sustainable use of east african aloes: the case of ... · africa,180 in eastern africa and over 77...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sustainable Use of East African
Aloes: the case of commercial aloes
in Kenya
Emily Wabuyele & Solomon kyalo
![Page 2: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction to aloes
• Predominantly African distribution
• Over 450 taxa described
• Highest (260) concentration in Southern
Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in
Madagascar
![Page 3: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Characteristics
• Perennial succulent herbs, shrubs and
small trees
• Dryland species with adaptations for
xerophytic habitats
• Are monoecious, reproduce both
vegetatively and from seed
• Are long-lived, lifespan of up to 150 years
documented
![Page 4: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kenya
• About 80% dryland and rich in aloes; About 60 taxa known
• Over two thirds endemic with narrow distribution
• IUCN categorisation has been done for a limited no. of species
![Page 5: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Trade • All Kenyan aloes are listed on Appendix II of
CITES
• Local trade amongst neighbours mostly for use at household level
• Commercial exploitation emerged in the mid 1980s, prompting a Presidential Ban on harvesting from the wild
![Page 6: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Uses and parts Use Part
Aesthetics Whole plants
Traditional Liquor Roots
Soil conservation Whole plants
Medicinal and cosmetic
(household and large
scale)
Leaves
![Page 7: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CITES reports….
• Based on Aloe gum trade and reports on illegal
harvesting in Kenya, CITES secretariat
undertook a significant trade review of East
African aloes.
• In respect to CITES findings they recommended
the following:
![Page 8: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CITES recommendations….
• Establishment of quotas for harvesting and
monitoring based on resource assessment.
• Field monitoring for sustainable harvesting
• Collate market information to monitor trade
volumes.
• Establishment of commercial plantations.
• Develop regulatory guidelines for CITES
compliance. e.g. Certification procedures.
![Page 9: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
…Aloe Resource Assessment
• To establish resource base, abundance, production units and sustainable yields, harvesting techniques. Generated information is meant:
– To demonstrate sustainability to guide in harvesting
– For use at national level planning
– To assist in domestication of CITES in the Kenya
![Page 10: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Methodology
6 districts were sampled with the total area of over 163,000km2.
• Reconnaissance survey to locate geographical sites where critical mass of aloes were growing naturally.
• In reconnaissance, types of aloes, resource ownership, current use and GPS points of identified localities were documented.
• Also sampling design, plot dimension, enumeration methods and data sheets to capture information were developed
![Page 11: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sampling Methods
• Based on growth form, size discontinuous
distribution and clustering properties
convention methods of aerial distribution
could not be used.
• Modified cluster sampling was used
![Page 12: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Major commercial aloes.
A. scabrifolia
A. rivae
A. turkanensis
A. secundiflora
A. calidophila
A. vera
![Page 13: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Aloe Quantities and Distribution
A. secundiflora (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Ethiopia)
A. calidophila & A. rivae- Kenya and Ethiopia
A. turkanensis- Kenya and Uganda
A. scabrifolia- Endemic to Kenya
![Page 14: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Quantities of commercial Wild aloes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Millio
ns
A. secundifora A. scabrifolia A. turkanensis A. megalocantha A.rivae
Species
Bar graph depicting quantities per species of commercial Aloes in the study area
![Page 15: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Domesticated Population
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Millions
Wild Domesticated
![Page 16: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NDF Assessment…
• Based on IUCN checklist detailing:
1)Life History
Reproductive success
Ecological adaptability
Efficiency of dispersal
Resilience to human disturbance
![Page 17: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NDF Assessment…
2. National Status
• Spatial distribution
• Abundance
• Population trends
• Threats
![Page 18: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NDF Assessment
3. History of management of aloes
• National Ban on commercial harvesting
• Recent legislation on aloes, a national
strategy for commercialisation
• CITES protection of species
![Page 19: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Review of Criteria, parameters and
indicators used in ndf
Impact of commercialisation based on:
• Biological characteristics of species
Distribution
Biological characteristics
Resilience to disturbance
![Page 20: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
….Review of Criteria, parameters and
indicators used in ndf
Sustainability of harvest:
Current and projected optimal harvest
regimes
Current and anticipated trade levels
All okay but….
![Page 21: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Additional information???
• No statistics on post-harvest responses
e.g on reproductive ability and species
lifespan
• Inadequate monitoring Framework/plans
![Page 22: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Data Sources
• Commercial aloe mapping report; 2005
• Review of significant trade report
• Taxonomy, Conservation and ethnobotany
report
• Export Permits from the management
Authority
• Status Report; 2004
![Page 23: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Challenges in elaboration of NDF
• Inadequate information on auto-ecology,
demography and population dynamics
![Page 24: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Recommendations
• Sensitisation on optimal harvesting to
avoid over-exploitation for market
purposes
• Detailed studies on spatial and genetic
structure and dynamics of target species
![Page 25: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Recommendations
• Branding of species and their products to
enable monitoring through the market
chain
• Enhance identification and authentication
tools for officers in the aloe trade
compliance chain
![Page 26: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conclusion(s)
• Kenyan drylands have vast potential of
untapped indigenous aloes which could be used
to revitalize the economy rural communities.
• There is need to improve aloe product value
chain through well established technology
creation in support of community livelihood and
aloe resource conservation.
![Page 27: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Outcomes from aloe census-the Way
forward • Development of National Guidelines for
utilization of commercial aloes in Kenya
• Subsidiary legislation on Aloes: The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal Notice 403 of 2007
• National Strategy for sustainable utilisation of aloes (implementation of guidelines)
![Page 28: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Publications
![Page 29: Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the case of ... · Africa,180 in Eastern Africa and over 77 in Madagascar ... Wildlife (Conservation and Management) (Aloe Species), 2007; Legal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042402/5f10c4ef7e708231d44aba9b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Acknowledgments
• National Museums of Kenya
• Kenya Wildlife service
• The aloe survey Team 2005
• Aloe researchers East and Southern Africa