Sustainable Sustainable ManufacturingManufacturing

Manufacturing Systems AnalysisManufacturing Systems Analysis

Professor: Nour El Professor: Nour El KadriKadri

e-mail: nelkadri@ site.uottawa.cae-mail: nelkadri@ site.uottawa.ca

Sustainable Sustainable ManufacturingManufacturing

Manufacturing Systems AnalysisManufacturing Systems Analysis

Professor: Nour El Professor: Nour El KadriKadri

e-mail: nelkadri@ site.uottawa.cae-mail: nelkadri@ site.uottawa.ca

Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing: Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing: Sustainability Sustainability

Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts & Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts & ExamplesExamples

– Principles of Sustainability        Principles of Sustainability        – Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       – Metrics/IndicatorsMetrics/Indicators– Tools    Tools    

      

Sustainable ManufacturingSustainable Manufacturing

Origins of Sustainable Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing: SustainabilityManufacturing: Sustainability

Product Complexity

Consumables

Workforce

Tools

Facilities

Part Precision

Manufacturing

Impacts

Sustainable Sustainable ManufacturingManufacturing

Manufacturing is known as a “process by which materials are removed, conserved, and added for the purpose of making products.” [Dorfeld, 2008] This has traditionally been an inefficient process which is resource and energy intensive and has not yet reached a sustainable state. There are many contemporary frameworks which exist to guide understanding and application of sustainable practices in the world of manufacturing. There are also many tools, methodologies and collections of metrics used to apply these frameworks.

Social, Economic & Environmental Themes

Sustainable Manufacturing principles methods metrics

Principles, Methods & Metrics

Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts & ExamplesSustainable Manufacturing Concepts & Examples Principles embody certain collections of

values which have come to be associated with sustainability concerns at different scopes and scales.

(Analytical) methods, (action-oriented) guidelines/scorecards/criteria/decision-making strategies and (evaluatory) regulations/standards are guided by principles. Some agencies create a variety of principles, methods, standards, and regulations that work to address their cause throughout the product lifecycle.

Collections of metrics are used by methods and make up regulations

The values embedded in all of these concepts evolve from sustainability's core which requires balancing issues related to ecology/environment, economy/employment and equity/equality

Design Guidelines

Scorecards, Checklists & Criteria

Regulations & Standards

Analytical methods

Metrics

Principles

Principles Principles Guide analysis and action:

DesignDesign– Principles of Ecological DesignPrinciples of Ecological Design– Design for DisassemblyDesign for Disassembly

Community/Labor &EcologyCommunity/Labor &Ecology– Houston PrinciplesHouston Principles

Waste Reduction (Affects the Waste Reduction (Affects the Biosphere and Business)Biosphere and Business)– Circular EconomyCircular Economy– Cradle to CradleCradle to Cradle– Industrial EcologyIndustrial Ecology

Management of Natural Resources in Management of Natural Resources in the Biosphere and in Commerce the Biosphere and in Commerce (Managing Impact while Balancing (Managing Impact while Balancing Interests and Values)Interests and Values)– Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle– Natural StepNatural Step– 5 Capitals Model5 Capitals Model– Triple Bottom LineTriple Bottom Line

Environmental Health & SafetyEnvironmental Health & Safety– Green ChemistryGreen Chemistry– ToxicologyToxicology

DefinitionsDefinitions– SCP - Sustainable SCP - Sustainable

PackagingPackaging– Wal-mart - Sustainable Wal-mart - Sustainable

PackagingPackaging– SPA – Sustainable SPA – Sustainable

PackagingPackaging– Sustainable Biomaterials Sustainable Biomaterials

Collaborative – Sustainable Collaborative – Sustainable PackagingPackaging

Source: Edwards, A. R. The sustainability revolution. New Society Publishers. 2002

Houston PrinciplesHouston Principles

Purpose:Purpose:– ““Remind the public that the original purpose behind the creation Remind the public that the original purpose behind the creation

of corporations was to serve the public interestof corporations was to serve the public interest– Seek stricter enforcement of labor laws and advocate for new Seek stricter enforcement of labor laws and advocate for new

laws to guarantee working people their right to form organizing.laws to guarantee working people their right to form organizing.– Make workplaces, communities and the planet safer by reducing Make workplaces, communities and the planet safer by reducing

waste and greenhouse gas emissions.waste and greenhouse gas emissions.– Demand that global trade agreements include enforceable labor Demand that global trade agreements include enforceable labor

and environmental standards.and environmental standards.– Promote forward-thinking business models that allow for Promote forward-thinking business models that allow for

sustainability over the long term while protecting working people, sustainability over the long term while protecting working people, communities, and the environment.”communities, and the environment.”

State that the future of a healthy economy and environment are tied, and that labor, environmental and community groups need to work together to take action against corporate power, the undermining of democratic processes and ensure that interests in long-term sustainability are the aim of short-term actions.

Created to hold corporations accountable for their impact on: Working people, Communities and The Environment

Cradle to CradleCradle to Cradle

In In Cradle to CradleCradle to Cradle, , McDonough and Braungart McDonough and Braungart (2002) note that a (2002) note that a regenerative environment, regenerative environment, like a cherry tree, is like a cherry tree, is sustainable.sustainable.

It is a closed loop where It is a closed loop where Waste (of the system)=(the Waste (of the system)=(the same system’s) Food. same system’s) Food.

A manufacturing system can A manufacturing system can function under those same function under those same ideals.ideals.

This concept stresses eco-This concept stresses eco-effectiveness, quality prior to effectiveness, quality prior to quantity, and biological and quantity, and biological and technical resource cycles technical resource cycles which recycle in a manner which recycle in a manner that instead of that instead of “downcycling” the quality of “downcycling” the quality of materials, upcycles or materials, upcycles or regenerates.regenerates.

“The goal is a delightfully diverse safe and just world with clean air soil power and water economically, equitably, ecologically and elegantly enjoyed.”

Source: Cradle to Cradle by William McDonough & Michael Braungart North Point Press, 2002

Sustainable Packaging CoalitionSustainable Packaging Coalition

Sustainable packaging:Sustainable packaging: – Is beneficial, safe & healthy for individuals and communities Is beneficial, safe & healthy for individuals and communities

throughout its life cycle; throughout its life cycle; – Meets market criteria for performance and cost; Meets market criteria for performance and cost; – Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled using Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and recycled using

renewable energy; renewable energy; – Maximizes the use of renewable or recycled source Maximizes the use of renewable or recycled source

materials; materials; – Is manufactured using clean production technologies and Is manufactured using clean production technologies and

best practices; best practices; – Is made from materials healthy in all probable end of life Is made from materials healthy in all probable end of life

scenarios; scenarios; – Is physically designed to optimize materials and energy; Is physically designed to optimize materials and energy; – Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological and/or Is effectively recovered and utilized in biological and/or

industrial cradle to cradle cycles. industrial cradle to cradle cycles.

