survey of science hs-ls4 biological evolution
TRANSCRIPT
HS-LS4
Biological Evolution
Survey of
Science
Entry Task(s)Who was Charles Darwin?
• Scientist who published a
book about evolutionary
changes in organisms.
Pre-AssessmentLS4 Biological Evolution
• Grab your ChromeBook from the cart (the number that
corresponds to the number on your desk).
• Log into Google Classroom & enter the assignment “LS4
Biological Evolution Pre-Assessment”.
Remember…
• This will be done on your own to measure previous
knowledge of the content
When you are finished…
• Log off, turn in your ChromeBook.
• Grab a copy of the “How Did We Get Here?” article from the
front counter.
Earth’s SystemsGrab a copy of the “How Did We Get Here?” article from the
front counter.
Instructions:
• Read through the article & highlight or underline key
information.
Note: The “How Did We Get Here?” article can be located on
the Survey of Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6826
Entry Task(s)What is the mechanism by which traits that are more successful
in an environment get passed on to the next generation without
outside influence?
• Natural Selection
What are the other two revolutions to evolution mentioned in the
article?
• Modern Synthesis
• Evolution of Development (Evo Devo)
Biological EvolutionThe Making of the Fittest: The Birth & Death of Genes
(13:23)
Synopsis: For life to survive, it must adapt & readapt to an ever-
changing Earth. The discovery of the Antarctic icefish has
provided a stunning example of adaptation in an environment
both hostile & abundant, where the birth & death of genes have
played crucial roles.
Link @ https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-birth-
and-death-genes
Biological Evolution“Icefish Blood Adaptations: Antifreeze Proteins” Question
Worksheet
Instructions:
• Read through the questions.
• As you watch the video, complete the worksheet with the
correct answers from the video.
• Transcript provided in google classroom.
Note: The “Icefish Blood Adaptations” video questions can be
located on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6826
Entry Task(s)What was the name of the book written by Charles Darwin?
What year was his book published?
• “The Origin of the Species”
• 1859
How many years did Charles Darwin accumulate data & reflect
on the information before publishing his book?
• 20 years
Biological EvolutionDarwin developed a scientific theory (set of accepted beliefs).
Explanation of how modern organisms evolved over long
periods of time through descent from common ancestors.
Biological EvolutionDarwin’s journey aboard the HMS Beagle began in 1831.
• Travelled as a naturalist.
• Original expedition was to map the coastline of South
America.
Biological EvolutionOn his journey, Darwin observed three patterns of biodiversity.
• Species vary globally.
• Species vary locally.
• Species vary over time.
Biological EvolutionOn his journey, Darwin observed three patterns of biodiversity.
• Species vary globally.
- Different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited
separated, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe.
Biological EvolutionOn his journey, Darwin observed three patterns of biodiversity.
• Species vary locally.
- Different, yet related, animal species often occupied
different habitats within a local area.
On his journey, Darwin observed
• Species vary over time.
- Some fossils of extinct animals
were similar to living species.
Biological EvolutionOn his journey, Darwin observed three patterns of biodiversity.
• Species vary over time.
Biological EvolutionArtificial & Natural Selection
• Selection is what drives evolution.
• Acting on random variations (mutations) is what makes
adaptive evolution possible
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/01-vid.html
Entry Task(s)What are the three patterns of biodiversity that Darwin observed
during his travels aboard the HMS Beagle?
• Species vary globally.
• Species vary locally.
• Species vary over time.
Biological EvolutionDarwin was inspired by artificial selection.
• Using selective mating, breeders impose artificial selection on
domesticated species such as dogs.
• The genetic mechanisms of artificial & natural selection are
similar.
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/02-vid.html
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/02-vid3.html
Darwin’s EvolutionArtificial selection:
• Nature provides genetic variations for
evolution.
• Humans select & breed for those variations
they find useful.
p. 457-458
Biological EvolutionArtificial & Natural Selection
Evidence for Selection in the Fossil Record.
• The fossil record shows species
responding to the selective pressures of
changing environments.
