survismeter — type i and ii for surface tension, viscosity measurements of liquids for academic,...

J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 67 (2006) 151–161

www.elsevier.com/locate/jbbm

Survismeter — Type I and II for surface tension,

viscosity measurements of liquids for academic,

and research and development studies

Man Singh *

Chemistry Research Lab, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110019, India

Received 19 August 2005; received in revised form 11 February 2006; accepted 13 February 2006

Abstract

For centuries surface tension (c) and viscosity (g) data have been measured with individual instruments

consuming much time and materials. Thus the two different types of survismeters have been designed and

made of borosil glass material for surface tension and viscosity data to rationalize frictional and cohesive

forces, respectively. Friccohesity (r (sm�1, second per meter)) is derived from Fric of frictional and

cohesity of cohesive forces of the liquid respectively, and denoted by rational coefficient a g/c (r). Thevalues of the friccohesity are correlated to the dipole moment of liquids and their plot gives a standard

calibration curve along with an equation of the curve with definite values of the coefficients, the

friccohesity values are put on the calibration curve to retrieve the dipole moment values. Here, the r values

for each of dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and acetronitrile solvents along with their 0.05, 0.10 and

0.20molkg�1 aqueous solutions, respectively, were determined at 293.15K and plotted against their dipole

moment values for standard calibration curve. The range of the dipole moment values for calibration curve

is pre-decided and the r values for homogenous solutions of compositions below their saturation point can

be measured with F1�10�5sm�1.

D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Surface tension; Viscosity; Friccohesity; Dipole moment; Survismeter; U-capillaries; Critical micelle

concentration

0165-022X/$

doi:10.1016/j.j

* Tel.: +91 1

E-mail add

- see front matter D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

bbm.2006.02.008

1 26217579.

ress: [email protected].

mailto:[email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.02.008

M. Singh / J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 67 (2006) 151–161152

1. Introduction

Currently a survismeter [1] was fabricated based on 2-in-1 technique for surface tension and

viscosity data measurement. As the innovations keep going on for betterment in experimental

techniques for reducing the consumptions of the time, efforts and materials used in, hence two

different survismeters type I and II are developed for academic, and research and development

laboratories. In general the biological, biochemical solutions and biofluids are very expensive

and get spoiled on exposure for longer period of time hence it is difficult to measure both the

properties separately with industrial instruments which takes much time and materials. Thus the

survismeters resolve such hurdles for obtaining such data on biological solutions for the study of

the atherosclerosis [2] with minimum operational steps. Even school and graduate students can

deal with type I, it is simplest and handy with minimum sophistication while type II has certain

degree of sophistication meant for high accuracy work like determination of molecular weights

of polymers and critical micellar concentration (CMC) of surfactants and detergents. As

compared to the earlier instrument [1], the U-capillary between the bulbs 6 and 7 of the type I

Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of survismeter type I. The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 marked on the upper ends of the

survismeter represent the limbs, and 5, 6,7, 8 and 9 marked in the bulbs, the operational bulbs, respectively. The numbers

depicted along with the vertical lines illustrate the dimensions of the instrument and the dotted darkened vertical tube

between the bulbs 6th and 7th, and 9th and 7th, the 0.5mm capillaries to permit viscous and drop wise flows,

respectively.

M. Singh / J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 67 (2006) 151–161 153

(Fig. 1) is reduced to straight and an additional U-capillary between the bulbs 9 and 7 of the

survismeter II (Fig. 2) is incorporated for nullifying an effect of gravitational force, g, on drop-

wise flow. Previously designed survismeter was a pioneering model while type I is further

simplified with minimum sophistication for introducing the concept of 2-in-1 as important step

towards green chemistry instrumentation. But the survismeter type II is fundamentally for ultra

accuracy for academic and Research and Development laboratories with certain degree of

sophistication for accurate determination of molecular weights of polymers and CMC of

surfactants and detergents. They can measure the surface tension, viscosities and friccohesity

data of the sols, gels, colloidal solutions of 0.0005 to 0.800molkg�1 and solutions of polymeric

materials of concentrations from 0.0005% to 0.550%. The survismeter would be very useful to

produce highly accurate data of surface tension, viscosities and friccohesity data for nano

particle solutions.