“to advocate and communicate a positive, robust environmental vision for packaging and to support innovative, functional packaging materials and systems that promote economic and environmental health through supply chain collaboration”

– Sustainable Packaging Coalition

Source: http://www.sustainablepackaging.org/about_sustainable_packaging.asp

Wal-Mart’s Sustainable Wal-Mart’s Sustainable Packaging PrinciplesPackaging Principles Goals: Goals:

– Reduce packaging across global supply chain by 5 percent by Reduce packaging across global supply chain by 5 percent by 2013 ($3.4 billion of savings)2013 ($3.4 billion of savings)

– ““The primary goal of the Packaging Sustainable Value Network is The primary goal of the Packaging Sustainable Value Network is to be packaging neutral by 2025, which means all packaging to be packaging neutral by 2025, which means all packaging recovered or recycled at our stores and Clubs will be equal to the recovered or recycled at our stores and Clubs will be equal to the amount of packaging used by the products on our shelves.”amount of packaging used by the products on our shelves.”

– Also: 100% Renewable Energy, Zero Waste, Sustain Environment Also: 100% Renewable Energy, Zero Waste, Sustain Environment and Resourcesand Resources

Principles: “7 R’s”Principles: “7 R’s”– RemoveRemove– ReduceReduce– ReuseReuse– Renew(able)Renew(able)– Recycle(able)Recycle(able)– RevenueRevenue– ReadRead

Image from “The Greening of Wal-Mart”

Source: http://walmartstores.com

4 sustainability principles need to be met by 4 sustainability principles need to be met by packaging:packaging:– effective - provide social and economic benefits;effective - provide social and economic benefits;– efficient - provide benefits by using materials, energy efficient - provide benefits by using materials, energy

and water as efficiently as possible;and water as efficiently as possible;– cyclic - be recoverable through industrial or natural cyclic - be recoverable through industrial or natural

systems; andsystems; and– safe - non-polluting and non-toxic.safe - non-polluting and non-toxic.

Sustainable Packaging Sustainable Packaging Alliance -Sustainable Alliance -Sustainable Packaging PrinciplesPackaging Principles

Source:http://www.sustainablepack.org/research/subpage.aspx?id=7&PageID=10

Sustainable Sustainable Biomaterials Biomaterials CollaborativeCollaborative

They define a They define a sustainable biomaterial sustainable biomaterial as:as:– (1) sourced from sustainably grown and harvested cropland or forests, (1) sourced from sustainably grown and harvested cropland or forests, – (2) manufactured without hazardous inputs and impacts, (2) manufactured without hazardous inputs and impacts, – (3) healthy and safe for the environment during use, and (3) healthy and safe for the environment during use, and – (4) designed to be reutilized at the end of their intended use such as via recycling or (4) designed to be reutilized at the end of their intended use such as via recycling or

composting. composting. Core principles include:Core principles include:– Reduce the amount of material, Reduce the amount of material,

product and packaging used;product and packaging used;– Eliminate single-use products that can Eliminate single-use products that can

be neither recycled or composted;be neither recycled or composted;– Avoid fossil-fuel-based materials in Avoid fossil-fuel-based materials in

favor of materials and products derived favor of materials and products derived from renewable feedstocks;from renewable feedstocks;

– Address sustainability across the life Address sustainability across the life cycle of the material: the growing of cycle of the material: the growing of the feedstock, manufacturing of the the feedstock, manufacturing of the biomaterial and final product, using the biomaterial and final product, using the product and reclaiming the material at product and reclaiming the material at the end of its original use;the end of its original use;

– Define sustainability to include issues Define sustainability to include issues of environment, health, and social and of environment, health, and social and economic justice;economic justice;

– Design and use products that are Design and use products that are reusable, recyclable or compostable;reusable, recyclable or compostable;

– Encourage agricultural systems that are Encourage agricultural systems that are sustainable for farmers, the sustainable for farmers, the environment, farm workers and environment, farm workers and communities;communities;

– Support small- to mid-sized family owned Support small- to mid-sized family owned and operated farms;and operated farms;

– Do not use genetically modified Do not use genetically modified organisms in agricultural feedstock organisms in agricultural feedstock production;production;

– Use chemicals that meet the 12 Use chemicals that meet the 12 Principles of Green ChemistryPrinciples of Green Chemistry

– Avoid engineered nanomaterials and Avoid engineered nanomaterials and chemicals that have not been tested for chemicals that have not been tested for environmental and public health effects environmental and public health effects across the lifecycle; andacross the lifecycle; and

– Decentralize production and buy local to Decentralize production and buy local to reduce the environmental footprint of reduce the environmental footprint of production, transportation, and production, transportation, and consumption. consumption.

““We call itWe call it

A 5 year plan based on 100 Points A 5 year plan based on 100 Points 5 Pillars, each with a primary goal for 2012:5 Pillars, each with a primary goal for 2012:

– Climate Change - Become carbon neutral Climate Change - Become carbon neutral – Waste - Send no waste to landfill Waste - Send no waste to landfill – Sustainable Raw Materials - Extend sustainable sourcing Sustainable Raw Materials - Extend sustainable sourcing – Health - Help improve the lives of people in our supply chain Health - Help improve the lives of people in our supply chain – Fair Partner - Help customers and employees live a healthier Fair Partner - Help customers and employees live a healthier

life-style life-style

Goals with Regard to PackagingGoals with Regard to Packaging– Reduce Use of Packaging by 25 %Reduce Use of Packaging by 25 %– Use materials from sustainable or recycled sources Use materials from sustainable or recycled sources

(cardboard, metal, glass and plastic)(cardboard, metal, glass and plastic)– Restrict range of materials to ones that are easy to recycle or Restrict range of materials to ones that are easy to recycle or

compost compost – Print simple symbols on packagingPrint simple symbols on packaging– Reduce use of carrier beds by 33% and make all bags from Reduce use of carrier beds by 33% and make all bags from

recycled plasticsrecycled plastics Source: http://plana.marksandspencer.comSource: http://plana.marksandspencer.com

