Sustainable development

Sustainable development is a road-map, an action plan,for achieving sustainability in any activity that uses re-sources and where immediate and intergenerational repli-cation is demanded. As such, sustainable developmentis the organizing principle for sustaining finite resourcesnecessary to provide for the needs of future generationsof life on the planet. It is a process that envisions a desir-able future state for human societies in which living con-ditions and resource-use continue to meet human needswithout undermining the “integrity, stability and beauty”of natural biotic systems.[1]

1 Sustainability and SustainableDevelopment

Main article: Sustainability

As a working definition, sustainability can be definedas the practice of maintaining processes of produc-tivity indefinitely—natural or human made—by replac-ing resources used with resources of equal or greatervalue without degrading or endangering natural bioticsystems.[2][3] According to M. Hasna, sustainability is afunction of social, economic, technological and ecologi-cal themes.[4] Sustainable development ties together con-cern for the carrying capacity of natural systems withthe social, political, and economic challenges faced byhumanity. As early as the 1970s, the concept of “sus-tainability” was employed to describe an economy “inequilibrium with basic ecological support systems.”[5]Scientists in many fields have highlighted The Limits toGrowth,[6][7] and economists have presented alternatives,for example a 'steady state economy';[8] to address con-cerns over the impacts of expanding human developmenton the planet.The term sustainable development rose to significanceafter it was used by the Brundtland Commission in its1987 report Our Common Future. In the report, thecommission coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development: “develop-ment that meets the needs of the present without com-promising the ability of future generations to meet theirown needs.”[9][10] The United NationsMillenniumDecla-ration identified principles and treaties on sustainable de-velopment, including economic development, social de-velopment and environmental protection.

2 Definition

The natural resource of wind powers these 5MW wind turbineson this wind farm 28 km off the coast of Belgium.

The United Nations World Commission on Environmentand Development (WCED) in its 1987 report Our Com-mon Future defines sustainable development: “Develop-ment that meets the needs of the present without com-promising the ability of future generations to meet theirown needs.”[9] Under the principles of the United Na-tions Charter the Millennium Declaration identified prin-ciples and treaties on sustainable development, includingeconomic development, social development and environ-mental protection. Broadly defined, sustainable develop-ment is a systems approach to growth and developmentand to manage natural, produced, and social capital forthe welfare of their own and future generations. The termsustainable development as used by the United Nationsincorporates both issues associated with land develop-ment and broader issues of human development such as

1

2 4 DOMAINS

education, public health, and standard of living.The concepts of sustainable development and sustainabil-ity derive from the older forestry term “sustained yield”,which, in turn, is a translation of the German term “nach-haltiger Ertrag” dating from 1713.[11] Sustainability sci-ence is the study of the concepts of sustainable develop-ment and environmental science. There is an additionalfocus on the present generations’ responsibility to regen-erate, maintain and improve planetary resources for useby future generations.[12]

3 History

Main article: History of sustainability

The concept of “sustainable development” has its rootsin forest management as early as the 12th to 16thcenturies.[13] However, over the last five decades the con-cept has significantly broadened. The first use of the termsustainable in the contemporary sense was by the Clubof Rome in 1972 in its classic report on the "Limits toGrowth", written by a group of scientists led by Dennisand Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology. Describing the desirable “state of globalequilibrium”, the authors used the word “sustainable":“We are searching for a model output that represents aworld system that is: (1) sustainable without sudden anduncontrolled collapse and (2) capable of satisfying the ba-sic material requirements of all of its people.”[11][12]

• In 1980, the International Union for the Conserva-tion of Nature published a world conservation strat-egy that included one of the first references to sus-tainable development as a global priority.[14]

• In 1982, the United Nations World Charter for Na-ture raised five principles of conservation by whichhuman conduct affecting nature is to be guided andjudged.[15]

• In 1987, the United Nations World Commission onEnvironment and Development released the reportOur Common Future, now commonly named the'Brundtland Report' after the commission’s chair-person, the then Prime Minister of Norway GroHarlem Brundtland. The report included what isnow one of the most widely recognised definitions:“Sustainable development is development that meetsthe needs of the present without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds.” [16] The Brundtland Report goes on to saythat sustainable development also contains within ittwo key concepts:

