surveillance camera provision for tricycles in cabadbaran...

International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences (IJRAOB)

An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)

2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1

1123 www.globalbizresearch.org

Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City:

Its Perceived Effects on Passengers’ Safety and Security

Ramil B. Arante,

Caraga State University Cabadbaran Campus,

Dean of the College of Industrial Technology and Teacher Education,

Cabadbaran City, Philippines.

E-mail: [email protected]

Sheila May Eguna, Cherry Mondala, Daryl Jacon

Caraga State University Cabadbaran Campus,

Students of the College of Industrial Technology and Teacher Education,

Cabadbaran City, Philippines.

___________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

One of the biggest issue that plague the commuting public in the Philippines is its’ security

and safety. Vehicular crimes are increasing especially in Cabadbaran city thus this study

entitled Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: Its Perceived

Effects on Passenger’s Safety and Security, was conducted to evaluate the perception of the

commuting public on the possible effects of the said provision. Descriptive method of

research was used to describe the perception of the commuting public on the possible effects

of the camera provision. Purposive sampling procedure was also used in data gathering as

only those who rides tricycles were considered as respondents. The result of the evaluation

revealed that the commuting public strongly agree that surveillance camera on public utility

vehicles particularly tricycles will have positive effects on their safety and security garnering

a grand mean of 4.54. Results further revealed that when respondents were grouped

according to their profile, there is no significant differences of their responses based on the

results of the Kruskal Wallis H – Test conducted. On the basis of the findings, the researchers

recommended that the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Cabadbaran City should support the

proposed surveillance camera on public transportation most particularly tricycles and other

public utility vehicles by providing monetary aid for those who can’t afford. The Land

Transportation Office (LTO) of Cabadbaran should strictly require surveillance camera for

all public utility vehicles and ensure that it is strictly implemented. Aside from the driving

permit, driver’s license, and tricycles registration, the requirements of the surveillance

camera should be included.

___________________________________________________________________________

Key Words: Surveillance, camera provision, perceived effects, passengers’ safety, security,

transportation

JEL Classification: R4





1. Introduction

Motor-powered tricycles, or in local term “pedikab” are actually a motorcycle and a

sidecar and are in a native form of the auto rickshaw. It is a very popular means of public or

private transportation in the Philippines. These utility vehicles travel a set route and are for-

hire, like taxis. In the Philippines, tricycle is the most common means of transportation in

small towns and cities, especially in the rural areas. Tricycles are built in various styles which

differ from place to place, and are typically manufactured locally by constructing a sidecar

and attaching it to an imported motorbike. Usually both the motorbike and the sidecar are

covered, but not always by the same roof. Some tricycles are built with more seats with the

motor situated at the back, rather than below the driver as seen in a usual motorcycle.

Surveillance Camera is one of the most common video technology used in the industry,

public transportations, government offices and large supermarkets for security purposes. It is

also of great help in the investigation of crimes, injuries, suicide and accidents including

disproving false claims. Surveillance Camera serves as a replacement of the guards in an

industries and public areas. As a common knowledge, Surveillance Camera can record video

footage which is more detailed and can be viewed live. Thus, Surveillance Camera is

important due to its accuracy in monitoring a particular location especially in highly

populated places.

Since, the crime rate of the Philippines is increasing especially in Cabadbaran City, a need

to monitor its public places is very vital to help solve and reduce crimes. Many vehicle

drivers violate existing transportation laws. Some do not have a valid driver’s license. Others

do not register their vehicles. Some refuse to carry passengers to inconvenient destination and

force passengers to pay extra amount than the usual fare. As stated in House Bill No. 3681

Section 1. An Act to Establish the Bill of Rights of the Passengers “The State values the

dignity of human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. Towards this end, the

State shall afford the public their established rights and the principles that will outline

expectations on their commute to ensure their safety, and improve their service in the country

(Gatchalian, 2014). In an article entitled “Can surveillance Cameras be successful in

preventing crime and controlling anti-social behaviors?” it outlines the importance of Closed

Circuit Television (CCTV) in the promotion of public safety. It confirms that CCTV can and

does promote public safety. This is also partly because CCTV increases 'natural surveillance'

and that people may feel less fearful of crime because of the presence of cameras in dark

alleys and in public places. On the contrary, people may also feel that if an area needs CCTV

it might not be a safe place.

