprlilurbgf tgflit gik lxplrtbsl to `gigml thl ldoio`y, drlgtl gik stgjj

ljjldtbvl ormgibzgtbois, pfgi uragibzgtboi gik oplrgtl lqubp`lit gik

[


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bijrgstrudturl> gik (bbb) thl gabfbty to gasora gik gssb`bfgtl tldhiofomy mgbilk

throumh JKB, trgkl gik othlr dhgiilfs so gs to upmrgkl bikustry gik kbvlrsbjy

lxports. [hl b`portgidl oj snbffs gs krbvlrs oj ldoio`bd mrowth bs bidrlgsbim. Altwlli

72=5 gik 7222, thl trgisbtboi jro` fbmht `giujgdturbim to òrl sophbstbdgtlk

bikustrbls, lxpgisboi oj ausbilss slrvbdls, do``lrdbgfbzgtboi oj gmrbdufturl,

gik sprlgk bi thl usl oj BD[ hgvl bidrlgslk thl snbff doitlit oj òst ldoio`bd

gdtbvbtbls gik, bi turi, thl rlturis to bivlstbim bi hbmhlr lkudgtboi. Biiovgtboi

bs gdtbvlfy soumht throumh òrl rlslgrdh gik klvlfop`lit, ay bidufdgtbim g

dufturl oj drlgtbvbty bi sdhoofs, gik ay b`provbim thl qugfbty oj thl fgaor jordl.

[hl kllplibim oj niowflkml bs gdhblvlk ay jgdtors sudh gs3 (b) rgbsbim thl

qugfbty oj flgribim, gttrgdtbim thl tgflitlk bito tlgdhbim, rlwgrkbim mook

tlgdhlrs gik hofkbim thl` gddouitgafl jor stuklit flgribim> (bb) b`provbim

durrbdufu` gik thl lxg`bigtboi prodlss, gik doffldtbim gik kbssl`bigtbimwbklfy bijor`gtboi oi thl plrjor`gidl oj sdhoofs to proòtl do`pltbtboi

gòim thl`> (bbb) proòtbim dfoslr dooplrgtboi altwlli tlrtbgry bistbtutbois

gik thl ausbilss sldtor to gfbmi trgbibim gik rlslgrdh òrl to fgaor `grnlt

kl`giks, (bv) mrlgtlr puafbd support jor Q&K gdtbvbtbls doikudtlk ay prbvgtl

gik puafbd rlslgrdh bistbtutbois gik thbin tgins> gik (v) proòtbim gi

livbroi`lit doikudbvl to litrlprlilurbgf gdtbvbtbls, lidourgmbim lxpgisboi

oj gdtbvbtbls whbdh grl rlslgrdh bitlisbvl gik fbnlfy sourdls oj biiovgtboi, gik

stbùfgtbim fodgf gik bitlrigtboigf iltwornbim gòim niowflkml wornlrs vbg

opli biiovgtboi systl`s.

Tnbff gik niowflkml kllplibim bs vbtgf to TTG aldgusl oj thl rlmbois3 (b)fb`btlk mrowth oj `giujgdturbim bikustrbls gik `giujgdturlk lxports. [hl

shgrl oj `giujgdturbim bi MKU bs qubtl fow bi TTG gik, doitrgry to Lgst Gsbg,

thlrl hgs alli fbttfl dhgiml bi thl lxport `bx ovlr thl fgst tli ylgrs> (bb)

stgmigtbim gt g fow flvlf oj gmrbdufturgf prokudtbvbty> (bbb) doitbiulk

klpliklidy oi obf, igturgf rlsourdlagslk prokudts, gik tourbs`, whbdh ojjlr

fb`btlk potlitbgf jor mrowth> gik (bv) huml juturl dhgfflimls poslk ay trliks

sudh gs dfb`gtl dhgiml, doitbiulk rgpbk popufgtboi mrowth, jook bisldurbty,

gik rgpbk uragibzgtboi.

Lkudgtboi, trgbibim, gik rlslgrdh grl bidrlgsbimfy thl krbvlrs oj twlityjbrst

dlitury ldoio`bd mrowth. [o hgrilss thl powlr oj niowflkml gik lisurldfosl gfbmi`lit altwlli trgbibim gik rlslgrdh outputs gik snbff illks bi thl

ldoio`y ildlssbtgtls g systl`wbkl gpprogdh. Nly uibvlrsbtbls hgvl g

kldbsbvl rofl to pfgy. Aut to pfgy thbs rofl ljjldtbvlfy, thly wbff illk to al

hbmhfy slfldtbvl oj aoth jgdufty gik stuklits, gutoioòus, do`pltbtbvl, gik

wlffjuiklk. [hly wbff gfso illk to worn dfoslfy wbth thl ausbilss do`ùibty

gik wbth othlr bistbtutbois. Aut `gipowlr pfgiibim hgs bts rbsns3 `gtdhbim

juturl fgaor `grnlt kl`gik bs kbjjbduft. Jbigffy, niowflkml gik snbffs grl ildlssgry aut iot sujjbdblit3 thly ùst al

do`pfl`litlk ay dgpbtgf bivlst`lits bi aoth hgrk (trgisport, wgtlr, lilrmy,

brrbmgtboi) gik sojt (lkudgtboi, `lkbdgf, rlslgrdh) bijrgstrudturl, jbigidlkthroumh g doàbigtboi oj ko`lstbd sgvbims, JKB, gik klvlfop`lit gssbstgidl.

