surveillance program to monitor quality of water...
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Surveillance Program to Monitor Quality Surveillance Program to Monitor Quality of Water and Efficient Use of Water of Water and Efficient Use of Water Supplies in Rural and Remote AreasSupplies in Rural and Remote Areas
Royal Geographical Society with IBGAugust 29, 2007
Annual International Conference 29 – 31 August 2007, London
Meera M Hira-Smith, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Director, Project Well
Researcher, University of California, BerkeleyResearcher, University of California, Berkeley
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#ÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚ
India
Thailand
Myanmar (Burma)
Nepal
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Ya
ng
tz eM
eko n
g
Sa
lwe
en
Ga ng e s
Irraw
ad
dy
Lhasa
Patna
Dhaka
ThimbuJaipur
Kanpur
Khulna
Nagpur
Madras
Lucknow
Benares
Rangoon
Bangkok
Amritsar
CalcuttaMandalay
New Delhi
Kathmandu
Hyderabad
BangaloreMangalore
Chittagong
Vishakhapatnam
B ra hm a p u tra
Project Well Target Area
500 0 500 1000 Miles
NProject Well Target Area of North 24 parganas
West Bengal, India 2001_2004
Lat / LongMajor Rivers
# Major CitiesÚ Project Well Project Area
17° 17°
22° 22°
27° 27°
32° 32°
81°
81°
86°
86°
91°
91°
96°
96°
E
N
States in India:
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
West Bengal
Project Well dugwells are currently in the district of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal.
India
AS SHORT TERM OPTION SHALLOW, CONCRETE DUGWELL IS CHOSEN BECAUSE IT PROVIDES ARSENIC SAFE WATER AND IS
CHEAP AND EASILY ADAPTABLE BY THE COMMUNITY
Source: Aqua Welfare Society of newly constructed dugwell # PW47, Kolsur 12 June, 2006
Dugwell Design
The dugwell design is different from traditional dugwells in many ways.
2. The site is selected at a considerable distance from toilets, cowdung pit and stagnant water;
3. Water is drawn with the help of hand pump;
6. Coarse sand filled in the annular space between the wall of the well and the sediment,
4. Use of floating pipe instead of fixed pipe,
5. Chlorinated once in 3 weeks and
6. Covered by a net and a tin cover to avoid tampering.
Water extracted with the help of a hand pump
Source: Project Well at Sutia, Gaighata of a newly constructed dugwell_ 21st July 2007
Interior of the dug well has a shroud of coarse sand all around the cylinder
Designed by Dr. Timir Hore, CPG, New Jersey
Filled with coarse sand all around the well, up to the naturallyoccurring sand layer below the silt sediments
Source: Aqua Welfare Society, May 2007
Annular space filled with coarse sand
Flexible pipes introduced in 2004 (technique adopted from DCH, Dhaka, B’Desh)
Advantages of flexible pipe are:
* Less inflow of sand from below
* Dissociates colonies of bacteria due to constant movement of water
Initially fixed iron pipes were used that required adjustment with the fluctuation of water level
PW24/KLS12: The net and the tin cover are used for protection from external debris and tampering.
Project Well formulated dugwells differ from the conventional types of dugwells by the following ways. These were adopted by ongoing experiments to reduce bacterial contamination, if any:
2. The site is selected on higher grounds, at least 100 feet away from toilets,
3. Water is drawn with the help of hand pump;
4. Coarse sand filled in the annular space between the wall of the well and the sediment.
4. Use of floating pipe instead of fixed pipe,
7. Covered by a net and a tin cover to avoid tampering and
6. Chlorinated once in 3 weeks.
Training the users in the use of disinfectant
Measuring the volume of the disinfectant that contains 5% of chlorine in solution
Understanding the theoline chart
Project Well has developed a DATABASE that originates at the main office located in the village that enables monitoring the functions of the dugwells and response of the communities.
Main concern was and still is how to make the dugwell community based program sustainable.
Step by step formula
Creation of databaseCreation of database
1. Selection of sites, recording geocodes and assigning dugwell ID;
2. Mapping of the selected sites;3. Create Database: Microsoft Access and Excel are used
to record the data on separate forms;4. Surveys and evaluations from time to time;5. Monthly Survey to record the depth of water, odor,
color and taste and complaints of the consumer, if any.
Use of GPS since 2002: Geocodes of TWs to be examined for arsenic near the site for dugwell are being recorded by Mr. Xavier Savarimuthu and Ms.Debjani Mitra during the site selection process in Nov 2002.