Fig. 2. The schematic diagram of survismeter type II. The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 marked on the upper ends of the

survismeter represent the limbs, and 5, 6,7, 8 and 9 marked in the bulbs, the operational bulbs, respectively. The numbers

depicted along with the vertical lines illustrate the dimensions of the instrument. The two dotted tubes, which are partly

vertical and bent U-shaped between the bulbs 6th and 7th, and 9th and 7th, are the 0.5mm U-capillaries and permit

viscous and drop-wise flows, respectively.


The instruments are a step forward in the field of solution engineering [3–7] to produce

fundamental information. Apart from frictional and cohesive forces, a vacancy has been felt to

derive new property known as friccohesity (r), which has never been noticed for liquid

mixtures, as no mixing is ideal. Thus, an equation was formulated by the author to calculate the

r values for an insight of a state of intermolecular forces. The values of the friccohesity have

been used to measure the dipole moment of the solutions instead of capacitor. If the rough range

of the l (dipole moment) values of the unknown liquid solutions is estimated then by measuring

the r values for the liquids whose dipole moment values are known a standard equation and

calibration curve are obtained. The l value is the function of the electrostatic forces of the

liquids and hence the solvents of the l values of similar range are used for calibration curve. The

friccohesity values are assumed to effectively illustrate the rheological behavior of the biological

fluids, as to how the diffusion of the biocompatible ions – Na+, K+ and Mg2+ and others, and

molecular ions – zwitterions (amino acids), and globular polyvalent protein ions get transported

along with biofluids in the blood capillaries. It can decide the category of the viscous flow of the

biochemical solutions whether they belong to Newtonian flow or the Brownian. Briefly the

friccohesity values elucidate the interactions of the biomolecules with medium in terms of the

torque applied on the biomolecules during viscous flow along with transporting systems. In

general, the biological solutions are very expensive and get spoiled with time hence survismeters

are very useful techniques to measure both the CMC and intrinsic viscosity in minimum time,

efforts and exposure of the solution. Thus the survismeters produce the data of academic as well

as of industrial uses. The surface tension and the viscosities measurements were repeated several

times and their standard deviations calculated were found to be cF2�10�6Nm�1 and

gF1.7�10�5kgm�1 s�1, respectively. The survismeters do permit any restriction for

measuring both the properties of Newtonian liquid solutions below their saturation compositions

even it is suitable for very dilute colloidal solutions of nano molar compositions obtained by

dilution. The important condition of the liquid solutions is that they must respond to viscous

flow. However, the c and g data for 0.0005 to 0.800molkg�1 colloidal liquid solutions and

similar concentrations of the polymers [8] can be measured by using the capillaries of the 0.5 to

1.0mm inner diameter; thus, the desired inner diameter of the capillaries must be incorporated in

the instruments. Basically, the inner diameter of the capillary decides the viscous and drops wise

flows of the liquids of desired strength.

2. Material and methods

The survismeters are made of borosil glass with simple glass blowing units. The bosrosil glass

made and of 20�10�3dm3 capacity syringe with needle and with plunger is used to suck the

solutions from bulb number 8 to the corresponding survismeter bulbs through the flexible Teflon

tube. The triple distilled water was used to determine the survismeter constant at desired

temperatures. The methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane each of analytical

reagent (AR, Merck, India) grade were distilled and used for the measurements. The

tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetronitrile

(AR, Merck, India) are distilled in the lab; for purity, their solution were prepared w/w, in ultra

pure water. The deionized water was triply distilled in KMnO4 and KOH (AR, Merck, India) for

removing dissolved CO2 and boiled off for further removal of the dissolved gases, its conductivity

was maintained to be 1�10�6V�1cm�1. The survismeters were washed very cautiously with

freshly prepared chromic acid followed with ordinary and distilled water, the final was made with

aqueous acetone. It was dried in oven for 24h at 1208C. Similar washings were made to


bicapillary pyknometer (of 20�10�3dm3 capacity) for density measurements with 0.01mg

accuracy analytical balance model 100DS, Dhona Instruments Pvt., Ltd., Calcutta, India.

