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IPASJ International Journal of Management (IIJM) Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJM/IIJM.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: [email protected] Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2015 ISSN 2321-645X

Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2015 5

ABSTRACT Sustainability as that regeneration brings about changes to the local environment ,economy and society and these three dimensions are often used to measure sustainability. So that Sustainability is important expression nowadays to duplicate the natural resources and the wealth of nations . The sustainability of residential buildings demand an attention. One way to achieve this is the adoption of maintenance as essential practice . This research will focus on the maintenance management techniques in residential buildings and the sustainability elements that should be applied to preserve the buildings .This papers aims to focus the most important elements that must be taken into account to increase the life span in the residential buildings and make it more economic and environmental . Questionnaire is designed to collect data to carry out the objectives of the study . The questionnaire includes 73 factors for the maintenance to fulfill its basic role in making the building more sustainable. Also there are environmental elements as care of saving water and power resources that can be applied through the maintenance of the buildings . These factors are divided into eight categories representing all maintenance stages. Beginning from the inspection and ending with behavior of users after the maintenance has been accomplished .Out of 145 questionnaires distributed , only 71 have been responded . Data has been analyzed using "statistical package for social and science" (SPSS) software. Analysis of data shows that the role of consulting offices ,experience engineers ,description of maintenance items and the materials have significant effect on the quality and expense of cost and of the buildings . Checklist has been created to improve the following : registration conditions of each element of the buildings, evaluate the present condition , create a different selections for maintenance decision, create a historic forms and finally evaluate the rate of deterioration for each element and for the building as total. Keywords: Sustainability , Maintenance , Residential Buildings , Questionnaire

1. INTRODUCTION One way for sustainability is the maintenance of the existing stock of residential buildings facilities and services . The residential buildings are one of real stat wealth of the nation . The maintenance is the third main element in the construction industry after the design and construction for residential buildings . There are many factors that affect the maintenance process . These factors can improve maintenance and change it from its present shape to another which can be able to preserve the buildings, increase its life time and apply any environmental elements can save water and power resources . All building materials deteriorate with age and exposure to the weather. Due to the demolition of the nature recourses , physical wealth , increase inflation and economic crisis for all the countries all over the world .It was important to find a way to preserve the real stat wealth of the countries that are represented in the residential buildings . Finally ,the purpose of this research is to find the factors that affect in the maintenance of residential buildings which make the buildings more sustainable and increase its life span, also the environmental elements which can be applied on the residential buildings through the maintenance process . Objectives of the Study: Identify the most important elements that cause deterioration of the residential buildings . Get the most reasons that impeding the maintenance for achieving a more sustainable buildings.

SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS AFFECTING MAINTENANCE OF RESIDENTIAL

BUILDINGS

Abdallah M. Sameh 1 , M. A. Mohamadien 2 , Ahmed S. Eisawy 3 and Ibrahim A. El Arabi 4

1 The corresponding author, Planning Engineer , Suez Canal Authority , Ismailia , Egypt

2 The Former President Of Suez Canal University , Professor of Steel Structure, Faculty of Engineering , Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

3 Professor of Concrete Structure , Faculty of Engineering , Ain Shams University.Cairo ,Egypt .

4 Assistant Professor , Faculty of Engineering , Port Said University ,Port Said , Egypt .



Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2015 Page 16

Identify the factors that should be applied on maintenance of residential buildings to make it able to increase its life span and its components .

Developed a computerized checklist that can evaluates the maintenance affects in the residential buildings in achieving the sustainability and the propose guidelines that can help the specialists to take the decision.

2. BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH

2.1 Sustainability Definition Sustainability is considered as an appropriate framework to gather all efforts aimed at improving the built environment through the development of social, economic and environmental aspects. Miriam Landman [1] defined the sustainability as “Sustainable building” is the design and construction of buildings using methods and materials that are resource efficient and that will not compromise the health of the environment or the associated health and well-being of the building’s occupants, construction workers, the public, or future generations. Sustainable building involves the consideration of many issues, including land use, site impacts, indoor environment, energy and water use, lifecycle impacts of building materials, and solid waste. Sustainability is one of the most important factors, which engineers and planners is taking into account nowadays, Sustainability is defined as that regeneration brings about changes to the local environment ,economy and society and these three dimensions are often used to measure sustainability as shown in figure (1) .