Plan A because there is no Plan B.” – Marks & Spencer

MethodsMethods Action-oriented Design GuidelinesAction-oriented Design Guidelines

– SPCSPC– WRAPWRAP– Wal-Mart Package ModelingWal-Mart Package Modeling– Johnson&JohnsonJohnson&Johnson– IPEN GuidelinesIPEN Guidelines

Scorecards, Checklists & CriteriaScorecards, Checklists & Criteria– Wal-Mart ScorecardWal-Mart Scorecard– SCJohnsonSCJohnson

Analytical MethodsAnalytical Methods– Lifecycle Analysis (Process,EIO, Lifecycle Analysis (Process,EIO,

Hybrid)Hybrid)– Footprints (Ecological, Carbon, Footprints (Ecological, Carbon,

Water)Water)– SPC COMPASSSPC COMPASS– SPASPA

Evaluative Regulations & StandardsEvaluative Regulations & Standards– European CommissionEuropean Commission– Extended Producer ResponsibilityExtended Producer Responsibility– Environmental Product DeclarationEnvironmental Product Declaration– Sustainable Product StandardSustainable Product Standard– EcolabelingEcolabeling

Management ToolsManagement Tools– Strength Weakness Opportunities Strength Weakness Opportunities

Threats Analysis (SWOT Analysis)Threats Analysis (SWOT Analysis)– Environmental management systemEnvironmental management system– Integrated chain management (ICM)Integrated chain management (ICM)

Design guidelines Design guidelines – Oriented around principlesOriented around principles– Meant to be simpleMeant to be simple– Aided by decision-making Aided by decision-making

toolstools– Often voluntary – used by Often voluntary – used by

private companies, gov and private companies, gov and ngongo

Scorecards Scorecards – QuantitativeQuantitative– Often used to check progressOften used to check progress– Hard to compare tradeoffsHard to compare tradeoffs– Implicit assumptionsImplicit assumptions– Innovative changes often not Innovative changes often not

capturedcaptured Analytical tools Analytical tools

– Company specific data, Company specific data, processes, assumptions etc.processes, assumptions etc.

– Used to track improvementUsed to track improvement Regulations Regulations

– Give direction or target for Give direction or target for industryindustry

– Specific goal(s) (EOL, waste Specific goal(s) (EOL, waste etc)etc)

– Top-down rather than bottom-Top-down rather than bottom-up approachup approach

Slide from: http://me.berkeley.edu/lmas/LMAS_Web/lmas/Presentations

Design Design GuidelinesGuidelines

Includes various design strategy Includes various design strategy sections:sections:– Design sustainablyDesign sustainably– Design for transportDesign for transport– Design with environmental best Design with environmental best

practicepractice– Design with fair labor and trade Design with fair labor and trade

practicespractices– Design with renewable virgin materialsDesign with renewable virgin materials– Design for reuseDesign for reuse– Design for recyclingDesign for recycling– Design for compostingDesign for composting

Source: http://www.sustainablepackaging.org/projects.asp

WRAP’s Guide to Evolving Packaging DesignWRAP’s Guide to Evolving Packaging Design Waste & Resources Action Programme Waste & Resources Action Programme

(WRAP) runs programs to support UK (WRAP) runs programs to support UK government legislation and private government legislation and private initiatives. initiatives.

Design Guidelines focus on waste Design Guidelines focus on waste reduction and material checklists, reduction and material checklists, specifically:specifically:– Waste hierarchy is applied to Waste hierarchy is applied to

packagingpackaging– The material checklist weighs pros The material checklist weighs pros

and cons of each material and cons of each material

Future plans include aiming for specific goals beyond waste reduction, (incorporating measures of “carbon, recycled content, recyclability and behavioral change.”) [Five Winds International]

Responsible Packaging Responsible Packaging Code of Practice Code of Practice

From the UK, 2From the UK, 2ndnd ed. in ed. in 2003. 2003.

7 parameters:7 parameters:– Function of packaging Function of packaging

through the supply chainthrough the supply chain– Honesty in presentationHonesty in presentation– Convenience in useConvenience in use– Instructions, guidance Instructions, guidance

and informationand information– Legal requirementsLegal requirements– Health, safety and Health, safety and

consumer protectionconsumer protection– Environmental aspectsEnvironmental aspects

Innovation in materials and Innovation in materials and products (resource efficiency)products (resource efficiency)

System considerations (packaging System considerations (packaging should improve sustainability of should improve sustainability of system and reduce was through system and reduce was through system)system)

Space and weight efficiency (for Space and weight efficiency (for transportation)transportation)

Re-useRe-use Process waste (at all points in Process waste (at all points in

supply chain)supply chain) Best practice with materials (enable Best practice with materials (enable

recovery)recovery) Energy recovery and material Energy recovery and material

recyclingrecycling LitterLitter

Source: http://www.incpen.org/pages/pv.asp?p=incpen14

’’s Sustainable s Sustainable Packaging ScorecardPackaging Scorecard

Scorecard is based on the Scorecard is based on the MERGE Tool templateMERGE Tool template

A supplier’s score, whether for A supplier’s score, whether for secondary, tertiary or primary secondary, tertiary or primary packaging follows this formula:packaging follows this formula:– 15% based on carbon 15% based on carbon

dioxide per ton of dioxide per ton of production (only material production (only material manufacturing emissions manufacturing emissions are measured)are measured)

– 15% based on material 15% based on material value value

– 15% based on product-to- 15% based on product-to- package ratio package ratio

– 15% based on cube 15% based on cube utilization utilization

– 10% based on 10% based on transportation transportation

– 10% based on recycled 10% based on recycled content content

– 10% based on recovery 10% based on recovery value value

– 5% based on renewable 5% based on renewable energy energy

– 5% based on innovation 5% based on innovation

SCJ GreenlistTM Packaging SCJ GreenlistTM Packaging CriteriaCriteria

Rates raw materials on 8 criteria (focus Rates raw materials on 8 criteria (focus on material, supplier practices and on material, supplier practices and product EOL)product EOL)– Packaging MinimizationPackaging Minimization– Design for RecyclabilityDesign for Recyclability– Design for ReusabilityDesign for Reusability– Sound Materials SelectionSound Materials Selection– Increased Use of Post Consumer Increased Use of Post Consumer

Recycled ContentRecycled Content– Use of Renewable ResourcesUse of Renewable Resources– Selection of Printing Methods and Selection of Printing Methods and

MaterialsMaterials– Selection of Environmentally Selection of Environmentally

Conscious Supply PartnersConscious Supply Partners

Each of these criteria has additional metrics associated with Each of these criteria has additional metrics associated with different packaging materials (glass, paper, rigid plastic, metal).different packaging materials (glass, paper, rigid plastic, metal).

