sustainable maintenance of navigation channel...
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SUSTAINABLE MAINTENANCE OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL
OLADOKUN SULAIMAN OLANREWAJU
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
ENGINEERING (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – MARINE TECHNOLOGY)
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
NOVEMBER 2006
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Dedicated to my beloved parents, People that taught me
People that supported me and all people of goodwill
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank to Almighty God for giving me an opportunity to complete this thesis. First and
foremost my sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ab Saman Ab Kader
who gave me invaluable support, encouragement and guidance in completing this thesis. I
also register my sincere appreciation for my teachers for all their support and knowledge
they passed to me.
I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved family for their continuous support;
they have encouraged me mentally and spiritually in completing the project. I also
appreciate the support of IDB and the state of Johor for their support, as this project will
not be successful without them. I am very appreciative to the management of Port
Tanjong Pelepas given me their supports and data’s that I needed to complete analysis on
the case study.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my course mates and friends for their
assistance, cooperation and ideas during my studies. Last but not least, I would like
register my profound thanks to all those who have contributed either directly or indirectly
in produce this thesis that I could mention. Without you all, this thesis would have not
been successfully completed.
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ABSTRACT
Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation, where port and
ship are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, recent time has
proved that there is continuous growth or need for larger and sophisticated ship through
increasing shipping activities and this has lead to design and production of sophisticated
state of art, safety oriented marine vehicles, in term of size, speed and structure. Albeit,
the rate of growth of ship is out of phase with the condition of navigation channel, the
channel due to environmental pressure is subject misplacement of allowance required to
keep the channel safe to receive larger target vessel. Channel operators rarely have a
simplified system to monitor and exercise to balance safe reception and navigation of
large ship in inland water, which are always considered as restricted water, due to
exposure to accident that could to environmental disaster. This project seeks to apply
various models to Port Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), with thrust to deduce simplified model
that will provide insight for port operator on sustainable way to maintain the channel.
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ABSTRAK
Industri maritim merupakan tempat asal atau lahirnya pelbagai model bagi
pengangkutan air di mana pelabuhan dan kapal adalah kemudahan yang digunakan untuk
berdagang melalui pengangkutan air. Kepentingan pengangkutan air ini dapat dilihat
melalui pertumbuhan yang berterusan atau keperluan kepada penggunaan kapal yang
besar dan canggih melalui peningkatan aktiviti perkapalan. Disebabkan peningkatan
permintaan tersebut, ia menggalakkan penghasilan model-model baru di mana ia
memperkembangkan pelbagai rekabentuk baru serta pembuatan yang ditetapkan dengan
mengambil kira saiz, halaju serta struktur sekalipun peningkatan kadar pembinaan kapal
adalah di luar fasa dengan keadaan pelayaran ‘channel’ yang sama. Ketahanan ‘channel’
tersebut adalah bergantung kepada bebanan yang bertindak, kadangkala ia juga
berhubung dengan kesilapan yang biasa dilakukan oleh operator pelabuhan. Mereka perlu
memastikan agar ‘channel’ tersebut selamat digunakan bagi penggunaan kapal yang lebih
besar saiznya. Pada kebiasaanya operator ‘channel’ mempunyai satu sistem yang
dipermudahkan untuk mengawasi serta melatih bagi tujuan keselamatan untuk pelayaran
kapal-kapal besar di laut dalam sebagai persediaan menghadapi bencana alam. Projek ini
dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti beberapa model yang praktikal untuk kegunaan pihak
PTP (Port of Tanjung Pelepas). Diharapkan model yang telah dipermudah ini akan
digunakan sebagai persediaan pengetahuan kepada operator pelabuhan. Ia merupakan
kaedah yang memungkinkan untuk mengekalkan ‘channel’ tersebut.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