2.1. Stainless steel stand

It was made of pure stainless steel stand to mount the survismeters with reversible nut and

bolts fitted clips at a vertical position, and with stand the survismeters were kept in the

thermostat for temperature control during measurements. The electronic racer of 1�10�4s

accuracy was used for the flow times for the prescribed volume of the liquids separately. The

stand did keep the survismeter at fairly vertical and reproducible position and inhibits the jerks,

which affect the viscous and drop-wise flows.

2.2. Handling and operation

The survismeters were properly washed as per standard method with utmost care without

blocking their U-capillaries with any particle. They were mounted on the stands separately and

clipped with stand arms, in absolutely vertical positions determined with mercury leveling

instrument. The reference liquid and solutions were separately filled in the bulb number 8 of

both the survismeters with utmost care; sucking of the liquids from bulb number 8 to the bulbs 7,

6 and 5 for flow times and bulbs number 7 and 9 for drop numbers were made very cautiously.

The attention was paid to avoid the formation of the air bubble in the liquid at any step during

sucking operation as it disrupts the smooth flow. The sucking was made with 100�10�3dm3

capacity syringe connecting the needle of the syringe and the respective upper end of the

survismeter limb.

2.3. Description

Fundamentally, the survismeters types I and II have almost similar structures except few

changes, their schematic drawings are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. The type I is a very

handy and simple in operation and most suitable for academic work for school and graduate

students with minimum delicacy in designing and handling. Its exposure to the students can

develop the concept of simultaneous measurements of the physico-chemical properties of the

liquids, which has never been cited in the literature. Basically, it is a competent technique that

makes the students and industrial workers familiar to the measure of a number of physical

properties of liquid solutions using a single instrumental unit. The type II is an advanced version of

the 2-in-1 technique and is most appropriate for research and developmental work having a high

level of sensitivity and needs utmost attention for handling and operation with high resolution.

Basically it allows the slow flow, as fast viscous flow causes higher disruptions in the

hydrodynamics of the liquids. The survismeters are most suitable to measure rheological

properties and characteristics of surfactants, sols and gels, paints, pigments, textile, paper pulps

and petroleum products. Both of instruments consist bulbs, limbs and capillaries for solution; their

pressure and liquid flow control are almost similar in structural design and operational methods.

2.4. Fundamental difference

The type I survismeter differs from the II due to the shape of the capillaries. The capillaries of

type I adjoining bulbs 9 to 7 (for drops counts) and 6 to 7 (for flow times) are vertical in shape


and shorter in length, almost 1/3 times to that of the type II. Such kinds of shape of capillaries

facilitate ease in handling the instruments. The inner diameter of the capillaries in both cases is

0.5 mm. Contrary to the design of the capillaries of type I, the type II consists the U shaped

capillaries adjoining bulbs 9 to 7 and 6 to 7, respectively. The length of the capillaries is three

times that of type I; thus, the shape and length of the capillaries of the type II introduce certain

complications and sophistication in the instrument for operation and handling. The purpose of

the U-capillaries is to nullify an effect of the gravitational force on the viscous and drop-wise

flows of the solutions for clearer picture of the structural interactions.