Final score is made by averaging each criteria score Final score is made by averaging each criteria score Products are categorized on a “better,” “best” scaleProducts are categorized on a “better,” “best” scale Used to phase out materials, and will license to othersUsed to phase out materials, and will license to others

Source www.scjohnson.com/community/greenlist.asp

Life Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle Analysis Three scopesThree scopes

– Cradle to gateCradle to gate– Cradle to graveCradle to grave– Cradle to cradleCradle to cradle

Three typesThree types– Process LCA Process LCA

(addresses (addresses environmental environmental inputs and outputs)inputs and outputs)

– EIO LCA (addresses EIO LCA (addresses economic inputs and economic inputs and outputs)outputs)

– HybridHybrid

Process LCA Process LCA vs. vs.

StrengthsStrengths– bottom-up approachbottom-up approach– Focus on environmental Focus on environmental

impacts of individual impacts of individual components/productscomponents/products

– detail-oriented detail-oriented WeaknessesWeaknesses

– Does not include second Does not include second order, only on-site order, only on-site data/processesdata/processes

– Identification of Identification of boundaries of analysis is boundaries of analysis is more difficult for large more difficult for large organizationsorganizations

ECONOMIC INPUT-OUTPUT LCA

Hybrid LCAHybrid LCA Current best practice Current best practice Embeds process systems inside input-output tablesEmbeds process systems inside input-output tables There is danger of double countingThere is danger of double counting

StrengthsStrengths– top-down approachtop-down approach– able to use economic able to use economic

tables tables – sector-focusedsector-focused– large picture, grand large picture, grand

scheme viewscheme view WeaknessesWeaknesses

– assumes price, output assumes price, output and carbon homogeneity and carbon homogeneity for sectorsfor sectors

– sectors can only be split sectors can only be split up to examine so far up to examine so far

Ecological Ecological FootprintsFootprints An ecological footprint is a measure An ecological footprint is a measure

of resource management/use which of resource management/use which refers to the amount of global refers to the amount of global hectares* required to sustain the hectares* required to sustain the life/practices being examined. Global life/practices being examined. Global hectares are hectares with average hectares are hectares with average global productivity.global productivity.

The measure is calculated by The measure is calculated by comparing the biological resources comparing the biological resources available in a given region available in a given region (accounting for its ability to create (accounting for its ability to create food and absorb waste using status food and absorb waste using status quo technology and practices) to quo technology and practices) to resource demands of an resource demands of an activity/populationactivity/population

Ecological Footprint Standards have been developed and adopted by Ecological Footprint Standards have been developed and adopted by the majority of users. Details of these standards are available at the majority of users. Details of these standards are available at www.footprintstandards.org, which is managed by the Global Footprint www.footprintstandards.org, which is managed by the Global Footprint Network.Network.

Standards help to address calculation nuances, including conversions, Standards help to address calculation nuances, including conversions, measure of land/sea parcels, address nuclear power, varying data measure of land/sea parcels, address nuclear power, varying data sources, import/export data and biodiversity etc.sources, import/export data and biodiversity etc.

Origin of the per capita ecological footprint (EF) (to highlight Origin of the per capita ecological footprint (EF) (to highlight differences in lifestyles), carbon footprint (emphasizing the climate differences in lifestyles), carbon footprint (emphasizing the climate change trigger Co2), water footprint (water-centric metric)change trigger Co2), water footprint (water-centric metric)

Similar to a metric of a more complete life cycle analysis but for the Similar to a metric of a more complete life cycle analysis but for the conversion to global hectares.conversion to global hectares.

Use with Use with the Living Planet Index of biodiversity from the WWF, or a the Living Planet Index of biodiversity from the WWF, or a adaptation of the footprint like Lenzen & Murray’s calculation for adaptation of the footprint like Lenzen & Murray’s calculation for Australia Australia is suggested in order to compensate for the metric’s is suggested in order to compensate for the metric’s omissions.omissions.

Carbon Carbon FootprinFootprin

tsts

A carbon footprint calculation measures the total A carbon footprint calculation measures the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by the amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by the activity/instance being measured. This includes direct activity/instance being measured. This includes direct and indirect emissions.and indirect emissions.

Scope variesScope varies– ““As commonly used today, for example, the term ‘carbon As commonly used today, for example, the term ‘carbon

footprint’ often refers to the number of tonnes of carbon footprint’ often refers to the number of tonnes of carbon emitted by a given person or business during a year, or to the emitted by a given person or business during a year, or to the tonnes of carbon emitted in the manufacture and transport of a tonnes of carbon emitted in the manufacture and transport of a product. In Ecological Footprint accounts, the ‘carbon Footprint’ product. In Ecological Footprint accounts, the ‘carbon Footprint’ measures the amount of biological capacity, in global hectares, measures the amount of biological capacity, in global hectares, demanded by human emissions of fossil carbon dioxide.” - demanded by human emissions of fossil carbon dioxide.” - Global Footprint StandardGlobal Footprint Standard

– Others may address all GHG, only carbon, include/exclude CO, Others may address all GHG, only carbon, include/exclude CO, and reflect lifecycle of goods and services (Haven, 2007)and reflect lifecycle of goods and services (Haven, 2007)

Measures differMeasures differ– "weight" vs. "footprint“"weight" vs. "footprint“– Weight already used in calculations, therefore it does not Weight already used in calculations, therefore it does not

require additional conversions to area measuresrequire additional conversions to area measures– Emphasizes need for carbon “diets”Emphasizes need for carbon “diets”

Water FootprintWater Footprint

Calculations require determining three different water footprints:Calculations require determining three different water footprints:– blue water = surface water and ground waterblue water = surface water and ground water– green water = rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture.green water = rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture.– In the 2 above cases, the associated footprint is the volume In the 2 above cases, the associated footprint is the volume

of water that evaporated from the water type’s total.of water that evaporated from the water type’s total.– The grey water footprint is the volume of polluted water that The grey water footprint is the volume of polluted water that

associates with the production of all goods and services for associates with the production of all goods and services for the individual or community.the individual or community.