Geocodes of newly constructed dugwells being cross checked by Dennis Baroi, field supervisor of AWS on July 21st 2007
User friendly handheld GPS device costs $150
Assigning Dugwell ID = PW1 / KDK 1
Serial no. dugwell of Project Well Serial no. by the number of dugwells in the village
GAIGHATASIMULPURDASPARAPW51DSP23 GAIGHATASIMULPURKORAPARAPW50KRP12 DEGANGAKOLSURKAMDEBKATIPW49KDK91 BLOCKPANCHAYATVILLAGEDUGWELL ID
SL #
BISNUPADA DAS200788.8331822.9328PW51DSP23
BENY PRAMANICK200788.8265022.92951PW50KRP12
AJIT BAROI200788.7336622.81758PW49KDK91PROPERTY DONORCONST_YEARLONGITUDELATITUDEDUGWELL ID
SL #
Creation of databaseCreation of database
1. Select sites, record geocodes and assign dugwell ID;
2. Mapping of the selected sites:
*Maps can be drawn by using any GIS software program. *For preliminary functions Project Well uses Arcview 3.2 and also Earth
Google;
3. Create Database: Microsoft Access and Excel are used to record the data on separate forms;
4. Surveys and evaluations from time to time;5. Monthly Survey to record the depth of water, odor, color and taste
and complaints of the consumer, if any.
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$T
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$Z
$T
PW 05/RH1
PW 23/RH2
PW 01/K DK1
PW 02/KDK 2
PW 03/SMP3
PW 04/KDK4
PW 06/KDK3
PW 07/ KDK5
PW 08/KDK7
PW 09/ SMP1
PW 10/B MD1
PW 12/KLS 1
PW 13/KLS2
PW 14/KLS3
PW 20/K LS9
PW 33/RND 1
PW 21/ KLS10
PW 22/K LS11
PW 27/ KLS14
PW 31/ CHN DL2
PW 29/CHN DP 2
PW 28/CHN DP1
PW 30/CHNDP3
PW 34/ RND 2
PW 32 /BMD2PW 11/KDK8
PW 19/KLS8PW 16/KLS 5
PW 24/ KLS12
PW 25/KLS15
PW 15/KLS 4
PW 26/ CHN DL1
PW 17/KLS 6PW 18/K LS7
AKS Clu b
SR C hurch
Kolsur G P
Mog raHab ra
Banker More
Jamey M osq ue
Chond ipu r G P
Kolsur S cho ol
Bakult ala Bus Stop
KalitawlaC h ond ipur
Suka nto Mondol Hou se
2 0 2 Miles
N
EW
S
Project Well: North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, IndiaLocation Map of the dugwells constructed
in 2001 to 2004
22°46'13" 22°46'13"
22°47'12" 22°47'12"
22°48'11" 22°48'11"
22°49'10" 22°49'10"
22°50'09" 22°50'09"
88°42'17"
88°42'17"
88°43'16"
88°43'16"
88°44'15"
88°44'15"
88°45'14"
88°45'14"
88°46'13"
88°46'13"
88°47'12"
88°47'12"
88°48'11"
88°48'11"
( Modified Dugwells
Landmarks&V AKS Clubb Bakultala Bus Stop$T Banker More; Chondipur GP&\ Jamey Mosque$Z Kalitawla More; Kolsur GP; Kolsur School$T MograHabraÑ SR Church
Updated on: January 2005Material for Dissemination and Coordination
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$$$$
$$ $ $$$
$
PW 05 /R H1
PW 23 /R H2
PW 01 /KD K1
PW 02/KDK2
PW 03 /SM P3
PW 04 /KDK4
PW 06 /KDK3
PW 07 /KDK5
PW 08 /KDK7
PW 09 /SM P1
PW 10/BM D1
PW 12 /KL S1
PW 13 /KL S2
PW 14 /KL S3
PW 20 /KL S9
PW 33 /R ND1
PW 21 /KL S10
PW 22 /KL S11
PW 27 /KL S14
PW 31 /C HN DL2
PW 29 /C HN DP2
PW 28 /CHN D P1
PW 30 /CHN DP3
PW 34 /RND 2
PW 32/BMD2PW 11/KDK8
PW 19 /KL S8
PW 16/KL S5
PW 24 /KL S12
PW 25 /KL S15
PW 15/KLS4
PW 26 /C HN DL1
PW 17 /KLS6PW 18 /KL S7
AKS Club
SR Church
Kolsur GP
Mogra
Bankermore
Jamey Mosque
Chondipur GP
Kolsur School
Bakultala Bus StopKalitawla
PW 36 /KH 2
PW 37 /KH 3
PW 39 /KH5
PW 42 /KH 8
PW 43 /K H 9PW 44 /K H1 0
PW 4 1 /K H7
PW 40 /K H8
PW 3 5/K H1 1
PW 3 8 /K H4
To Habra
To Maslandpur Railway Station
To Basirhat
%[
PW 45 /KL S13
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$$
$
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
'W
$
3 0 3 6 Miles
