SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY:A CASE OF SINGAPORE

Mohinder SinghAdvisor, LTA Academy

Land Transport AuthoritySingapore

CBD

High-densityhousing

High-densityhousing

49 km

25 km

12%

15%

73%

Land Use

Roads

Housing

Others

Singapore

Population: 5.4 millionLand Area: 716 sq. km

Land Transport Facts and Figures

Note: Figures accurate as of Jan 2014

Road Network 3,452kmExpressway Network 164kmVehicle Population 974,170Car Population 623,688MRT 153kmLRT 29kmBuses 3,777Taxis 27,695

Passenger Transport Mode Share

3.48 millionBuses

2.65 millionMRT / LRT

0.97 millionTaxi

Total PT Trips7.0 million

PT Mode Share63% during peak

periods

Severe Traffic Congestion Rising travel demand Unreliable bus services

Traffic in the 1960s

Land Transport Policy and Strategies

Integrate transport and land use planning

Manage private transport demand

Develop public transport

Integrate Transport andLand Use Planning

• In 1967, the government commissioned the Stateand City Planning (SCP) project to examine generalurban planning and transportation development

• 4 year planning and studying process led to the 1971Concept Plan - Singapore’s first integrated land useand transport development plan

Concept Plan Transportation Plan

Integrate Transport andLand Use Planning

• Focused on providing a high quality livingenvironment

• More housing options in the city toinject vibrancy into central area

• Set aside land in CBD for development ofglobal financial hub

1972

Concept Plan1991

Concept Plans• Ring Plan structure• High-density satellite towns built around central

water catchment area• Shaped the key transport developments – Changi

Airport, MRT, expressways network

• Decentralisation strategy• Commercial centres to be developed in different

parts of Singapore• Bring jobs closer to homes and alleviate

congestion in the city centre

Integrate Transport andLand Use Planning

Planning ProcessConcept Plan

5 Year RoadDevelopmentProgramme

Rail Lines

Master Plan

Planning Feasibility Studies

Long Term RTS and RMP Long term plans30-40 years

Medium Term RTS and RoadPlans

Medium term plans10-15 years

Near term plans5-10 years

Integrated Master Planning &Development

• Increase commuters’walkability and accessibility

• Reduce need of travel and cardependency

• Promote high density,compact public transport-centric urban fabric

• Safeguard future transportcorridors

Integration of Transport and Housing Estates

Benefits of Integrated Long RangePlanning

1. A mix of uses2. High density3. Good connectivity4. Transportation Choices5. High quality design

PUNGGOL LRT SYSTEM ROUTE

SengkangStation

Sengkang Town

Punggol Town

PunggolStation

Integrating Transit withDevelopments

Sengkang Interchange

SKLRT

NEL

Compass Point

SKG Bus

Interchange

Compass Height

Sengkang Town Centre

Bus InterchangeMRT

LRT CommercialResidential

Activity PlazaConcourse

Sengkang Interchange(cross section)

City Planning in Marina Bay Area

InternationalPassengerTerminal

MarinaBarrage

SingaporeFlyer

Business & Financial Centre

Golf Course

Sands Integrated Resort

SingaporeBotanic Gardens

2

DTE

CCL

Marina Bay bridge

Promenade station

Esplanade

Bayfront

Landmark

Cross Street

Marina CoastalExpressway

Institutional Governance

Organizational Structure

Land Transport Sector

PublicTransportCouncil (PTC)

Maritime PortAuthority (MPA)

Civil Aviation Authorityof Singapore (CAAS)

Land TransportAuthority (LTA)

Ministry of Transport(MOT)

Formation of the Land TransportAuthority

• Planned and built the MRT• Regulated the operator (SMRT)Mass Rapid Transit

Corporation

• Planned, built and managed roadsand pedestrian infrastructure andcommuter facilities

Public WorksDepartment (PWD)

• Administered, regulated andenforced land transport; as well asvehicle polices

Registry of Vehicles

• Developed land transport strategiesand policies

Ministry ofCommunications

Merged toform an

integratedland

transportauthority(LTA) in

September1995

Formation of the Land TransportAuthority

LTA was formed with the objective to:

Integrate all relevant areas of land transport into one body so as toimprove communication between the different transport agenciesand ultimately, the efficiency of Singapore’s land transport system

and operations.