• Fossil sticklebacks found in an ancient
lakebed show that evolution can be swift.
https://bolnicklab.wordpress.com/2015/10/03/photographs/http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/03-vid.html
Biological EvolutionNatural & Artificial Selection
Selection is Working Right Now.
• The effects of selection aren’t
• Selection can be seen in action in
living populations.
• The diverse populations of today’s
sticklebacks are the result of
different selective pressures
- Pressures operating since the
end of the last ice age.
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/04-vid.html
Artificial & Natural Selection
Selection is Working Right Now.
• The effects of selection aren’t restricted to the fossil record.
Biological EvolutionArtificial & Natural Selection
Gene Forms & Selection
• Selection can act to increase the favorable forms & decrease
unfavorable forms.
• When a genes form, or allele, has even a modest advantage,
it can vary rapidly spread through a population.
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/05-vid.html
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/05-vid2.html
Biological EvolutionConcepts leading to natural selection.
Struggle for existence:
• Organisms produce more offspring than
can survive.
Variation & adaptation:
• Natural variations in heritable traits that
increases an individuals chance of
surviving & reproducing.
p. 460-462
Biological EvolutionSurvival of the fittest:
• In evolutionary terms, survival means
reproducing & passing adaptations on to
the next generation.
• Fitness describes how well an organism
can survive & reproduce in its
environment.
• Difference in rates of survival &
reproduction.
p. 461
Biological EvolutionNatural selection:
• Process by which organisms with
variations most suited to their local
environment survive & leave more
offspring.
• The environment determines which
organisms survive & reproduce (fitness)
p. 463
Biological EvolutionArtificial & Natural Selection
Single genes can have a big evolutionary effect.
• In both artificial & natural selection, evolutionary changes can
occur quickly, in part because single genes can have a big
effect.
http://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/Selection/06-vid.html
Entry Task(s)Explain the difference between artificial & natural selection.
• Using selective mating, breeders impose artificial selection on
domesticated species.
• Natural variations in heritable traits increase an individuals
chance of surviving & reproducing (survival of the fittest).
Biological EvolutionGrab your ChromeBook & a copy of the virtual lab workbook
from the front counter.
Instructions:
• Read through the information & procedures of the virtual lab.
• Log into Google Classroom & click on the link to the virtual
lab. Complete the virtual lab according to the procedures.
• Submit the lab workbook prior to the end of the period.
Note: The “Natural Selection” virtual lab workbook can be
located on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6825
Entry Task(s)What does survival mean in evolutionary terms?
• Reproducing & passing adaptations on to the next generation.
Did your groups bird evolve more successful phenotypes (traits)
than your personal bird? Explain.
Biological Evolution“The Making of a Theory” Question Worksheet
Instructions:
• Read through the Introduction.
• Answer the Before Watching the Video true or false
questions, include your reasoning if possible.
• As you watch the video, find evidence that might support your
answer or change your mind.
Note: The “The Making of a Theory” video questions can be
located on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6826
Entry Task(s)What did the finger bones of manatees & whale flippers give
evidence of?
• Species descend from other species.
What was the name of Alfred Wallace’s book?
• Darwinism
AssessmentLS4 Biological Evolution Assessment_01
• Grab a copy of the assessment.
• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned
complete the assessment.
• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.
Biological EvolutionGrab a copy of the “Reading Primary Sources” workbook.
Instructions:
• Read through the introductions & complete the assignment as
described.
• Read the excerpts, highlighting or underlining key information.
• Answers the questions following each reading section.
Note: The “Reading Primary Sources” workbook can be located
on the Survey of Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6826
Entry Task(s)What evidence was used by Darwin in support of his theory of
evolution by natural selection?
Biological EvolutionProcess Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning:
• Evidence for Evolution.
Instructions:
• You will work in your groups; do not go beyond stop signs
without the rest of your group.
• Designate 1 representative to seek assistance from another
group 1st if you get stuck, then the teacher.
Note: The “POGIL - Evidence for Evolution” can be located on
the Biology webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6355
Entry Task(s)What were some evidence used in the POGIL in support of
biological evolution?