TITLE i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.1.1 Shipping trend 2
1.1.2 The case study 4
1.2 Objective of study 6
1.3 Scope of study 8
1.4 Planning and execution 9
1.5 Thesis layout 10
1.6 Expected outcome 11
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13
2.1 Overview 13
2.2 Navigation requirement 15
2.3 Present treat 18
2.4 Pollution sources and impacts in port 19
2.4.1 Potential impacts 20
2.5 Channel dimensioning 22
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2.5.1 Vessel requirement 23
2.5.2 Channel requirement 27
2.6 Channel maintenance 35
2.7 Dredgers vessels 40
2.8 Dredged materials 41
2.9 Sustainability 42
2.9.1 Legal framework 47
2.5.2 Concept of uncertainty 48
2.5.2 Concept of risk assessment 49
CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 51
3.1 Overview 54
3.2 Application- maintaining the channel 56
3.3 Case Background 54
3.3.1 Previous dredging work 56
3.4 Method 61
3.4.1 Method – Navigation requirement 64
3.4.2 Method at a glance 66
3.5 Analysis Method 68
3.5 Baseline data 68
CHAPTER 4 THE CASE STUDY VALIDATION AND ANALYSIS 81
4.1 Demand due to shipping activities 72
4.2 State- Channel dimensioning 72
4.2.1 Vessel requirement 74
4.2.2 Water level and depth of the water 74
4.23 Standards for depth calculation 75
4.24 Preliminary design guideline 79
4.3 State – Channel depth allowance 80
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4.3.1 Target vessels static draft 80
4.3.2 Squat 81
4.3.3 Depth allowance for exposure 82
4.3.4 Fresh water adjustment 84
4.3.5 Bottom material allowance 85
4.3.6 Maneuvering margin 85
4.3.7 Over depth allowance 85
4.3.8 Depth transition 86
4.3.9 Channel bottom 87
4.3.10 Night time transition and fog effects 87
4.3.11 Vessel speed 87
4.3.12 Shallow water affects 87
4.3.13 Dredging tolerance 87
4.3.13 waves 88
4.4 Other allowance 90
4.4.1 Side slope 90
4.4.2 Bends 91
4.4.3 Width 92
4.4.4 Bridge clearance 93
4.5 Channel Maintenance 94
4.5.1 PTP Current Channel data’s 94
4.5.2 Total Depth Calculation 95
4.6 Channel Maintenance 97
4.6.1 Hydrographic work 98
4.6.2 Output capacity estimation 99
4.7 Dredger vessel selection 99
4.8 Optimization 109
4.9 EIA and dredge disposal 110
4.10.1 Impact levels 110
4.10.2 EIA standards 112
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CHAPTER 5 SUSTAINABILITY 122
5.1 Overview 113
5.2 Demand and need for dredging 114
5.3 Environmental sustainability 115
5.4 Economics sustainability 116
5.5 Ecological sustainability 116
5.6 Navigation sustainability 117
5.7 Environmental impact 119
5.8 Dredge Contaminants 120
5.9 Nature of Organic Pollutants 122
5.10 Risk of Pollution 124
5.11 Regulation and poly regime 125
5.12 Environmental mitigation and remediation 126
5.13 Mitigation through dredging technology 128
5.14 Sustainable risk assessment 131
5.14.1 Hazard and Risk 132
5.14.2 Risk benefit cost analysis 133
5.14.3 Concept of uncertainty 135
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION 138
6.1 Economic of large scale- vessel and channel 138
6.2 Channel maintenance 139
6.3 Concept of sustainability 140
6.4 Recommendation 141
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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 146
7.1 Way forward 150
REFERENCES 152
APPENDICES (A- C)
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITTLE PAGE
Table 2.1 Safety Clearance 31
Table 3.1 Baseline data 68
Table 3.2 Ship simulation data 69
TABLE 4.1 JAPANESE STANDARD 77 Table 4.2 Standards for depth 78
Table 4.3 Water level 78
Table 4.4 Depth availability 79
TABLE 4.5 SQUAT CALCULATION 83 Table 4.6 Additional depth for exposure 84
Table 4.7 Additional depth for bottom material 85
Table 4.8 Additional depth for T/D ratio 86
Table 4.9 Additional width for bottom material 87
Table 4.10 Side slope 91
Table 4.11 Channel bend radius 91
Table 4.12 Transition zone 93
Table 4.13 Baseline data summary 94
Table 4.14 Environmental criteria 94
Table 4.15 Channel depth analysis 94
Table 4.16 Water depth analysis 94
Table 4.17 Output capacity analysis 100
Table 4.18 Dredger selection 105
Table 4.19 Water quality standards 94
Table 5.1 Risk matrix 133
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITTLE PAGE
Figure 1.1 Project Flowchart 9
Figure 2.1 Benefit of sea to mankind 14
Figure 2.2 Growing size of vessels 16
Figure 2.3 Straight of Malacca Channel 17
Figure 2.4 Risk in the straight of Malacca 18
Figure 2.5 Global sediment loading 18
Figure 2.6 Causes of coastal environmental degradation 19
Figure 2.7 Vessel block coefficient l 21
Figure 2.8 Channel Cross section 24
Figure 2.9 Effect of wave on ship motion 29
Figure 2.10 Channel definition 32