Out of the above-mentioned reasons, the researchers came with the idea to conduct a study

about Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: It’s Perceived Effects





on Passenger’s Safety and Security. In pursuing this study, it enables the researchers to

analyze whether our government should require a surveillance camera in all public transport

vehicles based on the perception of the riding public to its effects on passenger’s safety and

security. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Educational Attainment;

1.3 Occupational Status; and

1.4 Sex?

2. What are the perception of the commuting public of the possible effects of the Surveillance

Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of:

2.1 Passenger’s Safety and Security;

2.2 Improved Transportation System; and

2.3 Anti-social behavior prevention?

3. Is there a significant difference between the perception of the respondents on the effects

of Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of Safety and

Security of the Passengers when grouped according to their profile?

Null Hypothesis

At 0.05 level of significance, it is hypothesized that there is no significant difference

between the perception of the respondents on the effects of Surveillance Camera Provision for

Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of Safety and Security of the Passengers when grouped

according to their profile.

2. Related Literature and Studies

The study is about the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: Its

Perceived Effects on the Passenger’s Safety and Security. The following literature presents

the background of Surveillance Camera, its purposes, and its role on the prevention of crime

and other anti-social behavior.

Gatchalian (2014) in House Bill No. 3681 Section 1. Short Title. - Bill of Rights of Taxi

Passengers as stated in Section 2. Declaration Policy. –The state values the dignity of every

human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. Towards this end, the State shall

afford the public their established rights and the principles that will outline expectations on

their commute to ensure their safety, and improve taxi service in the country. In relation to

this Bill, many lawmakers were contemplating to require surveillance camera in public utility

vehicles but they need further studies on its possible effects.

According to Carcamo (2015) in an effort to prevent robberies inside passenger buses, a

Philippine legislator has filed a bill, requiring bus firms nationwide to install CCTV or





surveillance cameras inside their units. Paranaque City Rep. Eric Olivare said House Bill

3704 requires the mandatory installation of a CCTV or security video camera in every public

utility bus to enable bus operators to detect real-time whether a bus is being held-up. This will

allow the bus operators to timely alert the law enforcement authorities that a crime is

currently happening inside a certain bus in a certain place. It will give the police a better

window of opportunity to prevent the crime and/or apprehend the criminals. In pushing for

the bill, he cited the spate of robbery and hold-up cases involving public utility buses, where

criminals take all the precious and valuable belongings of all the bus passengers as well as the

money collected by the bus conductor for the day.

Brent (2015) discusses the importance of physical security surveillance as one of the most

vital facets of a transit system’s security plan. In the past, recording was primarily done by

analog video cameras, but those systems are now updated with IP cameras that have features

like greater data storage and ultra HD imaging. Moreover, today’s surveillance has moved

beyond video to audio monitoring. By integrating audio and video, security directors have

access to more evidence for reported incidents and accident investigations. Audio also

provides accountability for employees, capturing if a train engineer was talking on his cell

phone on duty or if a train ticket examiner was providing poor customer service.

Gansler (2015) outlines the benefits of an audio and video monitoring that have inspired

several transit agencies to use the integrated system. Most recently, the New York

Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) requested audio and video recorders be

installed on more than 700 Metro-North and LIRR trains. The order came after the deadly

December 2013 train derailment in the Bronx. Although the New York MTA’s response to

increase its security after the accident is commendable, we recognize it is also a reactive

decision. It is natural to consider enhancements to security plans in times of crisis, but it is

better to proactively think about security upgrades that can prevent the disaster before it

happens.

Recently, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) of the Philippines has ordered a

crackdown on motorcycles with sidecars, which are used for passengers or cargoes but are not

registered with the agency. LTO 7 OIC-Director Alita Pulga said local government units

(LGUs) where these motorcycles with sidecars and tricycles operate must help in their

campaign against colorism units since the LGUs are the ones that issue franchises to tricycles

and regulate their use. Based on personal experience, even here in Cabadbaran city, non-

registered tricycles or motorcycles with sidecar used as public transport is very rampant. This

problem has reached its alarming stage as these same tricycles were involved in several

vehicular accidents and other various crimes directly or indirectly related to public transport

here in the Philippines. (Baquero 2016)





According to Delgado (2015) that in 1969 the first video home security system is born.

Marie Van Brittan Brown received a patent on her system which consisted of four peepholes

and camera that could be moved to look through any one of them. The camera would

broadcast its images to a monitor. In 1970s CCTV makes a splash in the non-government

market. Banks and retailers began to use CCTV as an added security measure against theft.

This would continue through the 1980s. In 1976 Charge-coupled device (CCD) technology

leads to the creation of cameras that can be used in low light situations. These used microchip

technology, and made round-the-clock surveillance possible. In 1990s ATMs have cameras

installed to record all transactions. In 1992 the first “Nanny Cam” is invented. As camera

technology began to allow for smaller high-resolution surveillance, parents began to use

covert cameras to keep an eye on their families.

