Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources – Examples from Uganda & Rwanda

Donald R. Kugonza

1Makerere University, College of Agricultural & Env. Sciences, Kampala, Uganda

Livestock Resources for Food Security in the Light of Climate Change – International Seminar

March 11, 2016 Ulls Hus, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden

Where in The World??

�the use of components of biological diversity

�in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity,

�thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations (CBD, 1992, Article 2).

Sustainable Use? Which animal is that?

Which AnGR??

PRODUCTION

AnGR Production

Objective of production is for consumption per capita to move from 7.5 kg in 2011 to 16.2 kg in 2017 (Meat Industry Strategy & Inv. Plan).

Sweden: December 2015 was 1 428 398 - a decrease from 2014. Dairy cows decreased by 2.1 % ( )

Live stock 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (Est) 2017 (Est) Growth rate (2011-2017)

Cattle 1 143 553 1 135 141 1 131 633 1 132 810 1 138 799 1 149 749 1 165 835 2% Sheep 630 860 635 860 642 860 649 860 656 860 663 860 671 418 6% Goat 2 532 277 2 732 277 3 032 277 3 432 277 3 932 277 4 132 277 5 119 760 102% Pigs 716 629 806 629 906 629 1 016 629 1 146 629 1 326 629 1 484 536 107% Rabbits 828 802 978 802 1 128 802 1 303 802 1 478 802 1 608 802 1 733 015 109% Poultry 3 890 274 4 790 274 5 790 274 6 890 274 7 990 274 9 090 274 10 677 269 174%

Meat consumption (Kg per capita)

Source: FAOSTAT Data

13.1 11.9 11.7 12 11.3 11.7

28

62 67

106

133 131

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2010

Uganda

Kenya

Cyprus

USA

Year Ankole Crossbreeds Purebreds Ankole Crossbreeds Purebreds

2014 67% 24 8% 42% 37% 21%

2015 65% 25% 9% 40% 38% 22%

2016 63% 26% 9% 38% 39% 23%

2017 62% 28% 10% 36% 41% 23%

2018 60% 29% 10% 34% 42% 24%

2019 59% 31% 11% 33% 43% 25%

2020 58% 33% 12% 31% 44% 25%

Breed composition of the national herd

Contribution to annual milk production

Country Consumed milk per

capita kg/year

Deficit as per

FAO kg/year

Kenya 98.6 90

Tanzania 71.5 115

Rwanda 50 120

Uganda 50 120

Comparative per capita milk consumption levels in East Africa

Intervention Achievement(s) Impact of intervention

GIRINKA Increased milk production Poor households empowered

High

Vaccine distribution Improved animal health High Deworming, vaccination & spraying animals Decreased mortality and morbidity High Conducting the livestock census Livestock population known High Cultivation of feeds Better milk production High Facilitating farmers to purchase equipment Improved animal productivity Low Artificial Insemination (AI) Increased milk production

Decreased disease spread Increased number of improved animals

Medium

Distribution of Boer bucks Faster growth rate of goats Medium Distribution of fodder seeds Improved animal nutrition Medium Construction of Vet pharmacies Decreased animal diseases Medium Formation of farmer cooperatives Increased teamwork Medium Provision of small stock to poor hh Improvement in wealth ranking Medium Training farmers in proper animal feeding More skilled farmers Medium One cup of milk per child Improved child nutrition Medium Promotion of zero grazing Decreased disease incidences Medium

Stakeholder Perception on AnGR Productivity Enhancing Interventions

THE RESOURCES & THEIR UTILISATION

Purpose Male cattle

(%) Female cattle

(%) Exotic cattle

(%)

Meat 37.5 0.0 4.0

Income from sale of animals 41.7 33.4 20.0 Savings 4.2 8.3 0.0

Aesthetics/Beauty 8.3 4.2 0.0

Conservation 8.3 4.2 0.0

Milk 0.0 45.8 76.0 Dowry/cultural uses 0.0 4.2 0.0

Purpose of rearing Ankole cattle – Rwanda

Purpose of rearing Ankole cattle – Uganda Purpose (n=248)

Ranking Index – Females

Ranking Index – Males

Milk 0.44 - Income - cattle sales 0.26 0.42 Beauty 0.10 0.18 Meat 0.10 0.17 Heritage 0.03 0.09 Manure 0.01 0.04 Cultural ceremonies 0.02 0.04 Wealth and savings 0.01 0.02 Stud breeding - 0.02 Prestige 0.01 0.02 Hides 0.00 0.01 Butter 0.02 - Blood for food 0.00 -

19

Figure 4.1 Main purpose of keeping male and female Ankole cattle

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Income from sales Meat for home use Cultural value Milk

Purpose of keeping Ankole cattle

Hou

seho

lds

FemaleMale

Purpose of keeping Ankole cattle

84

52

8

28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Livestock Crops Salary Business

Perc

enta

ge o

f far

mer

s

Source of Household income

Source of household income among Rwandan farmers

Good Goat Genetics – Why abandon them?

