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For landscape construction

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The tools

Level or transit

Tripod

Rod, decimal or inches and feet

Steel tape

Clip board

Pins

Marker paint

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Level the level

scope

Base plate

Adjusting knobsfor scope

Leveling bubble

legs

Focus knob

MoveablePlate/degrees

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Surveying

Attach legs to scope assembly

Extend legs

Set legs in ground, roughly level

Align scope over adjusting knobs

Turn knobs until bubble is centered

All feet must touch base plate

Rotate scope 90 degrees of other knobs

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Surveying

Adjust knobs until bubble is centered

Repeat as needed, until bubble stayscentered

If it doesnt work, the bubble screws

have been tampered with.

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Surveyingtampered screws

If this has happened, set up the sameway

Align scope over one set of knobsAlternatively adjust screws half way andknobs half way

Rotate scope 180 degrees and repeatuntil bubble stays centered

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Surveyingdecimal rod

View through scope

Each b/w bar is

1/100 of a foot 4

9

4.09

.08

.07

.06

.05

Red four is four foot mark, black numbers are 10ths of foot

9 tenths ofa foot

Numbers not printed on stick

3.94

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Surveyinginches and feet rod

View through scope

Each b/w bar is

1/8 inch 4

1147/8

3/4

5/8

1/2

Red four is four foot mark, black numbers are inches

311

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Surveying90 degree angles

Top viewRod, plumbed overpin

Set adjustable plate tozero, rotate 90 degrees

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Surveying90 degree angles

Top viewScope plumbed overpin

Set adjustable plate tozero, rotate 90 degrees

Swing 90 degrees

Sighted on one plane

New sighting

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Surveyingheight

Height of instrument 4.43

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Surveyingheight

Height of step 3.54

4.43-3.54=.89 feet x 12=10.68 inches

=10 5/8

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Surveyingheight with feet & inches rod

Door sill reading =3 3 +

Decking 1 +

Joist 9 +

Beam 9 +

New reading

At 4 11 Height of postCut off

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Surveyingheight, decimal feet

Height of instrument= 4.56

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Surveyingheight, decimal feet

Rod reading .75

4.56-.75=3.81 height of hill

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Surveyingheight, feet & inches

Height of instrument= 4 3-1/2

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Surveyingheight, decimal feet

Rod reading 7 1/2

43 -7 = height of hill

Height of hill is 3 8

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Surveying height

fore sight

Read, then move rod to new location, read

1.24

8.86

8.86-1.24=7.62difference

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Surveying height

fs 1.23 bs 6.75

Read, then move rod to new location,rotatescope and read

Fs 2.21Bs 5.42

tp1

Tp 2Hi4.41

Fs 3.45

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Surveying notes

Tp Fs Bs Dif

1 1.23 6.75 5.52

2 2.21 5.42 3.213 3.42 4.41 .99

Totals 6.86 16.589.72

16.58-6.86=9.72 sameAdd Fs, add Bs, find difference=

Total difference in elevation

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Surveying notes

Tp = turning point

Fs= fore sight

Bs= back sight

You must set up transit at each tp

Take reading, rotate 180 degrees

Take new reading

Add fs, add bs, find difference

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Surveying notes

To double check yourself

Find difference between each fs & bs

Add up all differences

Compare with other method

If they are not the same

There is a math error

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Topography

Lay out a grid using baselines at 900

Mark base lines at 20 intervals

Mark intersecting points

Take readings at each intersection

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Topography

Locating topo lines

7.72 7.87

5.32 5.66

Once you have located allThe topo points, connectThe like points, I.e. all 7sAll 8s, all 9s etc.

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Topography

Locating topo lines6.72 7.87

Find the difference between two adjacent points7.87-6.72=1.15 feetWe want to locate the even foot mark(7.00)

7.00-6.72=.28.28/1.15=.24% from the 6.62.24% of 20 feet (grid distance)=4.8 feet fromThe 6.62 reading point

4.8 ft mark= 7.00 point

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Topography

Is X a hole or hill?

7 89

X

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Topography

Its a hill. The #s are elevations

7 89

X

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topography

The grids and elevations can change

If the area is large as in square miles

The elevations may be 50 or 100

The grids may be in square miles

In small areas the scale might be 1elevations and 10 grids.

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topography

There are computer programs that will

plot for you but you must still measureand enter values

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Surveying

A dumpy level or transit can be used to;

Level construction projects

Check plumb

Square up projects

Determine deck post cut off

Check drain grade

Many other uses

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Surveying