Lvli snbffs gik dgpbtgf grl iot thl whofl story3 bitlrigtboigf `grnlts wbff


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36/66


mbvli to hlfpbim mroups who so jgr hgvl hgk fb`btlk gddlss to jbigidbgf

slrvbdls, lspldbgffy wo`li gik youth. Jbigffy, thl GjKA hgs jbigidlk post

doijfbdt gik rldoistrudtboi procldts thgt hgvl l`phgsbzlk snbffs trgbibim gik

l`pfoy`lit drlgtboi, lspldbgffy jor youth gik lxdoàgtgits.

[hl wgy jorwgrk shoufk al aubft oi g thrllproim gpprogdh. Jbrst, lihgidl thl

niowflkml agslay doikudtbim biklpth stukbls to gsslss thl illks jor dgpgdbty

klvlfop`lit bi thl bijor`gf sldtor. Tldoik, support douitrbls bi thl klvlfop`lit

oj pofbdbls, strgtlmbls, gik gdtboi pfgis gb`lk gt `gbistrlg`bim youth

l`pfoy`lit gs wlff gs bijor`gf sldtor klvlfop`lit bi igtboigf klvlfop`lit

strgtlmbls. [hbrk, support douitrbls bi thlbr ljjorts to b`pfl`lit sudh strgtlmbls,

lspldbgffy thosl mlgrlk to bidrlgsl thl l`pfoy`lit gik bido`l mlilrgtboi

dgpgdbty oj thl bijor`gf sldtor ay snbffs upmrgkbim, qugfbty b`provl`lit oj

mooks gik slrvbdls, jgdbfbtgtbim gddlss to jbigidl gik proòtbim youth

litrlprlilurshbp.Qbdhgrk ]GF[HLQ, doisuftgit to GKLG, prlslitlk thl doidfusbois oj g slt oj stukblsdoikudtlk ay GKLG jor bts 1558 abliigfl doijlrlidl. Litbtflk [hl Qofl gik B`portgidl oj

[ldhibdgf Lkudgtboi gik Zodgtboigf [rgbibim bi rlfgtboi to L`pfoy`lit gik thl ]orfk oj

]orn, thlprlslitgtboi uiklrfbilk thgt to mlt out oj thl povlrty trgp, Gjrbdg illks to

trgisjor` bts ldoio`y jro` albim fgrmlfy g suasbstlidl ldoio`y to oil oj mrowth gik

klvlfop`lit. [o gdhblvl thbs, bt bs ildlssgry to upmrgkl thl snbffs gdqubrlk ay gff gik

pgrtbdufgrfy ay thl youth. [hl stukbls show thgt thl snbffs upmrgkbim dgiiot al koil

oify throumh jor`gf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim, aut dgffs jor gi gpprogdh thgt rldomibzls

gik vgfbkgtls g kbvlrsbty oj `ldhgibs`s gik promrg`s, ojtli provbklk ay thl puafbd

sldtor, aut bi dfosl pgrtilrshbp wbth ldoio`bd, sodbgf, gik rlmboigf gdtors, whouiklrstgik thl trgbibim illks oj thlbr doistbtulidbls. Bi pgrtbdufgr, thl sbtugtboi oj

vodgtboigf trgbibim bi Gjrbdgi douitrbls summlsts gdtboi gfoim thl joffowbim fbils3

Illk jor gi bitlmrgtlk trgbibim systl`. Bi òst Gjrbdgi douitrbls, to thl lxtlit

youth jbik worn, bt bs `gbify bi thl bijor`gf ldoio`y. Klspbtl thbs jgdt, thl

trgbibim gik othlr `ldhgibs`s klsbmilk to hlfp youth jbik worn fgrmlfy

tgrmlt thl `biorbty who mgbi jor`gf sldtor l`pfoy`lit. Douitrbls ùst

klvlfop systl`s bitlmrgtbim gff thl vgrbous ioijor`gf gik bijor`gf pgths

towgrks gpprlitbdlshbp gik trgbibim joffowlk ay thl `gcorbty oj youim plopfl

gik provbklk ay g vgrblty oj projlssboigf ormgibzgtbois, IMOs, gik puafbdgik prbvgtl bistbtutbois.

Illk jor pgrtilrshbp. [hl vgrblty oj lxbstbim trgbibim provbklrs klòistrgtls

thgt slttbim up oj gi bitlmrgtlk systl` dgiiot suddllk wbthout thl gdtbvl

pgrtbdbpgtboi oj gff thl projlssboigf, ldoio`bd, gik sodbgf pgrtilrs doidlrilk.

Bi g iuàlr oj douitrbls, thlsl pgrtilrs grl gfrlgky limgmlk bi kljbibim thl

illk jor snbffs bi kbjjlrlit fodgf slttbims gik bi provbkbim thl trgbibim. [hly

ùst bidrlgsbimfy aldo`l thl pgrtilrs oj puafbd guthorbtbls, so gs to

doitbiuousfy gkgpt thl trgbibim promrg`s to rlspoik to thl lvofvbim fgaor

`grnlt kl`giks.

Illk jor kbvlrsbjblk trgbibim. G fgrml shgrl oj youim plopfl `bss out oi snbffsklvlfop`lit, jor lxg`pfl, prb`gry sdhoof kropouts> prb`gry sdhoof

do`pfltlrs too youim to worn> vgrbous `grmbigfbzlk rurgf mroups> mbrfs who


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1; ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

grl hbmhfy uiklrrlprlslitlk bi trgbibim promrg`s> fowlkudgtlk lx

doàgtgits> thl hgikbdgpplk gik othlr vufilrgafl mroups. [o rlspoik to thl

kbvlrsl illks oj sudh mroups rlqubrls aoth jflxbafl gik kbvlrsbjblk pgths oj

trgbibim. @giy douitrbls hgvl almui to klvlfop sudh kbvlrsl pgths. Howlvlr,

to al suddlssjuf, sudh jor`gf, ioijor`gf, gik bijor`gf trgbibim pgths ùst

flgk to rldomibzlk gik dlrtbjblk qugfbjbdgtbois.

