sustainability of tall buildings: structural design and intelligent technologies

Sustainability of tall buildings:structural design and intelligent technologies

Konstantinos Gkoumas Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica

July 11 2014Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e GeotecnicaFaculty of Architecture (Room11B), Via Antonio Gramsci 53, Rome

Konstantinos Gkoumas11/07/2014


Personal profile

Appointments

2011-present Research Fellow (PostDoc), Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering - Sapienza University of Rome. Research on dependability and energy harvesting for structures and infrastructures.

2009-’10 Postdoctoral Fellow (German Academic Exchange Service), Institut für Numerische und Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Göttingen, Germany.

2005-’08 Professional Engineer (part-time) at Co.Re. Ingegneria Srl., Rome.

2004-’07 PhD Student, Department of Hydraulics, Transportation and Roads - Sapienza University of Rome.


SustainabilityOverview

SUSTAINABILITY

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland Commission, 1987)


Steel Material

• 40% of resources from recycling

• Manufacturing process with controlled environmental impact

• Material durability

• High recycling rate

Construction Phase

• prefabrication/ offsite manufacture

Design and

Service Life

• Weight reduction of structure

• Creation of versatile spaces

• Longevity and robustness of steel components

• Simple incorporation of renewable energy generation systems

End of Life

• Easy dismantling

• Reusability/Reciclability

Source: Foster + Partners Hearst Tower USA, 2000 - 2006


SUSTAINABILITY

INSTRUCT

URES

MaterialUsed

Resource

Efficient

SitePlanning

NonPollution

EnergyEfficienc

y

Structural

Form

SustainabilityUse of steel and structural form



SUSTAINABILITY

INSTRUCT

URES

MaterialUsed

Resource

Efficient

SitePlanning

NonPollution

EnergyEfficienc

y

Structural

Form

SustainabilityBuilding automation and energy harvesting



SUSTAINABILITY

INSTRUCT

URES

MaterialUsed

Resource

Efficient

SitePlanning

NonPollution

EnergyEfficienc

y

Structural

Form

SustainabilityDiagrid, building automation and energy harvesting

Diagrid: double façade - chimney effect



SustainabilityTall buildings

Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.

Interior structures



SustainabilityTall buildings

Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Architectural Science Review, Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.

Interior structures Exterior structures



Diagrid structureDiagrid module

Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G. and Del Luca, A. (2014). Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case studies and design considerations. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. Wiley Online Library, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 124-145.

effect of gravity load

effect of overturning moment

effect of shear force



Diagrid structureInitial configuration and diagrid schemes

Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures

42° 60° 75°

160

m

36 m



Original Structure:Outrigger

Improved Structure:Diagrid

PerimetralStructure

InternalStructure

Diagrid structureStructural configuration



SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -

COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -

COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -

COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - -

COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - -

COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 -

COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5

Acronym Description Color

Outrigger Outrigger Structure

Diagrid 42°Diagrid Structure with inclination of diagonal members of 42°



Outrigger 42° 60° 75°

P(ton)

8052 6523 5931 5389

Saving(%)

- 19 26 33

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000Weight

P (

ton

)

Diagrid structureAnalyses and comparisons



Diagrid structureModal analysis

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Outrigger 3.741908 3.624657 2.478095 1.162387 1.084865 0.795965 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

Diagrid 42° 3.105204 3.083854 1.724092 0.994648 0.958515 0.782728 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN



0.25

0.75

1.25

1.75

2.25

2.75

3.25

3.75

First six periods

T (

s)

Traslational in Y

direction

Traslational in X

direction

Rotationalaround Z

axis

Traslational in Y

direction

Traslational in X

direction

Rotationalaround Z

axis



Diagrid structureSLS - load combinations

SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -

COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -

COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -

COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS

COMB

Out

rigge

r

Dia

grid

42°

Dia

grid

60°

Dia

grid

75°



Diagrid 42°

Diagrid Structure with inclination of diagonal members of

42°

Diagrid 60°


60°

Diagrid 75°


75°



Diagrid structureHorizontal displacements

0

16

32

48

64

80

96

112

128

144

160

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° OutriggerDiagrid 75° SLS limit

U1 (m)

Z (

m)

Out

rigge

r

Dia

grid

42°

Dia

grid

60°

Dia

grid

75°



Diagrid structureULS - load combinations, pushover

Out

rigge

r

Dia

grid

42°

Dia

grid

60°

Dia

grid

75°



Diagrid 42°


42°

Diagrid 60°


60°

Diagrid 75°


75°

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

DEAD 1 - - - - - - - -

VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - -

+STATIC PUSHOVER FORCES

PUSHOVER

DEAD VERT



Diagrid structureCOMB 5 U.L.S.

