Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.

Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law.

Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying>

They use equipment, such as total stations, robotic total stations, theodolites, GPS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital levels, subsurface locators, drones, GIS, and surveying software.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying>

SurveyingSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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Historical Survey EquipmentSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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A theodolite /θiːˈɒdəlaɪt/ is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorologyand rocket launching.[1]

It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with great accuracy, typically to milliradian or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured electronically, and are read directly to computer memory.In a transit theodolite, the telescope is short enough to rotate through the zenith, otherwise for non-transit instruments vertical (or altitude), rotation is restricted to a limited arc.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite>

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A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodoliteintegrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations.[1]

Robotic or motorized total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the retroreflector and controls the total station from the observed point. These motorized total stations can also be used in automated setups knows as Automated Motorized Total Station (AMTS).ContentsFrom <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_station>

Functions

Angle measurement

Distance measurement

Coordinate measurement

Data processing

Mining

Mechanical and electrical construction

Meteorology

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) employs trilateration to calculate the

coordinates of positions at or near the Earth's surface. Trilateration refers to the trigonometric law by which the interior angles of a triangle can be determined if the lengths of all three triangle sides are known. GPS extends this principle to three dimensions

From <https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/book/export/html/1620>

Surveying Equipment - GPS Theodolite or Total StationSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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Surveyor's level, instrument used in surveying to measure the height of distant points in relation to a bench mark (a point for which the height above sea level is accurately known). It consists of a telescope fitted with a spirit level and, generally, mounted on a tripod.Surveyor's level | instrument | Britannica.comhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/surveyors-level

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Surveying Equipment - Surveying Tape or ChainSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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A retroreflector (sometimes called a retroflector or cataphote) is a device or surface that reflects radiation (light, usually) back to its source with a minimum of scattering. In a retroreflector the wavefront of the radiation is reflected straight back to the wave's source. This works at a wide range of angle of incidence, unlike a planar mirror, which does this only if the mirror is exactly perpendicular to the wave front, having a zero angle of incidence. Being directed, the retroflector's reflection is brighter than that of a diffuse reflector. Corner reflectors and cat eye reflectors are the most used kinds

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroreflector>

A gold corner cube retroreflector

Uses Distance measurementby optical delay line

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroreflector>

Surveying Equipment - RetroreflectorSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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Airborne System Drone Mounted LiDAR

Land or Terrestrial Scanners

Topography from Airborne Systems

Bridge Scanned by Terrestrial LiDar

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Using a tape measure, determine how far a bicycle will travel (km) in 3 days (27 hours). The wheel is rotating at x revolutions per minute. Measure the revolutions in class

1.

How far would the bike go, if the wheel is turning at 73 revolutions per minute?

2.

Using a tape measure, measure the height of a wall or building. You cannot climb the building or wall but must make the measurement (estimate) from the base.

3.

ExercisesSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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Bicycle OedometerSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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BlankSaturday, January 12, 2019 1:48 PM

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