Manzi et al. 2015

Good Genetics mean Good weights but more so -- offspring survival not 100% mortality

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Fish Genetics of Rwanda

Yield (kg) from 3 major lakes in Jan-Mar 2015

Kamondo et al. 2015

Pig Resources

Performance of different genotypes 27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

8 12 16 20 24 28 32 34

Cambrough Cambr. X L-White Local Black

Weight (kg)

Age (weeks)

28

29

4: Sensory scores as influenced by diet and breed Diet Breed S.E.M

MB WB WM CC CL BB

Panel scores

Tenderness 7.0a 7.1b 7.2c 7.0a 7.0b - 0.02

Juiciness 5.8a 5.7a 5.1b 5.0 5.0 - 0.10

Flavour 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.0 7.0 - 0.92

Acceptability 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.4 - 0.30

Tenderness 6.5a 6.3b 6.5c 6.6a 6.2b - 0.18

Juiciness 5.5a 5.7a 5.4b 5.7a 5.4b - 0.13

Flavour 5.7a 5.7a 5.5b 5.7a 5.6b - 0.02

Acceptability 6.47a 6.42 6.40c 6.4 6.4 - 0.01

CONSERVATION

WHY SHOULD WE CONSERVE INDIGENOUS BREEDS IN RW & UG • To sustain livelihoods. Indigenous livestock produce little but fulfil a wide range of economic, social & cultural uses for Rwandans.

• Preserve diversity for future breeding needs. The breeds not wanted now could be the breeds needed tomorrow!

• Production of crossbred animals which are desired by most farmers requires pure breeds, one of them MUST be a local breed.

• To ensure sustainable use of marginal areas for production, because locally adapted breeds utilise these areas maximally.

Species: INYAMBO cattle Characteristics: Weight (Cows):250 – 350 kg Weight (Bulls): 300 – 400 kg Conservation site: Karama Farm in Nyagatare District Goal: Selection for faster growth and Dark brown colour Herd Size: 310 cattle Desired traits: Sweet milk; Disease tolerance; Tasty and Low cholesterol meat

The Inyambo, associated with royalty and all

Species: INYARWANDA goats Characteristics: Weight (Does): 26–45 kg; Bucks: 34-51 kg Conservation site: Karama Centre in Bugesera District Goal: Selection for faster growth and High body weight Flock Size: 123 goats

Species: INYARWANDA Chickens Characteristics: Weight (Hens): 1.5 – 1.6 kg Weight (Cocks): 1.8 – 1.9 kg Conservation site: Songa Centre, Huye District; Goal: Determine Productivity Indices Flock Size: 117 chickens (all categories)

In-Vitro Conservation of Rwandan Animal Genetic Resources - The National Gene Bank

MANAGEMENT

IGIKUMBA – Communal Dairy Cattle Kraals

Milk Yield/day

Same farm a variety of genetics – the farmers knows better

AI, the bull (NI) or the embryo (ET) the farmer should choose

Sustainable utilisation means multiple uses

Successful utilisation of AnGR means having feeds and planning ahead

�

Sustainable utilisation Means feed availability

Selection of the “desirable” breed is sometimes a chance game - GIRINKA Program

Sustainable utilisation of AnGR also means integration of species - fish, rabbits, pigs & chickens

Helping the fish do their job of multiplying – NILE TILAPIA

Cage culture �Cost of Cage Construction (2x2x2m) : $513 �Fingerlings Stocking Rate/cage: 2000

�Fingerlings Cost/Cycle: $154 �Amount Feeds (FCR:1.2) : 2160 kg, Cost: $2215 �Labor Cost/yr: $462 �Mature fish at harvesting = 1,800/cage/cycle.

�With survival of 90%; BW of 500g/fish; & 2 cycles = 1800 kg of table fish.

