surveying assignment

8/2/2019 Surveying Assignment

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INADIAN SATELLITES & GPS

Submitted By : Vikas Chahal

(10BCL0118)

Submitted To : Dr. Roshan Srivastav

INDIAN SATELLITES LAUNCHED


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India has launched more than 50 satellites of various types since its first attempt in

1975. Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American,

Russian, European satellite-launch rockets, and the U.S. Space Shuttle. The

organisation responsible for Indian satellites is theIndian Space ResearchOrganisation (ISRO).

Aryabhata 19 April 1975Intercosmos Provided technological experience in building and operating a satellite system.

[1]Bhaskara-I07 June 1979Intercosmos First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and microwave cameras.

[2]Rohini Technology Payload 10 August 1979Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) Intended for measuring in-flight performance of first experimentalflight of SLV-3, the first Indian launch vehicle. Did not achieve orbit.

[3]Rohini RS-1 18 July 1980SLV-3 Used for measuring in-flight performance of second experimental launch of SLV-3.

[4]Rohini RS-D131 May 1981SLV-3 Used for conducting some remote sensing technology studies using a landmark sensorpayload.Launched by the first developmental launch of SLV-3.

[5]Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment19 June 1981Ariane First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operatinga payload experiment three-axis stabilised communication satellite.

[6]Bhaskara-II20 November 1981Intercosmos Second experimental remote sensing satellite; similar to Bhaskara-1. Providedexperience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end-to-end basis.

[7]INSAT-1A 10 April 1982Delta launch vehicle First operational multipurpose communication and meteorology satellite.Procured from USA. Worked for only six months.

[8]Rohini RS-D217 April 1983SLV-3 Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the second developmental launch of SLV-3.

[9]INSAT-1B 30 August 1983

Space Shuttle ChallengerIdentical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of seven years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercosmoshttp://www.isro.org/satellites/aryabhata.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_Satellite_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_Satellite_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercosmoshttp://www.isro.org/satellites/Bhaskara-I.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rtp.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rs-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rs-d1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/apple.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_Satellite_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_Satellite_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercosmoshttp://www.isro.org/satellites/Bhaskara-II.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rs-d2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercosmoshttp://www.isro.org/satellites/aryabhata.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_Satellite_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercosmoshttp://www.isro.org/satellites/Bhaskara-I.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rtp.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rs-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rs-d1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/apple.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara_Satellite_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercosmoshttp://www.isro.org/satellites/Bhaskara-II.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehiclehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/rs-d2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-8


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[10]Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1) 24 March 1987ASLV Carried payload for launch vehicle performance monitoring and for gamma ray astronomy.Did not achieve orbit.

[11]IRS-1A 17 March 1988

VostokEarth observation satellite. First operational remote sensing satellite.[12]Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2) 13 July 1988ASLV Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Rayastronomy payload. Did not achieve orbit.

[13]INSAT-1C 21 July 1988Ariane Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years.

[14]INSAT-1D 12 June 1990Delta launch vehicle Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service.

[15]IRS-1B 29 August 1991VostokEarth observation satellite. Improved version of IRS-1A.

[16]Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C) 20 May 1992ASLV Carried gamma ray astronomy and aeronomy payload.

[17]INSAT-2DT26 February 1992Ariane Launched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in orbit from Arabsat in 1998.

[18]INSAT-2A 10 July 1992Ariane First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhancedcapability over INSAT-1 series. Still in service.

[19]INSAT-2B 23 July 1993Ariane Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Still in service.

[20]IRS-1E 20 September 1993PSLV-D1 Earth observation satellite. Did not achieve orbit.

[21]Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) 04 May 1994ASLV Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service.

[22]IRS-P215 October 1994PSLV-D2 Earth observation satellite. Launched by second developmental flight of PSLV.

[23]INSAT-2C 07 December 1995Ariane Has additional capabilities such as mobile satellite service, business communication andtelevision outreach beyond Indian boundaries. Still in service.
http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organizationhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1e.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-c2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-1d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organizationhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1e.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sross-c2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)


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[24]IRS-1C 29 December 1995Molniya Earth observation satellite. Launched fromBaikonur Cosmodrome.

[25]IRS-P321 March 1996

PSLV-D3 Earth observation satellite. Carries remote sensing payload and an X-ray astronomypayload. Launched by third developmental flight of PSLV.

[26]INSAT-2D 04 June 1997Ariane Same as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since 1997-10-04 due to power bus anomaly.

