sustainable water management solutions for large cities ...hydrologie.org/redbooks/a293/p293...

SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR LARGE CITIES Edited by Dragan A. Savic, Miguel A. Mariño, Hubert H. G. Savenije & Juan Carlos Bertoni IAHS Publ. 293 (February 2005) ISBN 1-901502-97-X, +302 + x pp. Price £55.00

Urban environmental sustainability is critical because urbaniza-tion and its impacts on the environment and water resources, whether groundwater, rivers, lakes or reservoirs, are occurring at an unprecedented rate. The complex water management problems of large cities are addressed with an interdisciplinary outlook. Al-ternative styles of water management are also considered. The 39 papers are organized in four topics:

– Integrated water resource management– Sustainability and socio-economic and eco-environmental issues– Urban drainage/flooding and wastewater management – Water quality monitoring and management

An excellent information resource for current water management and planning in, around, and for large cities in the developing world, including Ibadan and Lagos (Nigeria), Delhi and Chennai (India), Shijiazhuang, Tienjing and Luoyang (China), Mexico City, Sao Paulo and Curitiba (Brazil), as well as Zagreb and Dresden in eastern Europe.

Abstracts of the papers in this volume can be seen at:

www.iahs.infowith information about other IAHS publications

and IAHS activities

A collection of reviewed papers selected for presentation at a symposium (organized by the International Commission on Water Resources Systems, ICWRS) at the VIIth IAHS Scientific Assembly, held in Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil), April 2005.

Contents

Preface by Dragan A. Savic, Miguel A. Mariño, Hubert H. G. Savenije & Juan Carlos Bertoni

v

1 Integrated Water Resource Management

The disaster resilient city: a water management challenge Slobodan P. Simonovic

3

Production d’énergie et contrôle de crues: des objectifs en conflit Miriam R. M. Mine & Carlos E. M. Tucci

14

The Sava River multipurpose development scheme for the City of Zagreb Ž. Pavlin, Z. Pletikapić, B. Beraković & Z. Mahmutović

24

A deterministic-stochastic model for real-time reservoir operation under inflow uncertainty Alcigeimes Batista Celeste, Koichi Suzuki & Akihiro Kadota

32

Sustainable water management solution for Ibadan City, Nigeria A. Tokun & A. J. Adeloye

41

An appraisal of sustainable water management solutions for large cities in developing countries through GIS: the case of Lagos, Nigeria Mayowa Fasona, Ademola Omojola, Shakirudeen Odunuga, Olufemi Tejuoso &Nenna Amogu

49

Sustainable water resources management in Tianjing, China Linmei Nie & Shaosheng Wang

58

Conflict analysis as a decision support tool in urban water demand management Zédna Mara De Castro Lucena Vieira, Cybelle Frazão Costa Braga & Márcia Maria Rios Ribeiro

65

Multi-criteria decision making for integrated urban water management Mahdi Zarghaami, Ahmad Abrishamchi & Reza Ardakanian

73

The challenge of efficient management of water supply and drainage for the coastal city of Lagos Lekan Oyebande

83

Sustainable water resources exploitation and management in Beijing Wang Gangsheng & Xia Jun

90

Distributed water resources model: establishing the relationship between water resources and the social economy Yan Dong & Xia Jun

94

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Contents

Integrated urban water management in India: the case of Delhi mega-city R. B. Singh & Anju Singh

98

Integrated assessment of water scarcity for Luoyang City, China Qiongfang Li & Ziqiang Xia

105

2 Sustainability and Socio-economic and Eco-environmental Issues

Concept and model of “supporting capacity of water resources” in urban areas Qiting Zuo, Junxia Ma & Zening Wu

111

The study of eco-environmental carrying capacity related to wa-ter: Haihe River basins example Yonghua Zhu, Sam Drake, Jun Xia, Shaofeng Jia & Haishen Lü

118

Virtual water, a new strategy of agricultural security for China Huang Hao & Xia Jun

125

Le développement d’outils de simulation pour faciliter les concertations pour la gestion de bassins versants peri-urbains: exemple de São Paulo, Brésil Raphaele Ducrot, Bernardo Paz, Jean-Christophe Pouget & Jose Galizia Tundisi

132

Would people pay more for quality drinking water? Ales Smre-kar

141

3 Urban Drainage/Flooding and Wastewater Management

Numerical tools for sediment management in sewers: applica-tion to storage-settling basins Vladan Milisic & Ghassan Chebbo

147

Economy of drinking water by the use of detention and rainwa-ter utilization systems Roberto Fendrich

155

Consequences of the extreme flood event of August 2002 in the City of Dresden, Germany Heidi Kreibich, Theresia Petrow, Annegret H. Thieken, Meike Müller & Bruno Merz

164

One of the ways to hold-up overland flow in an urban catchment Elena Asabina

174

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Contents

Stormwater infiltration and focused groundwater recharge in a rain garden: simulations for different world climates Alejandro R. Dussaillant, Alejandro Cuevas & Kenneth W. Potter

178

Pollutant runoff under wet weather conditions from diffuse pollu-tion in an urban area Masato Noguchi, Nobuki Morio, Wataru Nishida & Masakazu Furue

185

On-site stormwater detention as an alternative flood control measure in ultra-urban environments in developing countries Flavio Cesar Borba Mascarenhas, Marcelo Gomes Miguez, Luiz Paulo Canedo de Magalhães & Jorge Henrique Alves Prodanoff

196

A 3-copula function application for design hyetograph analysis Salvatore Grimaldi, Francesco Serinaldi, Francesco Napolitano & Lucio Ubertini

203

Strategy to allow the inspection of the deep drainage system of Mexico City H. Leonardo Cisneros-Iturbe & Ramón Domínguez-Mora

212

A rainwater harvesting information system for Chennai City, India G. Ravikumar, V. Harish Kumaar, N. G. Anuthaman & K. Karunakaran

221

A sustainable flood management plan for the Lagos environs Olusegun Adeaga 226

Urban growth and life quality: application of indicators in integrated water and urban planning Luciene Pimentel da Silva, Márcia O. Kauffmann & Ezer Urpia Rosa

230

Strategic rehabilitation of wastewater collection systems Petr Hlavinek, Sveinung Sægrov, Wolfgang Schilling, Jean Philippe Torterotot & Rolf Baur

236

4 Water Quality Monitoring and Management

Design, implementation, and initial results from a water-quality monitoring network for Atlanta, Georgia, USA Arthur J. Horowitz, Kent A. Elrick & James J. Smith

245

Water quality of lift irrigation schemes on streams fed by urban effluents near Jammu, India Vijay Kumar, Omkar Singh, J. Prabhakara & S. K. Jain

257

Impact of wastewater discharges from Alexandria on suspended matter and particulate zinc speciation in Lake Mariut Massoud A. H. Saad & Aladdin M. Safty

264

Indicators of the state of urban water bodies Sergei Kondratyev, Natalia Ignatyeva, Tatyana Gronskaya, Galina Alyabina & Lyudmila Efremova

273

ix

Contents

Effects of urbanization on water resource development and its problems in Shijiazhuang, China Yanjun Shen, Changyuan Tang, Jieying Xiao, Taikan Oki & Shinjiro Kanae

280

Use of Principal Component Analysis in determining the relationships between flow and water quality parameters Hamza Ozguler

289

Urbanization effects on the groundwater status of Delhi, India H. Chandrasekharan, S. G. Tadi, A. Sarangi, S. M. Trivedi, B. R. Yadav & Kaushalya Ramachandran

294

Key word index 299

Preface

Since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 it has become obvious that there can be no global sustainable development without sustainable settlement. However, today the issue of urban environmental sustainability is becoming critical because urbaniz-ation and its associated environmental impacts are occurring at an unprecedented rate. The fast expanding large cities raise many problems for water resources management. Water for cities is a topic of paramount importance for the sustainability of urban areas, as well as for water resources, whether groundwater, lakes, reservoirs or rivers.

