sustainable and inclusive innovations -...
TRANSCRIPT
Prabhu Kandachar Professor
Sustainable and
Inclusive Innovations
-‐ Challenges and Opportunities
Delft University of Technology
Helsinki, 17 Jan. 2011
Contents1. Introduction2. About our work3. The State of Our World4. The Resilient BoP5. Secrets of BoP6. What Next?7. Implications8. Summary
What are Sustainable and Inclusive Innovations ?*
Innovations that
* Add value to the life of the people much beyond the immediate use of the product or service
* Create products/services at high quality at an affordable price
* Address the challenge of resource use efficiency
* Are scalable and replicable to suit local requirements
*Source: CII-‐ITC Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development, New Delhi, 2010
To tackle 2 major challenges of the 21st century: Poverty and Resource Strain.
Source: Chetan Shivarama Source: scope-‐mag.com
Why are they needed?
Urbanization
Industrial Design Engineering Delft, The Netherlands
Focus:Products for Daily Use
1969 - Largest University-based Design Course Worldwide>2000 Students - 300 Scientific Staff
6
Global Balancing Act Social, Ecological & Economical
Luring Market at Base-‐of-‐the-‐Pyramid
Challenges of the 21st Century: POVERTY
Some Examples (Running)
ResearchSouth Africa/India
Solar Cooking Cheap Housing -‐ Sudan
BB-CONNetherlands
Menstrual Hygiene
ResearchSouth Africa
Some Recent Examples in Africa Supported by TUDelft
Windmill + desalination pump60.000 litres/daywww.thewinddrinker.com
Clean Drinking WaterSomalia
Adjustable Eye Glasses Ghana
Production costs: 1 EuroLocal Optometristswww.focus-‐on-‐vision.org
Slippers (Recycled Tires) South Africa
Local resources/productionSales in NLwww.plakkies.co.za
Some Product Design Examples (Completed)
Vestergaard FrandsenDenmarkAug 2006
Safe Drinking Water-‐ Ghana
Insect Repellant Lamp -‐ India
PHILIPSNetherlandsDec 2008
Solar Lamp -‐Combodia
KAMWORKSCombodiaOct 2005
How we do it? Example Lighting for Combodia
RESEARCH & DESIGN BUILD IMPLEMENTLocal Production
Packaging
Distribution
Publications, Keynotes, Courses, etc
Poverty Numbers living under $1.25 a day
India 456 Million
China 208 Million
Nigeria 88 Million
Poverty Numbers of malnourished children under five years old
7 Million52 Million
6 Million
Source: On-‐line atlas of millennium development goals, World Bank 2009.
Emerging Markets BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China, etc)
Poverty in Emerging Markets: China, India and Brazil
Substantial but uneven progress
Growth with disappointing outcomes for the poor
Poverty reduction with little economic growth
Progress in EducationTertiary EducationEnrolment Ratio2000-2007
Source:Trends in Global Higher Education UNESCO 2009
Improved Economy - - -
ReducedChildMalnutrition
Source: World Health Organisation Healthcare Statistics
The Expanding World Middle Class
two most populous countries
Rising incomes ..great impact on global demand
Expanding middle class..changing spending patterns ...Competition for resources...and energy
Environmental pressures may become even more acute
Consequences
Innovations in China & India - Mobility
Boom in car sales -Traffic mayhem
Concept : Cheaper than a subwayPartly solar-powered Spans two lanes Carriage raised 2 m. above roadsAllows cars to pass, or be passed
Company:Shenzhen Huashi Future Parking Equipment
Philanthropreneurship: Aravind Eye Care System, India(Philanthropy + Entrepreneurship)
Technology: Own Intraocular Lens (IOL) (4-5$)300,000 eye cataract surgeries/year - Instant diagnosis with broadband connections 20-minute surgery - High volume at low cost. Cost per surgery: $35 (2007-08)Charges 1/3 of clients & free care to 2/3 of rest Has treated over 2.4 million.
Cinema for Everyone in Mexico
Source: www.cinepop.com.mx/
Business Model: Cinema as a Market Place
Companies, Markets, Industries, Geographies, Intellectual disciplines, and Generations.
Edge or Periphery People:
AgedDisabledUnderservedPoor
Approach:Out-‐of-‐the-‐BoxDesign-‐for-‐AllUniversal DesignInclusive Design
Adapted from: Hagel & Brown: Businessweek.com (nov2007)
Innovation: Development of new products or processesCommercialisationKnow-‐why and how
Adapted to or developed for local needs, produced & used locally
Learning from failures
Poverty Still nagging (from1.9 in 1981 to 1.4 billion poor -$1.25 a day - in 2005)
Need inexpensive offerings on shoestring budgets for 2 to 3 billion new middle class consumers in the next decade
Half of the world now lives in urban settlements. Next 30 years, growth mainly in urban part of the developing world
Next set of driving forces for innovation: Affordability and Sustainability
Learning from Failures ...Good intentions....good results???...