Vision: A People-centred land transport system

Mission: To provide an efficient and cost-effective land transport system fordifferent needs

Rationale: A single authority to coordinate Singapore’s transport plans (privateand public transport) and infrastructure building

LTA’s Functions

• Formulation of land transport policies• Integrate transport planning with land

use• Plan, design and develop Rapid Transit

System (RTS)• Plan, design and develop road

infrastructure• Manage road traffic and maintain road

infrastructure• Implement Road Pricing

• Regulate public transport services• Regulate private transport ownership

and usage• Carry out bus network planning

• Manage public transport ticketingpayment systems, and paymenttransactions for road pricing andelectronic parking system.

Public Transport Council• An independent body established in 1987

• Members are from a wide spectrum of society

• Regulates

• bus service standards

• bus service operators

• ticket payment services

• bus & rapid transit system

fares

Ministry of TransportMinistry of Transport

Public Transport Council Land Transport AuthorityLand Transport Authority

Public Transport Operators

• Bus Service Operator Licences& Route Licences

• Bus Service Standards

• Fare Regulation

• Rail Operating Licences

• Rail Service Standards

• Technical agent to PTC on fares& bus routes

Regulators

• To ensure efficient network, information and fareintegration

• To facilitate seamless travel for commuters withintroduction of MRT in 1987

Current Industry Structure

• Raising the costs of Vehicle Ownership

• Charging for Road Usage

Not Economically nor environmentally sustainable to keep

building roads to meet the ever increasing demand for road space!

Managing Private TransportDemand

UsageRestraint

OwnershipControl

Demand Management

• Ownership Measures:– Vehicle Quota System– Other Ownership Costs

• Additional Registration Fee• Excise Duty• Road Tax

• Usage Measures:– Road Pricing

Vehicle Quota System (VQS)

• Implemented in 1990. Certificate of Entitlement (COE)required to register a new vehicle, valid for 10 years

• Regulates vehicle population growth at a rate that canbe sustained by road networko 3% p.a. from 1990 to 2008o 1.5% p.a. from 2009 to 2011o 0.5% p.a. from 2012 to 2014

• Open on-line bidding exercise

RestrictedZone

Ang Mo Kio

CBD

BukitTimah

Ang Mo Kio

CBD

BukitTimah

• Implemented in 1975• Reduced traffic entering the

Restricted Zone (RZ)

Area Licensing System (ALS)

65 kph45 kph

IncreaseERP rate

DecreaseERP rate

Expressways

30 kph20 kph

IncreaseERP rate

DecreaseERP rate

Arterial Roads

ERP Rates reviewed every 3 months To ensure optimal use of road space

ERP implemented in 1998, is a congestionmanagement tool which optimises theuse of road capacity through the pricingof roads

Flexible – rates vary by location/time,based on local traffic conditions

Equitable – motorists pay for congestioncosts imposed on others or choose totravel at different time/route/use publictransport

Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

50019

75

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

Traffic Volume to City (AM Peak) Vehicle Population Car Population

ALS implementation(June 1975)

ERPimplementation

(Sept 1998)

(Before ALS)

Effect of ERP

Public Transport Development

• Financing framework

• Public transport modes

Financing Framework

Partnership approach• Government builds & pays for infrastructure• Operators recover cost from operating revenue• (fare, advertising, etc)• Commuters pay for service

Self-sustaining transport network• Little / no subsidy on operation and maintenance

of MRT system

Rail Network TodayRapid Transit Network – Today (182 km)

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

0

40

80

120

160

200

1986 1990 1996 1999 2001 2003 2007 2009 2010 2011 June2012

Rid

ersh

ip (M

illio

ns)

RTS Ridership RTS Stations (as-built) RTS Length (km)R

TS L

engt

h &

Num

ber

of S

tatio

ns

Growth of RTS Network &Ridership

Buses

• Provide comprehensive coverage• 2 bus operators - SMRT Buses & SBS Transit

– Assigned areas of responsibility• > 357 scheduled services• > 4,500 fleet• Fares and service standards are regulated

HDB Towns Transport Hub City

Town A

Town B

Town C

• Feeder to/from MRT• Long-haul journeys in corridors not yetwell served by MRT

• Serve local needs or short journeys

The Role of Buses

Land Transport Master Plan(LTMP 2013)