1. The concept of “needs,” in particular,the essential needs of the world’s poor,

to which overriding priority should begiven; and

2. The idea of limitations imposed by thestate of technology and social organiza-tion on the environment’s ability to meetpresent and future needs.[16]

In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and De-velopment published in 1992 the Earth Charter, whichoutlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peace-ful global society in the 21st century. The action planAgenda 21 for sustainable development identified infor-mation, integration, and participation as key buildingblocks to help countries achieve development that recog-nizes these interdependent pillars. It emphasises that insustainable development everyone is a user and providerof information. It stresses the need to change from oldsector-centered ways of doing business to new approachesthat involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and the integra-tion of environmental and social concerns into all de-velopment processes. Furthermore, Agenda 21 empha-sises that broad public participation in decision makingis a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainabledevelopment.[17]

The UN Commission on Sustainable Development in-tegrated sustainable development into the UN System.Indigenous peoples have argued, through various inter-national forums such as the United Nations PermanentForum on Indigenous Issues and the Convention on Bio-logical Diversity, that there are four pillars of sustainabledevelopment, the fourth being cultural. The UniversalDeclaration on Cultural Diversity from 2001 states: "...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as bio-diversity is for nature”; it becomes “one of the roots ofdevelopment understood not simply in terms of economicgrowth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactoryintellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence”.[18]

The proposed changes were supported by a study in 2013,which concluded that sustainability reporting should bereframed through the lens of four interconnected do-mains: ecology, economics, politics and culture.[19]

4 Domains

See also: Planetary boundaries and Outline of sustain-ability

Different domains have been identified for research andanalysis of sustainable development. Broadly defined,these include ecology, economics, politics and culture[20]— as used by the United Nations and a number of otherinternational organizations.[21]

5.2 Energy 3

5 Ecology

See also: Ecological engineeringThe ecological sustainability of human settlements is part

Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their Hu-man Development Index (HDI)

of the relationship between humans and their natural, so-cial and built environments.[22] Also termed human ecol-ogy, this broadens the focus of sustainable developmentto include the domain of human health. Fundamental hu-man needs such as the availability and quality of air, wa-ter, food and shelter are also the ecological foundationsfor sustainable development;[23] addressing public healthrisk through investments in ecosystem services can be apowerful and transformative force for sustainable devel-opment which, in this sense, extends to all species.[24]

5.1 Agriculture

See also: Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture may be defined as consisting ofenvironmentally-friendly methods of farming that allowthe production of crops or livestock without damage tohuman or natural systems. More specifically, it mightbe said to include preventing adverse effects to soil, wa-ter, biodiversity, surrounding or downstream resources—as well as to those working or living on the farm or inneighboring areas. Furthermore, the concept of sustain-able agriculture extends intergenerationally, relating topassing on a conserved or improved natural resource,biotic, and economic base instead of one which hasbeen depleted or polluted.[25] Some important elementsof sustainable agriculture are permaculture, agroforestry,mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation.[26]

Numerous sustainability standards and certification sys-tems have been established in recent years to meet devel-opment goals, thus offering consumer choices for sustain-able agriculture practices. Well-known food standards in-clude organic, Rainforest Alliance, Fair Trade, UTZ Cer-tified, Bird Friendly, and the Common Code for the CoffeeCommunity(4C).[27][28]

5.2 Energy

Main articles: Smart grid and Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energythat is clean and lasts for a long period of time. Unlikethe fossil fuel that most of the countries are using, renew-able energy only produces little or even no pollution.[29]The most common types of renewable energy in US aresolar and wind energy, solar energy are commonly usedon public parking meter, street lights and the roof ofbuildings.[30] On the other hand, wind energy is expand-ing quickly in recent years, which generated 12,000 MWin 2013. The largest wind power station is in Texas andfollowed up by California.[31][32] Household energy con-sumption can also be improved in a sustainable way, likeusing electronics with energy star <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Star> logos, conserving water and en-ergy. Most of California’s fossil fuel infrastructures aresited in or near low-income communities, and have tra-ditionally suffered the most from California’s fossil fuelenergy system. These communities are historically leftout during the decision- making process, and often endup with dirty power plants and other dirty energy projectsthat poison the air and harm the area. These toxins aremajor contributors to significant health problems in thecommunities. While renewable energy becomes morecommon, the government begins to shut down some ofthe fossil fuel infrastructures in order to consume renew-able energy and provide a better social equity to the spe-cific community.[33]