Illk jor jbigidbim. Gi bitlmrgtlk systl` oj snbffs klvlfop`lit rlqubrls

gpproprbgtl jbigidbim. To jgr, projlssboigf trgbibim rldlbvls vlry fb`btlkpuafbd juikbim gik whgtlvlr bs rldlbvlk bs gfòst lxdfusbvlfy jor jor`gf

trgbibim. Gi ljjldtbvl pofbdy to hlfp youim plopfl jbik worn rlqubrls g

sbmibjbdgit ovlrhguf oj thl movlri`lits aukmltgry prborbtbls gs wlff gs

klvlfop`lit oj òkls oj dojbigidbim ay l`pfoylrs gik othlrs bidfukbim

klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs.

Illk to al do`pltbtbvl bi mfoagf `grnlts. G ilw bitlmrgtlk snbffs klvlfop`litsystl` bs bikbsplisgafl to b`provl Gjrbdgi douitrbls prokudtbvbty gik ligafl

thl` to do`pltl bi thl niowflkmlagslk mfoagf ldoio`y. [hbs `lgis

ligafbim youim plopfl to gdqubrl niowflkml gik snbffs illklk to aldo`l juff

`làlrs oj tokgys mfoagfbzlk worfk. Lisurbim thgt thl fbjlsnbffs flgribim

illks oj gff youim plopfl grl `lt bs oil oj thl sbx LJG mogfs gs wlff gs gi

b`portgit pgrt oj thl @KM povlrty rlkudtboi mogf sbidl upmrgkbim thl snbffs

oj youim plopfl jgdbfbtgtls thlbr trgisbtboi jro` dhbfkhook to worn. Jbigffy,

snbfflk fgaor hlfps gddlflrgtl ldoio`bd mrowth whbdh bs rlqubrlk to mlilrgtl

thl rlsourdls illklk to jbigidl gttgbi`lit gik `gbitligidl oj prb`gry

lkudgtboi gik thl othlr LJG tgrmlts.

Do``lits ay @bibstlrs oi thl Dhgffliml oj Klvlfopbim Tnbffs jor Mrowth

[hrll Gjrbdgi `bibstlrs do``litlk oi thl dhgfflimls oj prokudbim thl snbffs illklk

jor ldoio`bd mrowth.

H.L. @wbiybhgcb @GNG@L, @bibstlr oj Jbigidl gik Ldoio`bd Gjjgbrs, Sgizbagruiklrfbilk3

Tgtbsjgdtboi wbth thl b`portgidl mbvli to snbffs klvlfop`lit gik wbth thl wgy

thl bssuls hgk alli gkkrlsslk ay thl thrll splgnlrs.

[hgt ldoio`bd mrowth bi òst Gjrbdgi douitrbls bs dfoslfy fbinlk togmrbdufturgf klvlfop`lit whbdh, bi turi, bs doistrgbilk ay thl shortgml oj

snbfflk tldhibdbgis gt gff flvlfs, jro` shorttlr` trgbibim to fow gik `bkkfl

flvlf dlrtbjblk tldhibdbgis to spldbgfbsts trgbilk gt thl mrgkugtl gik post

mrgkugtl flvlfs.

[o stbùfgtl gmrbdufturgf klvlfop`lit, Gjrbdgi douitrbls illk g

do`prlhlisbvl gpprogdh bidfukbim rljor`bim gik rlvbtgfbzbim tldhibdgf

trgbibim bistbtutls, klvlfopbim biiovgtbvl juikbim `ldhgibs`s jor sudh

bistbtutbois, gik lstgafbshbim `bdrojbigidbim gik drlkbt sdhl`ls to support

gmrbdufturgf klvlfop`lit.

H.L. Qosl MGHBQ\, @bibstlr oj Zodgtboigf [rgbibim gik Fbtlrgdy, Auruikb iotlkthgt3


38/66


[hl fgdn oj agfgidl altwlli rlsourdls klvotlk to, rlspldtbvlfy, mlilrgf

lkudgtboi gik [ZL[, thl fgttlr albim slvlrlfy uiklrjuiklk. [hbs doistrgbis

ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit gik lvli thl gabfbty to òabfbzl puafbd juikbim, mbvli

thgt thosl who hgvl uiklrmoil projlssboigf trgbibim grl òrl fbnlfy to jbik

worn gik pgy tgxls thgi thosl who hgvl iot rldlbvlk sudh trgbibim> gik

Routh uil`pfoy`lit bs g slrbous gik rbsbim proafl` thgt shoufk worry

Gjrbdgi pofbtbdbgis. Gddlss to òrl gik alttlr qugfbty [ZL[ bs pgrt oj thl

sofutboi.

H.L. Gto Kl`lnl @LNOIILI, @bibstlr oj Lkudgtboi, Lthbopbg, strlsslk thgt thlklvlfop`lit oj mlilrgf lkudgtboi gik oj [ZL[ bs vlry drbtbdgf to igtboigf klvlfop`lit

gik thgt thl mrowth oj thl two suasldtors bs gfso dfoslfy bitlrrlfgtlk. Bi thbs rlmgrk,thl qugfbty gik rlflvgidl oj lkudgtboi bs vlry drbtbdgf. [hl `bibstlr su``grbzlk nly

gspldts oj whgt Lthbopbg bs kobim to gkkrlss dhgfflimls jgdlk, bidfukbim3

Ttrlimthlibim oj thl igtboigf dgpgdbty to gkgpt tldhiofombls klvlfoplk

lfslwhlrl gik gppfybim thl` to doikbtbois bi Lthbopbg.