DIAGRID 42°

DIAGRID 60°

DIAGRID 75°

Diagrid 42° Interior Columns

3%

97%

Shear

Interior Columns

Diagrid

11%

89%

Normal

Interior Columns

Diagrid

2%

97%

1%

ShearInterior ColumnsDiagrid/ Edge Col-umnsCorner Columns

11%

45%

44%

NormalInterior ColumnsDiagrid/ Edge Col-umnsCorner Columns

5%

95%

Shear

Interior Columns

Diagrid

7%

93%

Normal

Interior Columns

Diagrid

Diagrid 60°

Diagrid 75°

Interior Columns

Interior Columns



Diagrid structureDiagrid 60°: Pushover (YZ Sections)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000Pushover

Step25

Step28

Step37

Step44

Step51

Step67

U1 (m)

F (

kN)

Step 67Step 51Step 44Step 37Step 25



Diagrid structureDiagrid 60°: Pushover+Vert (YZ Sections)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Pushover+Vert

Step11

Step16

Step39

Step47

Step55

U1 (m)

F (

kN)

Step 47 Step 55Step 39Step 11

VERT



Diagrid structureComparison of capacity curves

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Pushover

U1 (m)

F (

kN)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Pushover+Vert

Outrigger

Diagrid 42°

Diagrid 60°

Diagrid 75°

U1 (m)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Pushover+Dead

U1 (m)

DEAD VERT



Diagrid structureDefinition of significant properties

R=Fmax (Strength)

K=Fy/Dy

(Stiffness)

m=Dmax/Dy (Ductility)



Diagrid structureComparison of significant properties

Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert

Strength(R) – kN 94775 110185 104972 97131

Stiffness(K) – kN/m 77143 80615 71306 60897

Ductility(m) 1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564

Weight(P) - Ton 8052 6523 5931 5389

Weighted average (W.A.) of significant properties


Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert

Strength(R) – kN 94775 110185 104972 97131

Stiffness(K) – kN/m 77143 80615 71306 60897

Ductility(m) 1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564

Weight(P) - Ton 8052 6523 5931 5389

W.A. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08



Diagrid structureComparison of Mechanical Properties

R/R0

K/K0

m/m0

1,2 ((P0-P)/P0+1) 0

2

4

Pushover+Vert




Diagrid structureDiagrid 60°: Robustness checks

D1,L1

D1,L2

D2,L1

D2,L2

D3,L1

D3,L2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Pushover

D1,L1D1,L2D2,L1D2,L2D3,L1D3,L2INTATTA

U1 (m)

F (

kN

)



DiagridFuture research – apply simplified robustness indexes (1)

Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Brando, F. and Cao, L., (2013). Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge. Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. (14), No (4), pp. 379-395.




Kun λiun

Eigenvalues

Kdam λidam

Consequence factor

Robustness index

Nafday, A.M. (2011), “Consequence-based structural design approach for black swan events”, Structural Safety, Vol. 33, No. (1), pp. 108-114.

Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Brando, F. and Cao, L., (2013). Consequence-based robustness assessment of a steel truss bridge. Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. (14), No (4), pp. 379-395.




d1d2d3

d4d5

d7

d6

37

5942 45

35 3823

63

4158 55

65 6277

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rob

ustn

ess

%

ScenarioCf max Robustness

83 87 88

5360

86

64

17 13 12

4740

14

36

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rob

ustn

ess

%

ScenarioCf max Robustness

Damage scenario Damage scenariod1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

Pier 6Pier 7

North

Pier 6



Energy harvestingIntroduction

Fonte:



Energy Harvesting (EH) can be defined as the sum of all those processes that allow to capture the freely available energy in the environment and convert it in (electric) energy that can be used or stored.

Resources

Sun

Water

Wind

Temperature differential

Mechanical vibrations

Acoustic waves

Magnetic fields

Extraction systems

Magnetic Induction

Electrostatic

Piezoelectric

Photovoltaic

Thermal Energy

Radiofrequency

Radiant Energy

Energy harvestingSources

Harvesting ConversionUse

Storage

Energy harvesting is the process of extracting energy from the environment or from a surrounding system and converting it to useable electrical energy.



Image courtesy of enocean-alliance®

http://www.enocean-alliance.org

Energy sustainabilityBAS (Building Automation Systems)

• EH devices are used for powering remote monitoring sensors (e.g. temperature sensors, air quality sensors), also those placed inside heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts.

• These sensors are very important for the minimization of energy consumption in large buildings


http://www.enocean-alliance.org/


Energy sustainabilityBAS (Building Automation Systems)

Currently:

• Power is provided by batteries or EH devices based on thermal or RF methods

• Sensors work intermittently (to consume less power ~ 100µW)

An EH sensor based on piezoelectric material has several advantages being capable to provide up to 10-15 times more power than currently used devices leading to additional

applications or longer operation time.