5.3 Environment

See also: Environmental engineering and EnvironmentaltechnologyBeyond ecology as the intersection of humans in theenvironment, environmental sustainability concerns thenatural environment and how it endures and remains di-verse and productive. Since Natural resources are de-rived from the environment, the state of air, water, andthe climate are of particular concern. The IPCC FifthAssessment Report outlines current knowledge about sci-entific, technical and socio-economic information con-cerning climate change, and lists options for adaptationand mitigation.[34] Environmental sustainability requiressociety to design activities to meet human needs whilepreserving the life support systems of the planet. This,for example, entails using water sustainably, utilizing re-newable energy, and sustainable material supplies (e.g.harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains thebiomass and biodiversity).An “unsustainable situation” occurs when natural capital(the sum total of nature’s resources) is used up faster thanit can be replenished. Sustainability requires that humanactivity only uses nature’s resources at a rate at which theycan be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of

4 6 ECONOMICS

Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is freshwater, and 98.8% of thatwater is in ice and groundwater. Image: Apollo 17.

sustainable development is intertwined with the conceptof carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term resultof environmental degradation is the inability to sustainhuman life. Such degradation on a global scale shouldimply an increase in human death rate until populationfalls to what the degraded environment can support. Ifthe degradation continues beyond a certain tipping pointor critical threshold it would lead to eventual extinctionfor humanity.

5.4 Transportation

Transportation is a large contributor to greenhouse gases.It is said that one-third of all gasses produced are dueto transportation.[35] Some western countries and UnitedStates are making transportation more sustainable in bothlong-term and short-term implementations.[36] One greatexample of this is the transportation changes done inthe city of Freiburg, Germany. The city has imple-mented extensive methods of public transportation, cy-cling, and walking, along with large areas where cars arenot allowed.[35]

Since many western countries are highly automobile-orientated areas, the main transit that people use ispersonal vehicles. About 80% of their travel involvescars.[35] Therefore, California, deep in the automobile-oriented west, is one of the highest greenhouse gasesemitters in the country. The federal government has tocome up with some plans to reduce the total number ofvehicle trips in order to lower greenhouse gases emission.Such as:

5.4.1 Improve public transit

- Larger coverage area in order to provide more mobil-ity and accessibility, use new technology to provide amore reliable and responsive public transportation net-work, company providing ECO pass to employees.[37]

5.4.2 Encourage walking and biking

-Wider pedestrian pathway, bike share station in com-mercial downtown, locate parking lot far from the shop-ping center, limit on street parking, slower traffic lane indowntown area.

5.4.3 Increase the cost of car ownership and gastaxes

-Increase parking fees/ toll fees, encourage people todrive more fuel efficient vehicles. -Social equity prob-lem, poor people usually drive old cars that have low fuelefficiency. However, government can use the extra rev-enue collected from taxes and tolls to improve the publictransportation and benefit the poor community.[38]

6 Economics

A sewage treatment plant that uses environmentally friendly solarenergy, located at Santuari de Lluc monastery.

See also: Ecological economics

It has been suggested that because of rural povertyand overexploitation, environmental resources should betreated as important economic assets, called naturalcapital.[39] Economic development has traditionally re-quired a growth in the gross domestic product. Thismodel of unlimited personal and GDP growth may beover.[40] Sustainable development may involve improve-ments in the quality of life for many but may necessitate adecrease in resource consumption.[41] According to eco-logical economist Malte Faber, ecological economics is

6.2 Income 5

defined by its focus on nature, justice, and time. Issues ofintergenerational equity, irreversibility of environmentalchange, uncertainty of long-term outcomes, and sustain-able development guide ecological economic analysis andvaluation.[42]

In 1987 the economist Edward Barbier published thestudy The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development,where he recognized that goals of environmental conser-vation and economic development are not conflicting andcan be reinforcing each other.[43]

A World Bank study from 1999 concluded that basedon the theory of genuine savings, policymakers havemany possible interventions to increase sustainability, inmacroeconomics or purely environmental.[44] A studyfrom 2001 noted that efficient policies for renewable en-ergy and pollution are compatible with increasing humanwelfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule steady state.[45]The study, Interpreting Sustainability in Economic Terms,found three pillars of sustainable development, interlink-age, intergenerational equity, and dynamic efficiency.[46]