Figure 2.11 Shoaling 37
Figure 2.12 Hydrography measurement 38
Figure 2.13 Coastline under treat 44
Figure 3.1 PTP 56
Figure 3.2 PTP channel initial work 57
Figure 3.3 Method at a glance 64
Figure 3.4 Components of method stages 64
Figure 3.5 Navigation parameter 64
Figure 3.6 Navigation depth parameter 66
Figure 3.7 Maintenance dredging method 67
Figure 3.8 Sustainability method 67
Figure 3.9 Squat calculation example 67
Figure 4.1 Demand due to shipping activities 72
Figure 4.2 Fairway analysis 73
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Figure 4.3 Hourly cost of ship 73
Figure 5.4 Estimated time saving due to deepening 74
Figure 4.5 Trends in ship calling port 75
Figure 4.6 Vessel and channel depth allowance 76
Figure 4.7 Squat Analysis 82
Figure 4.8 Seabed sediment site characteristics 90
Figure 4.9 Pre dredge survey 98
Figure 4.10 Post dredge survey 98
Figure 4.11 Bathymetry 99
Figure 4.12 Volume estimation 102
Figure 4.13 Quantity estimation 102
Figure 4.14 PTP channel 103
Figure 4.15 channel alignment 105
Figure 4.16 Dredger vessel particulars 106
Figure 4.17 Dredgers vessel types 109
Figure 4.18 Dredge disposal 108
Figure 5.1 PTP existing vegetation 118
Figure 5.2 Ecology chart datum 119
Figure 5.2 Dredgers at work 130
Figure 5.6 Bio-diversification 131
Figure 5.4 Cost benefit risk analysis framework 134
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATION ACRONYM DEFINITION AAPA American Association of Port Authorities
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
GESAM Global Environmental studies and monitoring
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
ICOLRELS International Committee for Receipt of Large Vesse
COLS Committee on Large Ships
PIANC International Navigation Association Congresses
TBT Trybutylin
FSZ Free Zone Status
MSSC Malaysia Singapore crossing
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
RIA Risk Impact Assessment
PTP Port Tanjung Pelepas
IMPA International Maritime pilot association
APM International Association of Ports and harbors
IALA International Association Lighthouse Authority
LOA Length overall
LBP Length between perpendiculars (measured at
LWL Length along waterline (usually similar to LBP)
B Beam (maximum width of ship cross section)
D Draft
DWT Dead weight tonnage (= DT - LWT)
GRT Gross register tonnage
NRT Net register ton
TEU 20-ft equivalent units; standard (6.1 x 2.4 x2.4) m
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AC Channel cross-section area [length2]
CB Block coefficient [dimensionless]
Fh Channel depth Froude number [dimensionless]
FL Schijf limiting Froude number [dimensionless]
g Gravitational acceleration [length/time2]
h Depth of channel [length]
h1, h2 Overbank depths [length]
L Ship length [length]
T Vessel draft [length]
V Vessel speed [length/time]
VL Schijf limiting ship speed in squat analysis
W Width of channel [length]
Z Maximum ship squat [length]
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITTLE Appendix A Vessels
Appendix B Channel
Appendix C Environments
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Maritime industry is the cradle of all modes of transportation, ports and
ships are necessary to facilitate trading through marine transportation, recent time has
proved the continuous growth or need for larger and sophisticated ship through
increasing shipping activities, demands and this has lead to design and building of
sophisticated, state of the art, safety oriented marine vehicles in term of size, speed
and structure- albeit, this safety based designed development is out of phase with
conditions of navigation channels. To create a balance for safe navigation in restricted
water these big ships will ply, channel must be maintain at a frequency the ships
building are growing.
Maintenance dredging is the activity that involve periodic removal of
material which has been deposited in an area where capital dredging has been
undertaken, The frequency of maintenance dredging varies from port to port,
however, the objective remain to allow ships to enter and leave port at stated draft
without delay and ensure efficiency of maintenance dredging, steps must be taken
during the process to minimize siltation and shoaling in channel.
This project addresses the navigation aspect of channel maintenance using
a "pressure–state–response” approach. "Pressure" is the demand placed upon the
marine environment and its resources by human Activities. "State" describes the
current conditions resulting from these pressures. "Response” is what is being done to
address the pressures and finally evaluating these states and come up with what need
to be done in a sustainable manner.