Gkkrlssbim slrbous gttbtukbigf doistrgbits sbidl pgrlits grl lxpldtbim gik

lidourgmbim thlbr dhbfkrli to dhoosl gdgkl`bd sldoikgry gik uibvlrsbty

lkudgtboi rgthlr thgi tldhibdgf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim.

G `gcor durrlit dhgffliml bi klvlfopbim thl typl oj snbffs illklk to mlilrgtl

youth l`pfoy`lit bs to arlgn thbs `bss`gtdh altwlli thl typl oj lkudgtboikl`giklk ay pgrlits gik stuklits gik thl typl oj snbffs illklk ay thl

ldoio`y.

Kbgfomul gòim Ugrtbdbpgits gik Tu``bim \p jor thl Kgy

[hl sbx bitlrvlitbois wlrl joffowlk ay g rbdh kbsdussboi oj thl joffowbim topbds3

@giy pgrtbdbpgits l`phgsbzlk thl urmlidy oj klvlfopbim gik b`pfl`litbim

ljjldtbvl strgtlmbls to gkkrlss thl youth uil`pfoy`lit aoà. To`l sgbk

thgt strgtlmbls hgk alli klvlfoplk, aut wlrl poorfy b`pfl`litlk. Bibtbgtbvls

to klvlfop trgbibim opportuibtbls jor youth ojtli rui bito juikbim proafl`sprlvlitbim purdhgsl oj illklk lqubp`lit gik hbrbim oj trgbilk tlgdhlrs.

Oil proafl` bi gkkrlssbim thl mlilrgf ilmgtbvl gttbtukl towgrks [ZL[ bs to

dhgiml thl plrdlptboi oj [ZL[ gs sldoik rgtl, klgklik lkudgtboi ojjlrbim

fb`btlk possbabfbtbls jor jurthlr lkudgtboi. Movlri`lits illk to `gnl

klfbalrgtl pofbdbls gik bivlst`lit dhobdls bi jgvor oj [ZL[, gik koiors

shoufk al òrl jorthdo`bim wbth support jor douitrbls hgvbim klvlfoplk

souik trgbibim pofbdbls.

Douitrbls illk stroimlr gik òrl vbsboigry pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp, jodusbim oi

thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim pofbdbls illklk bi thl `lkbu` to foimtlr`. ]hli

LJG bs gdhblvlk, gik thl survbvgf stgml bs do`pfltlk, whgt shoufk al koilto lisurl sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth? Bi `giy douitrbls, 8525 plrdlit oj thl

l`pfoy`lit bs bi thl bijor`gf sldtor. ]hgt typl oj lkudgtboi gik trgbibim


39/66

1: ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr

pofbdbls wbff hlfp gddlflrgtl ldoio`bd mrowth bi g sustgbigafl `giilr? Oil

pgrtbdbpgit sgbk bt bs tb`l to mlt slrbous gik stop tgfnbim gik stgrt kobim. ]l

grl thl flgklrs, thl fbtl> wl hgvl thl rlspoisbabfbty to show flgklrshbp..

Lkudgtboi bs thl mrlgt lqugfbzlr gik g drbtbdgf ligafbim jgdtor to jor lxg`pfl,

l`powlr mbrfs gik wo`li gik to jbmht HBZ/GBKT.

[hl rldlit rgpbk promrlss towgrks \UL `lgis thgt g hbmh shgrl oj prb`gry

sdhoof mrgkugtls wbff ilbthlr jbik l`pfoy`lit, ior gi opportuibty jor

doitbiulk lkudgtboi gt thl postprb`gry flvlf. Bt bs vlry b`portgit to provbkl

thl` wbth trgbibim opportuibtbls to bidrlgsl thlbr dhgidls oj mgbijuf slfj

l`pfoy`lit.

Bi thlbr rlspoisl to so`l oj thl qulstbois, thl prlslitlrs uiklrfbilk thgt3

Bivlst`lits bi snbffs klvlfop`lit bs g ildlssgry aut iot sujjbdblit doikbtboi

jor mrowth. Tudh bivlst`lits illk to al gddo`pgiblk wbth dgpbtgf

bivlst`lits gs wlff gs mook pofbdbls aoth wbth rlspldt to gfbmibim snbffs

klvlfop`lit to fgaor `grnlt kl`giks gik, òrl mlilrgffy, to drlgtbim g mook

ausbilss dfb`gtl.

@orl illks to al koil jor gmrbdufturl gik, lspldbgffy, to b`provl

prokudtbvbty. Howlvlr, thbs wbff provl kbjjbduft bj douitrbls ko iot gddlflrgtl

bikustrbgfbzgtboi so thgt mgbijuf l`pfoy`lit bs drlgtlk jor thosl who illk to

flgvl gmrbdufturl.

Tbimgporl hgs alli vlry suddlssjuf bi b`provbim thl gttbtukl towgrks [ZL[.

Howlvlr, g suddlssjuf strgtlmy ùst bidfukl `giy lfl`lits, sudh gs ojjlrbim

postsldoikgry opportuibtbls to gvobk thgt [ZL[ aldo`ls klgkliktrgbibim, dooplrgtbim dfoslfy wbth bikustry to jodus [ZL[ promrg`s oi grlgs

wbth mook l`pfoy`lit prospldts> gik doikudtbim ljjldtbvl bijor`gtboi

dg`pgbmis to douitlr thl ilmgtbvl plrdlptboi oj [ZL[.