A meta review in 2002 looked at environmental andeconomic valuations and found a lack of “sustainabil-ity policies”.[47] A study in 2004 asked if we consumetoo much.[48] A study concluded in 2007 that knowl-edge, manufactured and human capital(health and educa-tion) has not compensated for the degradation of naturalcapital in many parts of the world.[49] It has been sug-gested that intergenerational equity can be incorporatedinto a sustainable development and decision making, ashas become common in economic valuations of climateeconomics.[50] A meta review in 2009 identified condi-tions for a strong case to act on climate change, and calledfor more work to fully account of the relevant economicsand how it affects human welfare.[51] According to JohnBaden[52] “the improvement of environment quality de-pends on the market economy and the existence of le-gitimate and protected property rights.” They enable theeffective practice of personal responsibility and the devel-opment of mechanisms to protect the environment. TheState can in this context “create conditions which encour-age the people to save the environment.”[53]

6.1 Business

See also: Corporate sustainability

The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate sus-tainability constitutes a firm’s efficient use of natural cap-ital. This eco-efficiency is usually calculated as the eco-nomic value added by a firm in relation to its aggregatedecological impact.[54] This idea has been popularised bythe World Business Council for Sustainable Develop-ment (WBCSD) under the following definition: “Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitivelypriced goods and services that satisfy human needs andbring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecolog-

ical impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earth’s carryingcapacity.” (DeSimone and Popoff, 1997: 47)[55]

Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less ex-plored is the second criterion for corporate sustainabil-ity. Socio-efficiency[56] describes the relation between afirm’s value added and its social impact. Whereas, it canbe assumed that most corporate impacts on the environ-ment are negative (apart from rare exceptions such as theplanting of trees) this is not true for social impacts. Thesecan be either positive (e.g. corporate giving, creation ofemployment) or negative (e.g. work accidents, mobbingof employees, human rights abuses). Depending on thetype of impact socio-efficiency thus either tries to min-imize negative social impacts (i.e. accidents per valueadded) or maximise positive social impacts (i.e. dona-tions per value added) in relation to the value added.Both eco-efficiency and socio-efficiency are concernedprimarily with increasing economic sustainability. In thisprocess they instrumentalize both natural and social cap-ital aiming to benefit from win-win situations. However,as Dyllick and Hockerts[56] point out the business casealone will not be sufficient to realise sustainable devel-opment. They point towards eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness, sufficiency, and eco-equity as four criteriathat need to be met if sustainable development is to bereached.

6.2 Income

At the present time, sustainable development as well assolidarity or Catholic social teaching can impact reducethe poverty. Because over many thousands of yearsthe ‘stronger’ (economically or physically) used to de-feat/eliminate the weaker, nowadays, no matter what wecall the reason for this decision – within Catholic socialteaching, social solidarity, and sustainable development –the stronger helps the weaker. This aid may take the formof in-kind or material, refer to the present or the future.‘The Stronger’, should offer real help and not, as demon-strated by the frequent experience – strive for the elimina-tion or annihilation of another entity. Sustainable devel-opment reduce poverty through economic(among otherthings, a balanced budget), environmental (living con-ditions) and also social (including equality of income)dimensions.[57]

6.3 Architecture

See also: Sustainable architecture

In sustainable architecture the recent movements of NewUrbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sus-tainable approach towards construction, that appreciatesand develops smart growth, architectural tradition and

6 8 POLITICS

classical design.[58][59] This in contrast to modernist andglobally uniform architecture, as well as opposing to soli-tary housing estates and suburban sprawl, with long com-muting distances and large ecological footprints.[60] Bothtrends started in the 1980s. (It should be noted that sus-tainable architecture is predominantly relevant to the eco-nomics domain while architectural landscaping pertainsmore to the ecological domain.)

7 Culture

Framing of sustainable development progress according to theCircles of Sustainability, used by the United Nations.