Adequate water supply and drainage management are urgent tasks, and new solutions are needed to overcome the problems of water scarcity, deteriorating water quality, lack of sufficient supply systems, inappropriate handling of wastewater, inadequate storm water management, flood risk, etc. However, the context in which water management activities are planned and carried out in the developing and developed world are changing and the world is very different today to how it was, say, ten years ago. Water service providers in the developed world are facing key issues across several fronts: – more stringent regulatory requirements, – increased consumer expectations, – increased economic pressures to improve operating efficiency, – a trend to privatize water services, and – the requirement of higher security of supply. However, the sustainability aspects of water management in developing countries are often quite different from those in the developed world and have been badly neglected over the past years. For example, management of water supply and sanitation systems is often poor, resulting in interruptions in the provision of services and sometimes in the complete collapse of systems and the contamination of water supply sources. Normally, the operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities, which represent a major requirement for sustainable services, are regarded as low profile areas, whilst the construction of new facilities has historically been given the highest priority.

x

Contents

Given the requirements for sustainability and integrated water management, the relationships between large cities and their surrounding areas have to be reconsidered. The 39 papers presented at the Symposium on Sustainable Water Management Solutions for Large Cities (organized by the International Commission on Water Resources Systems, ICWRS) at the VIIth IAHS Scientific Assembly, held in Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil), April 2005, address the complex problems of water management for large cities with an interdisciplinary outlook, taking into account their hydrological, technical, environmental, as well as socio-economic aspects. The papers help develop an understanding of the hydrological principles fundamental to the solution of manage-ment problems in surface waters, groundwater and public supplies in an international context. They evaluate the influence of human activity on hydrological processes,

provision of water supply and sanitation services, and include alternative styles of water management. The papers are organized in four broad topics:– Integrated water resource management– Sustainability and socio-economic and eco-environmental issues– Urban drainage/flooding and wastewater management, and – Water quality monitoring and managementWe hope that the symposium and the book have defined the challenges for hydrology and water management caused by the long-lasting trend to form extended urbanized areas, and that they will serve to promote the exchange of existing experiences of water management for, in and around large cities.

We wish to thank all the participants of the Symposium for their role in supporting this event and contributing to this volume. Without their contributions this book could not have been completed. We also recognize the diligent efforts of the IAHS Secretariat and the steady encouragement and wise counsel of Dr Cate Gardner of the IAHS Press and Dr Pierre Hubert, IAHS Secretary General.

Editor-in-Chief: Dragan A. SavicCentre for Water Systems, Department of Engineering

School of Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK

Co-editors:

Miguel A. MariñoDepartment for Land, Air and Water Resources and

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 139 Veihmeyer Hall (LAWR), University of California, Davis

California 95616-8628, USA

Hubert H. G. SavenijeUNESCO-IHE, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

Juan Carlos Bertoni Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Instituto Superior de Recursos Hídricos

Pabellón Ingenería, Box 15, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Contents xii

Sustainable Water Management Solutions for Large Cities (Proceedings of symposium S2 held during the Seventh IAHS Scientific Assembly at Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, April 2005). IAHS Publ. 293, 2005, 2-13

The disaster resilient city: a water management challenge

SLOBODAN P. SIMONOVICDept of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada [email protected] Abstract A metaphorical definition of resiliency is used in this paper: the capacity to weather and adapt to stress from hazards, and the ability to recover quickly from their impacts. Resiliency is often discussed in conjunction with vulnerability, a measure of the adverse effects of a hazardous event on a system, the magnitude of which is influenced by the system’s resiliency. Vulnerability is determined by risk-proximity or exposure to hazards, which affects the probability of adverse impact and is a robustness-measure of the system’s ability to adapt to a wide range of possible future conditions, at little additional cost. The greatest challenges for urban water infrastructure design, planning and management lie in our limited ability to quantify potential future conditions. This paper explores the utility of the fuzzy set theory in the field of water resource systems reliability analysis and proposes three new fuzzy reliability measures: (i) a combined reliability–vulnerability index, (ii) a robustness index, and (iii) a resiliency index. Key words fuzzy reliability; fuzzy robustness; fuzzy vulnerability; large cities;


Production d’énergie et contrôle de crues: des objectifs en conflit

MIRIAM R. M. MINE1 & CARLOS E. M. TUCCI2

1Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, CP 19011 – 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brasil [email protected]

2Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, CP 15029 – 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

Résumé Un système de prévision d’apports à un réservoir doit chercher à minimiser les impacts des crues et à maximiser la production d’énergie qui sont des objectifs en conflit. Cette étude présente une méthodologie de prévision–exploitation utilisée pour le réservoir de Foz do Areia, utilisant un modèle ARIMA associé à un modèle pluie–débit. Une des incertitudes importantes de cette prévision vient de la prévision de la pluie. Associé au système de prévision, un modèle d’exploitation du réservoir permet de maximiser la production d’énergie et d’assurer la conformité aux contraintes opérationnelles en amont et en aval, mais aussi une sécurité accrue aux populations riveraines. Dans le cas de Foz de Areia les résultats ont démontré que la prévision réalisée permet d’améliorer la conformité aux contraintes et la récupération des niveaux du réservoir.Mots clefs prevision en temps réel; contrôle de crues; exploitation de réservoir

Energy production and flood control: conflicting objectivesAbstract Streamflow forecasts can minimize flood impacts and maximize energy production, despite their conflicting objectives. This paper presents a method of determining forecasts to operation rules for the Foz do Areia Reservoir, located on the Iguaçu River in south Brazil. The method uses a ARIMA model combined with a rainfall–runoff model. The main uncertainty in

the steamflow forecast is the randomness of future rainfall. Together with the forecast model, a reservoir operation model was developed which maximizes energy production with appropriate restrictions both upstream and downstream. Flood protection for the riparian population is also improved. In the case of the Foz do Areia Reservoir, application of the model shows an improvement in dealing with the restrictions and a better recovery of the reservoir storage.Key words flood control; real time forecasting; reservoir operation


