sustainable intensification aquaculture - agrilinks intensification aquaculture bill collis...

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Sustainable Intensification

Aquaculture

Bill Collis

Director, South Asia

WorldFish Center

Bangkok, 19 July 2012


Intensification

• Drivers of Aquaculture Intensification

– Opportunities – due to new technologies,

Markets,

• Trends in South and SE Asia

• Impacts and Issues in Intensification-

– Participation by the poor

– Gender considerations

– Environmental impacts


World Aquaculture

• FAO Estimates that :

– > 50% of all fish consumed come from Aquaculture

– > 60% Growth in aquaculture since 2000

– Estimates Aquaculture growth > 33% by 2020

– 1960’s 9 kg/capits- 2009 >18 kg/capita

– Fastest growing source of animal protein


Aquaculture Intensification Terms (Intensification is linked to Inputs-feeds, fertilizers, fish densities, energy)

• Extensive Production : stocking + fertilization

(organic and/or inorganic) production. Low cost, risk

and lower production.

• Semi-Intensive: extensive + natural foods,

supplemental feeding/byproducts, (Carp Polyculture,

tilapia, shrimp and prawn. Slightly higher costs, low risk,

management intensive,

• Intensive: dependence on complete diets, higher

densities, high risk, more potential for environmental

risks, generally higher costs and profit.

• Very Intensive System: ~>20mt/ha. Advanced

technologies, limited species (biofloc, aquaponic

systems, shrimp, tilapia, catfish) Capital Intensive, high

risk, high energy, generally lower environmental risk.


Drivers: Aquaculture

Intensification

Fish vs Livestock

• Fish float. Less energy spent in

fighting gravity, making skeletons.

• Fish will (almost) always convert

food to flesh better than other

livestock.


Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification

Technologies Seed, Feeds, Production Systems

– Fish Seed and Domestication

• Carps - Induced breeding early 80’s-

• Shrimp hatchery technologies mid- 90’s

• Tilapia – commercial mono-sex late 90’s

• Pangasius- mid 90’s breeding

• Domestication and improved genetics –

( mid- 90’s tilapia, salmon, some shrimp,….)

– Feeds

• Quality feeds available East, South and SE Asia- late 90’s

• Commercial Research did not begin until the 70’s


Intensification South and South-East Asia

Production

• Center of Aquaculture is Asia: 89% of production (China >60%)

• Smallholder culture predominates in Asia

• Main Cultured Species

– Tilapia: (Global Production > 2 M mt)

• 2012 5- 20mt/ha (used in cage culture 15-100 kg/m2)

– Carps: (Global Production >14 M mt )

• 2012 1- 15 mt/ha (used in environmentally effiecient poly culture systems)

– Shrimp: (Global Production ~ 4 M mt annually, prices have

dropped 50- 60% in last 15 years)

• 2012 ~ 10 - 20 Mt/ha (experimental >60 mt/ha)

– Pangasius Catfish: (Global Production ~ >2.5 M mt annually)

• 2012 ~ 350- 600 mt/ha (smallholders


In 2000 60% of these fish (Pangas, Tilapia, Climbing Perch)

where not present in the market

Consumption of cultured fish by Dhaka consumers

(Market survey data – November 2010)


Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification

• Capture Fisheries Declines: Most major

natural fisheries are either stagnant or in

decline- Aquaculture is filling the market

gap.

• Urbanization and Incomes: 55% of Asian

population will be urban by 2030 – ADB.

(2-5% annual increases)

• Asia - rising incomes have increased

demand for fish, meat and vegetables.

• Urban markets have changed the kinds of

fish markets require: regular deliveries and

larger quantities.

Markets


Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species)

Pollution: Usually Excessive Nutrients

• Pond Culture:

– Not a issue for semi-intensive and extensive systems.

– Is a problem where water is exchanged or discharged : intensive

systems, poor quality feeds.

• Cage/Pen Culture – can be an issue large numbers of fed cages-

(Laguna de Baya- Philippines)

• Very Intensive - Usually not an issue in internationally traded very

intensive aquaculture. Recycled water, lined ponds


Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species)

Feeds: Using fish to grow fish,

feed quality,

• Intensive predator production (salmon,

shrimp, ….) require animal protein-

fish meal, etc…

• Herbivorous fish species can utilize

plant protein- (tilapia, pangas, many

carps,…..).

• Poor quality feeds= poor FCR and

Invasive Species: Basically don’t import

a new species.

• Improved Lines: Disease risks


Invasive Species


WorldFish Bangladesh

Surveys - Impact of intensive, high value

aquaculture on livelihoods, employment

and growth.

Conducted May- August 2012

Looking at Pangas, Prawn/Shrimp, Tilapia,

Carp production


Participation by the Poor

• Poor participate as producers or within production

value chains. Clear-cut positive impacts on income

and increased purchases of better food.

• High levels of poor entering intensive commercial

aquaculture in locations with dense clusters of

operations

• Upward mobility for some landless entrants, but also

some increased vulnerability related to high

dependence on credit


Gender & Intensification

• Increased participation of women in aquaculture

but mainly close to home; poorer women work as

off farm wage labor (mainly for Hindus and

Adivasis, much lower among Muslims)

• Declining availability and consumption of wild fish;

some anecdotal reluctance to consume cultured

fish from own production for higher returns from

investment (IFPRI studies)

• Women have less control over production and

income in intensive as compared to small scale HH

aquaculture: depends on level of investments and

location.


• Intensive commercial aquaculture is male

dominated; women’s participation depends

on proximity to home

• Income controlled by men in most cases

• In SA - Markets dominated by men; women

lack access to information, inputs,

services; mobility issues

GENDER


Thanks


Clusters

• Clusters of commercial aquaculture

operations appear to produce synergies in

the provision of goods, services and

employment.

• This may lower the costs of participating in

aquaculture. Also creates growth linkages

by raising demand for labor with

subsequent increases in wages and non-

farm activities


Land ownership and access

• Major shift from share-based tenancy to

rental-based tenancy arrangements driven

by introduction of commercial aquaculture

• Little concentration of land ownership or

access despite extremely dynamic and

competitive land markets (Pond/gher sizes

getting smaller)

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