[27]IRS-1D29 September 1997PSLV-C1 Earth observation satellite. Same as IRS-1C.

[28]INSAT-2E 03 April 1999Ariane Multipurpose communication and meteorological satellite.

[29]IRS-P4OCEANSAT 26 May 1999PSLV-C2 Earth observation satellite. Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and aMultifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR).

[30]INSAT-3B 22 March 2000 ArianeMultipurpose communication: business communication,developmental communication, and mobile communication.[31]GSAT-1 18 April 2001GSLV-D1 Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight of Geosynchronous SatelliteLaunch Vehicle, GSLV-D1.

[32]Technology Experiment Satellite(TES) 22 October 2001PSLV-C3 Experimental satellite to test technologies such as attitude and orbit control system, high-torque reaction wheels, new reaction control system, etc.

[33]INSAT-3C 24 January 2002Ariane Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting andprovide continuity of the services of INSAT-2C.

[34]Kalpana-1 12 September 2002PSLV First meteorological satellite built by ISRO. Originally named METSAT. Renamed afterKalpana Chawla who perished in theSpace Shuttle Columbia.

[35]INSAT-3A 10 April 2003Ariane-5 Multipurpose satellite for communication, broadcasting, and meteorological servicesalong with INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.
http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodromehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2e.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p4_oceansat.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSAT-3Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSAT-3Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/technology_experiment_satellite_tes.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana_Chawlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disasterhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/kalpana-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodromehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p3.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1d.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-2e.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p4_oceansat.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSAT-3Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/technology_experiment_satellite_tes.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana_Chawlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disasterhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/kalpana-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)


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[36]GSAT-2 08 May 2003GSLV Experimental satellite for the second developmental test flight of Geosynchronous SatelliteLaunch Vehicle (GSLV)

[37]INSAT-3E 28 September 2003

Ariane-5 Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System.[38]RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) 17 October 2003PSLV-C5 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Intended to supplement and replace IRS-1Cand IRS-1D.

[39]EDUSAT 20 October 2004GSLV Also designated GSAT-3. Indias first exclusive educational satellite.

[40]HAMSAT 05 May 2005PSLV Microsatellite (42.5 kilograms) for providing satellite-based amateur radio services to the

national as well as the international community.[41]CARTOSAT-1 05 May 2005PSLV-C6 Earth observation satellite. Provides stereographic in-orbit images with a 2.5-meterresolution.

[42]INSAT-4A 22 December 2005Ariane Advanced satellite for direct-to-home television broadcasting services.

[43]INSAT-4C 10 July 2006GSLV Geosynchronous communications satellite. Did not achieve orbit.

[44]CARTOSAT-2 10 January 2007PSLV-C7 Advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providingscene-specific spot images.

[45]Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE-1) 10 January 2007PSLV-C7 Experimental satellite intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform forperforming experiments in microgravity conditions. Launched as a co-passenger with CARTOSAT-2. SRE-1 was de-orbited and recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal.

[46]INSAT-4B 12 March 2007Ariane Identical to INSAT-4A. Further augments the INSAT capacity for direct-to-home (DTH)television services and other communications.on the night of 7 July INSAT-4B experienced apower supply glitch which led to switching 'off' of 50 per cent of the transponder capacity (6 Kuand 6 C-Band transponders).
http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3e.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESOURCESAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESOURCESAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p6resourcesat-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDUSAT_(Satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDUSAT_(Satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/edusat.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAMSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAMSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/hamsat.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sre-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellitehttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-3e.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESOURCESAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-p6resourcesat-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDUSAT_(Satellite)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/edusat.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAMSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/hamsat.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4a.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4c.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/sre-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite


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[47]INSAT-4CR02 September 2007GSLV-F04 Identical to INSAT-4C. Provides direct-to-home (DTH) television services, videopicture transmission (VPT), and digital satellite news gathering (DSNG).

[48]CARTOSAT-2A 28 April 2008PSLV-C9 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2.

[49]IMS-1(Third World Satellite TWsat) 28 April 2008PSLV-C9 Low-cost microsatellite imaging mission. Launched as co-passenger with CARTOSAT-2A.

[50]Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008PSLV-C11 Unmanned lunar probe. Carries 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK,

Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.[51]RISAT-2 20 April 2009PSLV-C12 Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India's borders and as part of anti-infiltrationand anti-terrorist operations. Launched as a co-passenger with ANUSAT.