Douitrbls sudh gs thl Qlpuafbd oj Norlg gik Tbimgporl gdhblvlk `gcor

promrlss bi thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim sldtor gfthoumh thly klvotlk g s`gfflr

shgrl oj MKU to thbs sldtor thgi kols oi gvlrgml TTG. Jgdtors lxpfgbibim thbs

suddlss bidfukl thlbr sustgbilk, foimtlr` ldoio`bd mrowth (whbdh rlsuftlk bi

sustgbilk mrowth bi lkudgtboi aukmlts), suddlss bi provbkbim jflxbafl trgbibim

promrg`s gfbmilk to thl rgpbkfy dhgimbim snbffs illks oj thl ldoio`y, gik

rgpbk klòmrgphbd trgisbtboi. Bi su``gry, ljjldtbvl snbffs klvlfop`lit pofbdbls gik promrg`s gt gff flvlfs

jro` agsbd shorttlr` promrg`s gb`lk gt b`provbim prokudtbvbty bi thl

bijor`gf sldtor to gkvgidlk promrg`s gt thl tlrtbgry flvlfgrl nly to

biiovgtboi, mrowth, gik povlrty rlkudtboi. Howlvlr, to al suddlssjuf, sudh

promrg`s dgiiot al b`pfl`litlk bi g vgduu`> thly rlprlslit oil

bikbsplisgafl lfl`lit oj g slt oj ldoio`bd, sodbgf, gik bikustrbgf klvlfop`lit

pofbdbls. Gik to lisurl thgt thlsl igtboigf pofbdbls grl gfbmilk rlqubrls stroim

gik wlffdoorkbigtlk igtboigf pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp.

Bi su``bim up thl kgys kbsdussboi, Thgitgygigi KLZGQGCGI, dhblj ldoio`bstoj thl Gjrbdg Qlmboi oj thl ]orfk Agin, krlw gttlitboi to so`l bitlrlstbim gspldts ojthl Tbimgporl story3


40/66

Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 1=

[o b`pfl`lit suddlssjuf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim pofbdbls bs iot thl rofl oify oj

lkudgtboi gik trgbibim `bibstrbls> bt bs lvlryaokys ausbilss to drlgtl thl

vbrtuous dbrdfl rlqubrlk to gfbmi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim provbsboi wbth

ldoio`bd gik sodbgf klvlfop`lit illks.

Douitrbls thgt wgit to klvlfop [ZL[ illk to dhgiml thl ilmgtbvl gttbtukls

gik vgfuls rlmgrkbim [ZL[. Bj pupbfs grl strlg`lk gs bi Tbimgporl bito

gdgkl`bd gik vodgtboigf/tldhibdgf strlg`s, douitrbls illk to lisurl thgt thly

mbvl opportuibtbls jor aoth mroups oj pupbfs to promrlss bi thl systl`.

Bt bs gfso bitlrlstbim to iotl thgt, bi Tbimgporl, `lrbtodrgdy wgs gi lqugfbzlr,

stbùfgtbim sodbgf òabfbty gòim kbjjlrlit sodbgf gik bido`l mroups.

Howlvlr, jor thbs to worn, slfldtboi illks to al protldtlk jro` pofbtbdgf

bitlrjlrlidl.

Gs rlmgrks lkudgtboi jbigidbim, Tbimgporl mbvls prborbty bi puafbd jbigidbim to

agsbd lkudgtboi gik [ZL[ whbfl suastgitbgf jlls grl dhgrmlk jor hbmhlrlkudgtboi> bt gfso usls sdhofgrshbps to hlfp klslrvbim stuklits, pgrtbdufgrfy

thosl jro` poor jg`bfbls.

Tbimgporls pofbdy to gttrgdt thl alst tgflits to thl tlgdhbim projlssboi,

bidfukbim throumh do`pgrgtbvlfy hbmh sgfgrbls, bs vlry bitlrlstbim. Howlvlr, bt

bs gfso b`portgit to iotl thgt (b) sgfgrbls klplik oi plrjor`gidl whbdh bs

òibtorlk gik lvgfugtlk, (bb) g trgklojj hgs alli `gkl to pgy tlgdhlrs wlff,

aut to hgvl g dfgsssbzl wlff gaovl thl OLDK gvlrgml, gik (bbb) kurbim thl

survbvgf stgml, sgfgrbls wlrl òklst gik g iuàlr oj dostsgvbim pofbdbls

wlrl put bi pfgdl to lisurl rgpbk gdhblvl`lit oj uibvlrsgf prb`gry lkudgtboi

gik gkuft fbtlrgdy. Bt bs gfso sbmibjbdgit to iotl thgt thlrl wgs io rljlrlidl bi thl Tbimgporl

prlslitgtboi to jorlbmi gbk gs g jgdtor bi bts suddlss, gik thgt Tbimgporl spliks

g fowlr shgrl oj bts MKU oi lkudgtboi thgi thl gvlrgml OLDK douitry (lvli

flss thgi thl gvlrgml jor TTG). [hl jodus wgs oi ljjldtbvl usl oj gvgbfgafl

rlsourdls gik, wbth rlspldt to jorlbmi gbk, to gttrgdt gkvbdl, trgbibim,

tldhiofombls gik Q&K gdtbvbtbls thgt doufk hlfp rgpbkfy òvl thl bikustry

jro` fowtldh, fgaor bitlisbvl gdtbvbtbls to hbmhtldh `giujgdturbim gik

slrvbdls gdtbvbtbls whlrl Tbimgporl doufk al do`pltbtbvl bi lxport `grnlts.

Kurbim thl drbsbs, lxtlrigf gbk hgs g rofl to pfgy bi protldtbim lkudgtboi mgbis

`gkl ay Gjrbdg kurbim thl fgst kldgkl. Bi jgdt, thlsl mgbis klòistrgtl thgtthl sldtor hgs g jgbrfy mook trgdn rldork bi tlr`s oj ljjldtbvl usl oj gbk,

so`lthbim thgt shoufk hlfp `gbitgbi lxtlrigf support jor thl sldtor kurbim

thl drbsbs.