Working with a different emphasis, some researchersand institutions have pointed out that a fourth dimen-sion should be added to the dimensions of sustainabledevelopment, since the triple-bottom-line dimensions ofeconomic, environmental and social do not seem to beenough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society.In this context, the Agenda 23 for culture and the UnitedCities and Local Governments (UCLG) Executive Bu-reau lead the preparation of the policy statement “Culture:Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development”, passed on 17November 2010, in the framework of the World Summitof Local and Regional Leaders – 3rd World Congress ofUCLG, held in Mexico City. although some which stillargue that economics is primary, and culture and poli-tics should be included in 'the social'. This documentinaugurates a new perspective and points to the relationbetween culture and sustainable development through adual approach: developing a solid cultural policy and ad-vocating a cultural dimension in all public policies. TheCircles of Sustainability approach distinguishes the fourdomains of economic, ecological, political and culturalsustainability.[61][62]

Other organizations have also supported the idea of afourth domain of sustainable development. The Net-work of Excellence “Sustainable Development in a Di-

verse World”,[63] sponsored by the European Union, inte-grates multidisciplinary capacities and interprets culturaldiversity as a key element of a new strategy for sustainabledevelopment. The Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Develop-ment Theory has been referenced by executive directorof IMI Institute at UNESCO Vito Di Bari[64] in his man-ifesto of art and architectural movement Neo-Futurism,whose name was inspired by the 1987 United Nations’report Our Common Future. The Circles of Sustainabil-ity approach used by Metropolis defines the (fourth) cul-tural domain as practices, discourses, and material ex-pressions, which, over time, express continuities and dis-continuities of social meaning.[65]

8 Politics

See also: Environmental ethics, Environmental gover-nance and Sustainability metrics and indices

A study concluded that social indicators and, therefore,sustainable development indicators, are scientific con-structs whose principal objective is to inform publicpolicy-making.[66] The International Institute for Sustain-able Development has similarly developed a political pol-icy framework, linked to a sustainability index for estab-lishing measurable entities and metrics. The frameworkconsists of six core areas, international trade and invest-ment, economic policy, climate change and energy, mea-surement and assessment, natural resource management,and the role of communication technologies in sustain-able development.The United Nations Global Compact Cities Programmehas defined sustainable political development is a way thatbroadens the usual definition beyond states and gover-nance. The political is defined as the domain of practicesand meanings associated with basic issues of social poweras they pertain to the organisation, authorisation, legiti-mation and regulation of a social life held in common.This definition is in accord with the view that politicalchange is important for responding to economic, ecolog-ical and cultural challenges. It also means that the politicsof economic change can be addressed. They have listedseven subdomains of the domain of politics:[65]

1. Organization and governance

2. Law and justice

3. Communication and critique

4. Representation and negotiation

5. Security and accord

6. Dialogue and reconciliation

7. Ethics and accountability

9.3 Natural capital 7

This accords with the Brundtland Commission emphasison development that is guided by human rights principles(see above).

9 Themes

9.1 Progress

See also: Sustainable development goals

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Develop-ment (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio+20, orEarth Summit 2012, was the third international confer-ence on sustainable development, which aimed at recon-ciling the economic and environmental goals of the globalcommunity. Few nations met the World Wide Fund forNature's definition of sustainable development criteriaestablished in 2006.[67]

9.2 Measurement

Main articles: Ecological footprint and SustainabilitymeasurementIn 2007 a report for the U.S. Environmental Protection

Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon Rain-forest are a significant concern because of increased human en-croachment upon wilderness areas, increased resource extractionand further threats to biodiversity.

Agency stated: “While much discussion and effort hasgone into sustainability indicators, none of the resultingsystems clearly tells us whether our society is sustain-able. At best, they can tell us that we are heading in thewrong direction, or that our current activities are not sus-tainable. More often, they simply draw our attention tothe existence of problems, doing little to tell us the ori-gin of those problems and nothing to tell us how to solvethem.”[68] Nevertheless a majority of authors assume thata set of well defined and harmonised indicators is the onlyway to make sustainability tangible. Those indicators are

expected to be identified and adjusted through empiricalobservations (trial and error).[69]

The most common critiques are related to issues like dataquality, comparability, objective function and the neces-sary resources.[70] However a more general criticism iscoming from the project management community: Howcan a sustainable development be achieved at global levelif we cannot monitor it in any single project?[71][72]

The Cuban-born researcher and entrepreneur SoniaBueno suggests an alternative approach that is based uponthe integral, long-term cost-benefit relationship as a mea-sure and monitoring tool for the sustainability of ev-ery project, activity or enterprise.[73][74] Furthermore thisconcept aims to be a practical guideline towards sustain-able development following the principle of conservationand increment of value rather than restricting the con-sumption of resources.Reasonable qualifications of sustainability are seen U.S.Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in En-ergy and Environmental Design (LEED). This designincorporates some ecological, economic, and social el-ements. The goals presented by LEED design goalsare sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmo-spheric emission reduction, material and resources ef-ficiency, and indoor environmental quality. Althoughamount of structures for sustainability development ismany, these qualification has become a standard for sus-tainable building.