• Genetic similarities
• Bone structures
• DNA sequence percentage
Entry Task(s)Put the following organisms in ancestral order from youngest to
oldest.
Explain your reasoning.
A B C
Biological EvolutionPrinciple of common descent:
• All species - living & extinct - are descended from ancient
common ancestors.
Darwin proposed the “tree-thinking”:
• All living things are related.
• A single “tree of life” links all living things.
Biological EvolutionBiogeography:
• Patterns in the geographic distribution of living & fossil
species tell us how modern species evolved from their
ancestors.
Two patterns significant to Darwin & biogeography:
• Closely related but different - organisms differentiate in
slightly different environments.
• Distantly related but similar - organisms developed similar
adaptations in similar environments.
Biological EvolutionFossil records:
• Recently discovered fossils form series that trace the
evolution of modern species from extinct ancestors.
Biological EvolutionHomologous structures:
• Similar structures adapted to different purposes (result of
descent with modifications from a common ancestor).
Analogous structures - different structures, but same function
Biological EvolutionVestigial structures:
Inherited structures that have lost their original function due to
different selection pressures.
Biological EvolutionEmbryological development:
• Similar patterns of
embryological
development provides
further evidence of
descent from common
ancestor.
Biological EvolutionGenetics & Molecular Biology:
• Universal genetic code & homologous molecules provide
evidence of common descent.
• Life’s Common Genetic Code - nearly identical in all
organisms.
• Homologous Molecules - proteins that are similar in structure
& function.
Entry Task(s)What are the three structures found in fossil records used to
support biological evolution?
• Homologous Structures
• Analogous Structures
• Vestigial Structures
Which of the structures describes an inherited structure that
have lost its original function due to different selection
pressures?
• Vestigial Structures
VideoGregor Mendel Sketch - Untamed Science (6:02):
Synopsis: Gregor Johann Mendel was an Austrian Augustinian
monk & scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the
figurehead of the new science of genetics with his study of the
inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that
the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were
later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was
not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The
independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of
the modern science of genetics.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoVeSncKFAY
Biological EvolutionGregor Mendel (1822-1884)
• Austrian monk.
• Conducted experiments on pea plants.
• Founded the science of genetics.
- “Father of Genetics”
• Contributions were not recognized until
the 20th century.
Biological EvolutionGenes & Alleles:
Dominant & Recessive Alleles:
p. 310
Biological Evolution
p. 311-312
Mendel’s 1st Law (Law of Segregation):
Biological EvolutionSegregation used to predict outcomes.
• Allele segregation just as random
as a coin flip.
F2 generation contains different
combinations of alleles.
• Homozygous vs Heterozygous
p. 314
Biological EvolutionGenotype vs Phenotype:
• Genotype = genetic makeup
• Phenotype = physical traits
(observable)
p. 314
Entry Task(s)Use the table given yesterday to answer the following questions.
Which of the following are dominant alleles & which are
recessive?
Round (seed shape), White (seed coat), Yellow (seed color), Tall
(plant height)
• Dominant = Round, Yellow, & Tall
• Recessive = White
What is the phenotype of the organism, Yy (seed color) & aa
(flower position)?
• Yellow seed color & terminal flower position.
Biological EvolutionMonohybrids and the Punnett Square Guinea Pigs (6:27):
Synopsis: Learn how to use a Punnett square to solve a
Mendelian monohybrid cross with one of the Amoeba Sister's
favorite classroom pets: hairless guinea pigs.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-0rSv6oxSY
Biological EvolutionPunnett Squares:
• Simple diagrams that use mathematical probabilities to help
predict the genotype & phenotype combinations in genetic
crosses.
p. 315
Biological EvolutionBeyond Dominant & Recessive:
Exceptions to Mendel’s work.
• Genetics is more complicated.
• Majority of genes have more than two alleles.
• Some traits controlled by more than one gene.
p. 319-320
Biological EvolutionIncomplete Dominance, Codominance, Polygenic Traits,
and Epistasis! (7:11; show to 4:35):
Synopsis: Discover more types of non-Mendelian inheritance
such as incomplete dominance and codominance with the
Amoeba Sisters!