2.5. Common features

Bulb number 8 of both the instruments holds about 20�10�3dm3 but in general about

15�10�3dm3 of solution is preferred for measurements with approximately 5�10�3dm3

empty volume left unoccupied for pressure equilibrium. The bulb number 8 is connected to limb

number 3 and bulb number 7, respectively. The bulb number 7 holds about 10�10�3dm3 of

solution, and adjoins the lower ends of limb numbers 1, 2 and 4, respectively, and it controls an

upward flow of solution being sucked to the bulb numbers 6 and 5, and 9 of limbs 4 and 2,

respectively. The bulb number 6 of 10�10�3dm3 is an important one, as solution filled in is

allowed to flow within the upper and lower marks made on the capillaries below and above it

(Figs. 1 and 2). The bulb number 5 stabilizes the flow by equilibrating a pressure and thermal

stability. Bulb 9 is 10�10�3dm3; the solution is sucked above its upper mark and

simultaneously allowed for down flow drop-wise through vertical (type I) and the U (type II)

capillaries attached to its lower tube. The drops were counted at the lower end of the capillary,

which opens to the bulb number 7 and the upper end of limb number 1 was kept open for

pressure control of the bulb. Tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, are the limbs whose upper ends are

fitted with ground glass joints of B 5 (except tube number 3 with B 9). Here B is a standard glass

joint along with size of the B; the stoppers are also used to block the upper ends of tubes. The

limb numbers 1 and 3 are directly attached to bulbs 8 and 7 for pressure control of the bulbs

during operation and limbs 2 and 4 are attached to bulb numbers 5 and 6. Along with bulb

number 9, they control air pressure applied overhead of the top ends of limbs for laminar flow of

solution.

2.6. Handling

Usually, survismeters are calibrated with any standard solution, however ultra pure water is

preferred, and their calibration constants are known as survismeter constants and are found in the

range of 0.1m2s�2. Unit numbers 4 and 2 are calibrated separately for viscosity and surface

tension measurements, respectively.

2.7. Viscosity

About 15�10�3dm3 of solution of known viscosity value is taken in the 8th bulb through

3rd limb keeping the other ends of the limbs open for pressure control. The survismeter was

mounted on the stainless steel stand and kept in thermostat at desired a temperature with

F0.018C control, read with Beckman thermometer (calibrated at the National Physical

Laboratory, New Delhi, India). The solution was sucked upward from bulb number 8 through

capillary by 50�10�3dm3 capacity syringe fitted with airtight plunger. With needle syringe, one


end of Teflon/PVC tube is attached and another end is attached to a movable stopper with hole.

The stopper is fixed in the socket of the 4th limb and, pulling out the plunger, sucks up the

solution to bulb number 5; once filled up, the stopper is removed. During sucking of the

solution, the socket of limb 3 is kept open, while that of the 2nd and 1st are blocked with

stoppers; for down flow of solution, the syringe and stopper of limb number 1 are taken back.

The flow time between upper and lower marks of bulb number 6 is counted. The flow times with

electronic racer of 1�10�4s accuracy were recorded for four to five times to ensure the

reproducibility in values; similarly, the time data are collected for solutions.

2.8. Surface tension

After flow time measurements, the similar solution filled in bulb number 8 is sucked to bulb

number 9 above its upper mark, similarly with the blocked socket of limbs 4 and 1 with stoppers.

For a drop-wise flow from bulb number 9, the stoppers are removed followed by syringe and the

number of drops are counted in bulb 7 for four to five times for reproducibility. This gives better

accuracy in drop count data as the pressure jerks are controlled in the bulb as compared to

conventional methods where drop formation is allowed in the open. A nut bolt-fitted clip was

used to control the air pressure applied on the overhead of limb number 2, whenever it is

required; normally, such need does not arise.

3. Result

Firstly, the survismeter constant with water was determined; the viscosity and surface tension

of the solution were measured and fitted in the usual formula to calculate [3] their values. Both

of the measurements are repeated four to five times to attain the accuracy in the data; g and cdata were measured to F1.7�10�5kgm�1s�1 and F2�10�6Nm�1 accuracies, respectively.

The data of g and c functions for the solvents obtained with both the survismeters are given in

Table 1, and the values of r and l for THF, DMF, DMSO and AN along with their aqueous

solutions in Table 2. It is noticed that with better temperature control, the survismeters produce

data of higher accuracies. Further the data were processed to calculate the friccohesity, a specific

function of liquid as under.

