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Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Sustainable water management –
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IWaTec Winter School
El Gouna, 22nd of Feb 2015
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Water – a very special resource
important good
central element of the environment
force of nature and energy carrier
" Water is not a commercial product like any
other but, rather, a heritage which must be
protected, defended and treated as such”(EU-Waterframework Directive)
Legal Framework
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Content
Introduction and Institutional needs for
Sustainable Water management
Water Scarcity and Droughts
established technology, desalinization and research trends
Challenges for the Water Management in Urban Areas
Artificial Groundwater recharge and green building approaches
Technology won’t save us
– Water Needs Management , Management needs time
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Water scarcity
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Worldwide water scarcity - Challenge for development
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Evolution of Global Water Use
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
The challenge: tackle water (management) problems
•Higher costs for water treatment
•Higher costs for industrial production and agricultural products
•Less tourism
• …
•salinization of lakes
•Poor water quality of lakes and rivers
•Loss of habitat
•Water related diseases
•Desiccation
• …
•Increased water demand
•High water losses
•Insufficient wastewater management
•Incomplete wastemanagement
•Polluted rivers, …
•Water-energy-nexus
•Water-food-nexus
•Improved irrigationtechnologies
•sustainable water resources management
• …Water
scarcityPopulation
growth
Economic impact
Ecologic impact
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Need for integrated water management There are different concepts available,All concepts adress regional assessmentson different scales
Results are relevant for the Govermentfor strategic planing processesand decision making in sectors
- Economy- Energy- Environment- Policies and environmental economics,…
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Regional water problems…
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Water pricing
Water has a value
Water pricing has a direct impact on allwater related issues.
- Water consumption, Water losses, Landuse management, agriculture …
- Virtual water markets depending on catchment conditions or regions couldbe a base for solutions
- But: The society must be ready for this(recently Australia failed in implementation)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Rhine in Düsseldorf (Germany)
International Commission for
the Protection of the Rhine
• Sustainable development of the
ecosystem Rhine
• Securing of Rhine-water
for drinking water purposes
• Improvement of sediment quality
• Holistic Flood protection under
consideration of ecological demands
• Nutrient load reduction of the North Sea
• Emergency management
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015 Danube in Dürnstein (Austria)
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
The Nile Catchment
Longest river on earth (6671 km)
Catchment area: 3.2 Mio km²
White Nile: flows through Uganda,
Burundi, Kenya, into Sudan and to Egypt
Blue Nile: flows through Ethiopia into
Sudan and to Egypt
Nile water is used in all these countries
Egypt is totally dependent on the Nile
Has declared several times that it is
willing to declare war if the supply of Nile
water is threatened by one of the other
states
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Need for integrated water management
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
10 Most Important Export Markets for Water treatment
technology from Germany into the World in Mio. Euro/a
Total 2013: 915 Mio. Euro (7.1 Bill RMB) Total 2012: 813 Mio. Euro (6.3 Bill. RMB) Source: VDMA, Fed. Stat. Office
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Membrane filtration Oxidation processesActivated carbon
adsorption
Microfiltration Ozonation Powdered activated carbon
Ultrafiltration Advanced oxidation
processes
(UV/H2O2, Fenton, TiO2…)
Granular activated carbon
Reverse osmosis
Advanced Water / Wastewater Treatment Technologies
Source: EGLV
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Established Water Treatment Technologies
Adsorption - Granular Activated Carbon Filters
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Ultra- and Microfiltration
(Capillary membranes and –modules of different Manufacturer)
Example: UF Membrane Plant in
Roetgen, Germany (7.000 m³/d)
Established Water Treatment Technologies
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
UF Membrane Plant in Roetgen:
Start of operation in November 2005
• Xiga Concept
• 70,000 m²
• 12 blocs, 36 pressure tubes each
• 7,000 m³/d maximum capacity
• Largest membrane plant in Germany
Established Water Treatment Technologies
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Market trends for Desalination facilities
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Desalination capacity by countries
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Desalination of seawater
All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen
Mai
n s
eaw
ater
de
salin
atio
n p
roce
sse
s
Ther
mal
pro
cess
es
Multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF)
Multiple-effect distillation (MED)
Multiple-effect distillation with thermal
vapor compression (MED-TVC)
Evaporation with mechanical vapor
compression (MVC)
Mem
bra
ne
p
roce
sse