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJHGfbW55l0
Biological EvolutionIncomplete Dominance:
• Some alleles are neither dominant
nor recessive.
• Not completely dominant.
• Heterozygous phenotype lies
between homozygous phenotype.
p. 319
Biological EvolutionCodominance:
• Phenotype produced by both alleles clearly expressed.
• Colors appear separately.
p. 319
Biological Evolution
p. 320
Polygenic Traits:
• Traits produced by the
• Polygenic = “many
• Show a wide range of
phenotypes.
• Ex. Humane skin color
controlled by 4 different
genes.
Polygenic Traits:
• Traits produced by the interaction of several genes.
• Polygenic = “many genes”.
Biological EvolutionMultiple Alleles:
• Genes with more than two alleles.
• Two alleles is the exception not the rule.
• Ex. Humane gene for blood type.
p. 320
Biological EvolutionEnvironmental conditions can affect gene expression &
influence genetically determined traits.
p. 321
AssessmentLS4 Biological Evolution Assessment_02
• Grab a copy of the assessment.
• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned
complete the assessment.
• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.
Entry Task(s)Define the following in your own words.
• Genotype
• Phenotype
What are the following genotypes?
• PP
• pp
Biological EvolutionDNA that makes up genes must be capable of…
• storing
• copying
• transmitting
… genetic information in a cell.
p. 342-343
Biological EvolutionAmoeba Sisters: Structure and Function of DNA (08:53
begin @ 4:07):
Synopsis: The discovery of double-helix structure of DNA is to
science what Mona Lisa is to painting. It has been called the
single biggest discovery of all times. But it was not just stumbled
upon - it was a race.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_POdWsii7AI
DNA is a nucleic acid made up
strands or chains by
Nucleotides are made of what
• 5-carbon sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base = bases that
contain nitrogen
Biological EvolutionDNA is a nucleic acid made up of __________ joined into long
strands or chains by __________ bonds.
Nucleotides are made of what 3 components?
Nucleotides
Covalent
Biological EvolutionDNA Structure
Nucleic Acid
Adenine [A]
Nucleotide Guanine [G]
Cytosine [C]
Thymine [T]
p. 345
Biological EvolutionDNA Structure
Antiparallel Strands
• Allows base to line up.
• Hydrogen bonds can form
between base pairs.
p. 347-348
Biological EvolutionDNA Structure.
Hydrogen Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Base Pairing
• [A] = [T]
• [G] = [C]
p. 347-348
Biological EvolutionProcess Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning:
• DNA Structure & Replication Model #1.
Instructions:
• You will work in your groups.
• Designate one representative to seek assistance from
another group first if you get stuck, then the teacher.
Note: The POGIL “DNA Structure & Replication ” worksheet can
be located on the Biology webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6355
Biological EvolutionReplication Process
• DNA Helicase breaks
hydrogen bonds.
• DNA separates “unzips” at the
replication fork.
• DNA polymerase adds new
bases; [A] = [T] & [G] = [C]
• Move in opposite directions
• Continues until replication of
both strands complete.
• Telomeres added to the ends
of new DNA strands.
p. 350-352
Entry Task(s)What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
• Adenine [A]
• Thymine [T]
• Guanine [G]
• Cytosine [C]
If you had the following DNA sequence, what would be the
complimentary strand?
T – A – C – G – C – T – T – C – G
A – T – G – C – G – A – A – G – C
Biological EvolutionRibonucleic Acid (RNA)
• RNA produces proteins to
organisms.
• Segments of DNA serve as a
complimentary RNA
• Amino acids are monomers,
the building blocks of proteins.
• RNA uses Uracil instead of
Thymine.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• RNA produces proteins to perform a variety of functions in
organisms.
• Segments of DNA serve as a template to produce
complimentary RNA molecules, which transcribe amino acids.
Biological EvolutionTranscription:
• Promoter site identified.
• RNA polymerase binds
to promoter site.