9.3 Natural capital

Deforestation of native rain forest in Rio de Janeiro City for ex-traction of clay for civil engineering (2009 picture).

The sustainable development debate is based on theassumption that societies need to manage three typesof capital (economic, social, and natural), which maybe non-substitutable and whose consumption might beirreversible.[75] Daly (1991),[76] for example, points to thefact that natural capital can not necessarily be substitutedby economic capital. While it is possible that we can findways to replace some natural resources, it is much moreunlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system

8 10 SEE ALSO

services, such as the protection provided by the ozonelayer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazo-nian forest. In fact natural capital, social capital and eco-nomic capital are often complementarities. A further ob-stacle to substitutability lies also in the multi-functionalityof many natural resources. Forests, for example, not onlyprovide the raw material for paper (which can be sub-stituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity,regulate water flow, and absorb CO2.Another problem of natural and social capital deteriora-tion lies in their partial irreversibility. The loss in bio-diversity, for example, is often definite. The same canbe true for cultural diversity. For example with globali-sation advancing quickly the number of indigenous lan-guages is dropping at alarming rates. Moreover, the de-pletion of natural and social capital may have non-linearconsequences. Consumption of natural and social capi-tal may have no observable impact until a certain thresh-old is reached. A lake can, for example, absorb nutrientsfor a long time while actually increasing its productivity.However, once a certain level of algae is reached lack ofoxygen causes the lake’s ecosystem to break down sud-denly.

9.4 Business as usual

Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air-pollutingemissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained ex-cessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.

If the degradation of natural and social capital has suchimportant consequence the question arises why action isnot taken more systematically to alleviate it. Cohen andWinn (2007)[77] point to four types of market failure aspossible explanations: First, while the benefits of naturalor social capital depletion can usually be privatized, thecosts are often externalized (i.e. they are borne not by theparty responsible but by society in general). Second, nat-ural capital is often undervalued by society since we arenot fully aware of the real cost of the depletion of naturalcapital. Information asymmetry is a third reason—oftenthe link between cause and effect is obscured, making itdifficult for actors to make informed choices. Cohen andWinn close with the realization that contrary to economic

theory many firms are not perfect optimizers. They pos-tulate that firms often do not optimize resource allocationbecause they are caught in a “business as usual” mentality.

10 See also

• Applied sustainability

• Circles of Sustainability

• Conservation biology

• Conservation development

• Conservation (ethic)

• Ecological modernization

• Ecologically sustainable development

• Environmental issue

• Environmental justice

• Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education

• Micro-sustainability

• Planetary boundaries

• Public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment

• Social sustainability

• State of Sustainability Initiatives

• Sustainability standards and certification

• Sustainable coffee

• Sustainable development goals

• Sustainable fishery

• Sustainable forest management

• Sustainable land management

• Sustainable living

• Sustainable yield

• Sustainopreneurship

• Zero-carbon city

9

11 Further reading

• Ahmed, Faiz (2008). An Examination of the De-velopment Path Taken by Small Island DevelopingStates. (pp. 17–26)

• Atkinson, G., S. Dietz, and E. Neumayer (2009).Handbook of Sustainable Development. Edward El-gar Publishing, ISBN 1848444729.

• Bakari, Mohamed El-Kamel. “Globalization andSustainable Development: False Twins?.” NewGlobal Studies 7.3: 23-56. ISSN (Online) 1940-0004, ISSN (Print) 2194-6566, DOI: 10.1515/ngs-2013-021, November 2013.

• Bertelsmann Stiftung, ed. (2013). Winning Strate-gies for a Sustainable Future. Reinhard MohnPrize 2013. Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Güter-sloh. ISBN 978-3-86793-491-6.

• Book Review on An Introduction to Sustainable De-velopment by Peter Rogers, Kazi Jalal, & John BoydSustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, Pub-lished online June 18, 2008

• Beyerlin, Ulrich. Sustainable Development, MaxPlanck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

• Cook, Sarah and Esuna Dugarova (2014).“Rethinking Social Development for a Post-2015 World”. Development 57 (1): 30–35.doi:10.1057/dev.2014.25.

