“sustainable energy planning for mountain … energy planning...“sustainable energy planning for...
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SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan Italy27 May 2009, Milan Italy
““Sustainable energy planningSustainable energy planning
for mountain countries for mountain countries ––
A case study of BhutanA case study of Bhutan””
Shirish Garud,Shirish Garud,
Fellow, Renewable Energy Technology ApplicationsFellow, Renewable Energy Technology Applications
The Energy and Resources InstituteThe Energy and Resources Institute
New Delhi, India New Delhi, India
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Development philosophyDevelopment philosophy
‘Gross National Happiness is more important than
Gross National Product’
His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, 1972
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
About Bhutan About Bhutan
• The overall objective of ‘Gross National Happiness’ is based on four widely accepted sustainable development principles, – Equitable socio-economic development
– Conservation of the natural environment
– Promotion of cultural heritage
– Establishment of good governance
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
About Bhutan About Bhutan
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
About Bhutan About Bhutan
• Area – 38,394 sq km
• Population- 634 982 (Census, 2005)
• Altitude – 80m to 7550m above msl
• Glaciers- 667
• Glacier lakes – 2674
• Installed electricity generation capacity
– Hydro 1468.698MW
– Diesel 16.404MW
• Electricity demand in 2005 – 120MW
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Integrated energy management Integrated energy management
master plan (IEMMP)master plan (IEMMP)
• The objective of the IEMMP is to develop an all-encompassing framework, which would give a holistic overview of the demand and supply scenarios, along with strategies (up to 2020) for the sustainable supply of energy required for the socio-economic development of the kingdom, both at the rural and urban level.
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Dept of Energy VisionDept of Energy Vision
• To be a dynamic, high performing agency, that effectively promotes hydropower development to develop economic self-reliance and that foster the sustainable use of other modern forms of renewable energy in the kingdom and ensure energy security of the nation.
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
ApproachApproach
• Develop plans to reduce use of biomass and thereby reduce pressure on fragile ecology
• Develop policies for equitable sustainable development of urban and rural ares
• Emphasis on use of local renewable energy resources
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Source wise supply of energy Source wise supply of energy
–– Bhutan 2005 Bhutan 2005
Electricity
15.67%
Fuel wood
56.82%FO
0.40%
Diesel
11.34%
Coal
8.20%
Briquettes
0.02%
ATF
0.23%Petrol
2.77%LPG
1.24%LDO
0.60%
Kerosene
2.71%
ATF Briquettes Coal Diesel Electricity FO Fuel wood Kerosene LDO LPG Petrol
Total supply in
2005 402102 TOE
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
BhutanBhutan’’s total energy s total energy
consumption in 2005consumption in 2005
Commercial and
Institutional
10.2%
Transport
14.3%
Industrial
25.0%
Agriculture
1.2%
Auxiliary consumption
0.7%
Residential
48.7%
Total consumption in 2005 :
392466 TOE
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Residential sector energy Residential sector energy
consumption in 2005consumption in 2005
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Trashigang
Mongar
Samdrup Jongkhar
Wangdue
Samtse
Chhukha
Dagana
Tsirang
Paro
Sarpang
Zhemgang
TrashiYangtse
Lhuentse
Thimphu
Haa
PemaGatsgel
Punakha
Bumthang
Trongsa
Gasa
Dzo
ng
kh
ag
Consumption in toeWood Electricity LPG Kerosene
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Trend in import of petroleum Trend in import of petroleum
fuelsfuelsImport of petroleum fuels in Bhutan
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Qu
an
tity
in
(kl)
Diesel (KL) Petrol (KL) Kerosene (KL)
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Petroleum fuels Import value in Nu
million
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Imp
ort
in
Nu
millio
n
Diesel Petrol Kerosene
LPG Octane Furnace oil
Aviation Transport fuel Light Diesel Oil Lubes
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Bhutan energy consumption Bhutan energy consumption ––
Regional contextRegional contextComparison of per capita energy and electricity supply
Source: IEA (2006)
25161.77World
3450.49Sri Lanka
4250.49Pakistan
690.34Nepal
1040.28Myanmar
4570.53Indian
11740.63Bhutan
1400.16Bangladesh
Per capita electricity
supply
(kWh/capita/year)
Per capita energy
supply
(ToE/capita/year)
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Issues Issues
• High energy consumption due to inefficient use of biomass energy
• High dependence on hydro electricity
• High potential for hydro electricity
• Complete dependence on import of petroleum fuels
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Development and Development and
urbanizationurbanization
• Rapid growth in urban population
• Concentration of population in small area– Threat to local ecology
– Rapid pollution
• Rapid growth in vehicle population
• Migration to urban areas reduces farming output
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Conflicting development issuesConflicting development issues
• Tourism
– Unsustainable Growth V/s Livelyhood
opportunities
• Industrialization
– Pressure on environment V/s Economic
development
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Major concernsMajor concerns
• Rapid urbanization• Loss of farm productivity• Rapid increase in use of petroleum fuels
– Increase in import bill
– Pollution
• Small scale of economy – Limited employment opportunities
– High cost of services
• Industrial development– Pollution
– Use in energy
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Government plansGovernment plans
• 100% electrification by 2015 (About 50% of the 126 115 households to be electrified)
• Promotion of use of electricity to meet cooking demand
• Promotion of energy efficiency in buildings and industrial sector
• Eco-friendly and restricted tourism
• Tap hydropower in sustainable manner
– Out of 23760 MW potential exploit about 5000MW by 2015
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
RE integrationRE integration
• Distributed decentralized power generation
• Use of solar and wind energy
• Limiting use of kerosene and biomass for lighting, cooking and space heating applications
• Electric vehicles for public transport/ city use
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
RE developmentRE development
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
RecommendationsRecommendations
• Controlled urban growth
• Decentralised growth
– Create new urban centres
– Develop remote areas
– Increase coverage of IT services
• Adaptation of new and renewable energy sources and technologies
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
Expected resultsExpected results
• By 2020, boimass consumption down by
• Strengthen economy through export of electricity
• Sustainable tourism established
• Development of small wind farms
• RE to meet large share of primary energy supply
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Energy services and Energy services and
sustainable developmentsustainable developmentEnergyServices
Physical weakness
Powerlessness
Isolation
Vulnerability
-Inadequate income
- Energy exports - Growth of industry - Diversified agriculture and rural economy - Enhanced labour and capital productivity
- Improved basic infrastructure (water supply, communication, transport) and essential services (health care and education)
- Cleaner domestic fuels for cooking and space heating; better health especially for women and children - Reduced time spent in collecting energy fuels - Illumination and personal security
- Improved access to information (television, internet)
through direct and indirect impacts on
Economic growth, social infrastructure and improved living conditions
Can help minimize
Poverty in its various inter-connected dimensions
SHARE International ConferenceSHARE International Conference 27 May 2009, Milan, Italy27 May 2009, Milan, Italy
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