s Reverse osmosis (RO)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Multi-stage flash (MSF) and Mechanical Vapor
Compression (MVC) Distiller
MSF MVC
Distillate production 5,000-80,000
m3/day
10-3000 m3/day
Number of effects 16-22 1-3; mostly 1
Top brine temperature 90-120 °C; mostly
100-112 °C
≤ 70 °C
Concentration factor CF = 1.3-1.5 CF = 1.3-1.7
Spec. heat consumption 70-110 kWhth/t;
large distillers
65-70 kWhth/t
Spec. electric energy
consumption
3.5-5 kWhel/t 8-16 kWhel/t
Salinity of distillate < 10 ppm < 10 ppm
All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Water desalination costs for the two mainly used
methods Multi-stage Flash (MSF) and Reverse Osmosis
• Multi stage flash (MSF) is more cost intensive but have usually larger
production capacities. It is rarely used for brackish water
• Reverse Osmosis (RO) is cheaper and more flexible technology. It is applied
for both brackish and seawater
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Capacity by Region and Combination with renewable energy
Source: Glade 2013
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Water Quality Management
WWTP
Duisburg-Kasslerfeld (Ruhrverband):
430,000 PE
Detention Basin Brilon (Ruhrverband):
3,000 m³
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
State-of-the-Art in Wastewater Treatment in Germany
ClarifierPrimary Sandfilter
(optional)
SecondaryScreen
P-precipitation
Source: BMU 2011; DWA 2009
10 billion m³ wastewater per year
95% wastewater collection
Approx. 10,000 UWWTPs in Germany; 98% with tertiary
treatment
1/3 of the total investment in urban water management
(4,5 billion EUR in 2010) for wastewater disposal
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
4th meeting of the CoR/EC Technical Platform for Cooperation on the Environment, 8th of October 2014, Brussels, Belgium
Wastewater Treatment in the EU
Compliance with the EU UWWT Directive (period 2009/2010)
Source: Compliance chart from 7th Implementation Report on the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, 2013
1. Wastewater
collection2. Secondary treatment
(organic C)
3. Tertiary treatment
(nutrients N, P)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Environmental Protections needs control and monitoring -
Concentrations of selected micropollutants in rivers of NRW
Sewage Treatment Plants
Source: NIKLAS KOM
Waters
Diclofenac [g/L]:without renovation
Source: LANUV
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Integrated Water
Management of lakes
An example of Lake Constanza,
(Germany, Austria,Switzerland)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Lake Constanza:
535 km² surface area
273 km embankments
254 m depth
Catchment:
11.000 km² catchment
1,6 Mio. inhabitants
15.000 km tributaries (rivers and creeks)
Integrated Water Management
approach
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
History of water pollution of lake constanza
late 1950s: increasing growth of algae
increasing worries of the population and politics
Experts identify Phosphorous as a key parameter
and driving factor for changes in lake quality
1959: Foundation of the International Comitee for the
protection of the lake constanza (IGKB)
P
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
P1960 – 1980:
dramatical increase of
Phosphorous
massive algae growth
oxygen depletion in the
deeper lake
intensive program for
reinforcing all WWTP
Society and politics were not
satisfied with the speed of
improvement (IGKB, 2010)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
P continuous decrease ofPhosphorous in the lake
Oxygen situation in thedeeper lake gets betterover time
algae growth was reducedmore and more
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Advanced nutrient removal in all
waterwater treatment plants (WWTP)
223 WWTP
connected sewerage: 95,4 %
input of treated sewage:
300 mio. m³/year
(IGKB, 2010)
Integrated Water
Management approach
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
rapid groundwater infiltration
rainwater collection and utilization on roof
Example Expo Centre Shanghai, China
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
permeable road and squarePorous asphalt
layer
Filter layer
Storage layer
Original soil layer
VS
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
rainwater collection and utilization on roof
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Suitable Technologies:
Greywater Recycling
Rotating Biological Contactor or lamella clarifier
Source: LOKUS
GmbH, Berlin
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
• Problem of salt water intrusion into groundwater
• High water demand due to greenhouse agriculture
Approach:
• Make sustainable use of natural sources and
conditions (subsurface)
• Harvesting rainwater
• sustainable use of (sub)surface
• develop simple and smart technology
New approaches - „The Freshkeeper concept - NL“
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
„Freshkeeper“ Demo Test Site in Westland (NL)
Combination of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) solutions and
desalinization with an innovative well design
• Developing: Multiple
Partial Penetrating Well
(MPPW)
• Freshkeeper to enhance
recovery, while creating
additional source
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Past – present - future
Knowledge forClimate
Year 1
(2014): Freshkeeper
Year 3/4
(2016-2017):
• Prevent RO membrane-clogging
• Study of effects on groundwater system
Ongoing research
Year 2(2015)Freshkeeper +Reverse Osmosis
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Athens has suffered rapid urbanisation resulting in few urban green spaces. Research on innovative management options and technologies for reuse needed to irrigate (primarily) green urban areas (incl. devastated periurban forests).