“The water footprint of a nation is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the people of the nation. Since not all goods consumed in one particular country are produced in that country, the water footprint consists of two parts: use of domestic water resources and use of water outside the borders of the country.” - [Hoekstra, A.Y. 2007,p 36]

The concept was created to serve as an indicator of water use, as related to consumption. The calculation takes into account direct and indirect use and is calculated by volume evaporated/polluted in a period of time. It is related to the concept of virtual water, “defined as the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service.”

BASF Eco-efficiency Analysis BASF Eco-efficiency Analysis ToolTool

A decision-making analytical tool which uses LCA standardsA decision-making analytical tool which uses LCA standards Notes economic , environmental and social metrics Notes economic , environmental and social metrics 6 environmental parameters:6 environmental parameters:

– Raw materials consumptionRaw materials consumption– Energy consumptionEnergy consumption– Land useLand use– Air and water emissions and disposal methodsAir and water emissions and disposal methods– Potential toxicityPotential toxicity– Potential risksPotential risks

European Directive 94/62/EC European Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging on Packaging and Packaging

WasteWaste

Requires that systems to deal with used packaging must be Requires that systems to deal with used packaging must be created to meet % goals by weight. For example: created to meet % goals by weight. For example: – ““by no later than 31 December 2011, between 55 and 80% by weight of by no later than 31 December 2011, between 55 and 80% by weight of

packaging waste to be Recycled”packaging waste to be Recycled” A target-setting process is repeated every five years to keep the A target-setting process is repeated every five years to keep the

goals up to date.goals up to date. Focuses attention on:Focuses attention on:

– Total amount of packaging recovered, recycled or incineratedTotal amount of packaging recovered, recycled or incinerated– Packaging volume and weightPackaging volume and weight– Minimize noxious and other hazardous substances and materialsMinimize noxious and other hazardous substances and materials– Legal requirements for limits of cadmium, hexavalent chromium (chrome Legal requirements for limits of cadmium, hexavalent chromium (chrome

IV), lead and mercuryIV), lead and mercury– CompostabilityCompostability– BiodegradabilityBiodegradability

European Standards Institute (CEN) created 6 standards to help European Standards Institute (CEN) created 6 standards to help companies improve the environmental status of their packaging. companies improve the environmental status of their packaging.

Addressed: manufacturing, composition reuse, recycling, energy Addressed: manufacturing, composition reuse, recycling, energy recovery, composting, and the application of the management recovery, composting, and the application of the management systems approach.systems approach.

Common ElementsCommon Elements Only a few organizations worked to create principles, methods and Only a few organizations worked to create principles, methods and

metrics meant to support a coordinated visionmetrics meant to support a coordinated vision Social indicators of sustainability were largely ignoredSocial indicators of sustainability were largely ignored Ability to provide guidance and educate at the same time, in a time Ability to provide guidance and educate at the same time, in a time

effective manner was lackingeffective manner was lacking Wide audiences made targeted guidance (whether for consumers, Wide audiences made targeted guidance (whether for consumers,

or on material use for designers etc.) rareor on material use for designers etc.) rare There is a lack of procedural guidance for action and decision There is a lack of procedural guidance for action and decision

making, rather than high-level suggestions on examining the entire making, rather than high-level suggestions on examining the entire product system.product system.

Different regulatory traditions influence effectiveness Different regulatory traditions influence effectiveness Information gathered by relevant agents is not always freely Information gathered by relevant agents is not always freely

available available Striking the balance between promoting change, facilitating change, Striking the balance between promoting change, facilitating change,

and measuring change had not been reachedand measuring change had not been reached Methodologies included a collection of important metrics/indicators Methodologies included a collection of important metrics/indicators Large investments in time and upkeep are requiredLarge investments in time and upkeep are required Varying levels of academic rigor Varying levels of academic rigor The methods were created by varied stakeholders and often for The methods were created by varied stakeholders and often for

multiple audiencesmultiple audiences

Metrics/IndicatorsMetrics/Indicators ImportanceImportance

– Data to informationData to information– Inferences from quantitative analysisInferences from quantitative analysis

An indicator is a qualitative value which can be assigned An indicator is a qualitative value which can be assigned different metrics and a metric can be calculated in different metrics and a metric can be calculated in different waysdifferent ways

sustainablemeasures.com notes 4 ways to organize sustainablemeasures.com notes 4 ways to organize indicators:indicators:– Category or issue lists – easy to comprehendCategory or issue lists – easy to comprehend– Goal/indicator matrix – emphasis comprehensivenessGoal/indicator matrix – emphasis comprehensiveness– Driving force-state-response tables – emphasis on impactDriving force-state-response tables – emphasis on impact– Endowments, liabilities, current results, and processes table Endowments, liabilities, current results, and processes table

categories- emphasis on longer termcategories- emphasis on longer term Issues with measures – much depends on useIssues with measures – much depends on use

– How variables are weighted or optimized, How variables are weighted or optimized, – Picking the right number to use can be difficultPicking the right number to use can be difficult– Openness and transparency increases credibilityOpenness and transparency increases credibility

Source: http://www.sustainablemeasures.com

Sustainable Sustainable Metrics Metrics ProjectProject

Recently launched Recently launched Developing a core set of performance Developing a core set of performance

indicators to measure the indicators to measure the sustainability of packaging and sustainability of packaging and packaging systems. packaging systems.

Will be published after feedback from Will be published after feedback from SPC membersSPC members

Collections of MetricsCollections of Metrics InternationalInternational

– UNUN– UN Indicators of Sustainable Development UN Indicators of Sustainable Development

LocalizedLocalized– U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA’s) Science U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA’s) Science

Advisory BoardAdvisory Board NGONGO

– Cradle to Cradle Certification MatrixCradle to Cradle Certification Matrix– Global Reporting InitiativeGlobal Reporting Initiative– Living Planet ReportLiving Planet Report– Global FootprintGlobal Footprint– Redefining ProgressRedefining Progress

IndustryIndustry– Metrics from the Wal-mart ScorecardMetrics from the Wal-mart Scorecard– SCJ Greenlist Packaging Criteria for Specific MaterialsSCJ Greenlist Packaging Criteria for Specific Materials– MERGE MetricsMERGE Metrics

Tools/ SoftwareTools/ SoftwareThere are many tools and software available. There are many tools and software available. Tools

– Asbey – The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. – BEES 3.0 - by National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. - by National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. – CMLCA - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML) - Leiden University.. - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML) - Leiden University..