• Danilov-Danil’yan, Victor I., Losev, K.S., Reyf,Igor E. Sustainable Development and the Limitationof Growth: Future Prospects for World Civilization.Transl. Vladimir Tumanov. Ed. Donald Rapp.New York: Springer Praxis Books, 2009. GoogleBook

• Edwards, A.R., and B. McKibben (2010). ThrivingBeyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Soci-ety. New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865716412.

• Li, Rita Yi Man. , Building Our Sustainable Cities”Illinois, Published by Common Ground Publishing.

• James, Paul; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Ste-ger, Manfred B. (2015). Urban Sustainability inTheory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability. Lon-don: Routledge.

• James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead,Victoria (2012). Sustainable Communities, Sus-tainable Development: Other Paths for Papua NewGuinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

• Mark Jarzombek, “Sustainability - Architecture:between Fuzzy Systems and Wicked Problems,”Blueprints 21/1 (Winter 2003), pp. 6–9.

• Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011).Technofix: Why TechnologyWon’t SaveUs or the En-vironment, Chapter 6, “Sustainability or Collapse?”,and Chapter 13, “The Design of EnvironmentallySustainable and Socially Appropriate Technolo-gies”, New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865717044.

• Pezzey, J; M. Toman (January 2002). “The Eco-nomics of Sustainability:A Review of Journal Ar-ticles”. Resources for the Future DP 02-03: 1–36.Retrieved 2009-06-16.

• Raudsepp-Hearne C, Peterson GD, Tengö M, Ben-nett EM, Holland T, Benessaiah K, MacDonald GMand Pfeifer L (2010) “Untangling the Environmen-talist’s Paradox: Why is HumanWell-Being Increas-ing as Ecosystem Services Degrade?" BioScience, 60(8): 576–589.

• Rogers, P., K.F. Jalal, and J.A. Boyd (2007). AnIntroduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge,ISBN 1844075214.

• Scerri, Andy; James, Paul (2010). “Accountingfor sustainability: Combining qualitative andquantitative research in developing ‘indicators’of sustainability”. International Journal ofSocial Research Methodology 13 (1): 41–53.doi:10.1080/13645570902864145.

• Sianipar, C. P. M., Dowaki, K., Yudoko, G., &Adhiutama, A. (2013). Seven Pillars of Surviv-ability: Appropriate Technology with a HumanFace. European Journal of Sustainable Develop-ment, 2(4), 1-18. ISSN 2239-5938.

• Van der Straaten, J., and J.C van den Bergh (1994).Towards Sustainable Development: Concepts, Meth-ods, and Policy. Island Press, ISBN 1559633492.

• Wallace, Bill (2005). Becoming part of the solu-tion : the engineer’s guide to sustainable development.Washington, DC: American Council of EngineeringCompanies. ISBN 0-910090-37-8.

• White, F; Stallones, L; Last, JM. (2013). GlobalPublic Health: Ecological Foundations. Oxford Uni-versity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975190-7.

• World Commission on Environment and Develop-ment (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford Univer-sity Press, ISBN 019282080X.

12 References[1] Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, 1949.

[2] Melvin K. Hendrix, Sustainable Backyard Polyculture:Designing for ecological resiliency Smashwords ebook edi-tion. 2014.

10 12 REFERENCES

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[52] chairman of the Foundation for Research on Economicsand the Environment (FREE)

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[73] “Sostenibilidad en la construcción. Calidad integral yrentabilidad en instalaciones hidro-sanitarias, Revista deArquitectura e Ingeniería, Matanzas, 2009”. Empai-matanzas.co.cu. 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2011-09-28.

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[75] Dyllick, T. & Hockerts, K. 2002. Beyond the businesscase for corporate sustainability. Business Strategy andthe Environment, 11(2): 130–141

[76] Daly, H. E. 1973. Towards a Steady State Economy. SanFrancisco: Freeman.

[77] Cohen, B. & Winn, M. I. 2007. Market imperfections,opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal ofBusiness Venturing, 22(1): 29–49.