Ashby (2017) outlines several potential applications of CCTV in public safety, and its

deployment with the intention variously of preventing or minimizing crime, detecting

offences, improving the response to emergencies, assisting in the management of places and

reducing public fear of crime. In addition to the aforementioned applications, CCTV can also

be used for purposes not related to public safety, such as monitoring transport-passenger

flows and investigating complaints against facility staff. Of these potential applications,

almost all research attention to date has concentrated on the use of CCTV to prevent crime.

Although there has been extensive research on the value of closed-circuit television (CCTV)

for preventing crime, but only few researches on its value as an investigative tool. This is also

what Ashby’s research is all about. It sought to establish how often CCTV provides useful

evidence and how this is affected by circumstances, analyzing 251,195 crimes recorded by

British Transport Police that occurred on the British railway network between 2011 and 2015.

The findings of Ashby study revealed the usefulness of CCTV in public safety but it also

showed the limitation of the camera caused by several factors, most notably the number of

public areas not covered, and the quality of the recording.

In addition to that, Sparco (2015) added that a security cameras that are internet-ready are

a good way of monitoring home or business. They can be viewed from almost any location

that has a computer with internet connection. This allows owners to keep an eye on their

property while they are away. There are even surveillance systems that can notify you through

email when movement has been detected. Security cameras that are equipped with motion

sensors give them the capability of detecting movements. Even the slightest movement can

trigger these motion sensors to start the video recording process. Digital Security surveillance

cameras are much smaller. Despite their size, they are capable of recording video for a long

period. The images and videos they record can be saved and edited in a computer. They have

gained in popularity because they have eliminated the need for video tapes as a recording

medium. The presence of security systems has helped in deterring crimes and theft. This





reputation has helped them become popular with homes and businesses. Through the years,

security surveillance camera systems have become more affordable. For this reason, more and

more households and businesses are being equipped with security cameras with the hopes of

protecting their properties.

Stelfox (2015) also considers the necessity of how exactly CCTV might provide useful

evidence in a criminal investigation. A criminal investigation can be thought of as a series of

questions: who was involved in an incident, where did it happen, what happened, when did it

happen, why did it happen and how any offences were committed, known as the ‘5WH’

investigation model. CCTV may also be useful in answering at least two of these questions:

what happened and who was involved. A good-quality recording could potentially allow

investigators to watch an entire incident unfold in detail, providing information about the

sequence of events, the methods used and the entry and exit routes taken by the offender.

Even if this is not possible, CCTV may be useful in corroborating or refuting other evidence

of what happened, such as witness testimony. Recordings may also provide information that

investigators can use to contextualize other evidence. CCTV may assist in identifying who

was involved in a crime either directly, as when a suspect is recognized by someone viewing

the recording, or indirectly, such as when the recording shows a suspect touching a surface

from which police are then able to recover forensic. Images can also be used to identify

potential witnesses.

Romano (2015) explains that if a crime is committed and there is a surveillance camera,

there is a good chance that the authorities will be able to get a viable image of the criminal.

The camera footage can be used to put the image on posters and aired on television where

someone might be able to recognize who the person is. Without the surveillance camera, it

may be more difficult to get a detailed description of the perpetrator.

Isnard (2015) argued that many apprehensive analysts think that surveillance cameras do

not reduce crime. Based on their analysis, surveillance camera have little or no deterrent

effect on criminal activity. It often malfunction and are far away from where crimes occur. It

makes people feel a false sense of security and contribute to the commission of crime through

displacement onto non-monitored areas and crimes against camera installations themselves.

On the contrary, Isnard on his part believes that CCTV can and does promote public safety.

This is partly because the surveillance camera increases natural surveillance and that people

become less fearful of crime because of the increase CCTV usage in the area. This is

particularly true at night where those who would not normally go out now feel confident to do

so. However on the other way around, people may feel that if an area needs CCTV it might

not be a safe place.

The abovementioned literatures and studies relate to the present study of the researchers

which outlines some vital information about surveillance cameras and its importance as one





of the strategies in reducing crimes and other untoward behaviors that the commuting public

might experience in their day to day activities. Despite the popularity of high definition

surveillance camera, evidence of its crime deterrent capabilities is not conclusive that is based

on several studies conducted. Research has largely reported that its effect is mixed and varied

depending on the location and the quality of the camera installed. CCTV cameras also have

the prospect of generating inadvertent effects, good and bad. There are two effects that might

happen. The “halo effect” which refers to the potential for greater security in areas outside the

view of cameras as lawless people might still think the place is still monitored. This could be

offset by the “displacement effect,” which drives antisocial activity to other places. Cameras

could also promote a false sense of security and lead citizens to be complacent, or they could

also cause more crimes to be reported, thus leading to a perceived increase in crime which

might have a negative effect to the economy.