The Sava River multipurpose development scheme for the City of Zagreb

Ž. PAVLIN1, Z. PLETIKAPIĆ1, B. BERAKOVIĆ2 & Z. MAHMUTOVIĆ1

1 Elektroprojekt CE Engineering, Alexandera von Humboldta 4, 10000 Zagreb, [email protected] Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract Issues related to the Sava River development and its harnessing in the City of Zagreb territory are briefly presented. In the long run, this scheme will enable the potable water demand of the City of Zagreb and its greater area to be met, and the demand for food and energy to be partly met. The scheme will also open new town planning options in the neighbourhood of the project site, enable preservation of natural assets and creation of new sport and recreational amenities. Further, the new system is planned to enhance flood control in the river valley, stabilize the riverbed, improve the quality of the Sava water (stagnant and groundwater), and improve the safety of the existing systems (power generation, water supply, drainage, sewage, etc.). Alternative approaches to finding an optimum solution while respecting the economic, environmental, social, developmental and urban values, are presented. The solution selected is described and the conditions necessary for its implementation are presented.Key words environment; multipurpose development scheme; reservoir; river; values


A deterministic-stochastic model for real-time reservoir operation under inflow uncertainty

ALCIGEIMES BATISTA CELESTE, KOICHI SUZUKI & AKIHIRO KADOTALaboratory of Hydraulic Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Ehime, [email protected]

Abstract This paper deals with the development of a procedure that integrates deterministic and stochastic optimization models for the real-time operation of a multipurpose reservoir. The procedure first determines the long-term (monthly) operating policy and then employs its information to search for the best short-term (daily) operation. Monthly and daily inflows are assumed to be stochastic and deterministic, respectively. The efficacy of the approach is investigated in a case study of the reservoir that supplies the city of Matsuyama, Japan. The results indicate that the procedure is able to provide more superior operating policies than

standard simulation techniques.Key words chance constraints; real time; reservoir operation

Sustainable Water Management Solutions for Large Cities (Proceedings of symposium S2 held during the Seventh IAHS Scientific Assembly at Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, April 2005). IAHS Publ. 293, 2005, 41-48.

Sustainable water management solution for Ibadan City, Nigeria

A. TOKUN1 & A. J. ADELOYE2

1 Osot Associates, Consulting Engineers, PO Box 4050 (UI), Ibadan, Nigeria [email protected]

2School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK [email protected]

Abstract This paper describes some novel interventions aimed at achieving a sustainable and reliable water supply for Ibadan City, Nigeria. Ibadan, with a population of approximately 5.0 million, is the second largest city in Africa south of the Sahara. Prior to the recent interventions, all the city residents experienced one of the worst water shortages ever known. For example, while the estimated present water demand is over 602 106 l day-1, only 200 106 l day-1 is rationed out from the badly maintained municipal waterworks and its associated distribution networks. The latest interventions are adopting mini water projects, which have at their heart participation by the user community. Although only a small fraction of the city has so far been covered by these new schemes, they have been so successful that they are being rolled out to other parts of the city. Key words community participation; Ibadan City; Nigeria; sustainable water supply; water tariff


An appraisal of sustainable water management solutions for large cities in developing countries through GIS: the case of Lagos, Nigeria

MAYOWA FASONA, ADEMOLA OMOJOLA, SHAKIRUDEEN ODUNUGA, OLUFEMI TEJUOSO &NENNA AMOGU Department of Geography, University of Lagos, Lagos, [email protected]

Abstract Provision of water for the population is a social responsibility of governments. Managing water resources to meet the target demands of the population requires various demand and supply optimizations. Geographic information systems (GIS) have been embraced to sustainably manage public water supply in most cities of the developed countries. The City of Lagos, which is growing at an annual rate of about 7%, is expected to increase by nearly ten million people between now and 2015. Hence, the task of providing potable water for this teeming population is great. This paper appraises the City of Lagos with its peculiarities, and the state of water provision and population growth. Less than 50% of water demand in Lagos is presently met through public water supply. While potable water production has increased by 61% over the 1977 figure, the population has increased by 320%. The prospects and framework

required for managing water problems in Lagos through GIS are also examined.Key words GIS solution; Lagos; Nigeria; water demand; water supply


Sustainable water resources management in Tianjing, China

LINMEI NIE1 & SHAOSHENG WANG2 1 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), Middelthuns Gate 29,

PO Box 5091 Majorstuen, N-0301 Oslo, Norway [email protected]

2 Tianjing Water Conservancy Bureau, Weidi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300074, China

Abstract Tianjing is one of the largest cities in China. This paper provides an overview of its progress in sustainable water resources management. Water-related problems, such as drought and flood, water pollution, deterioration of water-related ecosystem and environment, are addressed. Among them, the water shortage problem associated with the city’s development is highlighted. The city’s sustainable water resources development plan for the early 21st century is introduced, and the measures are described. Future challenges and probable problems in its development plan are discussed to call for international advice for practical solutions. It is hoped that Tianjing’s experience may provide reference for other cities that have the similar water problems.Key words sustainable development; Tianjing, China; water problems and solutions; water resources


Conflict analysis as a decision support tool in urban water demand management

ZÉDNA MARA DE CASTRO LUCENA VIEIRA1, CYBELLE FRAZÃO COSTA BRAGA2 & MÁRCIA MARIA RIOS RIBEIRO1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, CP 505, 58109-970 Campina Grande, Paraíba, [email protected]

2Department of Environment, Water and Mineral Resources of the State of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

Abstract Campina Grande is an important technological, industrial and educational centre in semiarid Northeast Brazil. Historically, the city is affected by water supply problems, mainly due to its geographical location and the absence of effective water resources management that considers both the supply and demand sides. This paper describes a decision-making process in selecting urban water demand management alternatives for the city of Campina Grande, based on real decision makers preferences over 13 presented alternatives. These preferences were identified and the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (Fang et al., 1993) was applied to resolve intra and inter-group opinion divergences. Three conflicts were simulated and the outcomes showed which water demand management alternatives are consensual for that city. This work reaffirms the feasibility of conflict analysis as support tool in a participative decision-making

process.Key words decision making; semiarid; water resources management


Multi-criteria decision making for integrated urban water management

MAHDI ZARGHAAMI, AHMAD ABRISHAMCHI & REZA ARDAKANIANDepartment of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, [email protected]