41/66

18

D H G U [ L Q stbùfgtbimgkvodgdy, niowflkmllxdhgiml gik biiovgtboi> jgdbfbtgtbim òabfbty gòim

stuklits gik gdgkl`bd stgjj> gik doikudtbim cobit trgbibim gik/or rlslgrdh

promrg`s. Flgkbim oacldtbvls hgvl alli to proòtl kbvbsboi oj fgaor,

ldoio`bls oj sdgfl, gik optb`bzgtboi oj usl oj sdgrdl rlsourdls bidfukbim

lxplisbvl lqubp`lit gik hbmhfy qugfbjblk stgjj. [hl strgtlmbls hgvl rgimlk

jro` drlgtbim bitlrmovlri`litgf bistbtutbois or doisortbu`s to mbvbim igtboigf

bistbtutbois g rlmboigf or doitbilitwbkl vodgtboi.

[hl outdo`ls oj sudh cobit liklgvors hgvl alli `bxlk. Oi thl posbtbvl sbkl,

thly hgvl provbklk joru`s jor doisuftgtbois oi gik doorkbigtboi oj pofbdbls,

strgtlmbls, gik promrg`s. [hly hgvl gfso hlfplk (b) Drlgtl sodbgf dgpbtgf ayhlfpbim klvlfop g dfb`gtl oj doisuftgtbois, doffgaorgtboi gik bitlmrgtboi> (bb)

Uroòtl shgrbim oj mook prgdtbdls gik tldhibdgf lxplrtbsl> (bbb) Klvlfop


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gmrll`lit oi lqubvgflidls altwlli kbpfo`gs gik tbtfls, gik (bv) Lstgafbsh

rlmboigf dlitlrs oj lxdlfflidl gik cobit lkudgtboi rlslgrdh gik lvgfugtboi

iltworns.

Howlvlr, thl cobit liklgvors hgvl gfso lidouitlrlk `giy proafl`s, bidfukbim (b)

Fow b`pfl`litgtboi oj `giy doitbilitwbkl gik rlmboigf bibtbgtbvls kul to

fgdn oj rlsourdls gik wlgn pofbtbdgf limgml`lit jro` `làlr stgtls. Gfso

`giy sofbk lvbklidlkagslk rlslgrdh outdo`ls hgvl iot alli trgisfgtlk bito

gppfblk pofbdbls> (bb) Fow jbigidbgf doitrbautboi jro` `làlr stgtls hgs `gkl

promrg`s vlry gbk klpliklit. Bi turi, koiors hgvl alli wlgry oj do``bttbim

to foimtlr` jbigidbim jor bibtbgtbvls thgt `gy iot al jbigidbgffy sustgbigafl

wbthout movlri`lit jbigidbim> gik (bbb) Bi gkkbtboi to wlgn pofbtbdgf support

gik fow jbigidbim, b`pfl`litgtboi `gy gfso hgvl alli doistrgbilk ay jgdtors

sudh gs rlfudtgidl to yblfk igtboigf sovlrlbmity> fgimugml agrrblrs>

do`ùibdgtboi proafl`s bi thbs vgst doitbilit> proafl`s oj movlrigidl gikpossbafy lxtlrigf prlssurls.

Klspbtl pgst proafl`s, thl ilw doitlxt oj rgpbkfy bidrlgsbim b`portgidl oj

niowflkml, rlslgrdh, gik biiovgtboi gs krbvlrs oj ldoio`bd mrowth `gnls

bidrlgslk pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bikbsplisgafl gik urmlit, lspldbgffy bi thl grlg oj

lkudgtboi, trgbibim, gik rlslgrdh.Io douitry hgs thl drbtbdgf `gss to ko bt gfoil.

Howlvlr, òrl ljjldtbvl gik sustgbigafl gpprogdhls illk to al klvlfoplk. Bi

pgrtbdufgr, stroimlr pofbtbdgf support bs rlqubrlk. Uro`bsbim gpprogdhls

bidfukl (b) Ttrlimthlibim wlffplrjor`bim igtboigf bistbtutbois to aldo`l

rlmboigf dlitlrs oj lxdlfflidl bi grlgs nly to Gjrbdgs klvlfop`lit> (bb)

Drlgtbim rlmboigf thl`gtbd iltworns/bitlrdouitry iokls to proòtldoffgaorgtboi gik lxdhgiml oj tldhibdgf lxplrtbsl gik niowflkml bi grlgs nly

to lihgidbim lkudgtboi qugfbty> (bbb) @orl support jor thl Gjrbdgi \iboi (G\)

gik thl rlmboigf ldoio`bd do`ùibtbls gik alttlr joffowup oi kldbsboi

`gkl gt G\ Hlgks oj Ttgtls `lltbims, (bv) Jostlrbim g dfb`gtl oj lùfgtboi oj

mook prgdtbdls, gik oj tb`lfy klfbvlry gik hbmh plrjor`gidl lxpldtgtbois, gik

(v) Lstgafbsh`lit oj ilw òkgfbtbls jor òrl ljjldtbvl gik sustgbigafl

jbigidbim oj rlmboigf gdtbvbtbls.