• Separates strands of
DNA (breaking H+
bonds)
• Uses DNA as template
to assemble nucleotides.
• Forms complimentary
strand of RNA.
• mRNA exits the nucleus
into the cytoplasm.p. 364-365
mRNA
RNA
Polymerase
DNA Template
GU
C
A
Biological EvolutionReading the genetic code.
• Read three letters at a time.
• Each “word” (codon) is three bases long.
• A codon represents a single amino acid.
p. 367
Biological EvolutionReading the genetic code.
mRNA contains that code.
Any message must have a
beginning & end.
• Start Codon (only 1)
- AUG = Methionine
• Stop Codons (3)
- UAA, UAG, & UGA
p. 367
Biological EvolutionAmoeba Sisters = Mutations: The Potential Power of a Small
Change (7:21; show to 4:58).
Synopsis: The Amoeba Sisters discuss gene & chromosome
mutations & explore the significance of these changes.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo
Biological EvolutionMutations?
• Heritable changes in genetic
• Mistakes in copying DNA.
Two basic categories of mutations:
• Gene mutation = single gene
• Chromosomal mutation = whole
section of chromosome
Mutations.
• Heritable changes in genetic information.
• Mistakes in copying DNA.
p. 372
Biological EvolutionGene Mutation.
• Change in one or a few nucleotides.
Three types of gene
(point) mutations:
Frameshift Mutations
p. 373
Biological EvolutionChromosomal Mutation.
• Change in the number & structure
of chromosomes.
• Four types:
p. 374
Biological EvolutionCauses of Mutations:
• Natural events (solar radiation, plant alkaloids).
• Artificial means (pesticide, tobacco smoke, pollutants, etc.).
Creates errors in the genetic process.
• 1:10 million bases.
Mutations on genes vary widely:
• Little or no effects
• Beneficial variations
• Negatively disrupt gene function
Mutations are the source of genetic variability in a species. p. 372
Pesticides
Tobacco Smoke
X-Ray
Entry Task(s)Write in the complimentary RNA strand.
T – A – C – C – T – A – G – G – C – A – A – C – A – T – T
A –U – G – G – A – U – C – C – G –U – U – G –U – A – A
Determine the amino acids that are coded in the RNA.
Met – Asp – Pro – Leu
If a gene mutation occurred that changed the 3rd codon to
C – C – U, how would this impact the organism?
• Would not impact the organisms because the same amino
acid is coded.
Biological EvolutionGrab a copy of the “Color Variation Over Time” worksheet
worksheet.
Instructions:
• Read the introduction.
• Complete procedures 1-3 (8 minutes).
• Carefully watch the video as a class (procedure #4).
• Complete procedures 5-10 (submit by the end of the period).
Note: The “Color Variation Over Time” worksheet can be
located on the Marine Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6601
VideoThe Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation
(10:25):
Synopsis: This film describes natural selection and adaptation
in populations of rock pocket mice living in the American
Southwest.
Link @ https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-
natural-selection-and-adaptation
Entry Task(s)What environmental pressure acted upon the rock pocket mice?
• Predators
Which of the following occurs randomly & which does not?
• Mutations
• Natural Selection
Biological EvolutionDarwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
What is it?
• Organisms have descended from a common ancestor & have
changed over time.
• Changes have made organisms more or less adapted to their
environment (“survival of the fittest”).
• Changes means different heritable traits in a population.
• Nature (environmental pressures) selects which traits get
passed on to the next generation.
Biological EvolutionDarwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Evidence:
• Biogeography
• Structures (past & present)
- Homologous
- Analogous
- Vestigial
• Embryological development
• DNA similarities in code
Biological EvolutionClaim, Evidence, & Reasoning (CER)
Claim: An assertion or conclusion that answers the
original question.
Evidence: Scientific data that supports the student’s claim
that must be appropriate & sufficient. Can come
from an investigation or other source such as
observations, reading material, archived data, or
other source.
Reasoning: Justification that links the claim & evidence.
Shows why the data counts as evidence to support
the claim, using appropriate scientific principles.