Abstract Water shortage in the arid and semiarid regions of the world has motivated the development of innovative integrated water management models. Integrated water management requires a comprehensive consideration of all related aspects, e.g. technical, social, environmental, institutional, political and financial. The conventional methods of cost-benefit analysis and single-objective models have been changed to multi-objective models. The city of Zahedan, in southeast Iran, has been studied as a case study. High population growth, on the one hand, and limited local freshwater resources and an inadequate water distribution system, on the other hand, have resulted in failures in supplying both drinking and sanitary water to the city in recent years. This paper investigates integration of several demand management measures such as leakage detection and distribution network rehabilitation, low volume water fixtures and water metering as well as the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources, using a multi-criteria decision making model. For integration of criteria, Compromise Programming has been used. The objectives and criteria include economic efficiency, public health and sustainability of the water supply system. The capability of Compromise Programming was revealed as an efficient tool for IWRM for urban water. This model derives optimum long-term plans for the implementation and usage of resources. The results reveal that demand management delays a water transfer project for Zahedan City for 20 years. The method is capable of being employed by decision makers in comprehensive urban water management studies.Keywords arid regions; Compromise Programming; demand management; integrated; Iran; long distance water transfer; multi-criteria decision making; urban water management


The challenge of efficient management of water supply and drainage for the coastal City of Lagos

LEKAN OYEBANDEDepartment of Geography, University of Lagos, PO Box 160, Lagos 101017, [email protected]

Abstract This paper examines the twin challenges of water supply and drainage as part of the integrated water management in the City of Lagos. Water in adequate quantity and suitable quality is a pre-requisite for maintaining life and economic activity in the metropolis, and it serves as the vehicle for drainage of both human and other wastes. The paper discusses the inadequacy of water supply level and coverage as well as that of the drainage systems, and

proposes a strategy for improving the services in order to make the city liveable now and in the coming decades. Key words demand management; drainage; flooding; Lagos, Nigeria; water supply


Sustainable water resources exploitation and management in Beijing

WANG GANGSHENG1 & XIA JUN1,2

1Key Lab. of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China [email protected]

2State Key Lab. of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

Abstract Beijing, the capital of China, is a large city with a shortage of water. From 1999 to 2003, Beijing experienced a five-year drought which threatened the security of domestic and economic water use. The problem requires immediate solution through exploitation of water resources in the local basin, improving the utilization efficiency, transfer of water from outside basins and strengthening management and protection. In the near future, Beijing should rely more upon exploitation of the local water resources. Furthermore, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will be a basic facility for mitigating the water resource crisis in Beijing. The reform of the management regime in Beijing demonstrates that the idea of sustainable management has become the fundamental prerequisite to the exploitation and utilization of water resources.Key words Beijing; China; sustainable management; water resources


Distributed water resources model: establishing the relationship between water resources and the social economy

YAN DONG1 & XIA JUN1,2

1State Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China

2Key Lab. of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, 100101 Beijng, China

Abstract Nowadays water resources, social economy and land use are closely in touch with each other, but a model integrating all three aspects is still absent. This paper puts forward a conceptual framework for synthesizing these, called the Distributed Water Resource Model Framework (DWRMF). DWRMF divides the study area into spatial units. For each unit, the water resources and related economy and land use are described and the mechanisms influencing interactions between these are set up, within one unit, among the units and between a unit and the region outside of the study area. To describe and hold the key factors correctly, it is necessary to use inter-disciplinary knowledge. In this way the model based on DWRMF can be widely used.

Key words economy; integrated model; land use; water resources


Integrated urban water management in India: the case of Delhi mega-city

R. B. SINGH1 & ANJU SINGH2

1Department of Geography, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India [email protected]

2Department of Geography, Aditi Mahavidyalaya (University of Delhi), Bawana, Delhi 110039, India

Abstract India has more than 250 106 urban dwellers together with 34 metropolitan cities. In most of these cities, the water supply sector is faced with a number of problems and constraints. The population of Delhi is 13.7 106. Against the present requirement of about 3324 106 l day-

1, the installed capacity is only 2634 106 l day-1. The average water consumption in Delhi is estimated at 240 l per capita per day, the highest in India. In the New Delhi Municipal Corporation and Delhi Cantonment areas, the gap between the supply and demand for water has resulted in large-scale development of groundwater. This has led to serious problems with both the quantity and quality of groundwater. This paper identifies critical issues related to water resources of mega-cities. Various strategies have been discussed in order to promote Integrated Urban Water Management. Key words Delhi mega-city; groundwater; urban waste management; urban water


Integrated assessment of water scarcity for Luoyang City, China

QIONGFANG LI & ZIQIANG XIACollege of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, [email protected]

Abstract With China’s rapid population increase and economic growth, more and more large cities in China are facing aggravated water scarcity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess water scarcity in large cities. This paper selected Luoyang City, China, as a case study site and proposed six types of assessment indicators for assessing Luoyang’s water scarcity. By means of a two-order fuzzy comprehensive judgment method, Luoyang’s water scarcity was graded and the impact of each type of assessment indicator was rated on water scarcity. The results provide a scientific basis for the sustainable exploitation, utilization and management of water resources. Key words assessment indicator; China; Luoyang; two-order fuzzy comprehensive judgment; water scarcity assessment


Concept and model of “supporting capacity of water resources” in urban areas

QITING ZUO, JUNXIA MA & ZENING WUSchool of Environment & Water Conservancy, Zhengzhou University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Cities are density populated, are generally short of water resources, especially in arid areas, and are often subject to some environmental problems, such as air pollution and water environment pollution. Therefore, it is very important to determine the maximum socio-economic scale of a city when planning the urban development and the sustainable utilization of water resources. The maximum socio-economic scale that can be supported by available water resources in a city is called the “supporting capacity of water resources” (SCWR). In this paper, the concept, a model for calculating SCWR and other problems related to it are discussed. SCWR is defined briefly as: the maximum scale of the socio-economic system that can be supported in a given area and during a certain period within the water resource limits, and without degrading the natural ecosystem. Based on this concept, a framework model is developed for calculating the supporting capacity of water resources in urban areas.Key words concept and model; Supporting Capacity of Water Resources (SCWR); urban areas; water resources


The study of eco-environmental carrying capacity related to water: Haihe River basins example

YONGHUA ZHU1, SAM DRAKE2, JUN XIA3, SHAOFENG JIA3 & HAISHEN LÜ 4

1 Key Laboratory of Water Resources Development, Ministry of Education, College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Naijing 210098, China [email protected]

2 Arizona Remote Sensing Center, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, 1955 E. 6th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA

3 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

4 Department of Applied Mathematics, Hohai University, Naijing 210098, China

Abstract In order to solve essential eco-environmental problems (EEP) related to water in the Haihe River basins, and to encourage continued socio-economic development, the study of the carrying capacity of eco-environments related to water (WEECC) in the Haihe River basins enables determination of: the present ecological state of the river basins, and how many years are needed for the Haihe River basins eco-environment to reach a critical, bearable state under the sustainable development. The paper first deals with the main EEP related to water, then calculates the WEECC by multi-objectives optimization and time series analysis. We find that the river basins are now in a serious over-loaded eco-environment state but will reach a critical eco-environmental bearable state in 2033 under the water supply of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, with gradual amelioration of the eco-environments and normal societal and economic development.Key words carrying capacity; eco-environments related to water; Haihe River basins, China; multi-objectives optimization; time series analysis

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Virtual water, a new strategy of agricultural security for China