3. Methodology

3.1 Research Design

This study used descriptive research design. A descriptive research design is a scientific

method of study which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without

influencing it in any way. Descriptive method was the chosen research method because the

researchers wanted to describe the general perception of the commuting public on the possible

effects of requiring a surveillance camera inside the public utility tricycles in Cabadbaran

City. A self-made questionnaire is the main tool for gathering data. It was translated to the

local dialect for better understanding of the respondents. It was floated to the commuting

public of Cabadbaran city especially those who frequently ride tricycles as means of

transportation. It was aimed to determine if the commuting public views surveillance camera

as an aid in preventing crimes and other anti-social behavior.

3.1.1 Locale of the Study

The study conducted in the city of Cabadbaran, a component city of the Province of

Agusan del Norte, in Caraga region. It is situated in the northern part of Mindanao, the

southern part of the Philippines. Cabadbaran is the provincial capital city of Agusan del

Norte. It is situated in the 2nd District of Agusan del Norte. It has a population of 2, 670, 792

as of November 7, 2017 and its total land area 21, 444 hectares. It was founded in 1894, the

city rose from its Spanish period beginnings to become the premier town of Agusan del

Norte. Its rich cultural heritage is evident in its preserved colonial period houses and its

archaeological collections. Following its recent declaration as a city, it is also the officially

designated capital of the province per Republic Act 8811.





Figure 2: Map of Urban Cabadbaran (Credit Google Map)

3.1.2 The Respondents

The respondents of this study were the commuting public of Cabadbaran city

particularly those who frequently ride tricycles. Three hundred passengers will be purposely

selected to answer the questionnaire constructed to gather data about the effects of

Surveillance Camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran to the passenger’s safety and

security. This will be conducted during the Academic Year of 2017-2018.

3.1.3 Sampling Procedures

The researcher used a Purposive Sampling procedure to gather the information

needed in the study. Purposive Sampling is non-probability sampling techniques where

subject is selected because of the purposive accessibility and proximity to the researcher.

Purposive sampling relies on the judgment of the researcher when it comes to selecting the

pieces of data that is use in the study.

3.1.4 Research Instrument

In gathering relevant information needed for the study, a self-made questionnaire was

used as the main tool for data gathering. The researchers constructed the questionnaire that

helped them gather data needed for the study. The questionnaire contains two parts. The first

part is the profile of the respondents in terms of: Educational Attainment, Age, Sex, and

Occupational Status. The second part are the possible effects of the Surveillance Camera

Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of Safety and Security. The statements in

the questionnaire were translated to our own vernacular for better understanding of the





respondents. The questionnaire was also subjected for critiquing of experts to improve its

content. Pilot testing was also done to validate instrument’s content.

3.2 Data Gathering Procedure

The following procedures were used to gather the data necessary for this study.

Preliminary: Permission was secured from the Office of Student Affairs and Services to

conduct the study outside the campus through a letter request. The same permission was also

requested to the barangay captains of the barangays in metro Cabadbaran to administer the

questionnaire in order to gather necessary data for the study.

Administration of Questionnaire: A survey was conducted by administering the

questionnaire to the selected respondents. Purposive sampling was employed in choosing the

respondents mainly from the central part of Cabadbaran City as tricycles as means of

transportation is commonly used. Filled-up questionnaires were also retrieved right away to

increase the efficiency of data retrieval.

Tallying and Collating of Data: Gathered data from the retrieved questionnaires was then

tallied and collated and was submitted to the statistician for statistical analysis.

4. Results and Discussion

Analysis and interpretation of data acquired from the 300 respondents from the commuting

public particularly those who frequently ride tricycles on their perceptions on the possible

effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City.

4.1 Profile of the Respondents

Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Figure 1 shows the distribution of the respondents according to age who evaluated the

possible effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City.

Based on the figure, 30 percent of the respondents belong to age bracket 20 years old and

below. It is followed by the age bracket 21 to 30 years old with 21 percent, 51 to 60 years old

with 15 percent, 31 to 40 years old with 13 percent, 41 to 50 years old with 11 percent, and

lastly above 60 years old with a percentage of 10. The results imply that the biggest number

of respondents are the young ones. This is true due to the fact that Cabadbaran is considered

as an educational hub in the province of Agusan del Norte where a huge number of schools





reside. Thus, a huge number of students study here in Cabadbaran city and majority of them

belong to the age bracket 20 years and below.

Figure 2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to their

Educational Attainment

Figure 2 presents the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

educational attainment. Based on the figure, 35 percent of the respondents are high school

level, followed by the college level at 34 percent. Additionally, 16 percent of the respondents

are college graduates and the lowest are elementary level at 15 percent. The results reveal that

majority of the respondents who gave their perception on the possible effects of the

Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City are high school level. These

group of respondents commute daily riding a tricycle going to school.