It is great that folks are designing products for the developing world, but what makes designers and other people think that the developed world knows more about what people in developing countries need?......some one from a developing country (August 2010)
Good intentions....good results???... Case: PlayPump in Southern Africa
Idea (1990s):
Children spin on a merry-‐go-‐round -‐Connected to a water pump -‐Generate clean water without hard work of traditional hand pumps.
Good intentions....good results???... Case: PlayPump in Southern Africa
2006: Funds worth $60 million raised in US to install 4,000 pumps in Africa by 2010...to benefit up to 10 million people of clean drinking water
Somewhere along the way, PlayPumps stopped being a smart home grown idea
Why???
Good intentions....good results???... Case: PlayPump in Southern Africa
CRITICISMS
-‐ Donor-‐pleasing, top-‐down solution. -‐ Does not fit many of the target communities-‐ Too expensive ($14,000 each, 4x traditional pump systems)-‐ Requires specialized skills to repair-‐ Spare parts are hard to find/expensive to replace-‐150,000 of 375,000 hand pumps in Africa are not in use (poor maintenance or construction)
Source: Guardian, 24 Nov. 2009
Source: growthcommission.org
inclusive. For sustainable & inclusive growth, invest in people & infrastructure (especially in urban environments)
Recommendations from Administrators, Banks, Ministers, World Bank, etc (2008)
Five Engineering Development Goals
1. Energy: Use existing sustainable energy technologies and reduce energy waste.
2. Water: Replenish groundwater sources, improve storage of excess water and increase energy efficiencies of desalination.
3. Food: Reduce food waste and resolve the politics of hunger.
4. Urbanisation: Meet the challenge of slums and defending against sea-‐level rises.
5. Finance: Empower communities and enable implementation.
Instt. of Mech. Engineers, UK, Jan 2011
Source: Harvard Business Review July August 2010
Mobility: Nano
30 open heart surgeries & 28 catheterisation procedures/day [8x average at other Indian hospitals]
Assembly line heart surgery, reduces cost, aiming at zero mortality.
Healthcare
EnergySELCO: Solar energy company business with a social purpose -‐ Heavy reliance on innovative & customised design Decentralised energy delivery
Additional Insights -‐EasterlyHow come $2.3 trillion of Western aid has been spent in the last 50 years mostly in Africa, and yet millions of children still die of preventable diseases like dysentery, cholera and malaria?
Success cannot be planned top-‐down. As has happened in Japan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, China and India, it must be home grown.
New Innovations Developing Several Opportunities- Local ... Local innovation refers to the Indigenous Knowledge within a social group, incorporating learning from own experience over generations but also knowledge gained from other sources and fully internalised within local ways of thinking and doing.- Grassroots ... Users with limited material resources driving knowledge-intensive, informal innovation. - Inclusive... incorporating small businesses & farmers (for instance) to transform the market chain to increase value in one or more of the links and for the chain as a whole. - Frugal or Reverse or Constraint-based... Start with the needs of poor consumers, striping products down to bare essentials, affordable, context resistant and easy to use. - Open source, Crowd sourcing, Distributed Innovation, etc... Users (external ideas) generate functionally novel innovations as they experience novel needs well ahead of manufacturers. Using external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, to advance firm's technology
Chronic diseases, Environmental degradation, Racism, Traffic, Poverty, Growing gap between haves and have-nots, etc.
Persistent Challenges
Defy quick fixes, Build and dissipate slowly over time,
organization, but .....
Affect all, and their components are tightly coupled.
Characteristics
Why Environmental Problems Are So Hard to Solve .. Read Mason, R., and I. Mitroff. 1981. Challenging strategic planning assumptions. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 324 pp.
Challenging Design Discipline
Simple problems : Both the problem and the solution are known. Example: A leak under your kitchen sink. Problem is obvious and two plumbers will likely agree on the solution.
Complex problems : Problem is known but not the solution.Example: Design a higher capacity disk drive. The problem is clear, but understanding how to solve is not clear.
" Wicked problems " go far beyond these in terms of difficulty. Examples: AIDS epidemic, poverty, sustainability, etc
Context
Design for the Periphery (Edge) Innovation Source
Rapid change, multiple parameters, lots of constraintsComplex
Technical systems vs. Socio-technical systems
Characteristics
Science of Complexity
Systemic Thinking/Design Thinking
Designing Complex Adaptive and Flexible Systems, also for Sustainable Innovations
Tools Exploiting Opportunities
Innovations (Radical)
- Local- Grassroots- Inclusive- Frugal- Open source- Reverse- Crowd sourcing, etc
Increasing Complexity
Problem Framing/Solving
Sustainable and Inclusive Innovations
Approach
Requires Tools
Thank [email protected]