– Sustainable Packaging Coalition- Sustainable Packaging Coalition- COMPASSCOMPASS – Eco-Indicator 99 - by PRé Consultants. - by PRé Consultants. – ECO-it 1.3 - by PRé Consultants. - by PRé Consultants. – EcoScan 3.0 - by TNO Industrial Technology. - by TNO Industrial Technology. – Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment - by Green Design Initiative of Carnegie Mellon. - by Green Design Initiative of Carnegie Mellon. – EDIP PC-tool (http://www.mst.dk/activi/08030000.htm) - by Danish EPA. EDIP PC-tool (http://www.mst.dk/activi/08030000.htm) - by Danish EPA. – The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. – EPS 2000 Design System - by Assess Ecostrategy Scandinavia AB. - by Assess Ecostrategy Scandinavia AB. – GaBi 4 Software System and Databases - by PE Europe GmbH and IKP University of Stuttgart. - by PE Europe GmbH and IKP University of Stuttgart. – GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems) - by Öko-Institut. - by Öko-Institut. – GREET Model- The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Transportation- The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Transportation– IVAM LCA Data 4.0 - by IVAM. - by IVAM. – KCL-ECO 4.0 - by KCL. - by KCL. – LCAiT 4 - by CIT Ekologik. - by CIT Ekologik. – LCAPIX - by KM Limited. - by KM Limited. – MIET 3.0 - Missing Inventory Estimation Tool - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML). - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML). – REGIS - by Sinum. - by Sinum. – SimaPro 7 - by PRé Consultants. - by PRé Consultants. – SPOLD Data Exchange Software - by The Society for Promotion of Life-cycle Assessment. - by The Society for Promotion of Life-cycle Assessment. – TEAM™ - by Pricewaterhouse Coopers Ecobilan Group. - by Pricewaterhouse Coopers Ecobilan Group. – Umberto - by Institute for Environmental Informatics, Hamburg. - by Institute for Environmental Informatics, Hamburg. – WISARD™ - by Pricewaterhourse Coopers Ecobilan Group. - by Pricewaterhourse Coopers Ecobilan Group.

ToolsTools Data

– The Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME)

– The Boustead Model 5.0 - by Boustead Consulting. - by Boustead Consulting. – The ecoinvent Centre - The Swiss Centre for Life - The Swiss Centre for Life

Cycle Inventories central database of LCI data and Cycle Inventories central database of LCI data and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods data. life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods data.

– IDEMAT 2005 - by Delft University of Technology. - by Delft University of Technology. – Life-Cycle Inventory Database - by the National - by the National

Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Energy Laboratory. – SPINE@CPM - by CPM - - by CPM -

Summary: ThemesSummary: Themes The influence of qualitative principles can be directly and The influence of qualitative principles can be directly and

indirectly seen through design guidelines, analytical indirectly seen through design guidelines, analytical methodologies, and regulations.methodologies, and regulations.

Methods can address economic, environmental or equity Methods can address economic, environmental or equity concerns, with unique scopes and emphasisconcerns, with unique scopes and emphasis– Approaches, users, and lifecycle stages covered are Approaches, users, and lifecycle stages covered are

variedvaried Tools are numerous and for as many purposes and Tools are numerous and for as many purposes and

audiences as there are methodsaudiences as there are methods There is no one solutionThere is no one solution Identification of goals, scope, audience is crucial to Identification of goals, scope, audience is crucial to

developing benchmarks and quantitative indicatorsdeveloping benchmarks and quantitative indicators Necessities are not often distinguished from best practicesNecessities are not often distinguished from best practices

Final Thought: Complex TradeoffsFinal Thought: Complex Tradeoffs

““Would a carbon label on every product help us?” he Would a carbon label on every product help us?” he asked. “I wonder. You can feel very good about asked. “I wonder. You can feel very good about the organic potatoes you buy from a farm near the organic potatoes you buy from a farm near your home, but half the emissions—and half the your home, but half the emissions—and half the footprint—from those potatoes could come from footprint—from those potatoes could come from the energy you use to cook them. If you leave the the energy you use to cook them. If you leave the lid off, boil them at a high heat, and then mash lid off, boil them at a high heat, and then mash your potatoes, from a carbon standpoint you your potatoes, from a carbon standpoint you might as well drive to McDonald’s and spend your might as well drive to McDonald’s and spend your money buying an order of French fries.” money buying an order of French fries.”

-Murlis, quoted in an article by M. -Murlis, quoted in an article by M. Specter , “Specter , “Big FootBig Foot.” .” The New The New YorkerYorker. February 25, 2008 . February 25, 2008

ConclusionConclusion The packaging industry is not sustainableThe packaging industry is not sustainable Motivating factors for packaging manufacturing Motivating factors for packaging manufacturing

changes includechanges include– Regulatory Mandates (stick)Regulatory Mandates (stick)

– Economic Advantage (carrot)Economic Advantage (carrot)

Change is hindered by a vague regulatory Change is hindered by a vague regulatory environment, lack of informed customers and environment, lack of informed customers and missing infrastructuremissing infrastructure

Qualitative guidelines exists, but concrete Qualitative guidelines exists, but concrete quantitative guiding measures, optimized for quantitative guiding measures, optimized for sustainable packaging, are neededsustainable packaging, are needed

Further detailed analysis is needed to correlate Further detailed analysis is needed to correlate qualitative concepts with quantitative metrics and qualitative concepts with quantitative metrics and parse best practices from necessitiesparse best practices from necessities

Academic JournalsAcademic Journals Journal of Manufacturing Science and EngineeringJournal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Journal of Packaging Technology and ScienceJournal of Packaging Technology and Science Journal of Sustainable Product DesignJournal of Sustainable Product Design The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

http://www.scientificjournals.com/sj/lcahttp://www.scientificjournals.com/sj/lca European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Ecoinvent – Swiss Center For life cycle inventories Ecoinvent – Swiss Center For life cycle inventories

http://www.ecoinvent.ch/http://www.ecoinvent.ch/ Journal of Cleaner Production? Journal of Cleaner Production? International Journal of Environmental Technology and ManagementInternational Journal of Environmental Technology and Management Australasian Bioplastics Association (ABAAustralasian Bioplastics Association (ABA www.carbonlabelca.orgwww.carbonlabelca.org http://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/case_studies_research/index.htmlhttp://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/case_studies_research/index.html Journal of sustainable product design Journal of sustainable product design Environmental Impact Assessment ReviewEnvironmental Impact Assessment Review Management of Environmental QualityManagement of Environmental Quality The International Journal of Life Cycle AssessmentThe International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Journal of Cleaner ProductionJournal of Cleaner Production Journal of Industrial Ecology