HUANG HAO & XIA JUNInstitute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, 11A Datun Road, Anwai, Beijing 100101, [email protected]

Abstract Water resources for agriculture and food security is a very important global issue due to water scarcity. The concept of virtual water is the key to analysing and solving this problem. The virtual water concept is described, and the progress of an international study using it is briefly reviewed. China’s agricultural water scarcity and food security are analysed. Based on the grain import prediction and agricultural production conditions of China, the virtual water equivalents in 2010 and 2020 were evaluated; the results are 88 × 109 m3 year-1 in 2010, and 95 × 109 m3 year-1 in 2020. Given the relationship of virtual water to agricultural water stress, the virtual water strategy is predicted to relieve agricultural production pressure due to scarce water resources, and so to meet growing food demand and promote water resource sustainability in China.Key words agriculture; China; food; security; virtual water; water resource


Le développement d’outils de simulation pour faciliter les concertations pour la gestion de bassins versants peri-urbains: exemple de São Paulo, Brésil

RAPHAELE DUCROT1, BERNARDO PAZ2, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE POUGET3 & JOSE GALIZIA TUNDISI4

1 CIRAD, Av. Prof Luciano Gualberto Travessa J, 374 terreo Cidade Universitaria,05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brasil [email protected]

2 Centro-Agua, Universidade Mayor San Simon, Avenida Petrolera km 4.5, PO Box 4926, Cochabamba, Bolivia3 Unité DIVHA, IRD / MSE BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 4 Instituto Internacional de Ecologia, Rua Benta Carlos 750, 13560 São Carlos, Brasil

Résumé La croissance continue des villes brésiliennes se traduit par une pression croissante sur leurs bassins versants peri-urbains, comme dans la Région Métropolitaine de Sao Paulo. Alors qu’une nouvelle politique de l’eau cherche à promouvoir une gestion plus participative, le fonctionnement des instances de discussion est fragilisé par une représentation limitée des communautés locales, de fortes inégalités sociales, et les fortes asymétries de pouvoir et d’information. Afin de renforcer les capacités de négociation, une approche visant le développement participatif et combiné de deux types d’outils de simulation est testée: modèle multi-agent et jeux de rôle. Ces outils visent à faciliter, à travers le processus de formalisation participatif puis d’exploration de scénarios la construction d’une représentation partagée du fonctionnement des bassins versants portant non seulement sur les relations entre acteurs et

ressource mais également sur les interactions entre acteurs.Mots clefs bassin versant peri-urbain; concertation; gestion de l’eau et du sol; modèles de simulation; São Paulo, Brésil

Development of simulation tools for facilitating basin management scheme development for peri-urban areas: São Paulo, BrazilAbstract The continuous growth of Brazilian cities is resulting in increased pressure on their peri-urban catchments, as in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. While a new water policy is being implemented to promote more participative management of the resource, the functioning of the discussion bodies is weakened by the limited representation of local communities, large social inequalities and the asymmetry of information and decision power. In order to strengthen their negotiation capacity, an approach based on the participative and combined development of two types of simulation tool is being tested: a multi-agent simulation model and role-playing games. These tools are aimed to facilitate, through participative formalization and exploration of scenarios, the building of a joint representation of the functioning of the catchment, dealing not only with the interactions between actors and water resources but also with actors interaction. Key words land and water management; negotiation; peri-urban catchment; São Paulo, Brazil; simulation models


Would people pay more for quality drinking water?

ALES SMREKARAnton Melik Geographical Institute, Science Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, [email protected]

Abstract An extensive field questionnaire of the population of Slovenia’s capital, Ljubljana, and its surroundings, was conducted with a sample of 900 persons in the urbanized and suburbanized areas of water pumping stations. Of particular interest were the answers regarding personal participation in the protection of the groundwater. Those questioned agreed that as individuals they could do much to protect the drinking water. Only a few were prepared to actively participate in the preservation of this natural resource. They agreed on the exceptional importance of providing pure drinking water for the future.Key words drinking water; foundation; public participation; questionnaire; Slovenia; water protection


Numerical tools for sediment management in sewers: application to storage-settling basins

VLADAN MILISIC1 & GHASSAN CHEBBO2,3

1Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, University Bordeaux 2, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence, [email protected]

2CEREVE, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chausses, 6 et 8 av. B. Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs de Marne, F-77455 Marne la Vallée, France

3Engineering School, Lebanese University, route de l’Aéroport, Beirut, Lebanon

Abstract The storage of urban wet-weather wastewater in basins seems to be a promising solution for pollution control of combined sewerage systems. Since the geometry and the operation of storage-settling tanks are often very complex, the usual design methods become unsuitable. Hence, there is a growing need for new tools to assist engineers in designing and/or managing such storage structures. A mathematical model for solids transport in sewers (SIMBADD, Simulation Mathématique des Bassins De Décantation) has been developed and implemented into CFX-4.3. This contribution concerns the simulation of the water surface boundary and the bottom sediment exchange. The bed boundary conditions are related to the turbulence features that are quite well described by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. This paper also presents an example of application to a real storage-settling basin under construction in Marseille (France).Key words design; management; numerical modelling; storage-settling basins; urban wet-weather wastewater


Economy of drinking water by the use of detention and rainwater utilization systems

ROBERTO FENDRICHPontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Civil Engineering Department and Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Department, Curitiba, Paraná, [email protected]

Abstract A project consisting of a collection area, a storage tank and a rainwater utilization system, in a family house, with 51 m2 of collection area (the roof), was developed to utilize 85% of the 1526.6 mm average annual rainfall observed in Curitiba City, capital of Paraná State (Brazil). The rainwater storage tank capacity was determined from the collection catchment area 20.5 mm m-2 = 20.5 l m-2. This criterion is the regional superficial coefficient of the rainwater collection areas in Curitiba City, developed to promote rainfall detention, to decrease the maximum level of urban floods, retard the surface flows, and recharge the groundwater in catchments with highly impermeable drainage areas. Water from the rainwater storage tank used for non-drinking purposes: internally for toilet flushing and externally, e.g. washing a car, sprinkling impermeable pavements around the house and watering plants, in a four-person family house was estimated, and then the monthly economies and the total annual saving caused by the substitution of drinking water for rainwater were estimated. The average annual economy of drinking water was estimated in 28.5%. The budget applied in the construction of the rainwater utilization system with drinking water rationalization and water resources conservation, presented an average investment refund period of 5 years.Key words detention and rainwater utilization; economy of drinking water


Consequences of the extreme flood event of August 2002 in the city of Dresden, Germany

HEIDI KREIBICH1, THERESIA PETROW1, ANNEGRET H. THIEKEN1, MEIKE MÜLLER2 & BRUNO MERZ1

1 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Section Engineering Hydrology, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany [email protected]