Figure 3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to their

Occupational Status

Figure 3 reveals the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to

their occupational status. The figure above shows that 75 percent of the respondents who gave

their perceptions are currently working. The remaining 25 percent of the respondents are non-

working. They could either be students or unemployed folks in Cabadbaran. The findings

further implies that majority of the respondents who participated the survey are currently

working. Working people are more likely interested in this kind of study due to the fact that

they are the ones more likely has the desire to be secured while commuting in public utility

vehicles than the non-working. It may be because working people had more valuable things to

be secured such as jewelries, money, gadgets and other important documents.





Figure 4: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to their Sex

Figure 4 displays the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to

their sex. The figure shows that 75 percent of the respondents who gave their perception on

the possible effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City

are females. Male respondents who participated the survey only constitute 25 percent of the

total number of respondents. The survey results reveal that majority of the respondents who

participated the survey are female. It further implies that female respondents have the desire

to be secured and safe while riding a tricycle. They believe that riding in a public utility

tricycle poses a higher security risk since there happen to be more passengers in one vehicle

and crimes commonly happen in crowded places. These women wanted to be safe in two

aspects: safety from crime and safety from accidents, since most women are weak and they

cannot protect their selves from others immorality acts.

Table 5: Mean Rating of the Respondents’ Perception of the possible effects of the Surveillance

Camera Provision for Tricycles with respect to the Passenger’s Safety and Security

PASSENGER’S SAFETY AND SECURITY MEAN SD VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

1. Surveillance Camera reduces the crime of

pickpocket inside the vehicle. 4.54 0.68 Strongly Agree

2. Surveillance Camera helps to prevent hold-up and

robbery. 4.55 0.66 Strongly Agree

3. Surveillance Camera increases the passenger's

feeling of being safe and secure. 4.55 0.69 Strongly Agree

4. Surveillance Camera reduces smoking inside the

vehicle. 4.38 0.80 Strongly Agree

5. Surveillance Camera reduces driving under the

influence of liquor. 4.49 0.78 Strongly Agree

6. Surveillance Camera reduces the risk of over

speeding. 4.50 0.75 Strongly Agree

7. Surveillance Camera reduces the risk of over-

loading. 4.50 0.76 Strongly Agree

8. Surveillance Camera improves security against

thieves. 4.56 0.65 Strongly Agree

9. Surveillance Camera prevents drug related crimes

inside the vehicle. 4.60 0.62 Strongly Agree

10. Surveillance Camera helps reduce abusive drivers

and passengers. 4.55 0.70 Strongly Agree

11. Surveillance Camera helps prevent over-charging

by drivers. 4.55 0.71 Strongly Agree

12. Surveillance Camera insures that drivers follow

the fare discounts of students, senior citizens and

persons with disability.

4.57 0.75 Strongly Agree





13. Surveillance Camera prevents act of terrorism

inside the vehicle. 4.61 0.66 Strongly Agree

OVERALL: 4.54 0.06 Strongly Agree

LEGEND: 4.21 - 5.00 (SA), 3.41 - 4.20 (A), 2.61 - 3.40 (N), 1.81 - 2.60 (D), 1.00 - 1.80 (SD)

Table 5 shows the mean rating of the Respondents’ Perception of the possible effects of

the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City with respect to the

Passenger’s Safety and Security. The results reveal that among the listed effects of the

Surveillance Camera provision, the statement, “Surveillance Camera prevents act of terrorism

inside the vehicle” garnered the highest mean rating of 4.61. It is followed by “Surveillance

Camera prevents drug related crimes inside the vehicle with a mean rating of 4.60 and

“Surveillance Camera insures that drivers follow the fare discounts of students, senior citizens

and persons with disability” got a mean rating of 4.57. The item that got the lowest mean

rating of 4.38 is “Surveillance Camera reduces smoking inside the vehicle.

Among the items that reaped the top mean ratings, it can be noted that the top two effects

of the surveillance camera provision as perceived by the commuting public are the prevention

of two major crimes: the act of terrorism and drug related crimes. The respondents believed

that these major crimes needs to be given much attention as it can affect the physical,

political, and economic dynamics of Cabadbaran city. This can be perfectly related to an

article entitled “Can surveillance Cameras be successful in preventing crime and controlling

anti-social behaviors?” that outlines the importance of CCTV in the promotion of public

safety. It confirms that CCTV can and does promote public safety. This is also partly because

CCTV increases natural surveillance and people might become less fearful of crime because

of the increase usage of CCTV in the area. This is particularly true at night where those who

would not normally go out at night, now feel confident to do so. However, on the contrary,

people may also feel that if an area needs CCTV it might not be a safe place. (Isnard 2001)

In general, overall response of the respondents is strongly agree with an overall mean

rating 4.54. It is an indication that Surveillance Camera has a positive effect on the

passenger’s safety and security.