13 External links• Circles of Sustainability - website for the Circles ofSustainability approach

• List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings

• Principles of Sustainability - University of Idaho-Washington State University Open Course

• Sustainable Development: Center for Global Studiesat the University of Illinois

• Sustainable Real Estate Research Center, HongKong Shue Yan University

• Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform -United Nations platform on Sustainable Develop-ment

• Sustainable Development Law & Policy

• UK Sustainable Development Commission

• United Nations Sustainable Development SolutionsNetwork

• United Nations Division for Sustainable Develop-ment

• Vrinda Project Channel - videos on MDGs con-nected to the Wikibook ⇒ Development Coop-eration Handbook

• World Bank website on sustainable development.

13

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text

• Sustainable development Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20development?oldid=644806347 Contributors: The Cunc-tator, Taw, Ed Poor, SJK, William Avery, Anthere, Heron, Jaknouse, Hephaestos, Leandrod, Edward, Ubiquity, Michael Hardy, Wipala,Gabbe, Ixfd64, Ahoerstemeier, DavidWBrooks, Mac, Ronz, Andres, Viajero, Fruits, Tpbradbury, Sulkworm, Topbanana, Hawstom, Owen,Robbot, Arkuat, Chopchopwhitey, Academic Challenger, Auric, Sunray, Mushroom, Alistair b, Isopropyl, Lupo, MikeCapone, Alan Lieft-ing, Christopher Parham, ShaunMacPherson, Timpo, Ds13, Everyking, Henry Flower, FrYGuY, Utcursch, Antandrus, BozMo, Neutrality,Ukexpat, Grstain, Mike Rosoft, Chris Howard, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, LeoDV, Bender235, Tarndt, El C, EurekaLott,Erauch, Shoujun, Bobo192, Viriditas, Vortexrealm, Dungodung, Alphax, Millsdavid, Sam Korn, Mdd, Espoo, Storm Rider, Alansohn, JY-olkowski, Arthena, Rd232, Andrewpmk, Paleorthid, John Quiggin, Iothiania, Kocio, Wtmitchell, Docboat, RainbowOfLight, Kaushik twin,SietskeEN, RyanGerbil10, Crosbiesmith, Snowmanmelting, Boothy443, Rintojiang, Woohookitty, Ksandler, Camw, LOL, Guy M, UncleG, MGTom, Jwanders, Jleon, Thebogusman, Harac, Hard Raspy Sci, Paullb, Jbarta, Behun, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, Kissekatt,Rjwilmsi, PatrickSauncy, Pitan, Daniel Collins, Oo64eva, Yamamoto Ichiro, Ian Pitchford, SchuminWeb, Nihiltres, Jrtayloriv, Lmatt,King of Hearts, Chobot, Benlisquare, DVdm, Bgwhite, Bhsand, Gwernol, FrankTobia, Roboto de Ajvol, Wavelength, Retaggio, Phmer,10stone5, Hede2000, Bhny, Shell Kinney, Gaius Cornelius, NawlinWiki, Drgregmartin, Daniel Mietchen, Raven4x4x, Epipelagic, Mkill,Nescio, ClaesWallin, Arthur Rubin, EWing, Chriswaterguy, Allens, TheWay, Ghandir, NickelShoe, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, FocalPoint,Ashenai, Cubs Fan, Cjh1k2004, JohnSankey, McGeddon, Gnangarra, DWaterson, Verne Equinox, Fernagut, IstvanWolf, Gilliam, Ohnoit-sjamie, Durova, Hugo-cs, Chris the speller, Geneb1955, EncMstr, MalafayaBot, Sadads, Ctbolt, Darth Panda, John Reaves, Chendy, Jon-Harder, Rrburke, Addshore, CharonX, Fssca, John D. 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14 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

14.2 Images• File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.

jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frank Vincentz• File:Air_.pollution_1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Air_.pollution_1.jpg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Amazonie_deforestation.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Amazonie_deforestation.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs)

• File:Circles_of_Sustainability_image_(assessment_-_Melbourne_2011).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Circles_of_Sustainability_image_%28assessment_-_Melbourne_2011%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:Based on a template that I developed for the UN Global Compact Cities Programme, I did an assessment of the city of Melbourne, andthen designed and constructed the diagram to best show Melbourne’s sustainability. It is made with Adobe Ilustrator.Previously published: It has been previously published on the citiesprogramme.org website Original artist: SaintGeorgeIV

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Crystal_energy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg License: LGPL Contributors:Own work conversion of Image:Crystal_128_energy.png Original artist: Dhatfield

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