2 Deutsche Rückversicherung AG, Hansaallee 177, D-40549 Düsseldorf, Germany

Abstract During the floods in August 2002, the city of Dresden was the most affected area in Germany. In total, about 15% of the city was flooded, causing tremendous damage. Dresden was hit by floods of streams, the Elbe tributaries Weißeritz and Lockwitzbach, the Elbe River and groundwater. The flood risk awareness and flood preparedness of authorities, households and companies was low. After the floods, the communal authorities in Dresden developed a new flood management concept and many households and companies were motivated to undertake precautionary measures. However, the proportion of people willing to invest in precautionary measures remains lower than in the rural parts of Saxony. Therefore, improved campaigns and financial incentives should be used to further encourage the urban people and companies to implement flood precautionary measures. Additionally, damage mitigation measures have to be maintained and preparedness has to be kept at a high level over time.Key words Dresden, Germany; flood damage; precautionary measures; preparedness; risk management


One of the ways to hold-up overland flow in an urban catchment

ELENA ASABINARussian Research Institute of Water Resources Integrated Management and Protection, Shevchenko Str., 29–45, Ekaterinburg 620075, [email protected]

Abstract Results of assumptions regarding the influence of land use on amounts of overland flow are discussed. Joint consideration of hydrological, climatic and soil processes in a river catchment permits us to determine special conditions of flow formation in different parts of the catchment and to estimate values of overland flow. The approach lets us identify those areas where maximum amounts of water should form. These areas need flow protection measures against surface flow depletion.Key words catchment; land use; overland flow; river system; water amount


Stormwater infiltration and focused groundwater recharge in a rain garden: simulations for different world climates

ALEJANDRO R. DUSSAILLANT1, ALEJANDRO CUEVAS1 & KENNETH W.

POTTER2

1Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, P. Universidad Católica, Correo 22, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile [email protected]

2Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA

Abstract Traditional stormwater management does not mitigate groundwater depletion resulting from pumping and loss of recharge. There has been an increasing interest in the use of alternative practices, such as rain gardens, that enhance infiltration of stormwater. We developed a simple numerical model for their design and evaluation. Water flow through the soil is modelled over three layers: a root zone, a middle storage layer, and the site subsoil. To continuously simulate recharge, runoff and evapotranspiration, a Green-Ampt equation coupled with a surface water balance is used. For the humid climate of Madison, Wisconsin, USA, results show very high recharge rates in the rainy season, where a rain garden with an area of 10–20% of the contribut ing impervious area maximizes recharge. For the semiarid climate of Santiago, Chile, the optimum ratio was 10–20%, and for the arid climate of Reno, Nevada, USA, it was closer to 5%.Key words bio-retention; Green and Ampt; groundwater; infiltration; rain garden; recharge


Pollutant runoff under wet weather conditions from diffuse pollution in an urban area

MASATO NOGUCHI1, NOBUKI MORIO2, WATARU NISHIDA1 & MASAKAZU FURUE1

1Department of Civil Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1–14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, [email protected]

2Division of Construction Management, Nagasaki City, 2–22, Sakura-machi, Nagasaki 850-0031, Japan

Abstract Many people live in a large city, so lots of pollutants wash off into receiving waters. If this occurs in a closed area, the water quality deteriorates, e.g. inducing eutrophication. A sewer system has already been constructed in almost all large cities, but there are problems like Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) or Separate Sewer Overflow (SSO). Pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources has been investigated under wet weather conditions by field observation in the Dejima River basin in Japan. Based on the observed data, the detachment rate of pollutants has been estimated in detail, and correlated with not only the condition of the watershed, but also a rainfall time series consisting of antecedent rainfall and the current event. This paper shows that the wash-off rate of pollutants under wet weather conditions can be predicted exactly by considering the relevant factors.Key words detachment coefficient; field observation; L–Q curve; nonpoint source; pollutant runoff; total nitrogen; urban area; wet weather


On-site stormwater detention as an alternative flood control measure in ultra-urban environments in developing countries

FLAVIO CESAR BORBA MASCARENHAS, MARCELO GOMES MIGUEZ, LUIZ PAULO CANEDO DE MAGALHÃES & JORGE HENRIQUE ALVES PRODANOFFComputational Hydraulic Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, [email protected]

Abstract Urban floods tend to become more hazardous as urbanization increases. In developing countries, urbanization is not always accomplished by adequate land-use planning. Furthermore, in ultra-urban environments, the lack of open spaces, occupation of flood plains, and high population densities decrease flood control measure alternatives. Therefore, source control tech-niques can be an interesting option for flood mitigation. This paper presents a discussion about the use of on-site stormwater detention tanks, based on the comparison of hydraulic design criteria and different patterns of spatial arrangements and coverage due to public acceptance and investment capability. The assessment of different scenerios has been developed with the aid of a mathematical cell model (Mascarenhas & Miguez, 2002). Modelling results showed on-site detention potential effectiveness in flood control at an urban catchment in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil.Key words cell model; on-site detention; ultra-urban environments; urban floods


A 3-copula function application for design hyetograph analysis

SALVATORE GRIMALDI1, FRANCESCO SERINALDI2, FRANCESCO NAPOLITANO2 & LUCIO UBERTINI1,2

1National Research Council, CNR-IRPI, Via Madonna Alta, I-126 06124 Perugia, [email protected]

2Department of Hydraulics, Transportation and Highways, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy

Abstract A design hyetograph is a synthetic rainfall temporal pattern associated with a return period. Usually it is determined by means of statistical analysis of observed rainfall mean intensity through intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves. The other characteristics of a rainfall event, such as the peak, total depth and duration, are found indirectly throughout several phases of hydrological analysis, and trigger suitable work assumptions. The aim of this paper is to apply a multivariate approach in order to analyse jointly observed data of rainfall critical depth, maximum intensity and total depth. In particular, bivariate analysis of intensity–total depth conditioning to critical depth is developed using a 3-copula function to define the trivariate joint distribution function. Following the proposed procedure, once a design return period and related critical depth are selected, it is possible to determine, in a probabilistic way, the intensity and total depth, without advancing a priori hypotheses on the design hyetograph pattern. In a case study, the results obtained with the proposed procedure are compared with those deduced from standard design hyetographs usually applied in practical hydrological applications.Key words copula; multivariate analysis; rainfall; synthetic hyetographs


Strategy to allow the inspection of the deep drainage system of Mexico City

H. LEONARDO CISNEROS-ITURBE & RAMÓN DOMÍNGUEZ-MORAInstituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, México [email protected]

Abstract After the inauguration of Mexico City’s Deep Drainage System (DDS) in 1975, the wastewater drainage capacity increased substantially. The original design assumed DDS operation during the rainy season, to avoid flooding of the city, and inspection during the dry season, when urban wastewater would drain through surface channels. Over-exploitation of the aquifer beneath the city to increase potable water supply caused differential subsidence of the ground, which in turn decreased the capacity of surface channels from 60 to 7 m 3 s-1. This situation forced the continuous operation of the DDS, interrupting its inspection for ten years. Given this context, added to construction delays for important drainage works, it is imperative to update the design, to comply with the city’s Drainage Master Plan. In this paper we present the results of hydraulic simulations and the resulting proposal of changes to the system and its operation to permit scheduled yearly inspections.Key words deep drainage; drainage simulation; Mexico; urban drainage