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Every human activity on earth is about need and response, of course
mitigation. I issue relating to channel and ships are not left behind in this. The Ship is
about port, access to port by optimum size ships can be made available through
navigable channel where maintenance dredging is needed. Economics of scale and
demand has begot big ship to emerge within a short period of time after second world
war- however less attention has been given to the channel that will continue to
accommodate these ships.
1.1.1 Shipping trend
Ships and shipping remains a very important instrument for mobility. If
ships could no longer transit waterways, there will shortages of power, heat and food
in days or weeks at the outside. Recent years have seen economic of scale due to
improved trade, the significance of these trends is that more, larger ships will continue
to use waterways for the foreseeable future. But there are limits on size of ship that a
channel can accommodate, Therefore a means of determining special measures must
be imposed on handling ships in order to ensure the continued safe, efficient, and
environmentally friendly use of our channel.
This make it incumbent for authorities concerned regarding waterways to evaluate
and address the risks associated with ships that are plying them and find way and
information sharing avenue for channel designers, naval architects, ship masters and
pilots, and waterway managers that will help develop policy, recommendations that
will address the way channels are maintain, enlarged and how ships of various types
using them should be designed and handled. And of course, ways to monitor existing
and new ships operating at channel approach in order to guide ship designers to
understand, review ships, pilotage, channel, current design and operational practices
on how to incorporate needed improvements.
Under sustainability, environmental issues are an important part of today’s
operation, and management linked to governmental level policy work. Since, the Rio
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declaration, the themes aspects regulation and management of “environment” have
been increasing and changing. Public awareness about the environmental
consequences of several types of activities (e.g. the waste and emissions from in
industrial processes, ships, and their direct and indirect discharge (through river
runoff) to the ocean impacts of infrastructure building, etc) has increased.
Associated with environmental examination is problems of uncertain issue,
aggregating through its characterizes point form degradation, high risk, disputed
values, and short time line for decision , and this has called for dire need of ,
philosophy and new science to design, maintain and prevent alarming system
failure, One example is the Post-Normal Science (PNS) where diligent care is
recommended to acknowledge, communicate, and manage uncertainties under holistic
consideration including value commitment and community participation in the
assessment work.
This project presents the case of a comprehensive simple models to
balance sustainability relating to economic maintenance of port access for safe
navigation of vessels (bigger ships) in restricted water while sustaining other purpose
of water resources through assessment and evaluation, central discussion will focus on
aim to improve on existing practice, entity of things that are being consider in ports
that are innovative will be captured in a way that can affords ready access and
promotes technology transfer. The sustainability elements of the Project are a green
port initiative, whose outcome hope to give insight in developing Environmental
Management Handbook for Ports.
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1.12 The case study
This thesis presents a case study on Port Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), which is
considered as one modern port that currently accept big vessel up to 430m as of now,
however, having such room can easily put monitoring need for siltation and decision-
making process of environmental implications and uncertainty where scientific
knowledge is important role in oblivion. Specifically linked to the case, is the case
consists in the balancing system leading to decision regarding the application of
models for deepening (through dredging) which is very important for the area.
PTP, a subsidiary of Seaport Terminal Sdn. Bhd., modern port given a
free zone status in a location know as tip of Asia, where almost all vessels crossing
Asia through the straights of Malacca, it was part of Malaysia`s determined program
under vision 2020, with projection to have the 800ha port developed to 12 berths by
year 2020. It was one of the fast track, mobilized project done under rapid schedule
whose after project condition need monitoring to cater for uncertainty that might have
mixed with the shortened time of the project. Thus the project execution programme
contained numerous intermediate milestones or partial completion dates, which has
allowed close monitoring and adherence of progress, minimizing delays and financial
risks with substantial increase in production capacity for site clearing, dredging, and
reclamation and soil improvement which turned the river and mangrove area at its
peak in 1998 into one of the world’s most equipment, intensive dredging projects,
with some 12 large dredging vessels being employed in total (Allard Renkema and
David Kinlan,2000).
In less than five years the area stretching from the state capital Johor
towards the west along the Johor Straits, has rapidly changed from a quiet oil palm
plantation area into a totally new area to develop with excellent infrastructure,
housing facilities and new areas for industrial development. Major infrastructure
projects such as the Second Crossing, Johor Airport and the new port development at
PTP at the east bank of the Sungai Pulai, form the cornerstone of the Johor growth
triangle west of the city. A study made by Johor port authority in 1990 about
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anticipation of congestion over the Johor port that has been existing since 1977, gave
birth to site selection for PTP as the most suitable location for Johor’s new port.