Academic DepartmentsAcademic Departments

California Polytechnic State UniversityCalifornia Polytechnic State University Clemson University www.clemson.edu/pkgsciClemson University www.clemson.edu/pkgsci Fashion Institute of Technology www.fitnyc.eduFashion Institute of Technology www.fitnyc.edu Indiana State University www.indstate.edu/imt/bs_pt.htmIndiana State University www.indstate.edu/imt/bs_pt.htm Michigan State University School of Packaging Michigan State University School of Packaging

www.packaging.msu.eduwww.packaging.msu.edu Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology

www.rit.edu/%7E719www/PROGRAMS/BS?ps.htmwww.rit.edu/%7E719www/PROGRAMS/BS?ps.htm San Jose State University www.engr.sjsu.eduSan Jose State University www.engr.sjsu.edu School for Military Packaging Technology www.smpt.apg.army.milSchool for Military Packaging Technology www.smpt.apg.army.mil University of California - Berkeley University of California - Berkeley University of Florida www.ifas.ufl.eduUniversity of Florida www.ifas.ufl.edu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign www.fshn.uluc.eduUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign www.fshn.uluc.edu University of Missouri-Rolla www.umr.eduUniversity of Missouri-Rolla www.umr.edu University of Wisconsin-Stout www.uwstout.edu/programs/bspUniversity of Wisconsin-Stout www.uwstout.edu/programs/bsp Virginia Tech www.fst.vt.eduVirginia Tech www.fst.vt.edu Western Michigan University Western Michigan University

www.wmich.edu/pci/programs/papr_description.htmwww.wmich.edu/pci/programs/papr_description.htm

CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS

Natureworks LLC http://www.innovationtakesroot.com/ Nutec: Nutrients - Upcycling - Triple Topline - Effectiveness -

Community http://www.nutec.de/ European Bioplastics Conference www.european-

bioplastics.org Sustainable Packaging Essentials

http://www.sustainablepackaging.org/essentials/ Sustainable Packaging Forum www.packstrat.com (Past) Developing Sustainable Approaches to Design-Make-

Serve Cambridge, UK

Industry Publications & ForumsIndustry Publications & Forums

ADHESIVE/SEALENTSADHESIVE/SEALENTS Adhesive & Sealent Council Adhesive & Sealent Council Pressure Sensitive Tape Council Pressure Sensitive Tape Council www.pstc.org

BIODEGRADABLEBIODEGRADABLE Biodegradable Products InstituteBiodegradable Products Institute

CLOTHCLOTH Textile Bag manufactures associationTextile Bag manufactures association

GLASSGLASS Glass Packaging Institute Glass Packaging Institute www.gpi.org Glass Products InstituteGlass Products Institute Glass Technology Services (GTS): Glass Technology Services (GTS): www.glass-ts.com British Plastics Federation (BPF): www.bpf.co.ukBritish Plastics Federation (BPF): www.bpf.co.uk

Industry Publications & Industry Publications & ForumsForums

LABELSLABELS Packaging and Label Gravure Association Packaging and Label Gravure Association www.plga.com Printing Industries of America, INC Printing Industries of America, INC www.gain.net Private Label Manufactures Association Private Label Manufactures Association www.plma.ocom

METALSMETALS The Vinyl Institute The Vinyl Institute www.vinylinfo.org AluminumAluminum Aluminum Association Aluminum Association www.aluminum.org Aluminum Foil Container Manufacturers Association Aluminum Foil Container Manufacturers Association

afcma.orgafcma.org Can Manufacturers InstituteCan Manufacturers Institute Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. www.isri.orgInstitute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. www.isri.org Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association (MPMA): Metal Packaging Manufacturers Association (MPMA):

www.mpma.org.uk Steel Recycling Institute Steel Recycling Institute www.recylce-steel.org

Industry Publications & Industry Publications & Forums PACKAGINGForums PACKAGING

Aseptic Packaging Council Aseptic Packaging Council www.aseptic.org http://www.packaging-gateway.com/ Flexible Packaging AssociationFlexible Packaging Association The Packaging Federation: www.packagingfedn.co.ukThe Packaging Federation: www.packagingfedn.co.uk The Packaging Solutions Advice Group (PSAG): www.psag.co.ukThe Packaging Solutions Advice Group (PSAG): www.psag.co.uk Pro-Carton UK: www.procartonuk.comPro-Carton UK: www.procartonuk.com Processing & Packaging Machinery Association (PPMA): Processing & Packaging Machinery Association (PPMA): www.ppma.co.uk Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD): www.igd.comInstitute of Grocery Distribution (IGD): www.igd.com Institute of Packaging (IoP): www.pi2.org.uk Institute of Packaging (IoP): www.pi2.org.uk Institute of Packaging Professionals Institute of Packaging Professionals www.lopp.org International Beverage Packaging association www.ibpa.orgInternational Beverage Packaging association www.ibpa.org European Carton Makers Association (ECMA): www.ecma.orgEuropean Carton Makers Association (ECMA): www.ecma.org Industry Council for Packaging in the Environment (INCPEN): Industry Council for Packaging in the Environment (INCPEN): www.incpen.org Liquid Food Carton Manufacturers Association (LFCMA): Liquid Food Carton Manufacturers Association (LFCMA): www.drinkscartons.com Northa American Packaging Association Northa American Packaging Association www.paperbox.org National Recycling Coalition National Recycling Coalition www.nrc-recycle.org National Resource Recovery Association National Resource Recovery Association www.nrra.net National Association of Suppliers of Printing/Publishing TechnologyNational Association of Suppliers of Printing/Publishing Technology Packaging and Industrial Films Association (PIFA): Packaging and Industrial Films Association (PIFA): www.pifa.co.uk Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute www.pmmi.orgPackaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute www.pmmi.org Produce Marketing Association Produce Marketing Association www.pma.com Retail Packaging Manufacturers Association Retail Packaging Manufacturers Association World Packaging Organization World Packaging Organization www.world packaign.org packaign.org