A rainwater harvesting information system for Chennai City, India

G. RAVIKUMAR, V. HARISH KUMAAR, N. G. ANUTHAMAN & K. KARUNAKARANCentre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, [email protected]

Abstract Increased rates of urbanization and industrialization reduce the availability of open surfaces for natural recharge of aquifers by rainwater in large cities. Artificial recharge of rainwater is a solution for improving the groundwater potential in order to maintain sustainable groundwater resources. This paper presents a study of Chennai City (India) which aims to identify rainwater harvesting strategies using GIS techniques and to create a Rain Water Harvesting Information System. The methodology and analysis include creation of a water related database, rainfall analysis of 31 years of monthly data for 17 rainfall stations (using Vertical Mapper 2.5 of the Map/Info GIS software) and groundwater level analysis of 30 years of monthly data from 26 control wells. The final output map is obtained from GIS overlay analysis, and can be used as a utility map for rainwater harvesting in Chennai. An interactive Rain Water Harvesting Information System (RWHIS), which can be used as a tool for identifying the specific rainwater harvesting strategies in a given locality by giving the latitude and longitude of the place is developed. Two case studies of rainwater harvesting system design and implementation for: (a) Anna University Campus, and (b) the Centre for Water Resources, which are part of the RWHIS, are also presented. This system can be extended to a Decision Support System to provide various options for rainwater harvesting strategies towards achieving sustainable water resources in urban

environments. Key words case studies; GIS; rainwater harvesting; urban runoff


A sustainable flood management plan for the Lagos environs

OLUSEGUN ADEAGADepartment of Geography, University of Lagos, [email protected]

Abstract Flooding is one of the major problems which demands urgent and effective management, most especially in mega cities like Lagos. In this study, the emphasis is on a flood forecasting approach using the Gumbel Type 1 extreme distribution, in order to establish a lead-time preparation for flood planning and management. Also, a flood-prone area map was generated for the area using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques for flood mitigation action.Key words extreme-value analyses; flood; flood mitigation measures; probable maximum rainfall; urbanization


Urban growth and life quality: application of indicators in integrated water and urban planning

LUCIENE PIMENTEL DA SILVA1, MÁRCIA O. KAUFFMANN2 & EZER URPIA ROSA3

1 Faculty of Engineering, University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pav. João Lyra Fo., sala 5029, bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20559-900, RJ, Brazil [email protected]

2 Committee for Urban Issues, Legislative Assembly, Rio de Janeiro City Council, Brazil 3 Municipal Constructions Secretariat, Rio de Janeiro City Council, Brazil

Abstract This paper describes the indicator, TI (imperviousness rate) that is intended for application in a web-based Multicriteria Spatial Decision Support System (MC-SDSS), which includes public participation on decision making in an integrated water and land-use management system. The indicator is intended for use in the analysis of land occupation alternatives aiming towards the improvement of urban quality of life and sustainable development. It is associated with a catchment’s imperviousness but takes into account in its formulation: legislation concerning urban parcel indexes; population density and vegetation per inhabitant limits with respect to sustainable development; and, an associated catchment degradation index. TI may also be applied for straightforward simulation of hydrological impacts of urbanization. To demonstrate the estimation and usefulness of TI a case study is presented involving the Morto River catchment in Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. In addition, different land occupation scenarios and associated TIs are applied as input to the IPH II hydrological model to simulate the effects of urbanization on peak discharge as well as on the time to peak.

Key words MC-SDSS; water and land use integrated management; water resources and urban planning indicators


Strategic rehabilitation of wastewater collection systems

PETR HLAVINEK1, SVEINUNG SÆGROV2, WOLFGANG SCHILLING3, JEAN PHILIPPE TORTEROTOT4 ROLF BAUR5

1Brno University of Technology, Zizkova 17, 602 00 Brno, Czech [email protected]

2SINTEF, The Foundation of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dept. of Water and Wastewater, Klæbuveien 153, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway

3NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway

4Cemagref / ENGEES, 1, Quai Koch, F-67070 Strasbourg, France5TU Dresden, Lehrstuhl Stadtbauwesen, Nürnberger Str. 31A, D-01187 Dresden, Germany

Abstract The paper introduces an international research project, CARE-S, that deals with rehabilitation strategies for sewer networks. The aim of the project is to develop an integrated tool for functional and structural rehabilitation of municipal sewerage systems. CARE-S is a research project supported by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme. The project’s objective is to establish a rational framework for sewer network rehabilitation decision-making. CARE-S aims to analyse the structural and functional reliability of wastewater networks at minimum cost and disturbance. The ultimate product will be a Decision Support System that will enable municipal engineers to establish and maintain effective management of their sewer networks. Key words 5th Framework Programme; decision support system (DSS); hydraulic performance; multi-criteria decision support; performance indicators; rehabilitation technology; sewer network rehabilitation; socio-economic consequences; urban drainage system


Design, implementation, and initial results from a water-quality monitoring network for Atlanta, Georgia, USA

ARTHUR J. HOROWITZ, KENT A. ELRICK & JAMES J. SMITH US Geological Survey, Peachtree Business Center, 3039 Amwiler Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30360, [email protected]

Abstract In cooperation with the City of Atlanta, Georgia, the US Geological Survey has designed and implemented a water-quantity and quality monitoring network that measures a variety of biological and chemical constituents in water and suspended sediment. The network consists of 20 long-term monitoring sites and is intended to assess water-quality trends in response to planned infrastructural improvements. Initial results from the network indicate that nonpoint-source contributions may be more significant than point-source contributions for selected sediment associated trace elements and nutrients. There also are indications of short-term discontinuous point-source contributions of these same constituents during baseflow. Key words nutrients; stormwater; suspended sediment; trace elements; urban hydrology


Water quality of lift irrigation schemes on streams fed by urban effluents near Jammu, India

VIJAY KUMAR1, OMKAR SINGH1, J. PRABHAKARA2 & S. K. JAIN1

1National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247 667 (Uttaranchal), [email protected]

2Sher-e-Kashmir Univ. of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu 180 009 (J&K), India

Abstract Water quality samples collected during 1999–2000 from three selected irrigation sources, two of them on minor lift irrigation schemes (LIS) (Bhor LIS (BLIS) and Chatha LIS (CLIS)) on perennial streams fed by municipal/industrial effluents from Jammu City, and one (Gidargalian LIS (GLIS)) from a canal originating from the Chenab River, were analysed with the following objectives: to monitor the physico-chemical characteristics of the water; to compare the water quality of different sources and to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation. A Piper diagram of the water samples showed a majority of water samples under Ca–Mg–HCO 3–CO3 hydro-chemical facies. Total hardness, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, sodium absorption ratio, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentration were found to decrease in the order BLIS, CLIS and GLIS. All the three locations were found to have almost the same pH and sulphate concentration. Dissolved oxygen values were in the order GLIS > CLIS > BLIS, which show highest pollution level at BLIS and lowest at GLIS. The USSL Staff classification showed that the majority of water samples collected from BLIS and CLIS were in the high salinity–low SAR category, whereas the majority of water samples collected at GLIS were in the medium salinity–low SAR category. Key words India; irrigation water quality; physico-chemical characteristics; USSL Staff Classification