Camera Provision for Tricycles with respect to Improved Transportation System

IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MEAN SD VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

1. Surveillance Camera helps reduces drivers

without/expired license. 4.43 0.82 Strongly Agree

2. Surveillance Camera reduces the operation of

unregistered tricycles. 4.49 0.78 Strongly Agree

3. Surveillance Camera encourages tricycle

owners to improve the appearance and condition

of their vehicle.


4. Surveillance Camera helps maintain the

normal traffic flow of the streets. 4.50 0.77 Strongly Agree





5. Surveillance Camera encourages drivers to

improve their services to the commuting public. 4.48 0.72 Strongly Agree

6. Surveillance Camera helps in solving

vehicular crimes. 4.55 0.72 Strongly Agree

7. Surveillance Camera can contribute to the

over-all improvement of the transport system. 4.53 0.72 Strongly Agree

TOTAL: 4.48 0.06 Strongly Agree

LEGEND: 4.21 - 5.00 (SA), 3.41 - 4.20 (A), 2.61 - 3.40 (N), 1.81 - 2.60 (D), 1.00 - 1.80(SD)

As shown in Table 6, “Surveillance Camera helps in solving vehicular crimes” has the

highest mean rating of 4.55. This means that most of the respondents firmly believed that

vehicular crimes can be easily solved by cameras on the tricycles as it can record the entire

incidents as it happened. In contrast, the item which garnered the lowest mean rating in Table

6 is “Surveillance Camera encourages tricycle owners to improve the appearance and

condition of their vehicle” got the lowest mean rating of 4.37. The respondents believed that

the improvement of the tricycles’ condition might be less impacted by the camera because its

improvement really depends on the budget that the owners have and most of them get their

daily needs on their income as tricycle drivers. In general, the respondents strongly agree that

Surveillance Camera helps in solving vehicular crimes for the improvement of the

transportation system with an overall rating of 4.48. This finding is in consonance to Brent

(2015) idea that outlines the importance of security surveillance as one of the most vital facets

of a transportation system’s security plan.


Camera Provision for Tricycles with respect to Anti-social Behavior Prevention

ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR PREVENTION MEAN SD VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

1. Surveillance Camera encourages traffic

disciplines among drivers. 4.61 0.66 Strongly Agree

2. Surveillance Camera encourages drivers to

dress properly. 4.48 0.74 Strongly Agree

3. Surveillance Camera prevents acts of

lasciviousness from sex maniac drivers and

fellow passengers.


4. Surveillance Camera lessens incidence of

bribery to traffic enforcers. 4.59 0.69 Strongly Agree

5. Surveillance Camera prevents driver from

refusing passenger especially during rainy

season.


6. Surveillance Camera lessens vandalism inside

the tricycle. 4.47 0.74 Strongly Agree

7. Surveillance Camera reduces driver's

intimidation to their passengers. 4.55 0.69 Strongly Agree

8. Surveillance Camera decreases the use of

abusive languages of drivers. 4.51 0.77 Strongly Agree

TOTAL: 4.55 0.05 Strongly Agree

LEGEND: 4.21 - 5.00 (SA), 3.41 - 4.20 (A), 2.61 - 3.40 (N), 1.81 - 2.60 (D), 1.00 - 1.80 (SD)





Table 7 discloses the mean ratings of the respondents’ responses on the possible effects of

Surveillance Camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran with respect to Anti-social

behavior prevention. The table further reveals that surveillance camera encourages traffic

disciplines among drivers and can also prevents acts of lasciviousness from sex maniac

drivers and fellow passengers as perceived by the commuting public with the highest mean

rating of 4.61. On the other hand, Surveillance Camera lessens vandalism inside the tricycle

got the lowest mean rating of 4.47. Hence, most of the respondents strongly agree that

Surveillance Camera encourages traffic disciplines among drivers and Surveillance Camera

prevents acts of lasciviousness from sex maniac drivers and fellow passengers for the Anti-

social behavior prevention. These top two anti-social behavior in the survey are what our

respondents are worried about since most of them are women and are perceived to be weak

and very vulnerable for this kind of behaviors. It supports Ashby’s (2017) claims that some of

the potential applications of CCTV in public safety, and its deployment with the intention

variously of preventing or minimizing crime, detecting offences, improving the response to

emergencies, assisting in the management of places and reducing public fear of crime and

other anti-social behavior.