Industry Publications & Industry Publications & Forums PLASTICForums PLASTIC

American Chemistry Council American Chemistry Council Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers www.american

chemistry.com/plasticschemistry.com/plastics Center for Plastic Recycling researchCenter for Plastic Recycling research Film and Bag Federation wwww.plasticsindustry.orgFilm and Bag Federation wwww.plasticsindustry.org Rigid Plastic Packaging Group Rigid Plastic Packaging Group Society of Plastics Society of Plastics Society of the Plastics Industry www.plasticsindustry.orgSociety of the Plastics Industry www.plasticsindustry.org National Association for PET Container Resources National Association for PET Container Resources www.napor.com National Association of Container Distributors National Association of Container Distributors www.nacd.net Plastic Shipping Container Institute Plastic Shipping Container Institute www.pscionline.org Plastics Foodservice Packaging Group www.polystyrene.orgPlastics Foodservice Packaging Group www.polystyrene.org Society of the Plastics Industries Society of the Plastics Industries www.socplas.org Society of Plastics Engineers www. 4spe.orgSociety of Plastics Engineers www. 4spe.org

Industry Publications & Industry Publications & Forums FOAMForums FOAM

Alliance of Foam packaging Recyclers Alliance of Foam packaging Recyclers www.epspackaging.org

Solid waste Association of North America Solid waste Association of North America www.swana.org Closure Manufacturers Association www.closuremanufactuers.orgClosure Manufacturers Association www.closuremanufactuers.org The Tube Council www.tube.orgThe Tube Council www.tube.org Composite Can & Tube InstituteComposite Can & Tube Institute Consumer Products Manufactures Association www.cpma-global.orgConsumer Products Manufactures Association www.cpma-global.org Contract Packaging Association www.contractpackaging.orgContract Packaging Association www.contractpackaging.org Design Management Institute www.dmi.orgDesign Management Institute www.dmi.org Environmental Industry Association www.envasns.orgEnvironmental Industry Association www.envasns.org Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association www.fibca.comFlexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association www.fibca.com Flexible Packaging Association www.flexpack.orgFlexible Packaging Association www.flexpack.org Food Marketing Institute www.fmi.orgFood Marketing Institute www.fmi.org Food Processing Suppliers AssociationFood Processing Suppliers Association Foodservice & Packaging InstituteFoodservice & Packaging Institute Gravure Association of America www.gaa.orgGravure Association of America www.gaa.org Grocery Manufacturers of America www.gmabrands.comGrocery Manufacturers of America www.gmabrands.com International Safe Transit Association www.ista.orgInternational Safe Transit Association www.ista.org Keep America Beautiful www.kab.orgKeep America Beautiful www.kab.org

Industry Publications & Industry Publications & ForumsForums

Fibre Box Association www.fibrebox.orgFibre Box Association www.fibrebox.org Forest Products Society www. Forestprod.orgForest Products Society www. Forestprod.org

PULP/PAPER/FIBER/WOODPULP/PAPER/FIBER/WOOD Association of Independent Corrugated Converters www.aiccbox.orgAssociation of Independent Corrugated Converters www.aiccbox.org American Forest and Paper AssociationAmerican Forest and Paper Association Boxboard Research & Development AssociationBoxboard Research & Development Association Confederation of Paper Industries (CPI): www.recycledpaper.org.ukConfederation of Paper Industries (CPI): www.recycledpaper.org.uk Fibre Box AssociationFibre Box Association International Molded Fibre AssociationInternational Molded Fibre Association National Wooden Pallet & Container AssociationNational Wooden Pallet & Container Association Paper Recycling Coalition Paper Recycling Coalition Paperboard Packaging Council Paperboard Packaging Council Recycled Paperboard Alliance Recycled Paperboard Alliance Recycled Paperboard Technical Association Recycled Paperboard Technical Association Reusable Pallet and Container CoalitionReusable Pallet and Container Coalition TAPPI – Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper IndustryTAPPI – Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper Industry Tag & Label Manufacturers Institute Inc. www. Tlmi.comTag & Label Manufacturers Institute Inc. www. Tlmi.com National Wooden Pallet & Container Association www.palletcentral.comNational Wooden Pallet & Container Association www.palletcentral.com

Government OrganizationsGovernment Organizations U.S. Business Council for Sustainable DevelopmentU.S. Business Council for Sustainable Development CA Integrated Waste Management Board Robert CarlsonCA Integrated Waste Management Board Robert Carlson EPA – Office of Solid WasteEPA – Office of Solid Waste Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA)

www.defra.gov.ukwww.defra.gov.uk

NGOsNGOs Container Recycling InstituteContainer Recycling Institute Environmental DefenseEnvironmental Defense Green BlueGreen Blue Green PeaceGreen Peace IEREIERE Keep America BeautifulKeep America Beautiful National Recycling CoalitionNational Recycling Coalition Rocky Mountain InstituteRocky Mountain Institute The Design Council www.design-council.org.ukThe Design Council www.design-council.org.uk Envirowise: www.envirowise.org.ukEnvirowise: www.envirowise.org.uk Forest Stewardship Council (FSC): www.fsc.orgForest Stewardship Council (FSC): www.fsc.org Forum for the Future: www.forumforthefuture.org.ukForum for the Future: www.forumforthefuture.org.uk London remade / Closed Loop London: London remade / Closed Loop London:

www.londonremade.comwww.londonremade.com

Non-Sustainability factors of Non-Sustainability factors of importance to manufacturers importance to manufacturers

& consumers& consumers PricePrice Barrier protection: Barrier protection:

– ToughnessToughness– Tensile strengthTensile strength– ThicknessThickness– Seal-abilitySeal-ability

Permeability (oxygen can cause changes in product Permeability (oxygen can cause changes in product color, odor and taste; and nutrient loss, product color, odor and taste; and nutrient loss, product rancidity and microbial spoilage) rancidity and microbial spoilage)

Surface frictionSurface friction Shrink-abilityShrink-ability Aesthetics: color, transparency, & clarityAesthetics: color, transparency, & clarity

More ReferencesMore References

http://me.berkeley.edu/lmas/http://me.berkeley.edu/lmas/LMAS_Web/lmas/Presentations/LMAS_Web/lmas/Presentations/GreenMfgOverviewSlides_04_2007.pGreenMfgOverviewSlides_04_2007.pdfdf

http://www.asje.org/principles.htmlhttp://www.asje.org/principles.html PrincipalsPrincipals: D. Dornfeld (ME), PI, M. : D. Dornfeld (ME), PI, M.

Taylor (GSPP) Berkeley, J. Greene Taylor (GSPP) Berkeley, J. Greene (ME) CSU-Chico(ME) CSU-Chico