�Value of fish: 1800 kg X $3.85 = $6923. �Total Investment: 3,040,000 Rwf

�First Year Benefit: $3,580/cage/year.

END OF THE ROAD - Sometimes in managing resources we are too fast with catastrophic results

When the Genetics are not okay……....or not enough………. Milk processing machines = white elephants

Sustainable management sometimes requires technology – cock exchange, vaccination, simple incubators

When the Genetics are somehow okay

Kayitesi et al. 2016

� New Poultry Room � Enhanced flooring and ceiling � Built nesting boxes for new hens � Created a fence to implement a run � Brooding Chicks � Prepared and maintained brooder � Collected Supplies � Provided daily care for chicks

� Poultry House Improvements � Repaired and expanded the fence � Maintained facilities � Reimplementation of the use foot

bath

Sustainable Use means training future farmers

Small Livestock still make the difference in livelihoods among many households

A $1m Dollar Question – The Fleckvieh in Rwanda??

You can choose to ride a tiger OR rather a lion, but there are easier options in AnGR mgt

Same lot number does not mean same liquid

Even on overcast days, we cannot loose hope on successful mgt of AnGR in Rw, Ug & indeed Africa

Gender issues Environmental issues Policy issues Market issues Farmers organisations Men are decision makers on livestock

Spray acaricides affect the environment

Manufacture of traditional vet drugs without chemicals

Presence of fake livestock inputs on market

Limited number of cooperatives

Feeding of livestock is left to women

No research on chemicals used in crops

Poultry investment strategy; platform formed is not working

Limited market for livestock products

strengthening management and establishment of farmers cooperatives

Large stock belong to men

Insecticides kill pollinator insects

Lack of markets for farmers produce

Need for platform of farmers and veterinarians

Men are the owners of animals

Chicken waste management

RPIA is not working properly with other organisation

No livestock farmers association

Cut and carry feeds belong to women

Climate Change markets for livestock products still low Animal market without regulations

Cross-cutting issues in animal genetic improvement

Gender issues Men are decision makers on livestock

Feeding of livestock is left to women

Large stock belong to men

Men are the owners of animals

Cut and carry feeds is a job for women

Cross-cutting issues in animal genetic improvement

What should start happening What must continue happening as usual

What should continue happening but differently

What should stop happening

Strict control on drug importation Girinka programme Research in livestock Importation of cows Assistance to private vets Provision of drugs and AI to Girinka

farmers Restrict animal movements Keeping mixed species

Start market-oriented farming Providing refresher courses Follow up livestock farmers Doing unrelated responsibilities Formation of farmer cooperatives Conduct trainings for farmers Synchronisation of cows Grazing in restricted areas Promotion of specialisation in livestock keeping

Deliver hormones and vaccines Training arrangements for farmers Use of bulls

Linking farmers to banks One cup of milk per child Girinka Disorganised milk selling Advocacy in cabinet for the livestock sector

Zero grazing practice Forage conservation techniques delivery

Eating uninspected meat

Operationalisation of para-vets Respecting the livestock policy Hygiene of farms Traditional treatment of animals Sensitize livestock farmers on livestock policies

AI and timely treatments Farmer visits and advisory services Keeping unproductive animals

Employ sector vets on permanent terms not contracts

Follow ups on livestock keepers Promotion of small stock rearing by farmers

Not carrying out vaccination

Start special programs for livestock Training on livestock feeding, management,forage conservation

Quick service delivery of vets and services

Untimely delivery of vaccines

Initiate insurance for farmers Disease surveillance Production of liquid nitrogen Not facilitating Vets Establish stakeholder platforms on livestock issues

Improving the capacity of Vets Rearing livestock without benefits

Follow up investment strategic plan for poultry

Increasing awareness on milk markets Disappearance of indigenous cattle

Promote poultry consumption in Rwanda

Prevention and control of diseases

Study tours on livestock production Follow ups on livestock movements

Change that is desired by animal productivity improvement actors

What should stop happening Importation of cows

Keeping mixed species

Grazing in restricted areas

Use of bulls

Disorganised milk selling

Eating uninspected meat

Traditional treatment of animals

Keeping unproductive animals Not carrying out vaccination

Change that is desired by animal productivity improvement actors

Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources –

Examples from Uganda & Rwanda

Donald R. Kugonza

1Makerere University, Uganda