Current status
• Main WWTP in an island (Psytalleia)
• Increased energy costs for transportation
• Periurban forests devastated by fires
• Water scarcity
New approaches - “Sewer Mining” in Athens
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Fully automated packaged treatment plants
• membrane based
• allows direct mining of sewage from the
network
• close to the point-of-use with minimum
infrastructure required
• low transportation costs for the treated
effluent
Two emerging technologies:
Distributed low energy sensor networks
• coupled with distributed ICT intelligence
(e.g. Advanced Metering and Monitoring
Infrastructure, AMIs)
• innovative in terms of
– data fusion (b)
– data communication (c)
– interoperability and (d)
• operating the distributed infrastructure
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Sustainable Water Management
MissionDefining pathways for an integrated waterresources management via strengtheningregional responsibilities and a joint vision
Increase of water efficiency, Finding acceptance in society
VisionIncreased water efficiency achieved because of water pricing and control , stepped policy
Taking the chance for synergies of the joint Change of energy and water efficiency
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Ensuring Flood safety and Flood management1st: structural measuresdykes, dams, retention basins
2nd: non-structural measuresforecasting systems, decision support
systems, early warning systems
Detection
Operation
Communication
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Framework provided by HyProM project:
Short-term Hydropower Production
and Marketing Optimization
• Partners:
– Bonneville Power Administration (BPA, Columbia US)
– Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A. (CEMIG)
– Deltares
– Fraunhofer IOSB-AST
– Brazilian research institute Lactec
– WaWi research institute, University of Duisburg-Essen
• Started in 2012 and continues until April 2015
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
• Background of the project
• In case of floods, forecasts are used for reservoirs safety and
downstream/upstream flood control (in situ operators);
• Rainfall runoff models are actually replacing stochastic
models in this purposes.
• New generation use deterministic precipitation forecasts.
• Hydropower is the main electricity
source of Brazil (80% to 90%);
• Short-term power production is
adjusted using streamflow forecasts of
lead times up to 14 days (ONS).
Main hydropower plants basins.
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
• Objectives of the project
• Develop/integrate ensemble
forecasting systems for selected
Brazilian hydropower reservoirs;
• Develop deterministic and
stochastic optimization
procedures for reservoirs
operation;
• Evaluate results of ensemble forecasts in terms of added
value for flood control and for reservoir operation by
optimization techniques;
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Forecasting systems
- Estimate meteorological conditions and
anticipate flood events
- Implement hydrological/hydraulic models to
simulate future discharges
- Implement data assimilation techniques to
improve forecast system
- Use of deterministic and/or probabilistic
forecasts
- Combines with decision support system to a
fast response on flood events
- Optimization of hydraulic structures (both
during normal conditions and flood events)
A forecasting system is only useful when
future knowledge is integrated into a decision
support system (manually or automatic)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Example:
Delft – FEWS implementations For further applications see: http://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft-fews/fews-maps
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Optimization-based Approach for the “Big-10”Subset of the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
simulation by
operating
rules
simulation by
user-defined
operation
interactive
decision on
operation
on-the-fly
simulation by
controller-defined
operation
optimization
algorithm
feedback
by user
optimization
loop
controller
objectives
forecasts (det. / prob.)