Figure 1: Scheme of sustainable redevelopment concept ( Enkhbaatar Demberel,) [2]

According to Dillard, J., Dujon V. & King, M. C.[3] "Sustainability is often thought of as comprised of three overlapping goals: (a) to live in a way that is environmentally sustainable or viable over the long term; (b) to live in a way that is economically sustainable, maintaining living standards over the long term; and (c) to live in a way that is socially sustainable, now and in the future”.

2.2 Sustainability Criteria Kibert [4] compared between the traditional standards and the sustainability specifications as shown in table (1) .

Table 1 : Sustainability criteria Sustainability criteria Traditional criteria

Resource Depletion Environmental Depletion Healthy Environment

Performance Quality Cost

2.3 Maintenance Definition British standards (BS 583) [5] defined maintenance as the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform its required function. The requirement for maintenance must not be less than those necessary to meet the relevant requirements and ‘maintained’ is defined in factories act 1961 as “maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair”, Amobi C.O [6] showed that “maintenance could be defined in engineering terminology as the continuous upkeep, in good condition of a system(s) to achieve operational reliability with maximum design output result, endurance and




stability. This definition has been adapted for building maintenance as work undertook to keep or restore every facility, that is, every part of a site, building and content to acceptable standard. Thus maintenance aims at retaining components, equipment as well as the entire structure at specified level of performance. The acceptable standard inferred must be no less than statutory requirement and one which sustains the facility and the value of the facilities. This may include a degree of improvement over the life of the building as acceptable comfort and amenity standards rise.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Data Collection There are different ways to collect data such as interviews, books, standards, E-mail , survey and questionnaire. This study will use questionnaire with interviews and with E-mails to accomplish the aim of this research. The questionnaire should be designed to help the researcher to analyze data quickly and accurately. Close-ended questions and (Likert) scale can strongly achieve that . In Likert , questions the respondent is asked to express his agreement or disagreement according to a scale as shown in table (2). Moreover , data calculated from code& books .

Table 2 : Degrees of agreement

Least important 1 Less important 2

Moderate important 3 Very important 4 Most important 5

The questionnaire consists of three main parts. Part (A) includes information about the respondent company such as experience, classification, number of employees and number of maintenance projects have been carried out in the last five years . In section (B) the respondent is asked to show the company assessment about the maintenance works that have been carried out . Different maintenance elements were listed and respondent selects the most important element that have a high affect in the deterioration of the residential building . Section (C) includes 73 factors impeded the residential building maintenance to achieve the sustainability , also there are environmental elements which cause saving in the water and power resources that can be apply through the maintenance of the buildings . The respondent would state his opinion for each factor according to the previous scale .

3.2 Pilot Test The purpose of pilot test is to make sure that the respondent understands the questionnaire and to find out the shortcomings and ambiguities. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic to help the respondent to understand it. Eight contractors were asked to fulfill the questionnaire and add any other factor that may cause waste from their point of view. The questionnaire will be reliable when the respondent answers do not include indecisiveness answers.

3.3 Research Sample The research sample should represent the opinion of companies working in the Integrated buildings. Great care should be taken during choosing the company sample to ensure that it represents the actual population. According to the Egyptian Federation of Construction and Building Contractors, the numbers of construction companies working in Integrated buildings field are as shown in following table (3) .

Table 3 : Number of construction companies in each class in infrastructure field Classification Number of companies

First 286 Second 227 third 338

Fourth 1056 fifth 1682 sixth 1722

seventh 29465




The following equation (1) was used by (M. Abdelmoty ,2013)[7] and etc.

To ensure fair representation of each stratum, the following number of each cat (1) Where : SS = Sample size Z =Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5 used for sample size needed C = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., 0.05 = ±5)

Correction for finite population :

(2) Where: pop = population

egory of certain class has been selected: First class =379.81 x 286/34776 = 4 contractors Second class =379.81 x 227/34776 =3 contractors Third class = 379.81 x 338/34776 =4 contractors Forth class = 379.81 x 1056/34776 = 12 contractors Fifth class = 379.81 x 1682/34776 = 19 contractors Sixth class = 379.81 x 1722/34776 =19 contractors Seventh class = 379.81 x 29456/34776 = 322 contractors

Table 4 : Sample Size Companies

classification Number of companies

(population) Number of companies of

sample

First 286 4

Second 227 3

Third 383 4

Fourth 1056 12

Fifth 1682 19

Sixth 1722 19

Seventh 29456 322

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Respondent Analysis (Phase 1)

4.1.1 Companies Experience About (18.5% ) of the surveyed companies have experience less than 5 years while the rest have experience more than five years . About (29.2%) of the surveyed companies have experience more than 20 years as shown in figure (2) .




Figure 2: Years of experience

4.1.2 The Classifications Of Companies Figure (3) shows the classifications of the surveyed companies. From 72 questionnaire have been responded and answered the questions . There are 12 respondent did not answered this questions, some of them thought that it's a very important secrets. This group of respondent represent (16.9%) of the surveyed companies . About (23.7%) of the surveyed companies are in the first class .

Figure 3: Classifications Of Companies

4.1.3 Respondent Experience About (38.2%) of the respondents have experience form 5-10 years as shown in figure. (4) .

Figure 4: Respondent experience

4.2 Maintenance Evaluation Analysis (Phase 2)

4.2.1 Types Of Maintenance Figure (5) shows the types of maintenance that have been carried out by the surveyed companies. Corrective maintenance represents (75.8%) .




Periodic

Corrective

Predictive

Missing

Figure 5: Types of maintenance

4.2.2 The Age Of Buildings The age of the buildings that have been carried out a maintenance work by the surveyed companies was between (15 – 30 years) have about (46.2%) parentage .In the second ranking it was between 30- 45 years by (32.3%) .

4.2.3 Effect Of Buildings Elements In Sustainability Table (5) shows the buildings elements in a ranking according to degree of importance and seriousness of the impact on the deterioration of buildings .

Table 5: Buildings elements

No. Buildings elements Mean

19 Sub-feeding pipes 4.48 20 Out drainage pipes 4.44 21 Internal drainage pipes 4.32 18 Secondary feeding pipes 4.30 10 Insulation 4.24 1 Foundation 4.21 2 Column 4.21 4 Slabs 4.20 3 Beams 4.08

17 Main feeding pipes 4.07 22 Sanitary devices 3.83 5 Concrete walls 3.76

16 Water tanks 3.65 15 Balcony 3.62 6 Stairs 3.51

23 Water mixers 3.41 14 Illuminator (skylight) 3.28 24 Electrical works 3.14 7 Wall surface 2.90

11 Paints 2.77 8 Brick walls 2.77

12 Floor finishing 2.76 13 Windows and doors 2.76 25 Elevators 2.30 9 Cement cover 2.28

4.2.4 Periodic Inspection Figure (6) shows the percentage of buildings that are being periodically inspect by the specialized agencies to inspect buildings condition and prepare reports on buildings component's condition , life span and required maintenance works.




yes

no

missing

Figure 6 : Periodic Inspection

4.2.5 The Optimal Time Period For Maintenance About (43.5%) of the surveyed companies informed that optimal time period for maintenance should be every ten years and about (40.6%) should be every five years .

4.3 Sustainability Factors Analysis (phase 3)

4.3.1 Sustainability Factors (The Main Elements) The surveyed companies rank 73 factors according to the Degree of importance of each element and its impact on the sustainability of buildings during maintenance work .These factors are categorized into ten groups. Each group represents a stage of maintenance work as started from " Description and analysis " and ended by "after maintenance " . Table (6) shows the rank of first ten factors of unsustainability as the respondents confirmed .

Table 6: Unsustainability factors

No. Factors Mean

40 There aren’t any items in the maintenance contracts care about the existence of consulting offices for the characterization of maintenance work. 4.83

57 Lack of use the chemical and modern materials in maintenance works . 4.54

53 Lack of hiring of engineers specialized in environmental conservation . 4.54

24 Reduce the cost by anyway, which may reduce the quality of works . 4.51

33 The use of poor quality materials 4.51

28 High initial cost of the materials used in the maintenance 4.49

51 Lack in use the contractors who specialize in building maintenance 4.48

22 High costs for maintenance works . 4.46

31 Not taking into account weather surrounding the building 4.45

55 Lack of use high-quality materials in maintenance works 4.45

4.3.2 Sustainability Factors (The Environmental Elements) Tables (7) , (8) shows the rank of the sustainability factors (The environmental elements) according to its importance .

Table 7 : The ranking of sustainability factors in water recourses

No. Factors Mean

2 Replacing iron water pipes by polypropylene pipes which have largest lifespan in order to preserve human health. 4.73

1 Maintenance of all water elements of the building(exchange-feeding tubes - sanitary ware) 4.62




3 The use of control devices for water used, such as sensors or the specific consumption of water conservation. 4.39

5 Installing water tanks above the roofs of buildings to collect rainwater for reuse. 3.72

4 Installation of devices to re-use gray water (from showers or condition systems) in exchange toilets or irrigate gardens. 3.51

Tables 8: The ranking of sustainability factors in power recourses

No. Factors Mean

4 Use the specified consumption devices to rationalize the use of electricity. 4.48

3 The use of energy-control devices (such as lighting devices that operate sensation). 4.45

5 Comprehensive use of thermal insulation systems to improve the degree of heat the building internally. 4.44

2 Installation of solar energy systems in use to generate electricity needed for building 4.23

7 Installation of water heaters that operate using solar energy. 4.07

10 Use hot water from the heat technology derived from the earth 4.00

1 Changing openings places (windows and doors) to allow exploit of the largest amount of natural lighting and ventilation. 3.96

9 The use of modern techniques for windows and doors that work on the introduction of health sunlight and reduce the thermal effects of harmful rays. 3.92

8 Integrate some of the building elements from outside like windows and walls of the building materials to use it in heating the interior condition . 3.90

5. CASE OF STUDY AND KEY FINDINGS The research depends on comparing among some cases of study which represents different stages of deterioration and discuss the maintenance items that have been carried out. The results of the cases of study have been compared with the results that have been reached from the questioner analysis . This study focused on residential buildings only with its various kinds ,so that the cases of study that have been selected included housing units and integrated residential buildings .

5.1 Methods Of Evaluation The Buildings Condition There are a lots of methods that are using in evaluation the deterioration rate and determining the useful life of the buildings.

5.1.1 Evaluate The Rate Of Deterioration The first method has been conclusion by P. Keshavarzrad [8] , this method is regarding aggregation of components conditions for estimating the condition of a building. Currently, a Facilities Condition Index (FCI) defined as below provides a method of aggregating component conditions to derive a facility condition Eq.(1). Maintenance, Repair & Replacement Deficiencies Cost Facility Condition Index = (3)

Current Replacement value of the Facility

Table 9 : Condition relation with FCI FCI Condition of building Portfolio

0−2% Excellent 2−5% Good 5−10% Fair

10−15% Poor >15% Very Poor




This method would be useful in the research ,not only because it’s a simple method, but also most of the cases studies did not have a historic maintenance records .

5.1.2 Estimating The Life Expectancy Of Buildings The second evaluation method is using guidelines in estimating the life expectancy of facilities equation. This method has been development by "the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory" (CERL) for "The National Technical Information Serves"( Jeffrey G. Kirby) [9] . In this method , both the initial cost and the maintenance costs incurred over the life-span of buildings are included in an analysis of total life cycle cost (LCC). In LCC analysis, future expenditures are considered more desirable than present expenditures, since they allow the present use of funds and produce either interest payments for an individual or a social return for the government. A common method of comparing costs incurred at different times is through present worth conversions (Time Value Cost) . All costs are compared at the same point in time by discounting them to their present value , as expressed in Eq. (4) .

(4) where the PVn = present worth of expenditure x at the end of year n i = interest rate The LCC of a building expressed by Eq. (5):

(5)

Where : PVn = present value of cost associated with a building over a time period n C = initial cost Oj = operating expense n yrs. Mj = maintenance expense in yr. j Sn= salvage value in n yr. I = discount rate n=expected remaining life of the building (in yr) To determine life expectancy of the building. The period of time during which the facility will be required . m. m. is established (m can be greater than n). the total cost of keeping the original building k yr and its replacement in minus k yr is then calculated. The value of k. for which the total cost over time period in is minimum, is the building's life expectancy n. as expressed in Eq. (6):

(6) Where I = Initial structure

R = Replacement structure . Although , all the methods of estimating life span of the buildings are empirical and theoretical for a lot of reasons , The research used the previous method as indicator of the effect of maintenance in the sustainability of the buildings. By using the value of present component and the cost of its maintenance ,it can show the condition of each buildings component . The research depended on comparing between the results derived from questionnaire analysis and cases of study conditions .

5.2 Proposed Procedure For Sustainable Maintenance Management From result analysis of questionnaires and previous evaluation methods of the buildings condition, the researcher proposed the following procedures sustainable maintenance system as shown in figure (7) .




Figure 7 : Proposed procedure for sustainable maintenance management




5.3 Case Study Description Table (10) shows the structural properties of cases of study :

Table 10 : Structural properties

Building Name Area (m2) Height

(m) No. Units Description

(562) 255 15.00 20 Multi-story, 2 entrances, each one include 10 units, there are 4 units in every levels(5 levels)

(468) 550 15.60 16 Multi-story ,2 entrances, each one include 8 units, there are 4 units in every levels(4 levels)

(624) 290 14.90 18 Multi-story ,2 entrances, each one include 9 units., the ground level has two units , the upper have four.

(583) 320 14.80 20 Multi-story complex ,one entrances, 2 units in the first level and The upper 5 levels have 6 unties.

(563) 310 15.40 20 Multi-story, 2 entrances, each one include 10 units, there are 4 units in every levels(5 levels)

(248) 290 14.85 20 Multi-story building consist of 2 entrances, each one include 9 units., the ground level has two units , the upper have four.

5.3.1 Historic Properties Table (11) show history of cases study

Table 11 : Structural history

Case study No.

Building Life span

(years)

No. of maintenance times

general Partial total 1 55 2 28 30 2 49 1 25 26 3 50 2 33 34 4 30 0 77 77 5 25 1 29 30 6 missing 2 24 26

General maintenance : The maintenance that have been applied on the building in general such as the maintenance of (the architectural facades ,plumbing , main feeding pipes ,main drainage pipes, insulating works, the outer ceiling, strengthen the concrete structure,…etc.) . Partial maintenance : The maintenance works that applied on residential units within the partial component of the building, most of the maintenance works Limited to finishing works like (painting, flooring, internal feeding and drainage pipes, simple restoration for some of the structure elements like "ceiling , beams , column" . The maintenance that have been carried out in all the cases are a corrective maintenance . In case (1,2) , the maintenance carried out through an annually maintenance contact , when the other were through a separate maintenance contract .

5.3.2 Main Symptoms Of Deterioration There are many of the symptoms of deterioration ,but the most common symptoms in the cases of study was the following :

Leakage and sewage of water from drainage and feeding pipes. Poor of insulation works in bathrooms and the final roof. Cracks in the columns and slabs . Cracks of concrete stairs and slabs. Cracks of roof walls. Bad condition of windows and doors. Misuse of the sanitary devises.




5.3.3 Maintenance Items Analysis The research focused on maintenance items that have been carried out . The analysis use the cost of each items as equivalent indicator of the condition for each buildings components .Table (12) shows the parentage of maintenance cost for each category of the buildings elements (for general maintenance only) .

Table 12 : Maintenance items percentage

No. Maintenance elements Percentage of items cost (%)

Case (1)

Case (2)

Case (3)

Case (4)

Case (5)

Case (6)

Mean (%)

1 Repairing structural elements 36.93 3.26 82.44 31.68 37.87 50.15 40.45

2 Repairing the feeding pipes . 1.19 1.79 0.81 14.11 3.48 2.17 3.93

3 Repairing drainage pipes . 10.08 1.79 4.99 1.88 6.99 3.91 4.95

4 Repairing the sanitary devices. 0.00 4.49 0.00 4.23 4.10 3.82 2.78

5 Renewal floor finishing 9.67 0.00 0.00 6.06 5.86 11.45 5.52

6 Maintain the windows and doors . 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.68 12.28 12.33 6.22

7 Repair the moisture insulation . 19.36 0.00 3.19 4.46 4.32 1.54 5.49

8 Restoration the paints . 0.00 4.31 1.53 10.16 9.84 0.00 4.32

9 Renewal of sidewalks around the building 5.23 11.77 4.93 1.96 1.90 0.00 4.30

10 Renovation of building's façade . 14.90 70.03 0.16 8.27 8.01 6.23 17.96

11 Renovation electric-cables and light system . 2.64 2.54 1.95 4.51 4.36 8.39 4.07

The case study shows that :- 1) The highest percentage represents maintenance of structure elements cost by (40.45 %) and that confirm that the

life span of the building largely depends on the state of construction elements . 2) The percentage of renovation paints differ from case to another and it depends on (the nature of use – number of

users - variation users interesting -…..etc.) . 3) The sanitary works represent (11.66%) of maintenance cost . Although the low percentage ,these works have a

significant effect on buildings condition . 4) The renovation of buildings facades represent (17.96%) from the total percentage . 5) The electric works represent (4.07%) of the maintenance works and its vary from case to another, in case (5) it

represents (7.61%) . 6) Percentage of maintenance structure's elements in case (3,4,5,6) is the highest comparing by the rest . These due to

the type of maintenance .the maintenance type was a corrective maintenance . 7) Method of assigning the maintenance works also has greatly influenced on maintenance work. In case (1,2) ,the

maintenance works have been carried out through periodic maintenance contract . One the other hand , the maintenance works have been carried out through separate maintenance contracts due to the condition of the facilities .

8) For all cases, there aren't any maintenance plans that must be carried out through a specified period of time, the maintenance decision has been taken due to the condition of the facilities .

5.4 Maintenance Checklist Proposal These study is aiming to develop a tool to help specialists in taking appropriate maintenance decisions. So ,checklist is developed to evaluate the present condition and insert the sustainability factors in maintenance of residential buildings 5.4.1 Checklist Design

Due to lake in application sustainability factors in Egypt and lake in taking the appropriate decision in maintenance managements, the researcher proposed a checklist from the questioners and cases of study analysis , the relation between sustainability factors and buildings components have been estimated from its impotence index . Also by using methods of evaluation buildings condition . The checklist can estimate the deterioration rate of the buildings .




5.4.2 Checklist Inputs And Outputs . The main inputs include : First : Basic information Such as building name, location, construction date,…..etc. as shown in figure (8) . Second : Structure properties It include engineering information about the building such as (building type, structure type , area , number of stores,….etc.) as shown in figure (9) .

Figure 8 : Basic information

Figure 9 : Structure information

Third :The visual inspection of the building‘s elements that describe the condition of each element by the following items as shown in figure (10) :

1) Element type (foundation – column – slab -…..etc.) . 2) Present condition of each element (cracks , decay , settling ,….etc.).

There are a code for each component condition, as follow : C1 : The component is in good condition and requires only minor maintenance . C2 : The component needs major maintenance and need an individual order . C3 : The component requires major repair or replacement . 3) Present value of the maintenance works for each elements . 4) Value of each component of the buildings in on its old shape. 5) The value of inflation for each year (according to each country) .

Figure 8 shows the method of evaluations buildings components condition and help the maintenance team taking the best decisions about the types and ways that should be implemented to preserve the buildings . Fourth: the checklist can evaluate the maintenance system that would be applied and calculate an estimated percentage of sustainability fulfillment . Sustainability evaluation used" the average index" for the elements of sustainability that have been collected.

Figure 10 : Building Inspection & Evaluation




From the questionnaires analysis and estimation the weights for each elements, questions have been design to cover all the sustainability elements , the respondent can answers on it by "Yes" or "No" ,every answer represent the condition of maintenance systems as show in figure (11) .

Figure 11 : Sustainability Evaluation

After fulfill all answers , the result will be calculated . This result indicate an approximate proportion of the degree of sustainable maintenance systems . fifth : The final option that the checklist help the users in choosing one or more methods for achieving the sustainability in residential buildings through saving of water and power consumptions by using one or more the proposals that have been chosen by the respondents in the questionnaires as show in figures (12),(13) .

Figure 12 : Environmental Evaluation (water resources)

Figure 13: Environmental evaluation (power resources)




Figures (12),(13) show different methods of saving water and power resources . By choosing one or more, the checklist indicates approximate percentage values for water and power saving . These can help specialists in taking the appropriate decision in maintenance works .

6. CONCLUSIONS The research focused on sustainability factors that can be applied in maintenance of residential building. These

factors improve maintenance buildings systems in preserving the real stat wealth of countries . Sustainability factors include all maintenance stages such as (inspection, implementation , materials , characterization of required items, contracts , human resources ,…etc.).

The factor that has got the highest rank in this research is attention to the characterization of the required maintenance items through specialized consultant offices with average index of 4.83 .This result emphasizes that characterization stage is the key for any maintenance projects success .

Chemical and modern martials that are using in building maintenance was chosen by the respondent as the second important factor in achieving sustainability by 4.54 .this result stressed that the implementation is the second important stages in maintenance process .

Types of maintenance plans have significant role in achieving sustainability of buildings . The periodic and productive maintenance have high role in preserving building in good condition.

The period of inspection of buildings must be every five years and may be less than it , not more. There must be a priority in determining the most important building components that causing a high degree of

deterioration for the buildings such as the feeding & drainage pipes , insulation and structure's elements . Assigning of maintenance work to contactors whose haven’t any experience in building maintenance field is very

significant factor . It chosen by the respondent as the seventh factors with average index (4.48) . Attention to the environmental aspects of sustainability such as power and water saving by replacing the traditional

systems by another environmental activities .

REFERENCE [1]. Miriam Landman, "Breaking through the Barriers to Sustainable Building: Insights from Building Professionals

on Government Initiatives to Promote Environmentally Sound Practices", MSc in Urban and Environmental Policy, Tufts University, 1999.

[2]. Enkhbaatar D. , "Strategies For The Sustainable Redevelopment Of Residential Buildings In Ulaanbaatar" , Master Of Engineering , Rmit University in Melbourne – Australia. August, 2010.

[3]. Dillard, J., Dujon, V. , " Understanding The Social Dimension Of Sustainability" (pp. 1-12). New York: Routledge. 2009.

[4]. Kibert C. ," sustainable construction", proceedings of the first international conference of CIB. , Center for construction and environmental , university of Florida , Tampa, FL. 1994

[5]. British Standards , Institute Of Building , Glossy of Maintenance Terms in Technology B. S 3811, 583, 1974 . [6]. Amobi C. , "Fundamentals of Building Maintenance Technology and Management", Achugo Publications,

Owerri., Imo state, Nigeria , 2006. [7]. Mohamed Abd Elmoty, ,"waste minimization in construction projects" , M.Sc. of science , faculty of engineering ,

Port Said University , Egypt ,2013. [8]. P. Keshavarzrad, S. Setunge, "Deterioration Prediction of Building components" ,School of Civil, Environment &

Chemical Engineering, Melbourne RMIT University. 2014. [9]. Jeffrey G. Kirby , "Estimating The Life Expectancy Of Facilities", Army Construction Engineering Research

Laboratory Champaign, ,national technical information service ,U.S. Department Of Commerce ,1974 . AUTHOR

Eng. Abdallah Mohamed Sameh received the B.S. degree in Civil Engineering from Suez Canal University, Egypt in 2008 ,worked as a technical engineering in Arab Contractors company , Egypt from (2008-2010) , currently I am a Planning Engineer in Building Maintenance Department and Member of the Committee on the development of maintenance contracts , Suez Canal Authority , Egypt . Prof. Mohamed Ahmed Mohamadien is Professor of Steel Structure, Faculty of Engineering , Suez Canal University, I received the M.S. degree in Construction Engineering from Suez Canal University in 1983 and PhD in Construction Engineering from Bath University , England in 1990 ,I am the Former president of Port Said University from (2010 – 2011) and the Former president of Suez canal University-Egypt from (2011-2015), . I am Member of Several committees for the Egyptian Code for Design and maintenance of bridges. Involved in conducting research work in the areas of steel structures , Bridge Maintenance and Management Systems.




.Prof. Ahmed Sherif Eisawy Emeritus Professor of Concrete Structures, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University ,Egypt . I am a Member and Chairman of Several committees for the Egyptian Code for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures.Member, Supreme Consulting Committee, Egyptian Engineering Syndicate. Involved in conducting research work in the areas of concrete and masonry structures, Value Engineering and Bridge Maintenance and Management Systems. Dr. Ibrahim A. El-Arabi is an associate professor in the department of structural engineering, Port Said University, Egypt. Currently working at Sinai University. I work also as a consultant engineer in the field of structural and construction engineering. my fields of interest are the soil–structure interaction and project management.

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