[52]ANUSAT 20 April 2009PSLV-C12 Research microsatellite designed at Anna University. Carries an amateur radio andtechnology demonstration experiments.

[53]Oceansat-2 (IRS-P4) 23 September 2009PSLV-C14 Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal and atmospheric applications. Continuesmission of Oceansat-1.

[54]GSAT-4 15 April 2010GSLV-D3 Communications satellite technology demonstrator. Failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-D3 failure.

[55]CARTOSAT-2B 12 July 2010PSLV-C15 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2A

[56]GSAT-5P/INSAT-4D 25 December 2010GSLV-F06 C-band communication satellite, failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-F06 failure.

[57]RESOURCESAT-2 20 April 2011
http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4cr.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-2Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-2Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat2A.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/ims-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/chandrayaan-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/RISAT-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANUSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANUSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Universityhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/ANUSAT.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceansat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceansat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/oceansat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-4.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartosat-2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartosat-2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://isro.org/satellites/cartosat-2b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-5Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-5Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-5Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-5p.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESOURCESAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESOURCESAT-2http://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/insat-4cr.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARTOSAT-2Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/cartosat2A.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/ims-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/chandrayaan-1.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISAT-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/RISAT-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANUSAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Universityhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/ANUSAT.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceansat-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/oceansat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-4.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartosat-2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://isro.org/satellites/cartosat-2b.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-5Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-5p.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESOURCESAT-2


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PSLV-C16 PSLV-C16 placed three satellites with a total payload mass of 1404 kg -RESOURCESAT-2 weighing 1206 kg, the Indo-Russian YOUTHSAT weighing 92 kg andSingapore's X-SAT weighing 106 kg into an 822 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO). .

[58]GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G 21 May 2011

Ariane Communications satellite carries 24 Ku-band transponders and 2 channel GAGAN payloadoperating in L1 and L5 band.

[59]GSAT-12 15 July 2011

PSLV-C17 GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off.GSAT-12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growingdemand for transponders in a short turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders ofGSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services likeTele-education, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years.

[60]Megha-Tropiques 12 October 2011

PSLV-C18 Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000kg Lift-off Mass, developed jointly by ISRO andthe French Centre National d'tudes Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-C18 is configured to carry foursatellites in which, one satellite, developed by Indiaand France, will track the weather, two weredeveloped by educational institutions, and the fourth is from Luxembourg.

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites

Out of the above mentioned satellites those which are used for

remote sensing are

Past Satellites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/resourcesat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAGANhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-8.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-12.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megha-Tropiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megha-Tropiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_National_d'%C3%89tudes_Spatialeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/resourcesat-2.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAGANhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-8.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-12.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megha-Tropiqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_National_d'%C3%89tudes_Spatialeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France


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Aryabhata, 1975

Bhaskara I, 1979

Bhaskara II, 1981

Rohini Series, 1980-83

SROSS Series, 1985-92

IRS-1A, 1988

IRS-P1, 1993

Presently Working Satellites

IRS-1B, 1991

IRS-P2, 1994

IRS-1C, 1995

IRS-P3, 1996

IRS-1D, 1997

IRS-P4, 1999 (Oceansat)

IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat-1)

IRS-P5, 2005 (Cartosat-1)

IRS-P7, 2007 (Cartosat-2)

IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat-2)

Some information on few Indian GPS Satellites.

Aryabhatta Satellite(First Indian Experimental Satellite)
http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/aryabhata.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/bhaskara1.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/bhaskara2.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/rohini.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/sross.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1a.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p1.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1b.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p2.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1c.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p3.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1d.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p4.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p6.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p5.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p7.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p8.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/aryabhata.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/bhaskara1.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/bhaskara2.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/rohini.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/sross.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1a.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p1.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1b.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p2.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1c.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p3.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1d.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p4.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p6.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p5.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p7.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-p8.html


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Launch Date : April 19, 1975

Weight : 360 kg

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Objectives : The objectives of this project were to indigenously design and fabricate a space-worthy satellite system and evaluate its perfromance in orbitr.

* to evolve the methodology of conducting a series of complex operations on the satellite in its

orbital phasei.

* to set up ground-based receiving, transmitting and tracking systems

and to establish infrastructure for the fabrication of spacecraft systems.

The exercise also provided an opportunity to conduct investigations in the area of spcae sciences.The satellite carried three experiments, one each in X-Ray Astronomy, Solar Physics andAeronomy.