of lake inflow and
unregulated catchment
1
2 3
f.e. minimizing the
damage in the basin
decision on
lake regulation by
operating staff
simulation by
operating
rules
simulation by
user-defined
operation
interactive
decision on
operation
on-the-fly
simulation by
controller-defined
operation
optimization
algorithm
feedback
by user
optimization
loop
controller
objectives
forecasts (det. / prob.)
of lake inflow and
unregulated catchment
1
2 3
f.e. minimizing the
damage in the basin
decision on
lake regulation by
operating staff
Decision support system
„A forecasting system is only useful
when future knowledge is integrated
into a decision support system
(manually or automatic)“
1. Preset operating rules
2. Interactive decision
3. Optimization
Operating staff take final decisions
Optimization using Model Predictive Control (MPC)
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Assessement of forecast uncertainty
- Uncertainty of meteorological factors can be
quantified using ensemble forecasts
Example Hydropower production:
- Future energy load and production are highly
uncertain
- Load partly depends on meteorology
- Hydropower production strongly depends on
precipitation and temperature
- Impacts of uncertainty, particularly over production,
become evident using ensemble forecasts
strong trend for implementation of optimization
techniques, especially for a set of multi-purpose
reservoirs (global)
Source: Petroliagis T., cited by ECMWF, 2002
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Example Três Marias reservoir, Brazil
• Catchment area: 55 000 km2
• Reservoir capacity: 19.5 x 109 m3
• Pirapora city located 120 km
downstream
• Multipurpose reservoir used for
hydropower, flood control,
navigation, water supply and
irrigation
Main optimization requirements:
• Maximize hydropower while
minimizing floodings downstream
(at city of Piraropa)
• Two flow thresholds are given at
Pirapora: 2000 and 3800 m3/s.
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Ex. Três Marias reservoir, Brazil
• Probabilistic forecasts are available for longer lead times
(15d), which allows an earlier detection of critical events
• Chance constraints can also be configured within stochastic
optimization which allows a given number of forecasts to
overpass the threshold and manage the associated risk.
Deterministic and probabilistic forecasts
Optimized decisions
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Thank you for your attention
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Available Technologies–ongoing Research and DevelopmentAerosols & Fine Dust
• • Measuring Techniques
• • Dispersion Modeling & CFD
• • Separation & Reduction
Nanotechnology
• • Synthesis & Production
• • Measuring Techniques
• • Safety & Environmental Issues
Functional Surfaces
• • Adsorption
• • Filtration
• • (Photo-)Catalysis
Future Energy Supply
• • Gas treatment (CO2, H2, Biogas, ...)
• • Energy Conversion & Storage
• • Energy Efficient Processes
Highly Toxic Compounds
• • Measuring & Monitoring
• • Separation & Destruction
• • Recycling & Disposal Source: IUTA
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Multi-stage flash (MSF) and Mechanical Vapor
Compression (MVC) Distiller
All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen
MVC
MSF
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Multiple-effect destillation (MED) and Multiple-effect
destillation with thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC)
All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen
MED
MED-TVC
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Multiple-effect destillation (MED) and Multiple-effect
destillation with thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC)
MED MED-TVC
Distillate production 100-15,000 m3/day ≤ 40,000 m3/day
Number of effects 4-12 3-6
Top brine temperature 55-70 °C 55-70 °C
Concentration factor CF = 1.3-1.5 CF = 1.3-1.5
Spec. heat consumption 60-220 kWhth/t 60-160 kWhth/t
Spec. electric energy
consumption
1.5-2.5 kWhel/t 1.5-2.5 kWhel/t
Salinity of distillate < 10 ppm < 10 ppm
All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen
Sustainable water management
How to tackle global water problems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015
Combining Desalination with Renewable Energies and
Membrane Processes
All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen