sustainability best practice climate change.pdf

2005/62005/6

ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALIT Y Sustainability Best Practice Portfolio

SPECIAL EDITION - CLIMATE CHANGE

ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY

Sustainability Best Practice Portfolio

2005/6

The eThekwini Municipality’s Sustainability Best Practice

Portfolio is an annual publication which profiles work under-

taken by different departments within the municipality that

contribute to sustainability.

Climate change has been identified as the single biggest

environmental threat faced by humanity and global eco-

systems. This special edition of the Sustainability Best

Practice Portfolio showcases projects which address climate

change issue directly or indirectly through promoting and

supporting the protection of the natural resource base,

energy efficiency, the reduction of Greenhouse Gases and

the use of renewable energy.

The 2005/6 Sustainability Best Practice Portfolio has been

compiled as part of eThekwini Municipality’s contribution to

the British Council Zero Carbon City initiative, a global British

Council campaign. This campaign aims to raise awareness

and stimulate debate about climate change and the energy

challenges facing the world’s greatest cities.

May

or’s

Fore

word

1

The people of the eThekwini Municipality have a

key role to play in addressing the social, economic

and environmental needs of our communities so

as to ensure a healthy environment, a meaningful

quality of life and social equity for existing and future

generations.

The eThekwini Municipality’s vision is that “By 2020 the

eThekwini Municipality will enjoy the reputation of being Africa’s

most liveable city, where all citizens live in harmony. This vision will be

achieved by growing its economy and meeting the needs so that all citizens

enjoy a high quality of life with equal opportunities, in a city that they are truly

proud of”. Future changes in the climate will, however, inhibit Durban’s progress

towards sustainable development.

EThekwini is a municipality driven by the vision of meeting people’s basic needs.

We now realise that this requires us to go beyond providing housing and jobs,

and we need to consider how climate change will impact on the health, wealth

and quality of life of our citizens. As a result there is a strong political support for

prioritising climate change within the city’s strategic planning processes.”

It is important that a coastal city such as Durban include climate change con-

siderations into planning activities as it will ensure long term environmental,

economic and social sustainability.

This special edition of Sustainability Best Practice Portfolio showcases key pro-

jects where the Municipality has been a partner. These projects demonstrate

efforts to address climate change by promoting protection of the natural

resource base (as a carbon sink), the reduction of Greenhouse Gases, energy

efficiency and the use of renewable energy within the municipality. These

projects have set the city firmly on the path to sustainable development and

helped establish Durban as a world leader in this field.

MAYOR OBED T. MDLABA

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M A P O F M U N I C I PA L A R E A

Cont

ents

3

SUSTAINABILITY

PAGE SCORE

Introduction to Durban 4

Defining Sustainable Development Projects 6

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

• Medicinal Plant Sector Support Programme 8 272

• Sustaining the Waste Water Education Programme 10 169

• Water Loss Management Project 12 164

• LED Light Replacement for Traffic Signals 14 155

ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY

• Landfill Gas to Electricity Project 16 290

• Buildings Energy Efficiency Pilot Project 18 155

• Environmental Servitudes 20 148

• Durban’s Climatic Future Project 22 148

• Sterkspruit Colour Project 24 144

• Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory 26 135

• Restoration of Coastal Grassland at Treasure Beach 28 115

• Invasive Plant Audit of eThekwini Municipality’s Nurseries 30 104

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

• Open Space Planning and Implementation 32 340

GOVERNANCE

• Isipingo Ecotourism Project 34 150

• uShaka Marine World Green Design Audit 36 55.2

SUSTAINABILITY RATING 38

• Acknowledgements 40

ICONS TO REPRESENT EXCELLENCE IN SUSTAINABILITY BEST PRACTICE

FIRST FOR SOUTH AFRICA COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

i nt ro d u c t i o nDURBAN

4

Intr

oduc

tion

to D

urba

nINTRODUCTION TO DURBAN

Durban is an African city (on the eastern seaboard of South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal)

embracing the full range of global sustainable development challenges.

Durban’s population ranges from the rural to the urbanised and from the formally

serviced to the unserviced. It is a multicultural society which faces a complex mix of

social, economic, environmental and governance challenges.

EThekwini Municipality is the local government body responsible for managing Durban.

The eThekwini Municipal Area (EMA):

· Is 2297km in size (1.4% of land area of the province);

· Has an annual municipal budget of R12.3 billion (2005/2006);

· Has 18 886 municipal employees;

· Has a population of 3 million (over 1/3 of population of province); and

· Has a high HIV/Aids prevalence (KZN Province has an infection rate of 32%).

Durban’s population ranges from the very rich to the very poor, from the rural to the

urbanised and from the formally serviced to the unserviced. Durban is a multi-cultural

society which flourishes in a crucible of complex social, economic, environmental and

governance challenges.

THE ECONOMY

The eThekwini Municipality was awarded the highest credit rating in Africa for a

Municipality in September 2004 by the Global Credit Rating Company.

· Durban has the largest and busiest port on Africa’s east coast

- over 80 000 containers are processed each month;

· Manufacturing (30%), tourism (24%), finance and transport are

the four largest sectors in the economy;

· Tourism is concentrated along the coast, with emerging eco and

cultural tourism opportunities in the western areas; and

· EThekwini Municipality’s Gross Value Added (GVA) comprises 66.3% of

the total GVA for KwaZulu-Natal and 9.9% of the National1 economy.

5

THE ECOSYSTEM

South Africa is the third most biodiverse country in the world, and Durban contains:

· Four of the country’s eight biomes;

· Seven broad vegetation types;

· Over 2000 plant species;

· 97 kilometres of coastline;

· 18 catchments & 16 estuaries;

· 4000 kilometres of rivers; and

· An open space system of 63 115 ha.

The environmental services provided by Durban’s open space system are

valued at approximately R 3.1 billion per annum which makes the preservation

of this resource a priority.

THE PEOPLE

Durban is ethnically diverse, with a cultural richness of mixed beliefs and traditions.

These add vibrancy and depth to the experience of living, working and visiting the city.

The demographic breakdown of the population is as follows:

· Black African 68%;

· Asian 20%;

· White 9%; and

· Coloured 3%.

The city’s demographics indicate that 68% of the population are of working group,

and 38% of the people in Durban are under the age of 19 years.

THE PLAN

Durban was the first city in South Africa to accept the Local Agenda 212 mandate as a corporate responsibility

(1994). Durban became the first city in South Africa to accept the Local Action 213 (2003) mandate which

emerged from the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. The city’s Integrated Development Plan

(IDP) (2003-2007) provides the vision and mechanism for achieving long-term sustainability. This Sustainability

Best Practice Portfolio showcases key projects where the Municipality has been a partner. These projects have

set the city firmly on the path to sustainable development and helped establish Durban as a world leader in

this field.

[1] Gross Value Added (GVA) data is similar to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) but easier to extrapolate from National and Provincial GDP.

[2] Local Agenda 21: the global action plan for socially, economically and environmentally sustainable development adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit.

[3] Local Action 21: a mandate to local authorities worldwide to move from agenda to action and ensure an accelerated implementation of sustainable development.

D E F I N I N GSustainable Development

6

Intr

oduc

tion

to P

ortf

olio

Determined efforts were made to identify projects which represented a broad range of departments and city stakeholders, geographic spread and scale of impact. Projects were deemed to be best practice if they profiled key issues and areas of the city activity and displayed a high degree of innovation. These projects were then measured against sustainability criteria.

The definition of ‘sustainable development’ is not fixed and for the purposes of this portfolio, four principles have been defined. Issues of social, ecological, economic and institutional sustainability are all considered critical. All four issues were considered in the evaluation of the projects that were presented for the inclusion

in this portfolio.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY : Social Justice and Equity

This principle measures community participation and social justice, paying part-icular attention to the most vulnerable people in society. Value is attached to social capital, social networks and improving quality of life. It supports the use of appropriate technology and meeting basic needs without degrading ecological

systems. Specifically, the following criteria were assessed:

• Meeting basic needs (e.g. clean water, access to primary healthcare, clean air).

• Provision of education and training, particularly to previously

disadvantaged groups.

• Reducing crime and violence.

• Protecting vulnerable groups within Durban’s society.

• Promoting culture, sports and heritage.

ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY: The conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of ecological integrity

This principle limits the use of natural resources to a level that allows nature to regenerate and minimises the use of non-renewable resources. It aims at reducing the amount of waste and pollution that is released into the system, and so does not over-extend the carrying capacity of global sinks such as the oceans and atmos-phere. It recognises the intrinsic value of the natural environment. Specifically, the

following criteria were assessed:

• Promotion of energy efficiency and addressing climate change.

• Maintaining biodiversity.

• Promotion of the use if renewables.

• Maintaining air and water quality or minimising waste and pollution.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY: Economic Viability and Integrity

This principle focuses on economic growth that is viable and fair, and occurs at a rate which does not exceed the ability of natural and social systems to support this

growth. It also considers how wealth is distributed, and questions the inequality of the current neo-liberal global economic system. Specifically, the following criteria

were assessed:

• Sustainable employment creation potential of the project

• Development of small-and-medium-sized enterprise

• Reduction of service cost to ratepayers of eThekwini

• Council support in the form of a budgeted line-item

• Maximising natural resource productivity

PR OJECTS

7

INSTITUTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY: Governance Management and Partnership

Governance and partnerships are key success factors in the trade-off between social, economic and ecological principles. Institutional sustainability ensures fair and wise decision mak-ing, and effective implementation with appropriate resources. Political and administrative champions play an important role in institutional

sustainability. Specifically, the following criteria were assessed:

• Decision-making within a transparent and democratic structure.

• Addressing historic inequalities.

• Empowering local communities.

• Co-operative governance.

• Public-private partnerships.

HOW THE PROJECTS WERE SCORED

A team of specialists rated the projects in terms of each of the categories listed above. The team determined whether the project met the basic condition. If so, the project scored a point. If not, no point was awarded. A percentage achievement score, termed the Sustainability Average was then accorded to each main category (being economic, environmental, social and governance). These category scores were then averaged. In doing so, equal weighting was applied to each of the bases of sustainable development. The

average percentage score was termed the Sustainability Average.

A scale rating is applied, depending on the range of impacts of the project.

The scale ranges from 1-5. The classes are as follows:

The projects presented in this portfolio illustrate these principles in action in the eThekwini

Municipality. The portfolio is an exposition of the Municipality’s progress towards sustainable

development and contributes to international best practice experience.

The project Sustainability Rating is arrived at by multiplying the Sustainability Average by the

Scale Rating, generating a score out of 500 for each project. The score becomes a relative

measure for eThekwini Municipality. The manner of calculation is depicted as follows:

Scale Rating Area of Influence

1 Neighbourhood 2 Local or Community 3 Municipal or City-wide 4 National 5 International to Global

RATI

NG

AREA OF INFLUENCE

Neighbourhood

Local or Community

Municipal or City-wide

National

International

SUSTAINABILITY RATING : SCALE RATING X SUSTAINABILITY AVERAGE

AVERAGE SCORE FROM:

Economic, Environmental,

Social and Governance Scores

EThekwiniM

edic

inal

Pla

nts

M e d i c i n a l P l a n t s S e c t o r

The medicinal plant trade in Durban has been recognised as an important local economic sector. The annual value of trade in raw plant material is estimated to be R21 million and supports some 13 000 traders and harvesters. The medicinal plant industry is, however, underdeveloped and has limited opportunities for growth. Most of the medicinal plants traded in Durban are harvested from the wild in KwaZulu-Natal and the southern African region. Market research has shown that certain popular species are becoming less available as wild stocks diminish. As a result, two popular KZN medicinal plant species are now extinct outside of protected areas.

This scarcity of popular medicinal plants has caused market prices to escalate. In addition to escalating prices, other problems such as the perishable nature of the plant materials, poor product stabilisation and inadiquate trading conditions are experienced on an ongoing basis. This poses as a serious problem and threatens:

• The valuable health care service that is provided by the use of medicinal plants (some 80% of eThekwini’s population uses medicinal plants);

• The livelihoods of people that depend on the trade; and

• Biodiversity resources as a result of high pressure for harvesting of medicinal plants.

Little value is attributed to the medicinal plant industry since earnings from the sale of plants remain marginal. Increasing competition within the industry makes it difficult, especially for women to make a substantial profit. The trade in raw,

t i t l e EThekwini Medicinal Plants Sector Support Programme

l o c a t i o n EThekwini Municipal Area, National Impact

b u d g e t R1.5 million per annum (R3 million to date)

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality, Department of Agriculture KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Health KwaZulu-Natal, Development Bank of Southern Africa, Impilo Drugs (Pty) Ltd and Medicines Research Council

Medicinal Plants p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

S U P P O RT P R O G R A M M E

8

I Medicinal plant traders in Durban Herb Market.

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Mr Fred Pietersen

Head: Economic Development

Telephone: + 27 31 311 3801

E-mail: [email protected]

act

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d

I Medicinal plant farmers in Ntshongweni learn how to grow their own seedlings.

unprocessed products also creates health concerns due to poor hygiene and little or no product stabilisation.

The Durban, and associated provincial medicinal plant industry exhibits a clear need for interventions at an industry level in order to sustain, develop and grow the industry on a path whereby it substantially improves liveli-hoods, provides export opportunities, bolsters health care and maintains South Africa’s biodiversity assets.

In 2002, the eThekwini Municipality’s Economic Development Unit com-missioned the development of a strategy and business plan for the development of the eThekwini Medicinal Plants Industry. This Plan identified the need for two key areas of intervention. Firstly, the need for service support in all the elements of medicinal plants trade, including farming, processing, marketing, research and development and retail. An integrated programme to develop knowledge and skills of the market players and the provision of services to assist the current market players in developing their trading activities were also identified.

Secondly, the need for the development of a turn-key business for pro-cessing and retailing a new generation of traditional medicinal plant products was identified that could serve as an opportunity and model for current market players to participate in, and to emulate. A consultancy was commissioned to facilitate the implementation of the strategy and business plan. The eThekwini Medicinal Plants Sector Support Programme sub-sequently was initiated 2003.

The Medicinal Plants Sector Support programme aims to improve the sustainability of the medicinal plants trade in Durban by supporting current market role players in:

• Setting up medicinal plant nurseries and farms to address the un- sustainable and unreliable supply of medicinal plants from wild areas;

• Providing opportunities for value-adding and reducing wastage of perishable medicinal plants through processing and packaging;

• Building capacity and providing market information for a more effective, efficient and organised trade; and

• Facilitating a turn-key business intervention that assists market role players in harnessing the opportunities for economic growth in the commercial medicinal plants sector.

This programme is ongoing and has achieved the following:

• The establishment of 2 rural medicinal plant farms (with 2 more waiting for seedlings) with established community gardeners.

• The establishment of a medicinal plants demonstration garden at Silverglen Nursery.

• The development of a medicinal plant farmers training course, run at Silverglen Nursery.

• The establishment of 5 rural medicinal plant nurseries for the production of indigenous plants to supply medicinal farms and the horticultural trade.

• A skills audit and funding for basic literacy training for all role players in the medicinal plants industry in Durban.

• The establishment of a processing and packaging facility in the Durban Herb Market.

• Appointment of a Market Information System Manager to facilitate information flows and promote trade.

• Development of key partnerships with provincial and national investors and supporters of the programme.

• Establishment of a programme working group to coordinate municipal and other activities in the programme.

• Climate Contri- bution: Protecting the natural resource base.

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ECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL GOVERNANCE

I One of the industrial hammermills used to add value to medicinal plants in the Durban Herb Market.

EThekwiniSustaining the Waste Water W

aste

Wat

er E

duca

tion

Blockages in Durban’s sewerage system have had significant financial, health

and environmental impacts. As a result, the Department of Waste Water

Management launched an education campaign in 1995 to complement

the on-going upgrading and maintenance of the sewerage system.

The campaign aimed to educate communities about how the

sewerage systems work and how they differ from storm water

systems. The link between good sanitation and health was also

highlighted, as was the importance of the sewage treatment cycle and

water conservation issues. The intention is to reduce vandalism and

blockages of the system by building greater awareness among

stakeholders. During the period 1995 – 2002 the project won numerous

awards for improving the living standards of citizens, creating environ-

mental awareness in communities and reducing blockage rates by up to

a third.

As a result of the success of the 1995 - 2002 waste water education

programme, it was decided that the programme focus on areas that

t i t l e Sustaining the Waste Water Education Programme


b u d g e t Development Bank of SA (DBSA): R250 000,

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF):

R50 000, EThekwini Municipality, R55 000

Total Budget: R750 00 per annum

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality, DBSA, DWAF,

Durban Environmental Centre KZN Department

of Education & Culture, Department of Health

Waste Water Educationp r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

10

E D U C AT I O N P R O G R A M M E

Teddy Gounden

Education and Public Liaison Officer

Telephone: +27 31 302 4667


act

I Interactive classroom on water education.RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d

• The programme has sustained the environmental awareness levels.

• Blockage level statistics indicate that the reduced number of blockages achieved in the pre 2002 phase, has continued (i.e. sustainability has been achieved).

• There has been successful empowerment of disadvantaged actors and reduction in programme running costs.

• To date six municipalities in South Africa have implemented similar education programme.

• Climate Contribution: Energy efficiency through a more effectively functioning sewerage system.

I Waste Water Educational roadshow in Umlazi.

experienced high levels of blockages and abuse of the sewage systems by

using an in house GIS system. These areas were then targeted by the street

theatre and education programmes in schools.

Approximately 1100 shows reaching 136 400 adults and 112 300 children

have been undertaken as part of the programme. In addition, 6 roadshows

and prize giving ceremonies have reached 14 800 people.

The Development Bank of South Africa has funded the development of

toolkit titled “Learning What Works“ which consists of all the resource

material developed by the Waste Water Education team. The toolkit consists

of training manuals and user guide that allows for easy project replication

by other municipalities.

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EThekwiniWater Loss Management W

ater

Los

s M

anag

emen

t

12

In June 2002, at the commencement of the Water Loss Management Project, the International Water Association’s (IWA) Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for the City was 9.8; the Municipality’s short term goal is to reduce this through phased interventions to 5.0. There are four main mechanisms for reducing annual losses: pressure management, active leak control, speed and quality of repairs, and infra-structure management. The Non-Revenue Water Department within the Water and Sanitation Cluster has been monitoring the City’s demand and taking corrective action where required.

This work is ongoing and includes the following:-

• Installing bulk reservoir meters on 240 reservoir sites and sub-districts.

• Verifying reservoir zones and sub-zones integrity.

• Conducting Water Balance calculations to determine where problems exit.

• Procuring pressure and flow measurements to keep pressure at optimum levels and implementing advanced pressure controls where this is financially viable.

WaterLossManagementp r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

t i t l e Water Loss Management Project


b u d g e t R12 million 2002/2003, R17 million 2003/2004,

R20 million 2004/2005, R20 million 2005/2006

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality

I RIGHT: The “Soweto Washing Machine” note the tap is tied open!

P R O J E C T

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Simon Scruton Team Leader: Engineer, Non-Revenue Department, EThekwini Water Services Telephone: +27 31 302 4744 E-mail: [email protected]

ntac

t

I Leak caused by tampering by consumer.

13

• Establishing minimum night-flow measurements which indicate what normal night use is for a particular area. Problems can be picked up quickly if there is a dramatic change in night-flows.

• Leak-detection surveys and repairs.

• Verifying customer data, checking the legality of all connections, and removing illegal connections.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• Drafting of a strategic plan to reduce non-revenue

water.

• Letting the third leak detection contract. 14660 leaks

have been located and repaired to date and 9044

kilometres of water main have been surveyed for leaks.

• Launching a pilot project in an informal settlement

discovered that approximately every third dwelling

has an illegal connection. A full scale initiative is now

in progress to repair all leaks in informal areas and to

regularise the water supply in those areas.

• A detailed study was conducted on the city’s top

65 water consumers to optimise the billing and

water meters in use. It was discovered at one

consumers premises that due to a faulty meter

they were being under-billed by R8 million per

annum. Three years of back charges are also being

recovered from the consumer (R24 million). This

study has been expanded to cover the top 200

consumers that represent approximately 10% of

average daily water demand.

• These initiatives, together with many others have

helped reduce the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI)

from 8.8 in July 2004 to 7.2 in June 2005 and the

percentage non-revenue water (by volume) has been

reduced from 31.9 to 29.0%. The eThekwini Municipality

has saved approximately R 44 million in operating and

capital budgets, resulting in lower tariff increases for

existing consumers and faster expansion of the water

reticulation network into areas previously unserved,

thus benefiting all residents of the city.

• Climate Contribution: Energy efficiency by

reducing water loss.

I Meter removed by consumer causing a substantial leak.

I Illegal connection by consumer using stolen pipe.

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14ECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL GOVERNANCE

EThekwini LED L ight Replacement LE

D Li

ght

Repl

acem

ent

The eThekwini Transport Authority receives numerous complaints regarding the

poor state of traffic signals throughout the municipality. While much of this prob-

lem can be attributed to the vandalism currently being experienced throughout

the country, the inordinate number of bulb failures also creates a general impression

of disrepair.

There are currently 718 traffic signals in the eThekwini Municipality with a total of

50,000 bulbs (30,000 burning at any moment in time). These bulbs are known as

incandescent (similar to that used in household lights) and contain a filament

suspended between two electrodes. This filament is burnt to generate light, with

most of the electrical energy being converted to heat. During this process, tungsten

from the lamp filament is deposited on the inside of the glass bulb, decreasing the

light output. These sensitive filaments also expand and contract as they are switched

on and off, making them very susceptible to damage by vibration. The cumulative

effect of the daily traffic signal bulb failures, and the person-power constraints in

repairing these faults, means that bulbs can often be out for as long as a week.

t i t l e LED Light Replacement for Traffic Signals

l o c a t i o n EThekwini Municipal Area, International Impact

b u d g e t R 70 000

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Transport Authority

LED Light Replacement p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

F O R T R A F F I C S I G NA L S

14

I Full installation of LED lights at the traffic intersection of Argyle and Stanger streets.

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Darryl Thomas

EThekwini Transportation Authority

Telephone: + 27 31 3002340


act


I LED Signal

EThekwini’s Transportation Authority undertook a pilot project replacing all

signal bulbs with Light Emitting Diodes (LED) at the traffic signal in Argyle

Road and Stanger Street. A normal incandescent traffic signal bulb burns a

filament to generate a white light, which is filtered through a coloured lens.

A LED is made from semi-conductor material (encased in epoxy) that uses

electrical energy very efficiently and emits it in the form of light in the exact

colour required thereby improving visibility and safety. The individual lamp

is composed of a chip of semiconductor materials mounted on 2 conductors

(called leads) encapsulated in an epoxy resin.

Unlike the incandescent bulb, LEDs are extremely efficient at producing a

large amount of light from comparatively small inputs of power as they

waste very little energy in the form of heat. Unlike incandescent lamps, the

LEDs do not fail completely, but they do degrade and become dimmer

as they age, depending on the material technology used. The individual

lamps may continue to emit light for a long time but their useful life ends

when the intensity no longer meets the specified requirements. Generally

an LED will last a minimum of 3 years but most manufacturers offer a

5 year warranty, depending on climate and given a proper main-

tenance schedule that monitors the intensity of the LED module.

• The annual supply contract for traffic signal heads now

includes LEDs in future.

•New traffic signal installations will in future use LED

bulbs and a schedule has been produces to

systematically replace all the traffic signal heads

in eThekwini with LEDs.

•Electricity consumption was reduced by

approximately 73% at the Argyle / Stanger

Street pilot project.

•Improved visibility and reliability is evident and

their is reduced maintenance requirement (both from a

saving on labour related costs and safety perspective).

• EThekwini Transportation Authority will be undertaking

a replacement of incandescent bulbs at existing traffic

signals and implementation of LEDs at new traffic signals in 2006 (Project budget R15 million for approximately 200 traffic signal per annum).

• Climate Contribution: Energy efficiency.

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I Incandescent Signal

15

EThekwiniLandfill Gas to Electricity La

ndfil

l Gas

to E

lect

ricity

Landfill gas (LFG) is emitted from landfill sites as a by-product of the waste

decomposition process and can cause significant odours. It is a mixture of carbon

dioxide and methane and a minor amount of other gases and is emitted into

the atmosphere. Methane is a significant contributor to global warming, with an

impact 21 times greater than carbon dioxide. LFG can be extracted and combusted

in gas turbine engines to generate a continuous electrical supply from landfill sites.

It is currently proposed to generate electricity in this manner at 3 landfill sites

in eThekwini Municipality. Durban Solid Waste worked actively

with University of KZN in this research, resulting in the World

Bank approaching eThekwini Municipality to develop a LFG

utilisation project as a developing country case study.

Making itself a global player, eThekwini Municipality

is the first local authority in South Africa that will

generate renewable energy from methane gas at

landfill sites.

It is proposed that LFG will be extracted through

pipes and fed into purpose-built spark-ignition engines,

each with a 500KW to 1 MW electricity-generation capacity.

Landfill Gas to Electricity p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

t i t l e Landfill Gas to Electricity Project

l o c a t i o n Bisasar Road, La Mercy and Mariannhill Landfill Sites,

International impact

b u d g e t R1 million cost to eThekwini, 200 000 USD to

World Bank *see results achieved

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality, World Bank Carbon Finance Unit

(includes contributions from several international

corporations as well as national governments worldwide,

namely Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Norway and

Sweden and French Development Bank)

P R O J E C T

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Lindsay Strachan

Durban Solid Waste

Telephone: +27 31 263 1371


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I Diagram of a typical landfill site layout.

17

Methane will fuel the power generation process, while carbon dioxide and

monoxide will be emitted as exhaust gas. The emphasis of this renewable

energy project is on the reduction in the environment and climatic impact

of the LFG and creating a positive spin-off creating sufficient energy to

power 25 000 informal or 9 000 formal households. This will generate

revenue for the Municipality, while also offsetting an equivalent quantity of

electricity required from Eskom, 90% of which is derived from coal-power.

EThekwini Municipality is currently awaiting decisions on the environmental

impact assessments conducted at the three landfill sites: Bisasar Road

(Africa’s busiest landfill site), Mariannhill and La Mercy before proceeding

with the project.

Through the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, South

Africa has access to funding to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Funding is raised through the sale of “credits” earned by reducing green-

house gas emissions. This project is made possible through “Carbon Finance”

which is channelled through the World Bank’s Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF)

which is a Public Private Partnership with participants from several countries.

The PCF is a multi-donor fund, which is used to purchase greenhouse gas

emissions. The PCF provides financial resources through the purchase of

emissions reductions verified and certified in accordance with the “Emissions

Reduction Purchase Agreement” with the project sponsor. The Clean

Development Mechanism on the other hand is designed to assist developing

countries by permitting industrial countries to finance projects for reducing

greenhouse gas emissions.

EThekwini Municipality will receive one credit for each ton of GHG emissions

converted methane combusted to produce electricity, which the PCF will

then purchase from the municipality over a 21-year period.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• 80 000 fewer tons of coal will be required to be burned per annum.

• Landfill greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 400 000 tpa CO2 eq.

• In total, the project will achieve a reduction of approximately 7.6 million tons of CO2 eq. 3.8 million tons CO2 eq of this constitutes the Emissions Reductions Purchase Agreement (ERPA) with the World Bank’s PCF over a 21 year period.

• Nett benefits are a reduction in GHG emissions and odours from landfill site, job creation and financial benefits.

• Demand from industry for green technology will allow the municipality to sell the electricity generated.

• Electricity sales and carbon credits over 21 years amount to R205.4 million, less project costs of R148.5 million, resulting in a profit to eThekwini Municipality of R56.9 million. This includes a Social Benefit Fund.

• Finance generated will sustain the conservancy established at the Mariannhill Landfill site.

• Climate Contribution: Reduction of GHGs and the use of renewable energy.

Grass

Soil

Clay

Gravel

Refuse

1.5m

Leachate Treatment Plant

Sump Pump

Flarestack

Methane Gas Collection Centre

Power Station

Gas Collection Wells

Refuse

Water & gas monitor boreholes

Refuse

Leachate pipes in sand

Sand

Artificial Liner

Clay

Up to 1.5m

DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL SITE LAYOUT

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EThekwiniBuildings Energy Efficiency Bu

ildin

gs E

nerg

y Ef

ficie

ncy

18

The Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Inventory project (refer to page 26) was

undertaken by the eThekwini Municipality as part of the Cities for Climate Protection

programme initiated in 2002 and is funded by USAID Agency and ICLEI: Govern-

ments for Sustainability. The management of GHG emissions is considered a priority

for the control of global warming and the mitigation of climate change/disruption.

Based on the findings of the 2003 GHG Inventory, GHG mitigation measures were

recommended for the buildings, transportation and water and waste water sectors.

Within the building sector, it was proposed that energy efficiency and energy

management measures would achieve both environmental and financial savings

by addressing energy efficiency improvements. As part of its ongoing commitment

to Climate Change mitigation, the Municipality has therefore commissioned energy

audits and energy surveys of two of its administrative buildings: The eThekwini

Health Unit and the headquarter offices of eThekwini Water Services.

The audits were undertaken by an Energy Team made-up of representatives

from the Environmental Management, Water Services, Health and Architecture and

Building Departments. The surveys were preceded by the fast-track training of the

team members. The training was undertaken by an external consultant and covered

the essentials aspects of energy auditing and energy efficiency in buildings.

Buildings Energy Efficiency p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

t i t l e EThekwini Buildings Energy Efficiency Pilot Project


b u d g e t EThekwini Municipality has secured additional funding

from the ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability

US$ 36,000 (approximately R 216 000) for the roll-out

of this initiative in another 20 municipal buildings.

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality (Environmental Management,

Health, Waste Water and Architecture & Buildings Depart-

ments) and ICLEI: Governments for Local Sustainability

I EThekwini Municipality Water Services Building, Prior Road.

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Manisha Maganlal

Environmental Management Department

Telephone: + 27 31 300 2382


act

I EThekwini Municipality’s Health Unit, Old Fort Place.

19

The audits uncovered potential savings in excess of 15% that could be

achieved through no cost and low cost interventions. These included:

• Trimming of timer controls for air conditioning plant;

• Optimising refrigeration plant operating parameters;

• Minimising unnecessary electricity base-loads;

• Improved management of small power loads;

• Maximising use of natural daylight.

If higher cost measures were implemented and energy management made

a priority, the actual savings realized could approach twice this figure.

The eThekwini Municipality has implemented the trimming of timer controls

for the air conditioning plant in both audited buildings (no-cost intervention

measure). It is predicted that annual CO2 savings of 128 tonnes and an

estimated financial saving of R53 400.00 per annum will be achieved.

EThekwini Municipality now plans to roll-out this initiative to the reminder

of its building stock. This process has already commenced as part of the

next phase of the Cities for Climate Protection programme, wherein a

further 20 buildings have been identified for auditing during the latter half

of 2005. Again, the emphasis will be on low-cost and no-cost interventions

and “Good Practice” initiatives, with a minimum savings target of 15%

savings in energy usage.

Based on these findings, this initiative has demonstrated the potential that

exists for energy savings within buildings both inside and outside the control

of local government.

RESULTS r e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• It was originally forecast that the exercise would identify

a range of cost-effective interventions yielding a

minimum 10% energy saving for the buildings audited.

The energy audits and surveys revealed that if the

low-cost and no-cost opportunities are considered

alone, the annual saving would be just in excess of

400,000kWh per annum, or 15% of the buildings’

combined energy usage. The collective payback of the

low-cost and no-cost options was under 5 months.

• The implementation of no-cost intervention measures

will yield a total annual CO2 savings of 128 tonnes and

an estimated financial saving of R 53 400.00 per annum.

• The annual CO2 savings based on no-cost and low-cost

intervention measures alone would be 340 tonnes.


CITY HEALTH ELECTRICITY LOADS

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Other27%

Laboratories5%

Small Power Users7% Lighting

19%

Air Conditioning 37 %

Laboratories10%

Other20%

Small Power Users3% Lighting

30%

Air Conditioning 37 %

PRIOR ROAD ELECTRICITY LOADS

EThekwiniEnvironmental ServitudesEn

viro

nmen

tal S

ervi

tude

s

The eThekwini Environmental Services Management Plan (EESMP) has identified

63 000 ha of untransformed land, which supplies a broad range of environmental

or ecosystem goods and services to the residents of the eThekwini Municipal Area

(EMA). The aim of the EESMP, which is part of the city’s Integrated Development

Plan, is to secure the sustained supply of environmental goods and services from

terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. These goods and services contribute

to the quality of life experienced by our city’s residents. At least 20% of the

environmentally sensitive land is physically undevelopable (e.g. it is steep or falls

within floodlines) however, there are parts that are developable. This land is

privately owned and often zoned to facilitate development.

There are areas of environmentally sensitive land in the EMA which are currently

being threatened by development. It is not practical for the eThekwini Municipality

to purchase all environmentally sensitive land threatened by development. If

sufficient funds were available to acquire sensitive land, the management costs

would still be prohibitive.

t i t l e Environmental Servitudes

l o c a t i o n EThekwini Municipal Area, City-wide Impact

b u d g e t No direct cost to Municipality excluding staff time

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Environmental Management, Town Planning

and Parks, Leisure and Cemeteries Department

Servitudesp r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

20

I TOP CIRCLE: Brachystelma natalense; Natal Brachystelma is a Critically Endangered Red Data Species known from only two populations with a total of less than 70 individuals. The larger population is protected in the Krantzkloof Nature Reserve and the smaller population will be protected by an environmental servitude.

I The servitude at this development will protect the upper catchment of the Giba River. Housing will be located away from steep slopes, grasslands and the water course.

Richard Boon


Telephone: + 27 31 300 2877

E-mail: [email protected] cont

act

I Environmental servitude to protect swamp forest and wetland at the head waters of the Aller River, New Germany. Protection of this environment will ensure, amongst other things, a regular supply of clean water to the river.

Environmental servitudes, amongst other instruments, are used in the EMA

to secure environmentally sensitive land. This tool for protecting environ-

mental assets is an inexpensive way of securing the sustained supply of

environmental goods and services from high quality ecosystems.

When landowners or developers apply to develop land in or adjacent to

the EESMP footprint, the application is assessed and in some cases approval

is granted with the condition that sensitive portions of the land are not

developed and are protected in perpetuity. The protection of this land is

guaranteed by the registration of an environmental servitude in the title

deeds of the affected property. Whilst the servitude is registered in favour

of the Municipality, ownership of the land does not change and the land-

owner is generally free to use the land in a way that is not in conflict with

the environmental objectives of the registered servitude.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• This approach to securing environmentally sensitive

land in the eThekwini Municipal Area has only

been systematically used for the period 2003/04

and 2004/05.

• In the 2003/4 year 16.2 ha were secured as environ-

mental servitudes. This has increased to 27 ha in 2004/5.

There are indications are that a larger area will be

protected in the current financial year.

• The Environmental Management Department maintains

a data-base of all environmental servitudes and these

have effectively become part of the EMA’s protected

area system, which is owned and managed by a range

of roleplayers.

• Climate contribution: Protecting the natural

resource base.

There are a number of emerging cases where the protected

land has been used to add value to the adjacent development,

for instance by the protection of viewsheds and the provision of

private, high quality recreational areas for residents to use.

Broader public benefits are simultaneously achieved by the

reduction of stormwater run-off and down-stream flooding, for

example. The registration of servitudes may have an impact on

the value of the property, which will in turn reduce the property

taxes payable on the land.

The use of environmental servitudes is a useful and cost-

effective tool that contributes to the achievement of environ-

mental objectives in the EMA. The standard set of conditions of

the use of conservation servitude areas still needs further

refining. The Department of Traditional and Local Government

Affairs will be approached in this regard.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT NUCS.

56 BOHMER ROAD ERF 41 NEW GERMANY

DATE: 12/09/2006

ID 23

Inner West

N

1:2000

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EThekwiniD u r b a n’s C l i m at i c Fu t u re

Climatic Futurep r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

Durb

an’s

Clim

atic

Fut

ure

EThekwini Municipality has identified climate disruption as a serious threat to Durban’s long term sustainability. In order to strategically respond to this threat, the Municipality initiated the Durban Climatic Future project in conjunction with the CSIR in order to better understand the specific implications of climate change for the city.

The project was undertaken as a partnership between the Environmental Management Department and the CSIR and involved stakeholders from other city departments, national government, politicians, local academics and, importantly the NGO community.

The project objectives were:

• Synthesising the science of climate change, such that it is clear and under- standable, and facilitating improved awareness and knowledge dissemination by providing information in a user-friendly format;

• Providing a forum for scientific debate, to seek clarity on the issue of climate change and its impacts, amongst local key stakeholder;

• Engaging the public in the climate change discourse by conducting a survey aimed at assessing public perceptions of the risks associated with climatic change to their living conditions as well as the likely solutions;

• Preparation of a range of potential images and scenarios that depict the implications of climate change for the city;

• Assessing the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of the Municipality in terms of its responsiveness to the challenge of climate change;

• Understanding how the city can maximise opportunities presented through climate change adaptation and mitigation; and

• Developing elements of a response strategy, which the eThekwini Municipality could adopt in order to address the various challenges associated with climate change.

t i t l e Durban’s Climatic Future Project


b u d g e t R 250,000 (joint eThekwini Municipality /CSIR Funding)

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality and CSIR

22

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CSIR

Telephone: + 27 31 242 2355


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23

The key findings of the study are outlined below;

• It is predicted that for the period 2003 – 2100 Durban will experience an increase in the number of hot days. Durban’s current daily maximum temperature ranges from 20-26ºC. Data indicates that Durban is likely to experience an increase in monthly maximum temperatures of 2-3ºC. Daily minimum temperatures for all months will be 3-4ºC higher than minimum temperature currently experienced.

• Durban’s rainfall patterns are also likely to be affected. Although it is likely that rainfall will increase only slightly, the distribution of rainfall will change with longer periods of no rainfall, and shorter periods of intense rainfall;

• For the period 2003 -2100, water availability in the Umgeni River Catchment is predicted to decrease by an amount equivalent to the size of the Midmar Dam. Agricultural production and subsistence farming will be affected by these changes;

• Variability in temperature and rainfall can result in the spread of diseases such as malaria and cholera;

• The changes in rainfall patterns and temperature variability may impact on water availability, agricultural production and food security;

• For the period 2003-2100 average sea level is predicted to rise by 4.53cm every 10 years. Results indicate that a number of economic and tourist areas will be affected by the sea level rise; and

• It is likely that there will be an increase in extreme weather events such as flooding. This will lead to coastal erosion, infrastructural and coastal vegetation damage.

I Average high tide sea level in the CBD for the period 2003 - 2100.

I Impact of 2 – 4m sea level rise at uShaka

Marine World over the next 500 years.

I Average high tide sea level at Isipingo for the

period 2003 - 2100.

I Impact of 2 – 4m sea level rise at Prospecton

over the next 500 years.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• Wide-spread communication of the implications of climate change in Durban to a diverse stakeholder base, through detailed reports, a video presentation, easily readable documents and workshop sessions.

• A detailed response strategy aimed at factoring climate change into the city Integrated Development Plan (IDP).

• Climate contribution: Informing climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

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EThekwiniSterkspruit Colour St

erks

prui

t Co

lour

The Sterkspruit a small tributary of the Umlaas River situated upstream of Shong-

weni Dam. Over the last 20 years the Sterkspruit has often appeared red as it

receives coloured effluent from the Hammarsdale Waste Water Treatment Works

(WWTW). EThekwini Water Services (EWS) took over management of Hammarsdale

WWTW from Umgeni Water in October 2003. EWS’s responsibilities include the

operation and maintenance of the WWTW and the sewage infrastructure and

pump stations, as well as administering industrial effluent discharge to sewer.

EWS has embarked on a unique project to clean up the colour of the Sterkspruit.

The project, a mixture of local and international best practice, aims to:

• Set a standard for the colour of textile industry effluent entering into

and being discharged from the WWTW;

• Implement a colour standard via a new permit system;

• Encourage waste minimization and cleaner production through

treatment tariff concessions, and facilitating within industrial waste

minimisation programs; and

• Advise industry in managing and treating colour produced in operations.

t i t l e Sterkspruit Colour Project


b u d g e t No direct cost to eThekwini Municipality

excluding staff time

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality, University of KwaZulu-Natal,

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF),

Hammarsdale Waste Water Treatment Works,

Umgeni Water and local industry

SterkspruitColourp r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

24

P R O J E C T

I Hammarsdale Waste Water Treatment Works.

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Waste Water Management

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I Effluent entering treatment works.

25

• A discharge standard for the Hammarsdale WWTW

has been set;

• A new trade effluent standard has been set for

discharge of effluent to sewer;

• Permits have been issued for all textile industries

in the Hammarsdale area;

• Gelvenor Textile industry has constructed and is

currently commissioning an effluent pre-treatment

plant to remove colour. The project has now attracted

international interest, particularly from Norway. Once

the plant is fully on line the Norwegian Ambassador

will visit the plant.

• Rainbow Chicken Abattoir is commissioning a second

plant to reduce the waste load on the Hammarsdale

WWTW.

• The methodology is transferable locally and

nationally; and

• This project is first of its kind for South Africa.

• Climate contribution: Energy efficiency by reducing

the need for waste water treatment processing.

I Effluent during aeration process.

I Water samples from Sterkspruit

I Treated effluent after process at treatment works.

BEFORE TREATMENT AFTER TREATMENT

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Muni

cipal

Gree

nhou

se G

as In

vent

ory EThekwiniMunicipal Greenhouse

Gas Inventory

26

The management of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions is considered a priority for

the control of global climate change/disruption. EThekwini Municipality, in con-

junction with other cities in South Africa, has embarked on a process of identifying

and establishing reduction programmes for GHG through ICLEI’s Cities for Climate

Protection (CCP) Programme. Grant funding was approved to undertake 5 perform-

ance milestones which included conducting an energy and emission inventory

and forecast, establishing an emissions target, developing and obtaining approval

for a Local Action Plan, implementing policies and measures and monitoring and

verifying results

With regard to the first deliverable, an eThekwini Municipality project team was

established a partnership between the Environmental Management Department

and Health Department.

It was determined by the team that the GHG Emission Inventory should initially

focus on municipal activities as community emissions data (including business and

residential information) was limited. Despite the limited data available, a pilot

comparison between the community and municipal GHG emissions was con-

ducted. The information collected for the community GHG inventory was gathered

from residential, industrial and commercial, transportation and waste sectors. This

inventory revealed that the major contributors to GHG emissions for the city are

industrial and commercial users, followed by the transportation emissions.

Data gathering for the municipal GHG inventory involved the identification of

specific municipal sectors and activities that could give rise to greenhouse gas

Greenhouse Gas Inventoryp r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

t i t l e EThekwini Municipality’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory


b u d g e t US$ 59 000 USAID and ICLEI:

Local Governments for Sustainability

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality and ICLEI:

Local Governments for Sustainability

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Telephone: +27 31 300 2697


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27

emissions. The information collected for GHG inventory focused on: build-

ings, the vehicle fleet, employee commute, streetlighting, water, waste

water, solid waste and electricity. This information was consolidated into a

database generated using software provided by ICLEI and developed by

Torrie Smith & Associates.

The findings of the 2003/04 GHG inventory recorded that:

• EThekwini Municipal operations gave rise to 1.248 Mt CO2 eq

(equivalent tons of carbon dioxide) for the 2003/2004 Financial Year

(1 July 2003 to 30 June 2004);

• The “Other Sectors” category recorded in the inventory relates primarily

to electrical distribution losses. The correct attribution of this loss has

been the subject of some debate as the “emission” is associated with

electricity in the possession of the Municipality but in the process of

being resold to users. The loss has been attributed to the Municipality

as the owner of power at the point of exhaustion;

• Waste management represents the second-highest contribution to

greenhouse gas emissions;

• A comparison between the 2003 and 2004 financial year inventories

indicates that an apparent increase in the Municipal emission rate

is largely attributable to a more comprehensive data gathering

processes;

• The inventory has been compared to that for Cape Town and has

found to be broadly consistent for the two cities. Cape Town’s building

power usage is approximately a quarter higher than that of eThekwini

Municipality. This difference is ascribed to the need for space heating

of buildings during winter. Overall comparison between the two

inventories, allowing for differences in categorisation, suggests that

eThekwini’s emissions are 18% higher than those of Cape Town’s,

largely on the back of higher waste-associated emissions. For cities

of similar population, this indicates good congruence between the

inventories;

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• The 2003/04 GHG inventory identified that the building

sector had the potential to yield both environmental

and financial savings for the Municipality.

• EThekwini Municipality has therefore initiated a

Buildings Energy Efficiency Pilot project (refer to

Buildings Energy Efficiency case study on page 18) in

two of its municipal buildings: eThekwini Health and

Water Services. EThekwini Municipality has secured

additional funding to roll-out the Buildings Energy

Efficiency Programme (Project Budget US$ 36 000).

• Climate contribution: Energy efficiency.

I EThekwini Municipality’s operations gave rise to 1.248 Mt CO2 eq (equivalent tons of carbon dioxide) for the 2003/2004 Financial Year.

• Limited comparison between Municipal and community

GHG emissions has been conducted. On the basis of this

comparison it would appear that the Municipal emissions

are approximately 6% of those for the community; and

• The community GHG emissions inventory revealed that

the major contributors to the city’s greenhouse gas

emissions are industrial and commercial users, followed by

transportation emissions.

Other Sectors (Primary electricity distribution

losses)52%

Building Sector5%

Vehicle Fleet Sector5% Employee Commute Sector 1%

Streetlights Sector 8%

Water/Sewage Sector4%

Waste Sector25%

EThekwini Greenhouse gas emissions by sector(2003/4 Financial Year)

Total emissions: 1.25 Mt CO2 eq/annum

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EThekwiniRestoration of Coastal Grassland at Treasure Beach

Treas

ure B

each

Gras

sland

Resto

ration

The fire-maintained coastal grasslands at Treasure Beach, perched 100 meters

above the sea on Durban’s Bluff, are the last natural grasslands located on Durban’s

100 km of coastline. Untransformed land on the Bluff is categorised as irreplaceable

in eZemvelo KZN Wildlife’s plan to conserve provincial biodiversity.

In the past the Bluff coastal grasslands were threatened mostly by agriculture and

urban development, however, more recently the lack of regular fire has favoured

the establishment and spread of woody plants.

WESSA runs an environmental education centre in the renovated World War II

Union Defence Force radar station adjacent to the grassland. Over the years, a

number of dedicated volunteers, under the auspices of WESSA, have tried to stem

the invasion by woody species, but due to limited resources have failed to halt the

encroachment. By the end of 2003 only two disjunct grassland fragments of 2.1

and 0.7 hectares in size remained.

t i t l e Restoration of Coastal Grassland at Treasure Beach

on Durban’s Bluff


b u d g e t R 15 000 contributed by the Botanical Society of

South Africa. Ongoing contribution to management

costs by partners

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality (Environmental Management

and Parks, Leisure and Cemeteries Departments),

Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa

(WESSA), Botanical Society of South Africa (BOTSOC)

and eZemvelo KZN Wildlife

Treasure Beachp r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

28

O N D U R B A N ’ S B LU F F

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I Aerial photograph of the Bluff taken in 1931, which shows the extent of the grasslands in the vicinity of Treasure Beach.

29

The local branch of BOTSOC applied for funding from the BOTSOC

Flora Conservation Programme. The application was successful and the

Branch was able to employ a team to destroy woody plants, which had

begun to invade the last grassland patches. This exercise has been extremely

successful and the site has been radically transformed. Following the clear-

ing, a controlled management burn was conducted in early September

2003 and the spring flowers responded spectacularly.

The ongoing success of the restoration project will depend on effective and

longstanding partnerships. WESSA have committed funds for the ongoing

follow up work, eZemvelo KZN Wildlife and the eThekwini Parks, Leisure

and Cemeteries Department assist with cutting trails and burning, whilst the

eThekwini Environmental Management Department will work on potential

land acquisition, seeking appropriate protection for the site and pursuing an

initiative to link the Bluff’s east facing dunes with the provincial Bluff Nature

Reserve. The ultimate aim is to secure a protected area, which will include

the Wentworth coastal forest, wetlands, natural grasslands and dune scrub

and forest. The future role of this 100-hectare protected area is highly

significant due to its location in the heart of Durban’s South Durban Basin.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• Management of grassland fragments has reversed

the destructive encroachment process.

• Partners have committed to ongoing effort to ensure

the sustainability of the project.

• Private land, zoned for development, has been acquired

to secure part of the grassland.

• Climate contribution: Protecting the natural

resource base.

I eZemvelo KZN Wildlife and eThewkini Municipality staff conducting a controlled management burn.

I Graceful Poker Kniphofia gracilis flowering after a burn at Treasure Beach.

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EThekwiniInvas ive P lant Audit In

vasi

ve P

lant

Aud

it

Invasive Plant Audit p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o nAfter direct habitat destruction, alien invasive organisms pose the greatest threat

to South Africa’s and Durban’s biodiversity assets. The cost of controlling invasive

plants in South Africa is estimated at R600 million a year over 20 years. If invasive

plants are left uncontrolled, the problem will double within 15 years. Infestations of

invasive plants reduce the ability of natural ecosystems to supply high quality

environmental goods and services. For example, they waste 7% of national water

resources, reduce the ability to farm and graze livestock, intensify flooding and

fires, cause erosion, lead to the destruction of rivers and the siltation of dams and

estuaries, and cause water quality to deteriorate. They also may cause the local

extinction of indigenous plants and animals.

Until recently, national government’s legislative response to the threat of invasive

plants was contained in regulations and schedules of plants published in terms

of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act 43 of 1983). Only about 200

plants out of nearly 9 000 plants species cultivated in South Africa are listed as

serious weeds. In recognition of the negative impacts of invasive plants, the

eThekwini Municipality adopted a policy in late 2003, aimed at complying with the

law and addressing the threat of invasive plants.

The Municipality’s Parks, Leisure and Cemeteries Department is responsible for a

number of nurseries, which produce plants for Municipal use. Some surplus plants

are sold. The Department has a large impact on gardening and landscaping trends

t i t l e Invasive Plant Audit of eThekwini Municipality’s Nurseries


b u d g e t R 47 000

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality (Parks Leisure and Cemeteries

and Environmental Management Departments)

30

O F E T H E K W I N I M U N I C I PA L I T Y ’ S N U R S E R I E S

I Invasive alien - Mexican Sunflower Tithonia rotundifolia

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I Randles Nursery, Sydenham: Syringa Trees (invasive species).

in the city, so it is essential that the public is only exposed to horticultural

best practice. With this in mind, the Department in conjunction with the

city’s Environmental Management Department contracted a consultancy to

conduct an independent audit of Municipal nurseries, both production

areas and grounds. Results were generally encouraging and where invasive

plants were found, managers have committed to a removal programme. A

follow up audit will be conducted in October 2005 to check on progress

and it is intended to extend the audit in the future to Municipal parks and

streetscapes.

• The eThekwini Municipality has adopted an Alien

Weeds and Invader Plant Policy.

• A partnership was created to conduct an audit of

Municipal nurseries and the results showed that few

invasive plant species were being grown for use.

• Invasive plants will be removed and it is hoped to

extend the audit to Municipal parks and streetscapes.

• Climate contribution: Protecting natural

resource base.

I Botanical Gardens Nursery propagation area.

I Randles Nursery, Sydenham: Pennisetum purpureum (invasive species).

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Richard Boon


Telephone: + 27 31 3002877


act

I Westville Nursery: example of Category 1,

alien invasive plant, Rhus succedanea

(Wax Tree) found on site.


31

EThekwiniOp

en S

pace

Pla

nnin

g

Open Space Planning p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

O p e n S p a c e P l a n n i n g a n d I m p l e m e n t a t i o n

32

t i t l e Open Space Planning and Implementation to

Secure Environmental Goods and Services


b u d g e t Replacement cost of environmental services: R3,1 billion

(calculated in 2002), R500 000 for projects and R2 million

for land acquisition has been allocated in 2005/06

financial year

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality and a range of implementing

agents, e.g. eZemvelo KZN Wildlife, KZN Conservancies

Association, NGOs, traditional authorities and corporate

and private landowners

The key purpose of the eThekwini Environmental Services Management Plan

(EESMP) is to ensure the sustained supply of environmental goods and services

(e.g. water provision, flood attenuation and carbon sequestration) to the residents

of Durban. The need to develop a city-wide open space plan was first proposed

by a non-governmental organisation, the Wildlife Society of South Africa, in 1979

in response to the loss of conservation-worthy land to what appeared to be ill-

considered development.

The conceptual focus of the project has changed over time, from this initial

conservation-based approach, to a focus on ecological viability, to the current

version which brings sustainability considerations to the fore. Even though the

focus has shifted, there is a realisation that it is the biodiversity asset, in its broadest

sense, that is delivering the goods and services. The replacement value of these

services is estimated at R3, 1 billion per annum (2002). This excludes the R3, 5 billion

per annum earned through the tourism industry.

I African Monarch

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I Pigeon Valley Park is a Municipal nature reserve near the University

of KwaZulu-Natal Howard College.

33

The EESMP has been adopted as the framework for guiding the planning,

development and sustainable use of the natural resource base of the city.

It has also received international recognition and has been documented as

an international case study by ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability.

The current emphasis has shifted from planning to implementation. This

will include land acquisition (R5,5 million has been spent in then last three

years) raising awareness (especially in rural communities where most of the

asset is located) developing incentives for conservation on private land and

full integration with the Municipality’s hierarchy of development plans.

• Recognition in the city’s strategic planning that the

natural resource base is vital to sustainable development

and improving the quality of life of the city’s residents.

• Ensuring a sustainable supply of environmental goods

and services particularly to the city’s poorest residents

who rely heavily on the environment to meet basic

needs.

• The maintenance of an ecologically viable system,

which represents a major contribution to meeting

national and international obligations to biodiversity conservation.

• Climate Contribution: Protecting the natural resource base.

I Tributary of the Molweni River.

I Recreation at Shongweni Resources Reserve.

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LEGEND

Unicity Boundry

Critical Open Space Asset

I Boophone disticha: gifbol

EThekwiniIsipingo Ecotourism

Isipingo Ecotourism p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

Isip

ingo

Eco

tour

ism

34

The Isipingo Estuary is one of only three estuarine systems in southern Kwa-

Zulu-Natal which still supports significant mangrove habitat. Mangroves play an

important role in preventing erosion, and providing habitat for fish, invertebrates

and plants. Isipingo Estuary and its adjacent lowlands have suffered significant

environmental degradation through industrial development, urbanisation and

pollution. As a result, bird and fish-life in the estuary had all but disappeared and

mangrove trees were dying.

Local communities expressed concern regarding the quality of the environment

and over the last 20 years a number of unsuccessful attempts by the community

have been made to rehabilitate the estuary.

In 2003, a local community organisation, the Isipingo Island Institute, in partnership

with eThekwini Municipality, DWAF and DEAT, developed a plan to restore the

estuary and upgrade the educational value of the estuarine environment

THIS PLAN INCLUDED:

• An ecotourism centre including conference facilities;

• A boardwalk to link the island to the mainland, allowing non-intrusive

access to the mangroves;

• Estuary-mouth sediment-removal (i.e. dredging) to restore the natural

link between the Indian ocean and the Isipingo River;

t i t l e Isipingo Ecotourism Project

l o c a t i o n EThekwini Municipal Area, Local Impact

b u d g e t R 1 000 000 (2005/2006)

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality, Isipingo Island Institute,

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF),

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT)

P R O J E C T

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Project Executive: Coastal Policy

Telephone: + 27 31 300 2281


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I Boardwalk access to mangroves.

35

• The establishment of the Isipingo River Catchment Forum, which is

made up of representatives from the DWAF and eThekwini Municipality,

monitors water quality and reports on pollution in a monthly meeting;

• A community upliftment programme; and

• Environmental education for educators and learners.

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) was conducted, and a specialist

workshop held to determine the best way to undertake the development

so that it met social and ecological needs, and was financially sustainable.

DEAT agreed to fund the building costs of R3.8 million, and eThekwini

Municipality provided a further R1 million to extend the boardwalk and

ecotourism centre beyond what was originally planned. The ecotourism

centre is now complete, as is the originally-planned boardwalk. The add-

itional funds have allowed the boardwalk to be extended and this extension

is currently under construction. The dredging project is being undertaken

by eThekwini Municipality and is ongoing.

The Isipingo Island Institute is responsible for the operational management

and maintenance of the ecotourism facility and boardwalk, however, if for

any reason this body were to dissolve, the Parks, Leisure and Cemeteries

Department of eThekwini Municipality has committed itself to taking over

operational management and maintenance.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• 45 local unemployed people were contracted for a

2 year period to clear the estuary of water hyacinth,

600 tons of which were used as a biological filler to

shore-up dunes.

• Approximately 12 000m3 of sediment was removed

to enable the estuary to function.

• Fish kills and other visible forms of pollution have

decreased.

• The quality and quantity of bird and fish life, as well as

mangrove vegetation, is improving and increasing.

• The people employed to clear the area have received

received basic adult education which included life skills,

natural environmental management, computer literacy,

health education and child management training.

• There has been improved environmental governance

through the participation of different stakeholders via

the membership of the Isipingo River Catchment Forum.

• It is envisaged that this project will provide input

into the eThekwini South Durban Basin Coastal

Management Plan.

• The Isipingo Island Institute was tasked by DEAT and

DWAF to conduct Environmental Education

programmes for both educators and learners during

National Marine and Water Week.

• The project is a first of its kind in the eThekwini

Municipal Area.

• Climate Contribution: Protecting the natural resource base.I Isipingo Beach.


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EThekwiniuShaka Marine World

uShaka Marine World p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n

uSha

ka G

reen

Des

ign

Audi

t

36

G R E E N D E S I G N AU D I T

Green building is the practice of increasing efficiency with which buildings and their sites use and generate energy, water and materials. These buildings reduce building impacts on human health and the environment through better designs, construction, operation and maintenance. Green Designs look at design and construction practices that significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the environment and its occupants.

uShaka Marine World Theme Park is a flagship project leading the renewal of the greater Point Waterfront area. Recently completed, the park features lush landscapes and waterscapes with marine exhibits, lifestyle retail businesses as well as continual events and programmed entertainment activities thereby establishing a unique leisure, tourism and edutainment node for the city. The eThekwini Municipality’s Sustainability Partnership report has identified the Point Waterfront Sustainability Strategy as an initiative with the potential to be developed as immediate example of sustainable development. The strategy’s aims and objectives include “building on the environmental management plan, conducting an initial “green audit” for the development and to promote global best practice.

In addition a Record of Decision for the uShaka Marine World Theme Park Environ-mental Impact Assessment (dated 19 July 2002) stated under section 10.29 that “A Green Design Audit must be conducted during the detailed design phase”. It was envisaged that the Green Design Audit would investigate and benchmark the project against international and local best practice. With particular attention to the “triple bottom line”, i.e. the cumulative effect of social, environmental and economic cost/benefit. A Green Design Audit of the uShaka Marine World Theme Park was conducted looking at the four key broad areas of focus with regard to pragmatic green design principles. These included: Energy; Water; Materials; and Landscaping.

t i t l e uShaka Marine World Theme Park Green Design Audit


b u d g e t R730 million (Total Development cost)

p a r t n e r s EThekwini Municipality, Moreland and Development

Bank South Africa

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Mirage Leisure and Development

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37

A preliminary Green Design Audit was commissioned during the design and construction phase of the theme park in July 2003. A Final Green Audit (which included a Plant and Landscape Audit) was conducted by a consultancy in August 2004 once the construction of the theme park was completed. The purpose of the Final Audit was to verify the findings of the preliminary Green Design Audit conducted in 2003.

The recommendations of the preliminary Green Design Audit included the need for:

• An Environmental Management System to govern and manage the day to day operations of the theme park;

• The provision of rainwater collection for irrigation or other suitable uses;

• The development of an educational focus component which looks at onsite environmental management issues, for example incorporating integrated coastal zone management;

• The use of stainless steel pumps for the aquarium as these are more energy efficient than plastic pumps;

• The use of energy efficient lighting and efficient heating and cooling systems within the theme park; and

• A Chlorine Risk Assessment for the Chlorine Plant of the theme park.

The Final Green Design Audit found that:

• Rainfall feeds into landscapes or drains into the planted areas from walkways and hardened surfaces via a piped irrigation system in the theme park. A sufficient amount of water for irrigation purposes is generated in this manner and reduces the cost of extensive storm water infrastructure;

• There is a strong educational focus throughout exhibit component within the aquarium;

• The Chlorine Risk Assessment determined that chlorine (liquid form) used in the water park does not pose a threat to the public;

• Renewable materials used during the construction included thatching for retail areas and wooden poles that are sourced from permitted plantations;

• Stainless steel pumps were used for the aquarium. These pumps operate at a higher efficiency which reduces power consumption;

• All water consumption by retail operators is metered. As a result, operators are able to monitor and manage hot water consumption;

• Energy efficiency light bulbs (compact fluorescent lamps) have been used throughout the theme park;

• Natural daylight has been incorporated into the design of the theme park, for example the use of natural light in aquarium tanks and walkways through the retail section of the park;

• An air conditioning displacement system has been created to service the floor area of the ship exhibit which is the main location of the aquar- iums. As a result, air conditioning ducts have been designed to cool the entire floor area of the ship which is frequented by the public rather than the entire ship exhibit; and

• Timers on the hot water systems have been implemented. These switch off the water heaters after hours at the theme park.

RESULTSr e s u l t s a c h i e v e d• Promotion of energy efficiency throughout uShaka Marine Theme Park.

• The landscaping at uShaka Marine Theme Park is largely indigenous therefore it will increase local biodiversity and improve local amenity.

• Materials used during the construction include thatching for retail areas and wooden poles that are sourced from permitted plantations.

• Water consumption within uShaka Marine Theme Park is controlled and metered. Large central grease traps have been installed in the main passage-ways and exits to protect water sources from pollution.

• A large “green lung” has been created on a previously degraded and sterile site, thereby attenuating dust and the heat-island effect.

• The design of the uShaka Marine Theme Park incorporated innovative and creative ways of ensuring the sustainable use of renewable and non-renewable resources wherever practical and possible given certain constraints.


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INDICATORS SCORES

Indicators Ecological Social Institutional

Sust

ain

abili

ty e

mp

loym

ent

crea

tio

n

SMM

E d

evel

op

men

t

Serv

ice

cost

red

uct

ion

Co

un

cil b

ud

get

lin

e-it

em

Max

imis

ing

nat

ura

l res

ou

rce

pro

du

ctiv

ity

Pro

mo

tin

g e

ner

gy

effic

ien

cy a

nd

ad

dre

ssin

g c

limat

e ch

ang

es

Mai

nta

inin

g b

iod

iver

sity

Pro

mo

tin

g u

se o

f ren

ewab

les

Mai

nta

inin

g a

ir &

wat

er q

ual

ity

or m

inim

isin

g w

aste

an

d p

ollu

tio

n

Mee

tin

g b

asic

nee

ds

Prov

isio

ns

of e

du

cati

on

an

d t

rain

ing

Red

uci

ng

cri

me

and

vio

len

ce

Pro

tect

ing

vu

lner

able

gro

up

s

Pro

mo

tin

g c

ult

ure

, sp

ort

s an

d h

erit

age

Pom

oti

ng

tra

nsp

aren

cy a

nd

dem

ocr

acy

Ad

dre

ssin

g h

isto

ric

ineq

ual

itie

s

Emp

ow

erin

g lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

ies

Co

mp

lian

ce w

ith

nat

ion

al a

nd

inte

rnat

ion

al le

gis

lati

on

Cat

chm

ent

man

agem

ent

Co

-op

erat

ive

gov

ern

ance

Pub

lic-p

riva

te p

artn

ersh

ip

Eco

no

mic

Eco

log

ical

Soci

al

Go

vern

ance

Sust

ain

abili

ty s

core

Scal

e R

atin

g (1

-5)

Sco

re

1 Open Space Planning & Implementation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 75 80 57 68 5 340

2 Landfill Gas to Electricity • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 75 40 57 58 5 290

3 Medicinal Plant Sector • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 75 60 57 68 4 272

4 Wastewater Education Programme • • • • • • • • • • 60 50 40 43 48 4 169

5 Water Loss Management • • • • • • • • 60 50 40 14 41 4 164

6 Buildings Energy Efficiency • • • • • • 40 50 20 14 31 5 155

7 LED Light Replacement • • • • • • 60 50 0 14 31 5 155

8 Isipingo Ecotourism Project • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 75 60 86 75 2 150

9 Environmental Servitudes • • • • • • • • • • 60 75 20 43 49 3 148

10 Durban’s Climatic Future Project • • • • • • 20 50 20 29 30 5 148

11 Sterkspruit Colour Project • • • • • • • • • • 40 75 20 57 48 3 144

12 Greenhouse Gas Inventory • • • • • • 20 25 20 43 27 5 135

13 Restoration of Coastal Grassland • • • • • • • • 20 50 40 43 38 3 115

14 Invasive Plant Audit • • • • • • • 40 50 20 29 35 3 104

15 uShaka Marine World Green Design Audit • • • • 20 25 0 29 18 3 55.2

Sust

aina

bilit

y Ra

ting

38

Scale Rating Area of Influence

1 Neighbourhood

2 Local or Community

3 Municipal or City-wide

4 National

5 International to Global

INDICATORS SCORES

Indicators Ecological Social Institutional

Sust

ain

abili

ty e

mp

loym

ent

crea

tio

n

SMM

E d

evel

op

men

t

Serv

ice

cost

red

uct

ion

Co

un

cil b

ud

get

lin

e-it

em

Max

imis

ing

nat

ura

l res

ou

rce

pro

du

ctiv

ity

Pro

mo

tin

g e

ner

gy

effic

ien

cy a

nd

ad

dre

ssin

g c

limat

e ch

ang

es

Mai

nta

inin

g b

iod

iver

sity

Pro

mo

tin

g u

se o

f ren

ewab

les

Mai

nta

inin

g a

ir &

wat

er q

ual

ity

or m

inim

isin

g w

aste

an

d p

ollu

tio

n

Mee

tin

g b

asic

nee

ds

Prov

isio

ns

of e

du

cati

on

an

d t

rain

ing

Red

uci

ng

cri

me

and

vio

len

ce

Pro

tect

ing

vu

lner

able

gro

up

s

Pro

mo

tin

g c

ult

ure

, sp

ort

s an

d h

erit

age

Pom

oti

ng

tra

nsp

aren

cy a

nd

dem

ocr

acy

Ad

dre

ssin

g h

isto

ric

ineq

ual

itie

s

Emp

ow

erin

g lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

ies

Co

mp

lian

ce w

ith

nat

ion

al a

nd

inte

rnat

ion

al le

gis

lati

on

Cat

chm

ent

man

agem

ent

Co

-op

erat

ive

gov

ern

ance

Pub

lic-p

riva

te p

artn

ersh

ip

Eco

no

mic

Eco

log

ical

Soci

al

Go

vern

ance

Sust

ain

abili

ty s

core

Scal

e R

atin

g (1

-5)

Sco

re

1 Open Space Planning & Implementation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 75 80 57 68 5 340

2 Landfill Gas to Electricity • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 75 40 57 58 5 290

3 Medicinal Plant Sector • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 75 60 57 68 4 272

4 Wastewater Education Programme • • • • • • • • • • 60 50 40 43 48 4 169

5 Water Loss Management • • • • • • • • 60 50 40 14 41 4 164

6 Buildings Energy Efficiency • • • • • • 40 50 20 14 31 5 155

7 LED Light Replacement • • • • • • 60 50 0 14 31 5 155

8 Isipingo Ecotourism Project • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 80 75 60 86 75 2 150

9 Environmental Servitudes • • • • • • • • • • 60 75 20 43 49 3 148

10 Durban’s Climatic Future Project • • • • • • 20 50 20 29 30 5 148

11 Sterkspruit Colour Project • • • • • • • • • • 40 75 20 57 48 3 144

12 Greenhouse Gas Inventory • • • • • • 20 25 20 43 27 5 135

13 Restoration of Coastal Grassland • • • • • • • • 20 50 40 43 38 3 115

14 Invasive Plant Audit • • • • • • • 40 50 20 29 35 3 104

15 uShaka Marine World Green Design Audit • • • • 20 25 0 29 18 3 55.2

39

Acknowledgements

• Andrew Mather

• Dave Mercer

• Lindsay Strachan

• Teddy Gounden

• Simon Scruton

• Siva Chetty

• Christopher Fennemore

• Sandra Redelinghuys

• Mia Antoni

• Quentin Hurt

• Rob Hounsome

• Shamini Naidu

• Jenny Barnard

• Richard Kinvig

• Nick Webb

• Michelle Nevette

• Darryl Thomas

• Geoff Tomlinson

• Fred Pietersen

• Nicci Diederichs

• Roy Mkhumla

• Dr Debra Roberts

• Richard Boon

• Penny Croucamp

• Manisha Maganlal

• Simphiwe Mazibuko

• Louisa Marnewick

• Keith Walters

• Lindsay North

• Robbie Sinclair

• Mickey Govender

• Anton Kieck

• Blue Hue Designs

40

The Environment Management Department would like to extend sincere thanks to the following people for their time, co-operation and enthusiasm in compiling the information published in the Sustainability Best Practice Portfolio 2005/6 for eThekwini Municipality.


Development Planning & Management Unit

P O Box 680

Durban

4000

South Africa

Tel: +27 31 300 2875

www.durban.gov.za

D E S I G N - B LU E H U E D E S I G N S P R I N T - P R O P R I N T

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