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Bhaskara-I Satellite(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)

Launch Date : June 7, 1979

Weight : 444 Kg



Sensor Systems

Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.8 micron); tocollect data related to hydrology, forestry and geology.

Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 GHz and 22 GHz for study ofocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.

Bhaskara-II Satellite(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)


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Launch Date : Nov. 20, 1981

Weight : 444 Kg



Sensor Systems

Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron) and near-infrared (0.8 micron); tocollect data related to hydrology, forestry and geology.

Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating 19.24 GHz, 22.235 GHz and 31.4 GHzfor study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.

Rohini Satellite (RS-1)Series

(Launched by Indian launch vehicle SLV-3 )


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First RS-1

Launch Date : July 18, 1980

Weight : 35 kg

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 rocket

Objectives : The satelite provided data on the fourth stage performance and

ranging.

Second RS-1Launch Date : May 30, 1981

Weight : 35 kg

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-1) rocket

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)


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Objectives : Carried a Land Mark sensor payload whose solid state camera

performed to specifications. The satellite re-entered the earth's atmosphere nine days

after lauch on account of the launch vehicle's injecting the satellite into a lower than

expected altitude.

Third RS-1Launch Date : April 17, 1983Weight : 35 kgLauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-2)rocketOrbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)Objectives : The Smart Sensor Camera was the primary payload on board thesatellite. It was operated for over five months and sent more than 2500pictures frames in both visible and infrared bands for identification oflandmarks and altitude and orbit refinement. The camera had on-boardprocessing capability to use the data for classifying ground features like water,vegetation, bare land, clouds and snow. After completing all its mission goals,

RS-D2 was closed down on Sept. 24, 1984.

IRS-1A Satellite (First Operational Satellite )

This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite.

Orbit DetailsLaunch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)

Altitude : 904 Kms.

Inclination : 99.049 degrees

Period : 103.19266 minutes

Repetivity : 22 daysEquatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending

Weight : 975 Kg.

Imaging Sensor Characteristics (LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)

Parameters LISS-I LISS-II

Focal Length 166.2 324.4

Field-of-view (deg) 9.4 4.7+4.7

Instantaneous field of

view(IFOV) Microrad,

80 40

Detectors (CCDs) 2048

elements

2048

elements
http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1a.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/liss-i.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/liss-ii.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1a.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/liss-i.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/liss-ii.jpg


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CCD CCD

Ground Resolution (m) 72.5 36.25

Spectral range (micro

meter)

0.45 - 0.86 0.45 - 0.86

Number of Bands 4 4

Swath (Kms.) 148 74x2 ( LISS-

A and LISS-

B)

Radiometric Resolution

(grey levels)

128 128

Data rate (Mbps) 5.2 10.4x2

Weight (Kgs) 38.5 80.8x2

Power (Watts) 34 34x2

.

IRS-1D Satellite (Indigenously launched operational satellite)

Satellite entered in elliptical orbits instead of circular after it was separated

from rocket. Due to this problem, there is change in swath,

resolution according to orbit distance from the earth center.

Launch date : Sept. 29, 1997 (indigenous PSLV-D4 rocket was used)

Equatorial Crossing time: 10.40 A.M

Altitude : 737 Km(Perigee)/821 Km. (Apogee)Repetivity : 24 days; ( 3 days revisit) No. of Sensors :Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and

3) WiFS

PayloadsThe payloads are similar to IRS-1C (PAN, LISS-III and WiFS). The satellite is a follow on

to IRS-1C
http://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1d.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1c.htmlhttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1d.jpghttp://www.csre.iitb.ac.in/isro/irs-1c.html


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Resolution : PAN Sensor : 5.2 m (Perigee)/5.8 m (Apogee)

LISS-III sensor : 21.2

m(P)/23.5m(A)

LISS-III MIR : 63.6 m

(P)/ 70.5 m (A)

WiFS sensor : 728 m

(P)/812Km (A)

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system

that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the

Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is

maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with

a GPS receiver. The system imposes some technical limitations[clarification needed] which are

only removed for authorized users.

The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users

around the world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air

traffic system.

The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous

navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a

number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and

realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with

24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994.

Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to

efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of GPS III

satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).[2] Announcements

from the Vice President and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000,

U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, referred to as GPS III.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System


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In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian

GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian

military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. There are also the

planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass navigation

system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System.