3.1. Friccohesity

Data of g and c functions [3] and [7] are fitted in the equation given below.

g=cð Þ ¼ g0=c0ð Þ tn=t0n0ð Þ ð1Þ

The function (g/c)=r (sm�1) represent the values of the solutions and the (g0/c0)=r0 of the

solvent, respectively. Eq. (1) now becomes Eq. (2) earlier derived by the author [9] and is given

below.

r ¼ r0 t=t0FB=tð Þ n=n0ð Þ þ 0:0012 1� w=w0ð Þð Þ½ � ð2Þ

B/t is the kinetic energy correction to viscous flow, 0.0012�103kgm�3 is the air density and

(1�w/w0) is the buoyancy correction to w and w0 which are the weights of solution and solvent,

respectively. The w/w0 ratio may be replaced by density (q) values of the solutions, hence factor(1�w/w0) becomes (1�q). The values of c function are related as w =mg =2prc; thus, thebuoyancy correction in weights is made, the B/t and kinetic correction (k) were obtained from

Table 2

Densities (U), viscosities (D), surface tension (g), friccohesity (j) and dipole moment (A) of the pure and their aqueous

solutions

Solvents 293.15 U,103 kg m�3

U, 103 kg m�3,

lit

D,0.1 kg m�1s�1

g,

10�3 Nm�1

j,102 Sm�1

A,Debye*

THF 0.88587 0.886 0.53790 25.7230 0.02091 1.63

DMF 0.94391 0.944 1.56510 39.0653 0.04006 3.82

Acetonitrile 0.83911 0.839 0.43778 29.8579 0.01466 3.92

DMSO 1.10438 1.1049 2.21274 41.7599 0.05299 3.96

Conc.,

mol kg�1U,103 kg m�3

D,0.1 kg m�1s�1

g,

10�3 Nm�1

j,102 Sm�1

A,Debye

DMF

0.05 0.99525 1.02986 72.0497 0.01429 3.92

0.15 0.99619 1.06227 70.1951 0.01513 3.91

0.20 0.99671 1.07697 69.1221 0.01561 3.91

DMSO

0.05 1.00135 1.11438 72.4912 0.01537 3.91

0.15 0.99822 1.06506 72.7634 0.01464 3.92

0.20 0.99657 1.03256 72.9279 0.01424 3.93

AN

0.05 0.99774 1.03382 72.7284 0.01421 3.93

0.15 0.99710 1.07695 70.2588 0.01533 3.91

0.20 0.99670 1.09878 69.1120 0.01588 3.90

In general, the UF0.00002 g cm�3, DF0.00017 g cm�1s�1, gF0.0002 dyne cm�1, jF0.000017 s m�1 uncertainties

are noted in the data, and remain almost same with all the obtained data. * These are literature.

Table 1

Surface tension (10�3 Nm�1) and viscosity (0.1 kg m�1s�1) along with of literature, D=exp.�lit, with survismeters I

and II

Survismeter I

Temperatures Surface tension D=Exp.�lit Viscosity D=Exp.�litSolvents� T. K Lit. Exp. for g data Lit. Exp. for D data

methanol 298.15 22.28 22.29 0.01 0.547 0.549 0.002

293.13 22.55 22.55 0.00

Ethanol 293.15 22.40 22.40 0.00 1.060 1.062 0.002

Glycerol 298.15 64.00 64.00 0.00 1.490 1.488 �0.002Ethyl acetate 298.15 23.15 23.15 0.00 0.441 0.443 0.002

n�hexane 298.15 17.90 17.89 �0.01 1.790 1.791 0.001

Survismeter II

Temperatures Surface tension Exp.�lit Viscosity Exp.�litSolvents� T. K Lit. Exp. D Lit. Exp. D

methanol 298.15 22.28 22.28 0.00 0.547 0.548 0.001

293.13 22.55 22.55 0.00

Ethanol 293.15 22.40 22.40 0.00 1.060 1.0602 0.000

Glycerol 298.15 64.00 64.01 0.00 1.490 1.489 �0.001Ethyl acetate 298.15 23.15 23.15 0.00 0.441 0.442 0.001

n�hexane 298.15 17.90 17.90 �0.00 1.790 1.791 0.001

Lit (literature) [4,5] and [7] and exp. (experimental) values.



the g =q(k�B/t) with the known values of g and q functions. The B/t and k values are found to

be �0.1821�10�4 and 1.8977�10�4, and �0.20508�10�5 and 2.32647�10�5 at 298.15

and 303.15K, respectively. The value of the survismeter constant B with distilled water is

calculated from the g/q =Bt�V/8prLt, V is the total volume of water that flows, r is the radius

and L is the length of capillary. The densities were measured with 20�10�3dm3 bicapillary

pyknometer and analytical balance. The data are given Tables 1 and 2, respectively, for the

chosen solvents and the solutions.

4. Discussion

Surface tension and viscosity data were measured and given in Table 1 along with literature.

The experimental data are found close to the literature values with F1�10�6Ncm�1 and

F1�10�5kgm�1s�1 deviations, respectively. The values of the r parameter calculated with

Eq. (2) determine the dipole moment (l) of the liquid solutions; the l values vary due to the

electrostatic forces involved in the heteromolecular interactions. The r data are given in Table

2, which accurately predict the binding forces during drop formation applied on

circumference, the lowermost tip of the capillary, as well as on the liquid layer being formed

during viscous flow. Such divisions of the forces being associated with transport properties

have never been taken into accounted for measurements. Thus, the r values were plotted

against the known l values of the DMF, DMSO and AN for a standard calibration curve and

calculated regression equation of the curve with an appropriate values of the coefficients given

below at 293.15K.

l ¼ 4:20141� 25:02689rþ 385:37892r2 ð3Þ

The 4.20141 is intercept, �25.02689 and 385.37892 are slope values of the equation and are

correlation coefficients of r vs. l plot. Further the r values of the unknown solutions were

obtained and put in Eq. (3) to calculate the l values; the measured values of q, g, c, r and lalong with literature q values are given Table 2. The values l of the 0.05molkg�1 aqueous

DMF is slightly higher than those of its other concentrations by 0.10511D; however, the

values decrease with the concentrations. It infers stronger electrostatic centers of DMF via

water molecule in dilute solutions where the electron-donating –CH3 group gives electron to N

atom, which are shifted towards the O atom due its stronger electronegativity. Thus the DMF

with negative charge acts as a stronger electrostatic center, developing stronger hydrogen bond

with the dipole of water forming a stronger charged double layer. However, at higher

concentrations, it infers stronger DMF–DMF interactions with weaker electrostatic center with

water. Perhaps the water molecule attached to DMF is attacked by another DMF molecule that

weakens its electrostatic forces. The 0.05molkg�1 DMSO solution has lower values of r and

l parameters than those of the pure; however, the values increase with concentrations. It

seems that DMSO–water interactions weaken the electrostatic centers as water dipoles develop

hydrogen bonds, weakening the electrostatic charges of the DMSO ion which is weakened by

water. Further, the l values for DMSO solutions increase with concentrations inferring

stronger the DMSO–DMSO interactions with stronger electrostatic poles, thus the values

slightly increase. But the AN has slightly higher l values than those of the pure and for the

0.05molkg�1 of its solution which decrease slightly with compositions depicting development

of its stronger elecrtostrictional interaction with the dipole of water. Perhaps electron-donating

–CH3 influences the electronegativity of the stronger O� �d with water. Further decrease in


the l values with concentration suggests that the CH3–C–NO2� interactions are weakened due

to weakening of electrostriction of the AN.