N
EW
S
'W 2004 - 8
# 2003 - 20
$ 2002 - 5Monitored for Arsenic Levels
%[ 2001 - 1
% 2005 - 11
Dugwells by Year
22°46'13" 22°46 '13"
22°47'12" 22°47 '12"
22°48'11" 22°48 '11"
22°49'10" 22°49 '10"
22°50'09" 22°50 '09"
88°40'19"
88°40'19"
88°41'18"
88°41'18"
88°42'17"
88°42'17"
88°43'16"
88°43'16"
88°44'15"
88°44'15"
88°45'14"
88°45'14"
88°46'13"
88°46'13"
88°47'12"
88°47'12"
2004
2005
LOCATION MAP OF PROJECT WELL 72 DUGWELLS in TWO BLOCKS OF N24PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Advantages of mapping:
*Construction of dugwells is done during the dry months. The logistics of transporting labor and material can be planned and coordinated efficiently by using the map.
*Used for Follow up, Surveillance & Tracking (GIS).
* Dissemination and Co-ordination .
Creation of databaseCreation of database
1. Select sites, record geocodes and assign dugwell ID;2 Mapping of the selected sites;
3. To record the data Microsoft Access and Excel are used on separate forms;
4. Evaluation Surveys from time to time;5. Monthly Survey to record the depth of water, odor, color and
taste and complaints of the consumer, if any;
The forms are:1. Form A: Demography of the households in respect to the dugwell
georeferences;
2. Form B: Record of physical structure of each DW including construction detail;
3. Form C: Measurement of Theoline and depth of water (monthly);4. Form D: Consumer Record & Physical Status of DW water
(monthly_Follow_Up);
5. Form E: Annual Dredging and Repairs;
6. Form F: Checklist;
7. Form G: Initial and Annual Arsenic including chain of custody;
8. Form H: Initial Bacteria including chain of custody;
9. Form I: Measurements of other contaminants in a few wells including chain of custody.
Creation of databaseCreation of database
1. Select sites, record geocodes and assign dugwell ID;2. Mapping of the selected sites;3. Create Database: Microsoft Access and Excel are used to record
the data on separate forms;
4. Surveys and evaluations from time to time;
5. Monthly Survey to record the depth of water, odor, color and taste and complaints of the consumer, if any.
Water Analysis
3. Arsenic: Initial and annual,
4. Bacteria: Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform (initial)
7. 13 Heavey metals of selected dugwells (antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium and zinc).
8. Evaluation of the response of the community based groups,
9. Record of gastro intestinal incidences, if any.
10. Selection of filter type.
7. Evaluation of the efficacy of the earthen filters
Arsenic concentrations of 20 dugwells 2003_2007
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PW1PW2
PW3PW4
PW6PW7
PW10PW11
PW12PW13
PW14PW15
PW17PW20
PW21PW22
PW26PW27
PW28PW29
Dugwells
Arse
nic i
n m
icrog
m/l 2003
2004200520062007Linear (2007)
Gaps indicate either closed well (#1) or dry (#2,3,4,13,20,22), or no users (#15,27), not yet constructed (#10)
Bacteria
Bacteria analysis for Total and Fecal Coliform is done 30 days after the first application of the disinfectant. During this period people are advised to use water after boiling.
(Theoline contains sodium hypochlorite with 5-10% chlorine in solution. USEPA std: to disinfect 100 gallons, need 24 ounces of bleach).
From each source blind, duplicate samples are collected and taken to the lab within 6 hours of collection.
• Analysis is done in a reliable laboratory.