Table 8: Hypothesis Test on the significant difference of the Respondents Perception on the

Possible Effects of Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using

Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance according to their Age

Surveillance

Camera

Provision

Age

N

Mean

Rank

Chi-

square

df

p-value

Decision

Conclusion

Passenger's

Safety and

Security

20 years

old and

below

90 151.67

4.462 5 0.485

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

21 - 30

years old 63 148.42

31 - 40

years old 40 168.51

41 - 50

years old 32 125.94

51 - 60

years old 44 150.66

Above

60 years

old

31 153.21

Improved

Transport

System

20 years

old and

below

90 150.34

4.068 5 0.54

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

21 - 30

years old 63 136.60

31 - 40

years old 40 164.33

41 - 50

years old 32 144.27

51 - 60

years old 44 151.06





Above

60 years

old

31 167.02

Anti-social

Behavior

Prevention

20 years

old and

below

90 149.98

3.998 5 0.55

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

21 - 30

years old 63 142.30

31 - 40

years old 40 160.31

41 - 50

years old 32 143.47

51 - 60

years old 44 143.11

Above

60 years

old

31 173.74

As shown in Table 8, a Kruskal-Wallis H Test was conducted to determine if there were

significant differences in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of surveillance

camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to age. It is

observed that the respondents’ perception in terms of Passenger’s Safety and Security

( ), Improved Transport System ( ),

and Anti-social behavior ( ) were not statistically different when

grouped according to age. This means that no matter what age bracket they belong, they still

have the same opinion.


Possible Effects of Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using

Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance According to their Educational Attainment

Surveillance

Camera

Provision

Educational

Attainment N

Mean

Rank

Chi-

square df

p-

value Decision Conclusion

Passenger's

Safety and

Security

Elementary 45 151.48889

1.837 3 0.607

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

High School 104 153.13942

College 100 139.255

College

Graduate 47 155.04255

Improved

Transport

System

Elementary 45 152.78889

0.326

3

0.955

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

High School 104 150.11058

College 100 147.07

College

Graduate 47 143.87234

Anti-social Elementary 45 161.7 1.701 3 0.637 Fail to Not





Behavior

Prevention High School 104 148.94231 Reject

Ho

Significant

College 100 146.2

College

Graduate 47 139.7766

As shown in Table 9, a Kruskal Wallis H-Test was conducted to determine if there was a

significant difference in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of surveillance

camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to their

Educational Attainment. It is observed that the respondents ‘perception on the Passenger’s

Safety and Security ( 0.607), Improved Transport System

( ), Anti-social Behavior Prevention

( 0.637), were not statistically different when grouped according to their

Educational Attainment. This further implies that their responses are consistent regardless of

their educational qualification.


Possible Effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using

Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance According to their Occupational Status

Surveillance

Camera

Provision

Occupational

Status N

Mean

Rank

Chi-

square Df

p-

value Decision Conclusion

Passenger's

Safety and

Security

Working 109 150.6284

0.03

1

0.862

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant Non-working 189 148.8492

Improved

Transport

System

Working 109 150.4037

0.02

1

0.889

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

Non-working 189 148.9788

Anti-social

Behavior

Prevention

Working 109 147.6743 0.08 1 0.777

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant Non-working 189 150.5529

As shown in Table 10, a Kruskal Wallis H-Test was conducted to determine if there was a

significant difference in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of surveillance

camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to their

Occupational Status. It is observed that the respondents ‘perception of the Passenger’s Safety

and Security ( 0.862), Improved Transport System

( ), Anti-social Behavior Prevention ( 0.777),

were not statistically different when grouped according to their Occupational Status. This

further implies that their responses were not affected by the status of their occupations.





Table 11” Hypothesis Test on the significant difference of the Respondents Perception on the

Possible Effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using

Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance According to their Sex

Surveillanc

e Camera

Provision

Educational

Status N

Mean

Rank

Chi-

square

D

f p-value Decision Conclusion

Passenger's

Safety and

Security

Female 162 154.6173 0.809

1

0.368

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

Male 138 145.6667

Improved

Transport

System

Female 162 151.6574 0.065

1

0.799

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant

Male 138 149.1413

Anti-social

Behavior

Prevention

Female 162 151.7284 0.074 1 0.786

Fail to

Reject

Ho

Not

Significant Male 138 149.058

As shown in Table 11, a Kruskal Wallis H-Test was also conducted to determine if there

was a significant difference in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of the

surveillance camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to

Sex. It is observed that the respondents ‘perception on the Passenger’s Safety and Security

( 0.368), Improved Transport System ( ),

Anti-social Behavior Prevention ( 0.786), were not statistically different.