The q values of DMF increase and of DMSO and AN decrease with concentrations, and infer

decrease in electrostrictional forces. Thus, the higher is the l value, the more is the

electrostrictional force with the increase in the q values; this is true for DMSO where

electrostrictional forces decrease, but for DMF the forces increase. Similar is true for the values

of the g and c parameters (Table 2), thus the values of r, g, c and l functions illustrate the

heteromolecular interactions due to stronger electrostrictional forces. This technique is useful for

the heteromolecular interactions compared to those of individual molecules. Briefly the orders of

the r values are noted as DMSONDMFNTHFNAN for pure solvents and DMSONDMFNAN,

ANNDMFNDMSO and ANNDMFNDMSO for 0.05, 0.15 and 0.20molkg�1, respectively.

Thus the friccohesity depicts the state of the electrostatic charge in pure and in aqueous solutions

of these solvents.

5. Application and significance

The instruments are highly useful in solution chemistry for measuring the viscosities, surface

tension and the friccohesity, the fundamental properties of the liquids, liquids of dilute polymer

solutions. It can measure the viscosities, surface tension and friccohesity data from 0.00 to

15.00�10�1kgm�1s�1, 0.00 to 100�10�3Nm�1 and 0.00 to 0.200�102sm�1, respectively.

The survismeters reduce operational efforts in the laboratories and industries to measure

rheological and CMC values of the industrial solutions and detergents, respectively. It furnishes

accurate values of the functions and can measure the interfacial surface tension with high

accuracy. To date, the two separate instruments are in practice to measure viscosity and surface

tension separately, engaging the labs’ infrastructure for a longer time and larger materials with

several operational steps in the measurements. Thus, the liquid solutions of biological

importance get spoiled (due to inter conversion, oxidation/reductions) and evaporated with

time. The manufacture, storage and maintenance of two separate instruments involve double

efforts and much of the glass material along with fuel gases for glass blowing for manufacturing

the instruments.

5.1. Simplified description and future application

The techniques applied with survismeters are simple and effective for measuring the viscosity

and surface tension with high accuracy and precision. For surface tension measurements, the

pressure control inside bulb number 7 is very effective and no change in pressure exists to distort

the formation and detaching of the drops around the circumference of the tip of the U-capillary

which leads to an opening inside bulb number 7. The temperature control is uniform throughout

the viscous and drop-wise flows and the gravitational effects on the free flow of liquids are

totally cutoff due to U-capillaries fitted to bulb numbers 6 and 9 adjoining bulb number 7,

respectively, for viscosity and surface tension measurements. Both the survismeters are based on

the eco-friendly approach compared to two separate instruments. Thus, for the manufacture of

the instruments, double the amount of glass materials, gasses like acetylene, oxygen, etc., are

required. Their washing require double chromic acid and washing materials along with more

space in the laboratories for storage. Additionally, the operational steps for the measurements

with the liquids are minimized and prevent the evaporation of the liquids. The survismeters

would be most effective techniques for the determination of the surface tension, viscosity,


friccohesity and dipole moment of the nanoparticle and micellar solutions. They could measure

the conformation and denaturation of the globular proteins in solutions.

Acknowledgement

The inspiration for designing these instruments has been to provide the most accurate and

economic techniques for solution chemistry. The author thanks Prof. H.C. Gaur, PhD Supervisor,

and his mother Mrs. Rahguvero Devi, and father the late Mr. Lajpat Singh; thanks also go to

Renu Bisht, Mr. Sanjay Kumar, Ajay K. Singh, Mrs. Imarti Devi, Mr. Jugdish Sharma, and Dr.

S. Narayan-DBC; teachers Mr. Mohan Lal Sharma, Aagha Khan and Hira Lal Sharma, Kishan

Lal master and Ibrahim Mullahji for encouragement. Special thanks go to Dr. A. P. Raste,

Principal, DBC, for support, Mr. N. K. Choudhary, IIT-D, for Auto CAD, and Mr. Dinesh

kasotiya for glassworks.

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survismeter — type i and ii for surface tension, viscosity measurements of liquids for academic,...

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