• 3 strategic thrusts:1. Making public transport a choice mode;2. Managing road usage;3. Meeting the diverse needs of the people

• Enhancing travel experience with a focus on 3 key areas:

More Connections Better Service Liveable & InclusiveCommunity

Rail Network Expansion

LTMP 2013 Project Est. Completion

Cross Island Line By 2030

Jurong Region Line By 2025

Circle Line 6 By 2025

North East LineExtension

By 2030

Downtown LineExtension

By 2025

More Connections

182 km to 360 km by 2030

Promoting Cycling

Integrated Transport HubsMore Connection Buses

7 190 km 3,000 2015cycling towns

to becompleted by

2015

of cyclingtracks by

2020

racks atMRT

stations by3Q14

year ofbicycling

sharing pilotat Jurong Lake

District

Air-con bus interchanges and MRT/LRT stations integrated with shops

7 more to be completed in the next 10 years

Walk2Ride at MRT Stations

Extended from 200m toabout 400m radius

More Connections

10Under the

CityDirect

Programme

Bringsyou

straightinto the

City

More Connecting Buses

City Direct Bus Services

More Connections

Better ServiceIncreasing Train Frequencies

80%Basic Services

Arriving Within 10Minutes

95%Feeder Services

Arriving Within 10Minutes

Shorter WaitingTime during Peak

Hours

Improving Bus Services

More Reliable Bus Service

Providing More Travel Options

Involving the Commuters• Promoting graciousness when taking public transport

smoothen travel demand around peak hours

Off-peak travel incentives for commuters

Freetravel if you exit atdesignated stations

before 7.45am

$0.50discount if you exit

from7.45 to 8am

Win prizeswith your points from

INSINC

Promoting a smarter way to travel

Buying more trains and improving the signalling systemto increase frequency of train arrivals

30kmmore bus

lanes; from180kmtoday

150more Mandatory

Give Way to Busessigns; from >200

today

30more bus hubs;from >10 today

New Incentiveand PenaltyFramework

Making PT more inclusive

Safer Roads

Creating a Better EnvironmentLiveable & Inclusive CommunitySustainable Travel• LTMP 2013 is about improving PT significantly• Public transport is one of the best ways to

ensure environmental sustainability• Trains and buses most efficient carriers of

passengers compared to private transport• Reduced number of cars on the roads reduces

carbon emissions for the benefit of theenvironment and our people.

Comparison of Carbon Footprint

Transport Mode I’m Using Average Carbon Footprint (CO2 per 10 km)

My own two feet 0

I’m pedalling a bicycle 0

Taking the bus 0.19kg*

Taking the MRT 0.13kg*

I’m driving a car 1.87kg

Note* Assuming an average loading of 80 passengers per bus and 1,100 per train.

Reclaiming our public spaces: Car-Free/Car-less Zones

Work with other planning agencies to redesignland transport to allow more public spaces toflourish and bring more buzz to our city.

Working with URA to introduce car-free/car-lesszones within selected commercial and historicalareas in the city centre

Also considering these zones in residential areas

• 360 km rail network with2 new lines & 3 extensionsby 2030

• 40 new bus services• 200 km sheltered walkways• Over 700 km cycling path

• 100 new trains• 1 train every 100 secondsduring peak hours

• 7 new integrated hubs• More bus lanes and trafficpriority for buses

• Travel information onMyTransport.SG

• 40 more lifts on Pedestrianoverhead bridges

• 20 km of noise barriers alongMRT tracks

• Safer roads for all• More barrier free access• More car-free zones

What would all these mean by 2030?

85%Of all public transportjourneys (less than20 km) to be completedwithin 60 minutes

8 in 10 homesto be located withina 10-minute walk fromMRT or LRT station

75%of all peak hour journeysto be made on publictransport

LTMP 2013 Key Proposals

More Connections Better Service Liveable & InclusiveCommunity

Key Targets for 2030• Increase peak public transport

Modal Share to 75%• 85% of PT users’ Door-to-Door

travel time <= 1 hour (<20km)

• 80% households within 10minwalk of a train station

25% 75%PT

2020 Target:Reduce PT Travel Time to

<= 1.5 times of car

THANK YOU