006002006PW48200410402004PW26
2006303002006PW47200505252003PW25
2006703002006PW462005050002004PW23
200510032502005PW45200310132003PW22
200611015002005PW44200310302003PW21
2006002005PW432003057502003PW20
200603102005PW422003804602003PW19
200628010002005PW412003002003PW17
200505752005PW40200430802003PW16
2006039002005PW3920040202003PW14
2005077502005PW382003002003PW13
200504752005PW372003002003PW12
2005065002005PW3620030202003PW11
2005050002005PW35200410302004PW10
2005032502004PW342004401702002PW7
2005045002004PW332005055002002PW6
2004501602004PW3220040102004PW5
20040102004PW3120040102002PW4
20030302003PW292004201502002PW3
20030202003PW28200520702002PW2
Test_YrFCTCConst.Y
rDW IDTest_YrFCTCConst.Y
rDW ID
Initial Bacterial counts of 40 functional dugwells in different years
Tracking of Dugwell use and survey shows that chlorine
smell for more than 5-7 days was pushing away the initial
users.
607811562.91041.57
2236701339.7892.76
1865581116.4743.95
149447893.1595.14
112335669.8446.33
74223446.6297.62
37112223.3148.81
Current dose (every week)
(every third week)
(as per EPA stnd)
Measured by applicant
1/3 dose (ml)Half dose (ml)Full Dose (ml)
Volume of water
Height of water (ft)
CHART THEOLINE
Volume of water: Total depth- depth to water = height of water in feetUSEPA std = To disinfect 100 gallons, need 24 ounces of bleach
Theoline contain sodium hypochlorite with 5-10% chlorine in solution
Creation of databaseCreation of database
1. Select sites, record geocodes and assign dugwell ID2. Mapping of the selected sites3. Create Database: Microsoft Access and Excel are used to
record the data on separate forms.4. Surveys and evaluations from time to time.
5. Monthly Survey to record the depth of water, odor, color and taste and complaints of the consumer, if any.
This data enabled us to identify the problems and solve some of them.
conomically backwardChondipur172003PW30CHNDP310deep tubewellKolsur182003PW27KLS149
faulty ConstructionChandalati182003PW25KLS158deep tubewellKolsur202003PW24KLS127
faulty ConstructionChandalati152003PW19KLS86faulty ConstructionChandalati122003PW18KLS75
economically backwardKolsur182003PW15KLS44
deep tubewellSimulpur202001PW09SMP13faulty ConstructionN Kamdebkati122003PW08KDK72faulty ConstructionN Kamdebkati142003PW01KDK11
Why Closed?VillageOriginal
DepthConst.
YearDW IDSL. #
Out of 48 dugwells 10 are closed, why?
Data Tracking Report of closed dugwells, as of July 2007
06 1200 208 30030 / 38 79June_07
793112018028028 / 3874May_07
856116019229029 / 3876April_07
869116018929029 / 4073Mar_07
914116019529029 / 4073Feb_07
910120020130030 / 4075Jan_07
917116020029029 / 4073Dec_06
768112016128028 / 4070Nov_06
64492013623023 / 4058Oct_06
63284013221021 / 4053Sept_06
667104014326026 / 4065Aug_06
670100013924024 / 4060July_06
732108015329029 / 4073June_06
71188014922022 / 3759May_06
790104017326026 / 3770April_06
687104014326026 / 3770March_06
816120017227027 / 3773Feb_06
934108019527027 / 3773Jan_06
946108019027027 / 3773Dec_05
Current BExpect BCurrent BFExpect BFNo. of
dugwells% functional dws_usedMonths
Tracking
Functional
dw
Tracking of Dugwell use
Even with the reduction of the theoline dose the people were complaining about the smell of chlorine and the number of users is still below the expected level.
How to increase the number of consumers?
In August 2006 introduced weekly health meetings and in November 2006 introduced earthen, ‘mawtka’ filters.
Data Tracking Observations as of July 2007 of 9 functional dugwells not being used
nd: not done
?normalnonenonend192005PW41KH79?normalnonenonend162004PW34RND28
site selectionnormalnonenonend152004PW32BMD27
economically backwardnormalnonenone11.5ft142003PW21KLS106
color and odornormalodor, lowturbid l14ft192003PW20KLS95
odornormalorganic,
lturbid mnd182003PW16KLS54
economically backwardnormaliron,lowiron,lownd182003PW14KLS33
presence of sand (until June 8 families were
using)normalnoneturbid m12.8ft162003PW13KLS22
?normalnonenone8.5ft182004PW05RH11Why not used?TasteOdorColor
Depth of
water
Original
DepthConstYearDW ID
SL. #
8849Total274PW48KDK1- R7920PW47KDK7- R8225PW46KLS7- R
Beneficiaries
B FamiliesDugwell ID #
Sponsor: Mosaique, Quebec Canada
Replaced dugwells in 2006
PW7/KDK3: constructed in 2002
January 2007: 15 families and 87 beneficiaries
February 2007: only 1 family of 9 members
846As in ppb
Tubewell near PW7
# PW7Conc.
Date of analysis: 5 May 2007
Few facts of India: TODAY
• According to the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index India ranks 70th out of 163 countries same as China (UK-11th, USA-20th).