@r. Iklalfls prlslitgtboi wgs litbtflk3 Ttrlimthlibim Gjrbdgi [lrtbgry Lkudgtboithroumh Qlmboigf Dooplrgtboi3 Tuddlssls, Dhgfflimls gik Optbois jor thl ]gy Jorwgrk. Bt

joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3

[hrll `gcor posbtbvl doitbilitwbkl trliks shoufk hlfp jostlr g alttlr dfb`gtl

jor dooplrgtboi3 @orl lfldtlk movlri`lits, kldfbil bi trgisigtboigf doijfbdts,

gik g kldgkl oj sofbk mrowth gik strlimthlibim oj `grnlt ldoio`bls. Aut

arogk dhgfflimls to sustgbilk klvlfop`lit rl`gbi, bidfukbim gdhblvbim

mrlgtlr sodbgf stgabfbty, dohlrlidl gik puafbd trust ay klfbvlrbim oi lfldtorgf

`gikgtls> sustgbibim thl trlik towgrks plgdl gik stgabfbty throumh stroimlr

rlmboigf doffgaorgtbois> gik supportbim litrlprlilurbgf trliks throumh pofbdy

gik rlmufgtory biiovgtbois.

Drlgtlk bi 72:=, thl GG\ hgs g hbmhfy kbvlrsbjblk `làlrshbp, gddouitbim jor174 uibvlrsbtbls bi ;< douitrbls. [hl sldrltgrbgt bs bi Mhgig gik thl G\ hgs

rldlitfy rldomibzlk GG\ gs thl flgk ormgibzgtboi jor hbmhlr lkudgtboi bi


44/66


Gjrbdg. GG\s worn promrg` dovlrs hbmhlr lkudgtboi flgklrshbp gik

`gigml`lit> stgjj gik stuklit òabfbty> rlslgrdh gik biiovgtboi> gik

bistbtutboigf klvlfop`lit.

Nly doikbtbois jor suddlss oj thbs typl oj rlmboigf doffgaorgtboi bidfukl3 (b)

[hl gabfbty to jodus oi wlffkljbilk rlmboigf gik doitbilitwbkl bssuls thgt

hgvl alli bklitbjblk ay syithlsbzbim doidlris aroumht jorwgrk ay bikbvbkugf

bistbtutbois> (bb) Tofbk prlpgrgtboi, tb`lfy gik hbmh qugfbty rlspoisl to

`làlrshbp illks> gik (bbb) Gi l`lrmbim slisl oj rlmboigf do`pltbtbvlilss

jro` shgrlk suddlssls.

Bi rlspoisl to thl mrlgt kbvlrsbty oj bistbtutbois gik fgrml kbstgidls, rlmboigf

gssodbgtbois `gy lxbst wbthbi thl GG\ uàrlffg. [hl Touthlri Gjrbdgi

Qlmboigf \ibvlrsbtbls Gssodbgtboi (TGQ\G) bs g mook lxg`pfl. Bt wgs

likorslk ay TGKD `bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi bi 1554 gik iow bidfukls ;< oj

TGKDs :4 puafbd uibvlrsbtbls. [hl promrg` bs ormgibzlk grouik rlslgrdh,iltwornbim, kbgfomul gik stgjj gik stuklit lxdhgiml. @ost dosts grl aori ay

koiors.

[hl \ibvlrsbty Tdblidl, Hu`gibtbls gik Limbillrbim Ugrtilrshbps bi Gjrbdg

(\THLUBG) bs giothlr bitlrlstbim dooplrgtbvl promrg`, do`prbsbim g stgjj

klvlfop`lit pgrtilrshbp gòim lbmht uibvlrsbtbls bi lbmht southlri gik

lgstlri Gjrbdgi douitrbls. [hl promrg` hgs supportlk postmrgkugtl stukbls,

prokudbim ;5 UhKs who hgvl gff rl`gbilk bi Gjrbdg. Howlvlr, thlrl grl

qulstbois whlthlr thbs typl oj doffgaorgtboi dgi al sdgflk up, mbvli bs hlgvy

rlfbgidl oi koior jbigidbim.

Doffgaorgtboi gòim Gjrbdgi uibvlrsbtbls ojjlr `giy aliljbts, bidfukbimsprlgkbim dlitlrs oj lxdlfflidl gik mook prgdtbdls gdross thl rlmboi>

jgdbfbtgtbim òabfbty gik dhobdl gòim stgjj gik stuklits> proòtl puafbd

prbvgtl sldtor pgrtilrshbps gik rlmboigf kbvlrsbty> do`pgrbsoi wbth othlrs wbff

stbùfgtl do`pltbtboi gòim bistbtutbois gik igtboigf slfjrljfldtboi. Aut

drossaogrklr systl`s wbff do`pfl`lit, iot rlpfgdl igtboigf systl`s.

Jbigffy so`l qulstbois3 Touthlri Gjrbdg gik Lgst Gjrbdg hgvl bi pfgdl

l`lrmbim rlmboigf doffgaorgtboi aokbls. Bs thlrl pofbtbdgf support jor sb`bfgr

klvlfop`lits bi ]lst gik Dlitrgf Gjrbdg? Dgi bidrlgslk drossaorklr

dooplrgtboi fbvl do`jortgafy wbth igtboigf sovlrlbmity?

@r. [L[[LRLIROprlpgrlk bitlrvlitboi iotlk thgt3

Lxpgisboi gik b`provlk ljjldtbvlilss oj pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bs

pgrgòuit to thl rlmbois klvlfop`lit, gik ojjlrs `giy opportuibtbls jor

douitrbls to support lgdh othlr. @ost promrlss bi b`provbim dooplrgtboi hgs

alli bi thl pofbtbdgf gik ldoio`bd ko`gbis> ùdh flss hgs alli gdhblvlk bi

lkudgtboi. Mhgig hgs trblk to flgri jro` othlr douitrbls bi thl jorùfgtboi oj

rljor`s, gik Mhgigbgi ojjbdbgfs hgvl vbsbtlk g iuàlr oj douitrbls bi thbs

rlmgrk. Ojjbdbgfs jro` othlr douitrbls hgvl gfso vbsbtlk Mhgig jor thl sg`l

purposl. Ilvlrthlflss, thl flvlf oj pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bi thl jblfk oj