The main reason for choosing examples of maintenance of PTP channel in
the case study is because of the acceleration program practice in PTP may not have
enough initial allowance to the channel, in the project as a result of location and there
is envisaged expansion in the area there will be potential rise of traffic in that areas
and the need for a simple model for the port to monitor the design channel draft, the
ships plying it and the rate of siltation, couple with innovative scientific uncertainty
analysis is going to be one key thing that will continue to surface in this areas in
respect to population and development work in the area. This study will look into the
simplified balancing system for between channel and vessels leading to sizing and soil
removal decision, issue of sustainability, risk and uncertainty assessment will be
discussed as related to channel maintenance in a broader scientific context, holistic
risk and goal based assessment will be suggested for further studies.
Uncertainty as the name imply, is very complicated and scientific
solution is not enough to cover insurance related to issues like consequence of
dredging of polluted sediments on environment or human health, and even suggested
mitigation. In the past convention, methodology rarely consider issue of uncertainty,
age of awareness has called for new philosophy to avert future accumulated problem
that could result from point form environmental degradation due to oversight or
negligence of small issues attached to uncertainty. Dredging work around the world is
associated with conflict especially on issue of dredged material disposal, this area will
be deeply looked into sustainable ways and method of disposal, that satisfied all
concern under this case study and of course the various stakeholders whose interests
and values always influence decision relating to this issue.
In summary, the key element in the discussion to be presented in the
following chapters is the daily practice of monitoring and maintaining post dredged
channel, decision-making on environmental issues, where a number of difficulties
arise. Uncertainty, risk and policies issue is some of these difficulties and this will be
discussed. The main research question of this master thesis can be asked through the
following question: In the context of local navigation aspect of channel maintenance,
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what is a user friendly model that can be use to generate necessary clearance and
siltation condition of the channel, In term of sustainability, risk, uncertainty, which
role does science take in the practice of decision making on environmental issues and
its relative implication, And in broader context, what are the suggestions, quest and
research work to deal with this for necessary zero tolerance.
1.2 Objectives
One of the main purposes of this study is to discuss the relevance of the
theoretical developments on sustainable management of navigation channel and
managing sustainability associated with the work. The cases chosen PTP as
exploratory cases for the study of the role of channel usage, maintenance needed, risk,
uncertainty and the daily practice of environmental management by authorities. The
study takes into consideration retroactive analysis on the role of maintenance and
sustainability, risk and uncertainty in the process, as perceived by the parties involved
and from an external analysis. It should be mentioned that since PTP was built,
channel deepening work was performed only one
In the case studies presented here, the data’s, the documents, interviews,
and the discussion around the maintenance process, are analyzed. The longer title of
the project (Maintenance and Management of Complex Channel work, Sustainability
through Scientific, Risk, uncertainty, Community Participation and Environmental
Governance) provides a clue to the approaches and the main concepts, and the
interests at the core of the channel maintenance project.
The cases discussed in this study are interesting for three reasons. First,
because navigation channels maintenance work are very complex, second the concept
of sustainable balancing of issues relating to economic and demand, environment and
social, technical safety are recognized for most of the actors that involved in the
process to be a key element for the development of the decision, making process in
channel maintenance as they imply to actors. Third, risk, and uncertainty was present
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in the discussion as a key issue that need to be take seriously, The research was done
through data collection and a dialogue with the people involved. Specifically, the
main objectives of the project can be phrased as follows:
i. To identify and evaluate, compare current tradition, changes and need for
maintenance of navigable channel
ii. To test model towards an alternative simplified method that can help improve
ways to maintain the channel.
iii. To apply principle of sustainability associated to balancing work between
demand, cost and environment as related to channel maintenance work.
iv. To discuss concept of new technological innovation, holistic risk and cost
benefit assessment scientific, uncertainty and policy analysis (based on
limitations of the existing methods) including need for improving the public
decisions on environmental issues when there are scientific uncertainties.
v. To generate recommendation that can help to develop and improve the
channel maintenance strategies and manage the design change based on
sustainability best practice regarding the maintenance of channel needed for
PTP and role of risk assessment, scientific knowledge and uncertainty in the
development of these particular cases.