This means that both men and women have the same perception about the possible effects of

the proposed surveillance camera for tricycles in Cabadbaran city.

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

Based on the findings, the following conclusion were drawn: The respondents strongly

agreed that the proposed surveillance camera for tricycles in Cabadbaran city makes the

commuting public safe and secured based on the survey results having an overall mean rating

of 4.54. In terms of Improvement of Transportation System and Anti-social Behavior

Prevention, the respondents also strongly agreed that the proposed Surveillance Camera for

Tricycles in Cabadbaran city can improve transportation and also can prevent acts of

lasciviousness having a mean rating of 4.48 and 4.55 respectively. Respondents profile

doesn’t have any direct effect on the responses of the respondents on the possible effects of

the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City as shown by the Kruskal

Wallis H – Test results.

Based also on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations

are offered: The Local Government Unit (LGU) of Cabadbaran City should support the

proposed surveillance camera on public transportation most particularly tricycles and other

public utility vehicles by providing monetary aid for those who can’t afford. The Land

Transportation Office (LTO) of Cabadbaran should strictly require surveillance camera for all

public utility vehicles and ensure that it is strictly implemented. Aside from the driving





permit, driver’s license, and tricycle registration, the requirements of the surveillance camera

should be included. For further research, the following are also recommended: The study on

the possible effects of surveillance camera inside Public Utility Vehicles in terms of Peace

and Order and also a follow up study on the economic effects of surveillance camera after its

installation.

References

Ashby, M.P.J. The Value of CCTV Surveillance Cameras as an Investigative Tool: An Empirical

Analysis. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (2017) 23: 441.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9341-6https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9341-6

Baquero, E.O. (September 13, 2016).LGUs urged to help regulate tricycles … Retrieved from …

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/2016/09/13/lgus-urged-help-regulate-tricycles-497304

Brent, R. (March 26, 2015). Security and Surveillance in Transportation … Retrieved from …

http://www.metro-magazine.com/blogpost/293784/security-and-surveillance-in-transportation on

November 2017Abhyankar, A., 1998, Linear and Nonlinear Granger causality: Evidence from the U.K.

Stock Index Futures Market. Journal of Futures Markets 18, 519-540.

Cabincrew.com (July 16, 2015). The importance of security procedures … Retrieve from

…http://www.cabincrewconsultant.weebly.com

Cammy Team (December 16, 2016). The Advantages & Disadvantages of a Wifi Security Camera …

Retrieved from … https://blog.cammy.com/advantages-disadvantages-wifi-security-camera

Carcamo, D. (February 10, 2014). CCTV cams inside passenger buses sought … Retrieved from …

http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/02/10/1288752/cctv-cams-inside-passenger-buses-sought on

Carlsen, J. (October 16, 2017).Monitronics Home Touch Premier Review … Retrieved from …

http://www.toptenreviews.com/home/smart-home/best-security-cameras/monitronics-review/

Cericola, R. (May 23, 2017).The Best Wireless Outdoor Home Security Camera …

Retrieved from … https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/23/the-best-wireless-outdoor-home-security-

camera/

Delgado, R. (August 14, 2014).From Edison to Internet: A History of Video Surveillance … Retrieved

from … http://www.business2community.com/tech-gadgets/from-edison-to-internet-a-history-of-

video-surveillance-0578308#O4yEWwrbPmMveKWY.99

Gatchalian, S. (2014). House Bill 3681. Retrieved from… http://congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=8844

Isnard, A. (2001). Can Surveillance Cameras be Successful in Preventing Crime and Controlling Anti-

Social Behaviours? Retrieved from… https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237518836

Romano, L. (October 19, 2015). Why Do We Need Surveillance Cameras in Public Places? …

Retrieved from … https://www.techwalla.com/articles/why-do-we-need-surveillance-cameras-in-

public-places

Soehnchen, A. (March 7, 2016). Video Surveillance in Public Transportation … Retrieved from …

http://www.masstransitmag.com/article/12171666/video-surveillance-in-public-transportation

Sparco, J. (November 2016). Importance of Network Surveillance Camera … Retrieved from …

http://ww.longislandsecurityalarms.com/importance-of-network-surveillance-cameras/

Stelfox, P. 2009. Criminal Investigation: an introduction to principles and practice. Cullompton,

Willan.

Virola, R.A. (June 5, 2015). Land Transport in the Philippines: Retrogressing towards Motorcycles.

Retrieved from http://nap.psa.gov.ph/headlines/statsspeak/2009/101209_rav_raab_trans.asp

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9341-6





Appendix

Figure 5: Tricycles in Cabadbaran City, Philippines

surveillance camera provision for tricycles in cabadbaran...

Documents