* Internet users: Total 60 million only
* Population 1.06 billion (2004) increase to 1.12 billion (July 2007 est.)
* Current Growth Rate, GDP is : 9.2% (2006)
* 25% live under Poverty line: 282 million (< $1 a day)
* 60% labor is from rural sector
* (Source: mostly from CIA World Factbook)
Workers of AWS: Farida Bibi, Suprio Das, Sekhar Pal, Dennis Baroi and Biswajit Karmakar. (Use of bike has increased the mobility of the field workers.)
Change in work culture: team work, work whenever they can as long the work is done. Cross checking of data recorded is essential with the help of the map and
dugwell IDs to improve the practice of data collection.
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#Y
%a
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%a%a
PW29/CHNDP2
PW28/CHNDP1
PW 30/CHNDP3
PW34/RND2
PW32/BMD2PW11/KDK8
PW19/KLS8PW16/KLS5
PW24/KLS12
PW25/KLS15
PW15/KLS4
PW26/CHNDL1PW17/KLS6
PW18/KLS7
PW43/KH9PW44/KH10PW41/KH7
PW40/KH8
PW35/KH11
PW38/KH4
PW45/KLS13
PW05/RH1
PW23/RH2
PW01/KDK1
PW02/KDK2
PW03/SMP3
PW04/KDK4
PW06/KDK3
PW07/KDK5
PW08/KDK7
PW09/SMP1
PW10/BMD1
PW12/KLS1
PW13/KLS2
PW14/KLS3
PW20/KLS9
PW33/RND1
PW21/KLS10
PW22/KLS11
PW27/KLS14
PW31/CHNDL2
PW36/KH2PW37/KH3
PW39/KH5PW42/KH8
BankermoreTo Maslandpur Railway Station
Mogra
To Bashirhat
To Habra
3 0 3 6 Miles
N
EW
S
Number of Dugwells (year of construction)
The roads are sketched by joining few intersections
5 (2002)%a
1 (2001)#Y
20 (2003) #
8 (2004) &V
11 (2005)$Z
22°46'13" 22°46'13"
22°47'12" 22°47'12"
22°48'11" 22°48'11"
22°49'10" 22°49'10"
22°50'09" 22°50'09"
88°40'19"
88°40'19"
88°41'18"
88°41'18"
88°42'17"
88°42'17"
88°43'16"
88°43'16"
88°44'15"
88°44'15"
88°45'14"
88°45'14"
88°46'13"
88°46'13"
88°47'12"
88°47'12"
LOCATION MAP OF PROJECT WELL 72 DUGWELLS in TWO BLOCKS OF N24PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
The founding members of Project WellThe founding members of Project Well
Prof. Allan H Smith, Epidemiology, advisor, Project Well (Professor, University of California, Berkeley, USA)
Dr. Timir Hore, Hydrogeology, advisor, Project well(Vice President, C&H consultant, New Jersey, USA)
Dr. Meera M Hira-Smith, Geography, Director, Project Well (Researcher, University of California, Berkeley, USA)
Mr. Protap Chakravarti, Geology, advisor, Project Well(ex-director of Geological Survey of India)
Other members and advisors of Project WellOther members and advisors of Project Well
Prof. Richard Wilson, Physics, Harvard University, USA Cynthia Green, Environmental Chemistry, Secretary, Project Well Dr. Xavier Savarimuthu, Environmental Science, Ex-Fogarty trainee Jane Liaw, arsenic study of health research group, University of
California, Berkeley, USA. *Mr. Saumendra Nath Banerjee, Geologist
Ex- advisors
* Mr. D.K Chakraborty, Civil Engineer, LKP
*Dr. DN Guha Mazumder, gastroenterologist, IPGME&R
*Dr. Dipankar Chakraborty,Chemistry SOES
*Dr. S Banerjee, Chemistry, CSME
PW members are from multi-discipline
Thank You
Other members of Aqua Welfare Society
•Mr. Amal Ghosh, President,
•Mr. Uday Mukherjee, Secretary
•Mrs. Alpana Hira Davidson, Treasurer
Funds: Private donations, Mosaique of Quebec, Canada, Rotary, Fogarty
International and Blue Planet Run