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1.3 Scope of work
Project will go through collection of projects from the ports, to develop a
list of issues and recommend criteria by which best decision relating to complex issue
of navigation project can be made through providing answer to question relating to
what is needed to put the channel in the right condition from:
i. Maintenance – Fairway, economic analysis and demand
ii. Maintenance -Navigation requirement and dimensioning, vessels and channel
iii. Maintenance -Hydrographic work, sediment studies and volume calculation
iv. Maintenance - Yearly Output calculation, dredger output and Selection
v. Sustainability - social- economic, health and ecological consideration best
technology to use and when the best time to dredge are:
vi. Sustainability -Beneficial disposal of sediment and mitigation for
environmental impact.
vii. Sustainability-How can the channel be continuously managed and monitored
from trend studies
viii. Sustainability - Concept discussion on issue of uncertainty, risk- cost-benefit-
assessment, science, uncertainty and regulation regime
1.3.1 Data source
Data source will be from the case study area, and this will include vessel
and channel related as well as sediment, the environment, others will be generated as
required.
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1.3.2 Work area
PTP is being considered, this model can be applied to other areas in
Malaysia that seriously troubled by issue of channel maintenance.
1.4 Planning and execution
Figure 1.1 and 1.2 are the flowchart for method and the time schedule for the Project.
The Project
Literature Review/ Methodology
The Case Study
Data Collection
Navigation Requirement
Project Proposal
Hydrography / Geotechnical Data
Capacity Analysis
Channel Dimmentioning
Quantity Estimation
Channel Maintenance Sustainability
Dredging method /Dredger Vessel Selection
Baseline Data
Dredge Disposal
Figure 1.1 Project flowchart
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1.5 Thesis Layout
The chapters of the thesis are organized as follows: Chapter 1 having
introduced the context of interrelation between ship and port local and need to balance
this relation, environmental sustainability and uncertainty, chapter 2 presents general
literature work on the broader issue of harbor maintenance, associated models and
marine pollution, as well as the main potential environmental impacts of channel
maintenance activity. This chapter is intended to provide a platform of knowledge
required to understand the case study in the following chapter.
Chapter 3 contains methodology for the case, and chapter 4 contains a
detailed description, application of models analysis of the case study, beginning with
a description of the methodology used for the elaboration of the studies, the case of
the dredging at global level is briefly presented from literature works and introduction
as a background element earlier to influence the PTP case considering, dredging,
material disposal, and assessing environmental state through sustainability. The
chapter also discusses the main actors involved, highlighting their perceptions on
sustainability, and an analysis of the technical reports and data that were provided.
In chapter 5, there is a discussion on concept of environment, social,
ecological, technical, social, economic, sustainability and the balancing work between
developments, human need and response, the implication of uncertainty that can be
extracted from the case, relating them to the main theoretical developments presented
in the beginning of the literature work. The role and implications of sustainability and
sustainability in environmental management are discussed in chapter 6, and the
conclusions are summed up in chapter 7.
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1.6 Expected result
With overall aim geared towards ensuring that channels are designed and
maintained by their custodians and operators in environmentally sustainable manner,
the project will help contribute to improvement on safe navigation and environmental
protection in the following way:
i. Environmental and ecological sustainability of commercial channels
ii. Safe and effective transits and access to ports.
iii. Protect the usage rights of maritime commercial shipping in the channel
iv. Economic, social and technological sustainability of commercial waterways
v. Maintenance dredging with objective to reduce channel delay, accept big ship
to be done in environmental sustainable manner and optimal efficiency, in
maintenance dredging quantifying the loss of depth pave wave for dredging
requirement to be determined and this lead to optimal choice of dredger.
Generic calculation on data results from analysis of:
i. Vessel and channel requirement,
ii. Basic rate output of the dredger,
iii. Computation of volume
iv. Cycle time and Number of work day per year,
v. Working condition and
vi. Environmental discounting.
Suggestion for iterative process in analyzing the data’s will involve
dealing with uncertainty and managing the risk that will end up:
i. To get all concerned involve in formulation of new method
ii. To identify the significant, level of each cause, source and impact of the
design changes
iii. To help deduce the possible corrective actions and preventive measures to
minimise the avoidable design changes
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iv. To help Verified the limitations of the existing methods
This project will help improve on condition need relating to:
i. Port delay, and Accident,
ii. Pollution,
iii. Beneficial Dredge disposal and contaminated seeds,
iv. Endangered and threatened species through bio-diversification,
v. Habitat restoration
vi. Weak regulation
As result of this there will be increase in: Controllability or scheme
monitoring, Efficiency of the system, More revenue money, Time management.
Recommendation on this project could end up to:
i. Provides tools to facilitate management decisions in allocating resources
efficiently and maximizing operational efficiencies.
ii. Improve Operational efficiencies gained reduce maintenance requirements,
which in turn reduce workload
iii. Save money and time through process re-engineering that can be used to better
serve the port and coastal inhabitant.