Basic concept of GPS

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS

satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that

include

the time the message was transmitted

precise orbital information (the ephemeris) the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).

The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each

message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the

satellites' locations are used with the possible aid oftrilateration, depending on which

algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then

displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation

information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as

direction and speed, calculated from position changes.

Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has threedimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a

very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light[36] the speed at

which satellite signals propagate results in a large positional error. Therefore

receivers use four or more satellites to solve for both the receiver's location and time.

The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden by most GPS applications,

which use only the location. A few specialized GPS applications do however use the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigational_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemerishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigational_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemerishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System


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time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell

phone base stations.

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special

cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using

only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. SomeGPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last

known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the

vehicle computer) to give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four

satellites are visible.

Position calculation introduction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system


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Two sphere surfaces intersecting in a circle

Surface of sphere intersecting a circle (not a solid disk) at two points

To provide an introductory description of how a GPS receiver works, error effects are deferred to alater section. Using messages received from a minimum of four visible satellites, a GPS receiver isable to determine the times sent and then the satellite positions corresponding to these times sent.The x, y, and z components of position, and the time sent, are designated as where the

subscript i is the satellite number and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing the indicated time themessage was received , the GPS receiver could compute the transit time of the message as

, if would be equal to correct reception time, . Apseudorange, , would be the

traveling distance of the message, assuming it traveled at the speed of light, c.

A satellite's position and pseudorange define a sphere, centered on the satellite, with radius equal tothe pseudorange. The position of the receiver is somewhere on the surface of this sphere. Thus withfour satellites, the indicated position of the GPS receiver is at or near the intersection of thesurfaces of four spheres. In the ideal case of no errors, the GPS receiver would be at a preciseintersection of the four surfaces.

If the surfaces of two spheres intersect at more than one point, they intersect in a circle. The articletrilateration shows this mathematically. A figure, Two Sphere Surfaces Intersecting in a Circle, is

shown below. Two points where the surfaces of the spheres intersect are clearly shown in thefigure. The distance between these two points is the diameter of the circle of intersection. Theintersection of a third spherical surface with the first two will be its intersection with that circle; inmost cases of practical interest, this means they intersect at two points. [40] Another figure, Surfaceof Sphere Intersecting a Circle (not a solid disk) at Two Points, illustrates the intersection. The twointersections are marked with dots. Again the article trilateration clearly shows this mathematically.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilateration


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For automobiles and other near-earth vehicles, the correct position of the GPS receiver is theintersection closest to the Earth's surface.[41] For space vehicles, the intersection farthest from Earthmay be the correct one.

The correct position for the GPS receiver is also the intersection closest to the surface of the spherecorresponding to the fourth satellite.

APPLICATION

These satellites have been used for many purposes but some major application

are in

1. Civilian Purposes

2. Military

Correcting a GPS receiver's clock

One of the most significant error sources is the GPS receiver's clock. Because of the very largevalue of thespeed of light, c, the estimated distances from the GPS receiver to the satellites, thepseudoranges, are very sensitive to errors in the GPS receiver clock; for example an error of onemicrosecond (0.000 001 second) corresponds to an error of 300 metres (980 ft). This suggests thatan extremely accurate and expensive clock is required for the GPS receiver to work. Becausemanufacturers prefer to build inexpensive GPS receivers for mass markets, the solution for thisdilemma is based on the way sphere surfaces intersect in the GPS problem.

Diagram depicting satellite 4, sphere, p4, r4, and da

It is likely that the surfaces of the three spheres intersect, because the circle of intersection of thefirst two spheres is normally quite large, and thus the third sphere surface is likely to intersect thislarge circle. It is very unlikely that the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellitewill intersect either of the two points of intersection of the first three, because any clock error
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light


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could cause it to miss intersecting a point. However, the distance from the valid estimate of GPSreceiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding to the fourth satellite can be used tocompute a clock correction.

Let , which is the distance from the valid estimate of GPS receiver position to the

fourth satellite, and let denote the pseudorange of the fourth satellite. Let , which is

the distance from the computed GPS receiver position to the surface of the sphere corresponding tothe fourth satellite. Thus the quotient, , provides an estimate of GPS receiver's clock bias:

, where is the time indicated by the receiver's on-board clock and is the correct

reception time. The GPS receiver clock can be advanced if is positive or delayed if is negative.

References:

1. Isro.org

2. Wikipedia3. Google


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surveying assignment

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