Impact of wastewater discharges from Alexandria on suspended matter and particulate zinc speciation in Lake Mariut

MASSOUD A. H. SAAD & ALADDIN M. SAFTYUniversity of Alexandria, Faculty of Science, Department of Oceanography, Moharem Bey, 21511 Alexandria, Egypt [email protected]

Abstract The increase in total suspended matter (TSM) in drainage waters entering Lake Mariut has elevated TSM levels in the lake. Its peak in July coincides with abundant phytoplankton in summer. A five-step sequential zinc extraction scheme was applied to TSM. The exchangeable fraction (F1) was the smallest of the zinc species. That bound to the carbonate fraction (F2) gave

a highly significant correlation with the organic matter/sulfide fraction (F4). The empirical regression equation was: F2 = 420.7 187.8 + 0.89 0.26 F4. F2 showed the highest peak in March, due to spring blooms of phytoplankton. The part shared by the Fe/Mn oxides fraction (F3) in building up PZn was monitored through their positive correlation. F4 was the second smallest after F1. The diminishing of the inert fraction (F5) in some months supported the increase in the other mobile, hence dangerous, fractions. Key words Lake Mariut, Egypt; metal pollution; suspended matter; zinc speciation


Indicators of the state of urban water bodies

SERGEI KONDRATYEV1, NATALIA IGNATYEVA1, TATYANA GRONSKAYA2, GALINA ALYABINA1 & LYUDMILA EFREMOVA1

1 Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova Str. 9, 196105 St Petersburg, [email protected]

2State Hydrological Institute, 2 – liniya 23, 199053 St Petersburg, Russia

Abstract The state of urban water bodies objectively reflects the level of environmental pollution of large cities. The unsatisfactory water quality of most of them affects negatively on biota and people’s health. Given this situation, the development of a scientifically-based management and decision support system for water bodies is one of the main ecological tasks in St Petersburg city (northwest Russia). An important part of such a system is the set of indicators of the ecological state of urban water bodies. Based on the complex of indicators, suggested in this paper, including chemical, biological, sanitary-bacteriological and loading characteristics, an assessment of the state of 11 water bodies in the St Petersburg region has been made. The main reasons why the ecological state of the water bodies located in the urban area deteriorates, and factors inhibiting self-purification of some of them, have been identified. A simplified method of calculating the critical metal load of urban water bodies is suggested. Key words bioindicators; external, internal and critical load; organic matter; pollution of bottom sediments; state indicators; sanitary-bacteriological indices


Effects of urbanization on water resource development and its problems in Shijiazhuang, China

YANJUN SHEN1,2, CHANGYUAN TANG3, JIEYING XIAO4, TAIKAN OKI2 & SHINJIRO KANAE2,5

1 Center for Agricultural Resources Research, IGDB, CAS, Huaizhong Rd 286, Shijiazhuang 050021, China

2 Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, [email protected]

3 Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Matsudo-shi, Chiba 271-8510, Japan4 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Yayoi 1-33, Inage,

Chiba 263-8522, Japan5 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 335 Takashima-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0878, Japan

Abstract Anthropogenic activities are a major force in changing the hydrological cycle as well as the climate. Assessing the impacts of human activities on hydrological environments is becoming a wide-focused topic. In this research, the authors attempt to link the urbanization, agricultural development, and the subsequent water resources exploitation with the change of water environments in Shijiazhuang region, China, and to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the regional hydrological cycle and water quality. The development of the urban expansion of Shijiazhuang is divided into four periods. According to historical records, the depth of the water table was once shallow. Over the greater part of the area it did not exceed 1–3 m depth before the 1950s. After the 1970s, the increase of groundwater pumping began to result in the fall of the groundwater level at a rate of 1 to 1.5 m year-1. As a result, the hydrological system has changed greatly since. In order to explore the recharge and discharge mechanism, groundwater sampling in different seasons was conducted across the major part of the study area. It is shown that the groundwater accepted lateral recharge along the rivers besides lateral recharge from the mountain range. However, the spatial distribution of tritium along the Hutuo River suggests that groundwater has seldom accepted vertical recharge since the river dried-up. Key words recharge and discharge of groundwater; regional hydrological cycle; Shijiazhuang, China; urbanization; water resources exploitation


Use of Principal Component Analysis in determining the relationships between flow and water quality parameters

HAMZA OZGULERInvestigation and Planning Department, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), 06100 Ankara, [email protected]

Abstract The quality of surface water is affected by many factors. Urbanization, industrial wastewaters and agricultural practices can influence the surface water quality. Therefore, it is reasonable to make use of Principle Components Analysis (PCA) in evaluating water quality data, as done in this study, to lessen the high number of parameters involved that are closely correlated. Using the findings from the application of PCA to the data, the clarification of the main factors causing the water pollution in the study area was facilitated. Since the water potential and pollution load is relatively higher downstream of Edirne, Turkey, a large city located on the Meric (Maritza) River, the water quality and discharge data collected downstream are used in this study. Key words Principle Components Analysis (PCA); water pollution; water quality


Urbanization effects on the groundwater status of Delhi, India

H. CHANDRASEKHARAN1, S. G. TADI1, A. SARANGI1, S. M. TRIVEDI1, B. R. YADAV1 & KAUSHALYA RAMACHANDRAN2

1Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110 012, [email protected]

2Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India

Abstract During the 20th century, urbanization in India has resulted in population increase and other infrastructure developments leading to a large demand for water. For Delhi, the population growth is exponential similar to that of the country, whereas the water availability has decreased resulting in the over-exploitation of groundwater due to industrial, domestic and irrigation expansion. The increased demand and related supply caused the water table to decline and groundwater quality to deteriorate. In order to understand the long-term effects of urbanization on groundwater resources, composite groundwater samples from more than 200 cased wells adjoining Delhi were collected during 1998 and 2004, and the hydrochemical data generated thereby were compared to the earlier published data pertaining to 1964 and 1976. Results are presented through GIS themes to provide a comprehensive understanding of the urbanization effects on the quality of groundwater during the past four decades. It has been observed that the spatial variations in anions, cations and micronutrients indicate that water quality has deteriorated more in the west and northwestern parts than in other areas of the city. Using the limited data available, the quantities of over-exploited groundwater have been estimated for specific areas of the city. Integrating the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater with the other factors governing the status of groundwater, an attempt has been made to develop a simple Decision Support System for the effects of urbanization on groundwater; it is named UGWSTATUS. Results are presented and discussed. Key words DSS; EC; GIS; groundwater quality; urbanization; water demand

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