Image courtesy of enocean-alliance®

http://www.enocean-alliance.org


http://www.enocean-alliance.org/


Piezoelectric energy harvestingDesign of a piezoelectric bender - issues



Piezoelectric energy harvestingPiezoelectric bender with tip mass

Air flow



Piezoelectric benderPrincipal bibliography

Weinstein, L. A., Cacan, M. R., So, P. M. and Wrigth, P. K. (2012). Vortex shedding induced energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials in heating, ventilation and air conditioning flows. Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 21, 10pp.

Wu, N., Wang, Q. and Xie, X. (2013). Wind energy harvesting with a piezoelectric harvester. Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 22, No. 9.



Piezoelectric energy harvestingThe vortex shedding effect

A body, immersed in a current flow, produces a wake made of vortices that periodically detach alternatively from the body itself with a frequency ns.

AVOID THE DRAWBACK: By setting the aerodynamic fin to undergo in VS regime it is possible to obtain the maximum efficiency in terms of energy extraction

CNR-DT 207/2008



Design of a bender made of a certain material with a piezoelectric patch, which can experiment the resonance

(lock-in) with the external force deriving from theVortex Shedding phenomenon.

The lock-in conditions produce the highest level of power.

Dimensions

Materials

Configurations

Dimensions

Added mass

Design points

Piezoelectric benderParametric analyses




LEAD ZIRCONATE TITANATE

Density ρ 7800 kg/m3

Young Modulus E 6.6 x103 N/m2

Poisson ratio υ 0.2

Relative dielectric

constant kT3

1800

Permittivity ε 1.602 x10-8 F/m

Piezoelectric constant d31 -190 x10-12 m/V (C/N)

ELEMENTS DIMENSIONS VALUES (m)

BENDER

l 0.06÷0.2 m

b 0.001÷0.08 m

d 0.02÷0.05 m

a 0.01

PIEZOELECTRIC

PATCH

l1 0.0286

b1 0.0017

d1 0.0127

ADDED MASS

l2 variable

b2 0.01

d2 d

MATERIAL E (N/m2) ρ (kg/m3)

Aluminum

Lead



Piezoelectric benderVoltage output for different bender lengths

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

ΔV2 (Length)

l=0.15l=0.16l=0.17l=0.18l=0.19l=0.20

t (s) (x10-3)

ΔV2

(V)



0.02 0.03 0.04 0.058.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

Critical Velocity (Width)

d (m)

Cri

tica

l V

elo

city

(m

/s)

The Critical Velocity increases with the thickness and the width, it

decreases with the length.

0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.0080

5

10

15

20

Critical Velocity (Thickness)

b (m)

Cri

tica

l V

elo

city

(m

/s)

0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

10

20

30

40

50

Critical Velocity (Length)

l (m)

Cri

tica

l V

elo

city

(m

/s)


Operational velocity range



Piezoelectric benderMass (material) parametric analyses – aluminum bender

High frequencies

High critical velocities

Operational velocity range



Piezoelectric benderTip-mass parametric analyses

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Mass length (vcr)

Critical Velocity (m/s)

Mas

s L

egn

th (

m)

0.15 0.155 0.16 0.165 0.17 0.175 0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.20

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Mass Length (Bender Length)

l (m)

Mas

s le

ng

th (

m)

0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005 0.0055 0.0060

0.020.040.060.080.1

0.120.14

Mass Length (Bender Thickness)

b (m)

Mas

s le

ng

th (

m)

vcr = 3,5 m/s

vcr = 3,5 m/s

vcr = 2-5 m/s



FICTICIOUS MATERIAL

Young Modulus

E3.45 x1010 N/m2

Density ρ 7000 kg/m3

Piezoelectric benderPower output



Piezoelectric energy harvestingFuture research (1)

From: NSF Proposal 2013, MECHANICAL MODELS OF LOADS AND DEVICES FOR GREEN ENERGY HARVESTING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Paolo Bocchini (Lehigh University), Konstantinos Gkoumas and Francesco Petrini

Air flowFAPED

Flow Activated PiezoElectricDevices



Piezoelectric energy harvestingFuture research (2)

SAPEB

SqueezingActivatedPiezoElectricBearings

F

F

SAPEB

Kim, S-H, Ahn, J-H, Chung, H-M and Kang, H-W (2011). Analysis of piezoelectric effects on various loading conditions for energy harvesting in a bridge system, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 167, No (2), pp. 468-483.

Ha, D-H, Kim, D, Choo, J.F. and Goo, N.S. (2011). Energy harvesting and monitoring using bridge bearing with built-in piezoelectric material. The 7th International Conference on Networked Computing (INC), pp. 129 – 132.

From: NSF Proposal 2013, MECHANICAL MODELS OF LOADS AND DEVICES FOR GREEN ENERGY HARVESTING AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

Paolo Bocchini (Lehigh University), Konstantinos Gkoumas and Francesco Petrini




Thank you!