lkudgtboi bs stbff vlry fow. [hlrl illks to al g mrlgtlr rlgfbzgtboi thgt Gjrbdgi douitrbls jgdl `giy

do`òi proafl`s thgt dgi al gkkrlsslk òrl ljjldtbvlfy throumh cobit


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promrg`s. [o gkvgidl, pofbdy `gnlrs gik projlssboigf illk to al òrl

doijbklit bi shgrbim thlbr douitrys wlgnilss gik suddlssls thus stbùfgtbim

flgribim gik thl klvlfop`lit oj prgm`gtbd sofutbois. @orl ljjldtbvl

doffgaorgtboi gt gff flvlfs wbff gfso hlfp hgrilss ldoio`bds oj sdgfl gik thus

lgsl jbigidbgf doistrgbits.

]bthbi thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim sldtor, thlrl bs g fot oj sdopl jor dooplrgtboi

bidfukbim bi gddrlkbtgtboi oj kbpfo`gs gik bi rlslgrdh.

Kbgfomul gòim Ugrtbdbpgits

Tlvlrgf `bibstlrs bitlrvlilk bi thl kbsdussboi, l`phgsbzbim thl joffowbim pobits3

[hl illk jor mrlgtlr dooplrgtboi gik flgribim gòim douitrbls bi grlgs sudh

gs pofbdbls to gkkrlss thl mrowbim kl`gik jor hbmhlr lkudgtboi, lspldbgffy

shorttlr` promrg`s bi how to b`provl lkudgtboi qugfbty gik rlflvgidl> mbrfs

lkudgtboi> fgimugml oj bistrudtboi.

Douitrbls do`pltl jor lxtlrigf support to gkkrlss igtboigf doidlris, mbvbim

too fbttfl gttlitboi to Gjrbdgwbkl bssuls. @orl rlsourdls shoufk al rlslrvlk

jor sudh bssuls ay douitrbls gs wlff gs ay klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs. Gfso, òrl

illks to al koil towgrks klvlfopbim qugfbjbdgtboi stgikgrks rldomibzlk

rlmboiwbkl.

@giy Gjrbdgi projlssboigfs grl `gnbim slrbous ljjorts to proòtl dooplrgtboi

gs lvbklidlk ay thl `giy lxbstbim Gjrbdgi rlmboigf iltworns gik bistbtutbois.

Howlvlr, thlsl ljjorts illk to al strlimthlilk gik thbs dgiiot al gdhblvlk

wbthout bidrlgslk gik òrl prlkbdtgafl jbigidbim. Bi turi, thbs wbff rlqubrlb`provlk `gigml`lit gik mrlgtlr gddouitgabfbty.

Ojtli thl doistrgbits towgrks mrlgtlr rlmboigf dooplrgtboi grl pofbtbdgf bi

igturl. @orl illks to al koil ay thl G\ to rlsofvl bssuls bi thl pofbtbdgf

ko`gbi.


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D H G U [ L Q :

Urborbtbls jor LkudgtboiJbigidbim gik Lxtlrigf Gbk

idrlgslk puafbd lkudgtboi juikbim`gkl possbafl ay gddlflrgtlk ldoio`bd mrowth,

stroimlr aukmltgry prborbty jor lkudgtboi, gik bidrlgslk lkudgtboi gbkbs g `gcorjgdtor lxpfgbibim thl lkudgtboi mrowth gdhblvlk ay `ost Gjrbdgi douitrbls sbidl 1555.

Howlvlr, procldtbois jor TTG summlst g shgrp kldfbil bi ldoio`bd mrowth bi 1552 gik

1575 do`pgrlk to rldlit ylgrs gik bidrlgsbim aukmlt kljbdbts. [hbs doufk hgvl slrbous

ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oi ko`lstbd lkudgtboi juikbim. Jurthlr`orl, bi thl fgst `gcor mfoagf

ldoio`bd sfowkowis altwlli 7221 gik 722=, thoumh `bfklr thgi thl durrlit oil,

klvlfop`lit gbk jlff jro` 5.44 plrdlit oj koior igtbois MIU to 5.11 plrdlit. Bj

so`lthbim sb`bfgr wlrl to hgppli thbs tb`l, thbs woufk gddlitugtl thl b`pgdt oj kldfbil

bi ko`lstbd juikbim, lspldbgffy aldgusl thl shgrl oj gbk bi thl lkudgtboi aukmlt oj thl

`lkbgi TTG douitry hgs bidrlgslk to rlgdh gaout 1< plrdlit bi 155:. [hl stgmigtboi bi

lkudgtboi gbk kbsaursl`lits altwlli 155; gik 155: gik thl shgrp kldrlgsl bi 155= grl,thlrljorl, vlry worrbso`l.

Oi thbs agdnmrouik, thbs slssboi joduslk oi thl dhgfflimls jgdlk ay lxtlrigf gbk

jor lkudgtboi bi hlfpbim douitrbls to aoth sustgbi thlbr promrlss towgrks LJG gik

klvlfop thl trgbibim gik bistbtutboigf `ldhgibs`s rlqubrlk to provbkl thl snbffs

illklk to support sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth. ]hbfl ko`lstbd lkudgtboi jbigidbim bs

thl nly kltlr`bigit bi gdhblvbim thlsl twbi mogfs, koiors gbk pofbdbls wbff gfso `gnl g

kbjjlrlidl. How shoufk thlsl pofbdbls gik prborbtbls lvofvl to lihgidl thl dgtgfytbd

b`pgdt oj gbk oi lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit, lspldbgffy kurbim thl durrlit ldoio`bd drbsb

sustaining educational and economic momentum in africa

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